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ָоͬһò裬һ׺ʫơ

ʮӺյ㣬߳˵ӵڹС
ȻŵζǰһƯŮӣźɫ·ɫ
ţп㣬ɫ۾·ʶˣȥǸ
ϰװ׾һĺۼϸһۣͷ
һƣƤֵؿ˿㣬첽Զˡ

ζˡڹսǴǸŲ̊ף
ʧ¶Ц֮Ȼӿ˽Ų·ܹٶз
ԾĹڴϡףϢֻܴһΣֻ
õĴڼСʹ㲻ҲᶪʧҸڣ
ڸֲлζ

Ҫˡ

2004624գ


󡡻ơ֮

Ң


һһܱɫũҹ

һӣͶغ

ÿһ綼Ҫʮˮȥˣһףˮʣ
Ӽϣ˼˸ϲˮ·ߣ⣬̣һ
ңԽԽۣܣĸģһ
ӦơҲͨԣһʿǰ
ӡ·ϸӿʱһطӽ£
ֻ۾עÿһ˵ˡ̰С˵ĸǮ˳ֳһѣ
ƼһȥţöԷ£ԺٲðˡеƦå
ңƸǺԥسǰ˺ҧŵǰһƨպ
ʹҲƵߡ֮ĸ֪

µһ죬ڴƵ£ظʱյ
ͷ磬Ӵ죬;С·ߵһƬïʢĺƤһ
ͷǰĴһ֣ƣЪЪߡ˦ͨĳͷ
Ƚ֡ˬˣֶϣϷ磬ɽ
˶ӱˮϵСӶܿ͸ˬˡ
ϣ˾⣬˵жԺҪ˯
ȻﴫƵĿһƺеġʱֻ
ƷɱҧסӵĿűקӵ˯ͷɵ
ˣŴֻһϵһˣŻ
ڻζšɵˣͷҶðƴ
קǰѿܶ˺ˡӾ˻û
ˡǰס˵˫ȣȴ޷жôƣ
ҧӣϬ˻ҧӣءһ
ӶˣӺ˵ڵϡӷϽϵ
ȴ֪롣ǵʱ䲻˺ܿˣ̾һ
۾ҲһϸһԷ
ƣǰʵҲͶʮ꣬װ׾˹˹ĵ
ӣȥũˣôطϵɱأ

µ˽ûȳȵĸ£
˸Сѧˣ׵θҪŶӿϣŸ
žʹԼ˵㲻ˣϴѧ˭ţ
꣬ͦ꣬ͦһѸɲ񡣽ǵ꣬˵
УɵѾͦסˣɷ֣ɿˡ
ڵķͷ죬˿ˣ컹ûТĻᡣ
ɬСϻһ۾ͿƬ֡

ӱľ򶯣ۿᵰ

ӣ̾Ϣ㲻þҡ

˵Ҫ㣬˲ģʮָ꣬
ȥ¼һѧҲûϣ˵ϻ̰
ôװ׾߸ߴһˣ˵ѽҪ
Ӻɾ䣬ʡͷȵˣ˼
ﰡ

˵ɵˣһµĺӣͷ

Ӽ˵ƣؼң˵Ťͷߡ

ƵĿܣ˳ԹԵظˣԵɵɵػ
ӵļҡ

ǻƻŮȴŮ˵ԣ˵ɻԴ
ĸסСûŮԵůһǰ
ֹ¼ƺϢĸ塣

ҪǰĻôǵİͿʼˡ

˰ŮˣÿҲǶ࣬οҰӡ
ǣƲԵö࣬䣬ˡ

죬Ӻںź˳ӣ¶źһװ۵ĸ
ȣʪܵСӶ̿㣬ƵƵ˫͹ԲΡĿŻ
ض˼ΣͱһֿճסˣôҲ˦ѡȣ﷢ɣ
һתȥʵͶļ
㲻Ŀ⡣

ȥʡ

Ǳߵź࡭

Ǳˮߣ

Ͻ˻ӾʹЦЦЦžֱؿ˵
㱧ҡ

ؿӣлǡӼǰק˵
ߵĲݵϣ£㣬ѹҡҪѹϣ

ӵȼˣʪܵȥ£ͷ˫䣬
عš

໣һ˻𣬴Ƽһ˹ư˳ˡ

ʧУϵŭˣץһ೯
ȥдƵ۾ʹίΧ໽лˣ
ͷһ߰οһЦЦЦ

ƿʼһֳ޵ĿηӴƵĿ⣬ûа취
Ϊľˣ塣ӵһǲܵģ
ʱ޴ҡʱҪɲһȣȻƵ
ĿײˣϢģӲף˵ģ
ôǰݶͳӣ˾Ͱģʽģ̣
ڵϼöˡ˵һƾͲУͲңѵ
ȥͷϣһ֮£ܰѴô
˵ӣǻûʽðɣҲġ

ҰЦЦݶŶȥģѹ
㿼ϴѧɶˣҸûʵֱ죡
ĻڣɧҲסˣ첱Ӵ֡Ӽߣ
Ұһ§סĲӣҧгݵţ˹ģ
ɼҺ󣬿ôŪ㣡

ɼҵӺܿ͵ˡ

գӸĸһˣٿǰ˶˵ޣ
ޣĻҪӣң˷ͺȥ
ϰ֤ˡϣ֤ٷŹұޣѷԲˣȻȥϾϺ
档

ˣˮ£һͨ˹¡æ
ޣ򲻵ãжϥлƽ𡣸Ӻúù£ǾͷˡǾ
һѾͷ߻ˣҰúĻĻ

ҹ˵ĺãԲԲ֮ʱ

̫һɽĶڴǳȵнۻ
ˣͻȻһƵģ˵Ҳˣ·Ҳ
ˣرǴǰ̵ȹӣԵôᡣ̲סЦ

ڶȥϺѾʰˣӻڲ䷳ȥ
ˣ˯¡ڴϣ˵
Ҫϳ㻹ŤͷһЦʰ˿
ĭӣ㲻˵ȳɼˣҪôңŪ


ȹӣģԿ
ۣ˭˭ţ˵꾹ϣŶȡ

Ȼ򣬴ӴһԾ𣬽Ӷƨɱ𣬷ŵڴϣȲ
Ķȹһˮڲ

ʱšæµ裬˯ˣɶҪ
ģ˵ɣûӦá͵ʶʲô̾һ

ӿţȻǴƣһ˫ǵ۾ؿӡһ
ԹѽæͷˣǴƻûԲȥŪó
ġȥװһ跹˶˵ǰƶˣ԰ɡ
ɴҲһۣȴ˺ҧӺӼˣ常ĸ
ӴУ裬ƽôԲȵģĸ׹ˣ
ƺǳһƱﹾſߡ˸ŴƽƵëƤ
˵֪ԼˣҪ޹ˣ
ﲻܡŴƳߣһ߶һŮټһһ
ϲһҳƣҲҵСӣ׻˵Сûҿɱ𵢸ӣ
ȥһϢȥ

ĸ׵ĻЦŹţ»صߣȴһ
ƵģҪ˯˼һЦ˵ƣ˦һαװֺͽߣ
Լ⣬סҪȥҪ
һֱײ졣

ڶһ磬һɥƣӺ׼ȥϺ
ʱҹﱻ˩ԺĴͻȻХһʯ
һͷײȥѪע

Ӻˡǰ§Ŵƣޡ

ʱִҪ´Ƶһβͣɫë޵βͱ
ʼղ״ôͻȻȥ

һ겻Ӻ˻顣ӵĸĸƣûӣ
ô˵ˣ

ӺεضԸĸ˵ˣһҲûɷ޵¡

Ȼ

֪ԼֻҪһǽƵβͣʧȥ˵û
˵ڣΪƾִƣԼ˴ƣҲ⻧ˮ
˼ҡ


˵˵

ӡ

1

Ϻա磬Ϻȥ˴ͷ⣬
һƿƣһصóǰѲ˵ǿ޴ĥʯߣĥ
ĥʯѲںӱ߷ţʱֵģ͸Ϻ˵
ںӱ߷˿ʯͷϺ˵ݰʯͷǣɶϡġѲ
˵Ҫһʯͷһ˵ɶǿʯͷһʯͷ
ϺЦˣ˵ݰѵ滹Żƽ𲻳ɰѲһЦ˵ʯ
ͷصûлƽԼȥںӱϡϺȥˣһӴ
ѵõϺõĥʯͽƵģʯͷﶼСɳʯ
ĺʯͷܰѵĥõĳɫ

˵ѾˣλεҫѣĿԣӳ
ϣವģϺﵴŲõ͸ˬˬĿ⡣

Ѳ˵ϺǾĥģӲйߡϺ˵ʲ
ôҪʹвãһˣͻÿ˵⻰ʱϺ
ҪָһµУһ죬Ǵţ·˳źë
ף͸˹ͷ

Ϻֱ壬ھӶë˹ë۾ֱֱģ
ǰѲ˵ϡڴϺ˳۵ľǶëΪë
һëǸӣ˭ڰǵһéӱߣǡ
ɱҴҵطʺϺײˣȥ󣬿ԴûƵֱ
費޵ûˣһ˶ҡͷ˵ⲻ
Ѿ˶ôһûƽϲľޣ
ȴ˸ƽƵģڻسţ켷
ιЩͷȻιС˭һﳤ˾ͳ˰ǣ
˵ϺŲҪȥûҵ
Ϳʼֲµز˵ҪԺõģֵ첻زϺ
ҵ޴峤޴峤ŭ˵˭һһ˼ң
ҲˣҲˣñأ˵ëһŵ
ˣϺԵñȽϿһֱҪѲ˵ë
ʹΪ˶ëﶼ˵ʹǶëǲ
£Ϻ벻ףûѲ˵ëҵЩ⣬ô
ء

ëȥأϺëкҽеĲ˵˻Σ
ǰѲ˵̫һƬ⣬һĲһ㡣ëӦ
ΰ㽦

ë㣬ȥأϺࡣ

޴峤ҡëĵ˵۾Ƭ˵

ŶԷôôϺʡ

ëĵشϺ߹ȥվסţ
ͷϺֿĲ˵Ϻ˵ëǲҪò˵
ë˵ϺЦˣ˵ëھӣҪ˵һ
ʲô˼أãȰҵˣ֪ô
šëҲЦˣ˵ףտְϺǺЦֿ֡ëת
߹Ϻù˵ָڵáϺ˵
Сֻ֣ãͦءë˵ã껹㡣
˵ţ·˵СĵزҸ£ˡ

ѵһҵţϺŶëıӰߺȵ

صϺڰϣͣ⣬ȶë
һϺֻӬΧǿǽϵ⣬˷ţ
ȥϡ˲ӬϺ˳ϴɾϴɾ⣬˳
壬ϣ͵Ȳ˵ˡ

ëɶأһͷҲг˰ϺͻȻ˸
飬ȻĳͷһգĪŲ˵޴峤ȥˣ

ϺоԼ徹Ȼæƿƣš
˰ƿǲšȻһڣؿȺϺԼ
ˣҲôˡ

2

ëϺǰѲ˵Ƚ޴峤ˣȻٽǻҲˡ

Ϻϵ޴峤ҵʱ޴峤ſѾӵˮйͨˡ
ʱȺͻȻһȱڣëŲ˵˳Ϻȫ
Ѫ߰ߵġֱߵϺߣǰѲ˵ݸϺ˵
ףտ֡ë΢ƺѾøɾ߹ã
ϺŸоĻëƵģƮ

޴峤شĴ峤ǴұﶼܲϺ
˼ӽʱ򻹲ɶ˼˼Ҹˣ˵޴峤
һһγܲƵģϺǲף˼ҾЦˣ˵
޴峤ǶӲʵͰ˵ҪһСʱءϺ
ˣ˵ûôɣֲǹ͡˼˵ôأ֪
ôгôϺڰ֣˵Ϲˣ˼Ǵ峤ءȻˣ
ǳ˼˵˼˵һ˾Դ󱦵ĹԴ
ڹл˵ܲܲ룬ϣôлܲ
أȻһǹҡҡλεأ¸µĹ죬Ҫһ㡣
кԴ󱦣ӸɶأҪˡʱֻһӲҡ
ˣ޴峤ſ˳Ƕûüȥ¶棬ģ
ˮǸŰγˮܲء

Ϻ˼˵ģҲҲšʹǺ
޴峤ͷ˹ֵֹģÿڴ蹷ƵεţȱĴü
ٴٵģ۾겻ᣬƣǳ
иŮˣԶӲӬһ㣬˵һͶȥˡ

һ죬ϺʰſڵһС˵أ̧ͷ俴޴峤վ
һ﹡ϣ򣬻Ϊ޴峤ڿԼأҪк
ȴԽͷæͷƳһۣŶǻԼſ
ɹ·ء

ǻǶëȢŵţŮ˳Ϸģ׾һ
㣬۾Ǵ󣬵۱֮䣬ˮ˸Щ׵Ķ
ָģйƵģָҲ滹Ż棬û
µʱ򣬾ͿﻭǰһСƿָףŽŻ
ָס˵Ȣţȴǲûϯ˭Ҳ֪Ů˴
ɶطǸɶģֻ֪ǻǶëʱ
ϱ˵ǼԴ˵˱ëݺһٹ󣬴û
Ҷˡ

޴峤һǻ˹Ϻк˵Ϻæš
Ϻ˵ǰæ޴峤ͳ̣Ϻ֧ϺЩ̿
ؽӹֽ̣ӹ޴峤ݹĻ˶ں޴峤˵Ϻ
Ҹ˽ëһû۸ɡϺһЦ˵
ô꣬ɶ۸۸ġ޴峤ͷ˵šϺ˵
ˣ޴峤˵С£󣬾û֤Ϻ¶ȵ
飬˵Ӵû֤һˣ޴峤Цˣ˵ڶ
ȥǰѽ֤ˣҪǷǷͬءϺû
޴峤䣬ֱ˵ȥȥˣҪǣǷţ޴峤
ıӰϺȻëǰͳţ˵ȥһʲôȥ
ˡߵ죬ëźܴһϺǰʱͻȻվס
ΪҪ˵æ߳ȴëڻָǰһֻΧ
۷䡣Ϻס޴峤ëѾŴȥˣǿ޴
ǼٵĽŲס졣

ʱϺǻȥ˴ͷʱһ⣬
ơƣϺſڵʱǻͣס˽ŲջصҵϺ
һЦ˵Ҳ˵ʹʹɡϺ˵ɶˣ˵
ǻЦˣ¶Ľ׵ݣ˵˵Ҳ˵ʹ
Ϻæȥ˲˵ݵֻ۵İװ׵Сɵ˵Сİ
šŮһЦŲ˵뿪ˡʣϺ㶵ؿŮ
ƵӣһһڹȥˣֱƣŮˣðզ֪
ҵĲ˵ʹءţһԴˣ޴峤޴峤
֪

˻ƻ裬ҲŮ˰Ѳ˵ҵŽšϺȥ
Ҽǻҵķǰݺ󣬲洫һ춯ȻŮ
˿ЦŮ˿ʼлǽʲôܲܲ
ƵģѽѽյĵˡϺһЩʧ
ػصУػ⹷յĻǸأŮˣ
ҪɾءϺ˵ʼΪԼһ޶
ŮһôҲ񲻵Լ

ǸҹϺôҲ˯šϺоûйķ꣬
༸ھƣƿӣŷˡϺѣ
򿪷ţߵԺм䣬ͷպܳξһԲ
ӳԶԶľׯںɽҰϺһӦʮֻ
ʮôѲݾͰ˵һ仰Ѳ˵仰ʱ
ҲϣҲôôԲһϺѲڻ
ȺţȴѲһƿվ££ͷ˵Ƕ
˰˰˵ţ̾ϢһˡϺȻżϣ
Ǹˮһʵ¹⣬ţҲû취
Ľۡ

ϺżϣһֱڶӸһ
Ƶģģ棬۾ҰˬС
Ϻ˯ˣͷᵹڼϣ񻹴˺ࡣ

ϺǸһ󿩿ЦԼѵģϺĨ˰Ĺ
ӣԺ۾ǻվڸǰֵöֱ˵ӡϺ
ſվᣬֻšǻѲ˵ݸϺ
˵㶼ôˣôô˯ϺŲ˵ǻ
ӣǰιȥ

ǻſ޴峤ԱߣûϺеĳ壬
Ǵú룬׼ϽƵġ޴峤Ů˳˶ƨڵϣ
˫Ȳúܿһ߿޺ţһžžĴŵ棬޴峤һ֧첲
䣬ӵϳҪץסʲôƵģҪǱһ˿ţ
͵ˡ

Ϻһӣļǿⱻèߣͼææȥˡ

ſڵʱϺ˵˿Ѫͽȥץ
Ѳݻң˲䣬ȻҨˮϴɾʱϺһϸؿ
еĲ˵ȻûһȱڣҲûСǺõˣ
ôá

Ϻ⣬˹žòˣӣһ
ƣϺ͵һС

ϺƱһڣв˵ʱȴ䲻ȥˡ
ϺŵһζζŨأѪζϺ
ԥţԵĲһ̳⣬һ⣬޴峤ģ
ǻġ

ϺͻȻûʳ˼ڿոƣܲ¡¡ֱ
л͸˿ӣ˴һججز֪˯ʲôʱ
ʱǹˮƵģģƵġ

ϺϺϺ˽к

ϺһһŮ죬еóϺǰһΣ˵
ǰ̾ӵľ죬ϺλԴ˵Ŷ죬졣
Ǹ˵Ϻ˽һ¶ë飬㣬֪֪
֪Ͳ֪֪Ϻͷ˵ǣʵӿ̹״ϡ
ǸŮһЦһۣŮһͷͳ
׼ʼ¼

ëɱǻ޴峤飬֪ʡ

զ֪ҵĲ˵ȥɱءϺ˵Ϻһڣ
Ϳ¶ȵı飬໥һۣɫ

˵˵ô顣ѰϺǰŲһ¡

ʲôô°ǸëǸصĶŮǻҲǸ
Ůˣ޴峤ô

Ϻ˭˵ЩأʵĲ˵أ˵ëõĲ˵
ȥɱˣ켱ˡ

ǰõҵĲ˵˵ȥ⣬Ҫȥˣ
ǴҲġϺôȥ⡢Ȼëô˵
ô˵һ顣Ϻ˵úܿ죬æŮдֵָ
צƵģͷҲֽ̧дûֱ졣ĩˣŮдˣ̧
ͷȫܵĺ顣

ǰѲ˵óǿ˵

Ϻ˵ǵȵȣϾȥãϾȥáϺ˲˵
ݸ죬𵶣˿˵ôİѪأ
Ϻ˼˵Ҹء˵ʲô⡣Ϻ˵
ء

3

ë˵Ӣۡ

˵ëһ·ߣΪߵÿ죬ȣ˼£Ȼ˳
¶İߵû硣·ˣë˼Ҵ
к˼ʶëʲôȥأߵôë˵ɱˡʣɱ˭
ˣë˵ȥɡ˵ţһҲϵˡ

ë߳ش壬߹ɽӣһĴţ
˰ǡëӵע⣬ûлӦҹעĿ⣬Ŀ
бӵ߹֣Ȼ˰Ǿ֣е·һӣ
һŮӵˮȻһƨǸŮ컹
˱ˮëһˣ˵ȥǵٵĽǸŮʣ
ʲôôë˵ɱˣë˵⻰ʱָͷ

˵ëϺģǻϺʹ
Ϻ͸ϻѩˮһţﲻֹͣ
˵ôôӰզôݰһɱûᣬ
ȴߵĶҪģϺҲҪһ˵Դ
ˣôԩɶЩ̻ˣ㲻
ȣڵϣҲŸǿߵӶԴ
Ϻ⣬ǰȰο˵ɱ˵ǶëӸɶӼ
Ϻһ̾Ϣ˵զѵأϺŭ˵棬
զ˵ƨأǴ˭ûҽǲҲôֻȥ
⣬ȥ˰ϺˣϺ÷ߺ޲ƽ˵
ǵˣҪǱŪզ죿ҪǱ̰۲
զ죿ش壬Ŀ˭ôõĲ˵ˣſˣֶˣ
ֻʣһƤˣôǰѲ˵һûȱӣûУ
ڣҾ͵ҵǰѲ˵أû϶Ҫ⣬˭ĥȥؼ
ڵڣ˵Ҫò㣬ھȥãҲָţ
룬˭˿ˣǵڣôа

4

ǻǲݲģ޴峤Ǻġ

޴峤Ϻŵ

Ϊ޴峤ʱ磬Ǳɱģʦ˵
ķ¡ȲӦڱĶСȫ˵Ҳ
ûǼǮ£Ҳȥðġ

СȫȥϷࡣ˵Ϸ࣬ʵһƱѻᣬΪ
ǴɢˡЩƱȴǰǴŵǶľĿҲ
Щǳģ硶ϯͲ硶նա뵱꣬Ҫ뿴Щ
ϷЩݵЩϷǱȥǵġϺѲݾȥǿ
Ϸľą̇̄ѲݸϺ˵˵̨
˵ǹŴȥιΪ٣겻飬дȥʾ˼
ϱ͵ȥթƭι׼Ȣӣ򲻴Ӧ
Ʋ֡ͰѺץȥ޽̨ۣܲɱˣ
ںʱ˻һĹУҲˡ

Ǻһ죬Ѳݾˡ

֪ɷ˵ԹȥĻ䣬Աǵ
ʹޣжɷıˡѲѾ޵ֱˣ̱
ϺˮϺѶʪ͸ˡ

޴峤ҵǺһ죬Ϻܡ

Ѳˡ

Ϻôȥ޴峤Ұһʣ¾һ
Ҳãą̇̄ѲݾԼߡ

ش弸е˼Ҷȥ޴峤ңϺҲȥˡ
Թиأǰɥµϲ°죬һ˻˴뱲ӣǰæţ
ˣҲǸѣҾһ仰Ϊ˭ˣֻҪû
رޣҪȥģϵֽǮȻߵĹײǰͷ˵
һ·ߺ֮ĻͿİõȥ˼׼ĺþƺò˺ʹ
׷

ŵһش壬ֻ˵ķݶд̣һ޴峤ң
ʮӵˮϯ󷹺˵ĴǴڵŨ
ߣƮһҾϺˡϺģ
оԷûʲôˡǵȼ˹Ǵ
ǾϸҲɢˡˣϺҷ
Ĵ̻Ǳ˷ˡǸ˾Сȫ

СȫȻĴ̣оǳ֣ȥˡ

ϺΪСȫԼ鷳ģȴ˵үɣô
ȥҼﰡһԣСȫȥ꣬˼˵
ȴһģٻ

Ϻ˰죬СȫףԭȥΪɱ׵
ǰѲ˵Ϻġ

ȥôЩ죬СȫһθоЦ

ȥ޴峤ңϺǰ޴峤ϸ޴峤Ѿװ
ľײģͲûˡڹײľ˵СȫȥٲĵﻨǧǮ
ģںӣǹʮᡣϺãӵĺù
ģᣬ͵ʱ䣬ÿĴ죬ҪѡϺõˢһ
ΡϺײӳԼӣԵúܰСǺֺģ
Ρ

Ϻ޴峤˹Ž޴峤ҵĳ

޴峤ҵĳϺǵڶˡһ޴峤ʮ
٣ȫ˶ˣаǵģͰġǴϺʮǮ
ǮѲĸġǰ棬Ѳߺ棬ž룬
İһ㡣Ѳݵ޴峤Һ󣬾ֱͽ˳ʱǶ죬Ѳϲ
ǰջ䡣ϺһҲ˳
ѲݵȼյĻӳյúģǰļͷڻƮţ
˭֪ԼƨɸհǰİʣѲݾվˡѲ߳
ıӰϺоƵԷʱѲҲûһ
˺ܷʢϺԵú٣ƵǺȵúܶ࣬Ƶƻ
˼ңڶ˵Ѳݱȥ˰ǡ˺ãϺԴ
һֱѲűĻӳյúǼڻƮ
ͷ

ǰǡûջϺһǸİϣûǯ
ͱͱʦæµвˣ⼸ʦϴ޴峤ʮٵʱ
ҲģϵϺһϺͷȻ
ִӶȡ̨֧̣׹˵ȵջ

ǰЩһһģƳγεģһ졣

иڵЩֱãһͶˣ
Ⱑûɶʱһʦ˼䣬ŭ
Ĳ˵ΧȹĨĨ˰ưˮڵϾһɫʯ
ĥ

һʦλĲ˵й⣬Ϊû
ҡҡͷ̾Ϣ˵еɶⰡг͸
䡱Ƶģ񱡲һ˼һΪʦͽղء
Ҳֵ룬˶ⰡУͷ˰ɣ
ǱҲöˡղŸϺ̵Ǹʦ˵꣬еĻ
룬˵ϴùһѲ˵ǲ˵ͺܿ죬
ĲˣûĥһΡ

ŶԶԶԣҲǵãǰѺò˵Ҳùֱ̫ˣѵ
һ飬ԼȥˣһһҹҲۣò˵
µƬⶡһСȳơڵĥǸʦվܼ
˵ǰѲ˵ԸһٿǮ

ʦһ˵ǰѲ˵Ϻ簴಻סˣ˵
õĲ˵ҵġʦþȵ۹⿴Ϻ˵޴
ҽġǸĥ˵ĳʦЩŵʣôõĲ˵Ϻ
ͷ˵ǰѲ˵Ǵ˭ϯҪȥõģΪ죬ʹ
˳֡ǸϺȡ̵ĳʦ˵˵أôùأ
Ϻҡҡͷ˵òˡǳʦ˵զϺԥһ£
˵ȥˡʦ˵˭ȥˣû͵ôϺ˵
ȥˡһһֱû˵ǸʦȻƵģָָϺ˵
֪ˣǰѲ˵ǿ޴峤ǰѣϺ˵ǶëǼһ
ġǸĥĳʦͷ˵Ŷԭ˵զƲ
أҲȥֲ㿳ǵģҪǰѲ˵ûҸ
һٶʮǮˣʮǮϺ˵ûȥ
ǰѺò˵ëǼһﲻصſˣǰѵȱҲûһ
ûС

5

ϺȥǰĲ˵Ҫ糿ر磬˵
ˣճŵʱ䲻ĥʯ治֪ʲôһݷ
棬ɫۣץ˰ѲǰȻһѵļͷһ
ǿĥʯ˵ϻɵóˡ

˰ǣѾˡϺҵǹ֣סˣ
˭Ϻ˵Ҿ졣ʣĸ졣Ϻ˵ġ
ʣĺܶ࣬ĸġϺ˵Ҳ˵Ǹ
ɴ۾˵˵˭Ĳ˵Ϻ֪ɸ
˵˵ǲԼȥģ͸Ǹ˵ˡǸˣ
ͷ˵ŶԭģҸ㣬ǰѲ˵òȥˡ
ֵʣΪɶҵĲ˵ţ˵֪Ĳ˵
Ѿ֤ˣ֤㵱ȻòȥˡϺ˵ҵĲ˵ҵĲ
ǵʱõʱҲû˵ɶ֤ﲻ֤ġǾ˵֤֪
ǰѲ˵ܹ֤ëɱˣõôˣͲ֤ˡ
˵ǾǰѲ˵ֲ˵֤򰡡˵ô֤
ָƣбߵѪأϺ˵ûУϴˡ˵
ƾʲôϴˣϴˣͷˡϺ˵գŻˣ
Ҫ⣬ա˵Ϻ໰ǲٵģ㣬
ȥˣæҵҲòĲ˵Ϻ˵ҵĲ
ƾɶ˵Ͳˣͷػӻ˵ȥȥɣ
¥

Ϻ飬£Ȼ˱ˮֵ֧̣
ŻϺ˵ò˵ġЦЦ˵Ҿ֪
ò˵ġ˵ƤӣʮԪңݸϺ
ϺӹǮϣɻؿ죬˵ƾɶǮ
ǮɶЦ˵˵Ϻ˵в˵
ɶ˵˵ǰѲ˵֤ܸġϺ˵
ǵõʱû˵ɶ֤ﲻ֤ģҪ˵ɶ֤ﲻˣ
ҲǡԴʣû˵ôϺ˵˵
Цˣ˵ǺãҾ͸˵ˡϺ˵˵˹ܸ
˵ˣëҲˣԼҲ˵ԼɱˣҪɶ֤
Ѳ˵ҰɡЦ˵ϺɶԴϵ
ˣˣСءϺ˵ҪǲѲ˵
ңҾȥˡǺЦţññӣ
ãϵʮԪǮݸϺ˵Ϻ
ȥһѲ˵ɡ˵ţߵſڣһ˵֣һӦ
Ů죬һȻĲ˵ߵǸŮ졣
ŮָָϺ˵ıҪûˮأϣһ
ˣȥʳóȥϺˣ˵Ҫȥɶط
˵Ϻѵ㻹ҪȥɣȥץءϺ˵ƨ
ŸȥأҪҵĲ˵

ϺûǵĲˮҲûԷǮǸŮ죬
졣Ů˵Ӳ˵ôϺҪ˵ա
ǰվŵŮޣ̾˿˵ʮԪʮԪǮǰѲ˵
Ů͵Цˣ˵ʲô˵δ滹ʲô鱦
ϺеһɻֱԴϴڣѹס˵ѾͷƬӣզô˵
أô˵ôɶŮѾͷƬӣ˵˵
ãҲҲáϺ˵㱾ͲǮ죬
˵һҪҾͲҪҵĲ˵

ϺڰתһȦ˴˹ĹɶطȻһ·˹ȥ

ĹֽСʨɽĹϺȥʱ򣬱һԱģ
˺סˣϺȥɶϺû˵ɶȥԼҿ
ءԱЦЦûٴ

˴ţϺǱǷأֱ߽һƬƵģ
ЩǰɫģλεؿϺ۾ˡ

ϺһӣûҵѲݵĹ

ѲݵǺ󲻾ãʹӰǴϢ˵Ѳˡ

Ϻյ߳ĹţǹԱԱЦϺ
ҵĵûϺ룬˵ûҵǹԱ˵˰ɡ
ϺͷԱʣ֪Ϻ˵ѲݡԱʣǴ
СϺ˵СѲݡԱ˵ˣ˭С
Ҫ˵ǻ԰ҲҡϺм˵
ллˡԱ˵ʲôлģҿôˣҲ
ˡϺ˵ǰǰشģ͸Ϲ뿴Ա˵
شģͦԶİǵϺ˼˵һ治ǵˣ
һֱѲݣˡԱ˵ɣȥʲôʱ
ˣǾͺøˡ

6

Ϻʮʱ򣬱˻Ѳݺɷһ˭Ҳ
ǵ˵ĵطǨƹĸڡʱѲشƯ
СϱģøϷһ

ѲƯǸɷǲĵӣܻѲ͵ˣ
ҪܣǾ;ܡѲӣզǺӵĶ
ء

˯ݺѲݵ˯ݽһǽ֮ÿҹܺ
ǺѲϿʹѲݵǺ
ӴѲݵĽкѲݵĿһʱ䣬ʵܲ˼尾Ͱ
ᵽһЩ컹ǸҹĺƵģŵ
޷˯

һϣͿ˼Ҵ˼ţԼ˯Լľ
أԭѲİҹĺӣѾ굽Լˡ
ˣ͸û취˯ˣҲû취

ǵãǺӻŵʱѲϵİӡʹûʹ
һǺӾһⵣһ߽ţһ׷ſø˶ƵѲݡ
Ǻӵ۾ˣæһѱסǺӣǺӼ
ⵣϴĸ첲һ£ûðɣ
̷ڵءǺӷŤסڵϹ˰Сʱ
˲ŸϵǡǺӰŵĶϰǵô
ˣѵ˵ѲզĲˣޣ˯ɼ
֣õţզִأǺӻ治ǸָָѲݣ
ָָµѲ͵ӣ͵

ôһ²ҵ۾ϡ첲ۣۣ
Ǽһôһ£һ⣬Լĺ
ȰŴˣ⹷յľȻʺԴϿۣߺ޲ѵ룬
գɶʱҪƤ֣ʵˣ

ϣѲʱڸԼ˵ĸ첲Ĩҩƣ
һۿһѲݴ½ƿ˵͵ĵ
ƣѾڲˣˡץסѲݵ֣˵㻹ԼŰɣ
ϵҲ١ôһ˵Ѳݵֱµ

ڶ͹Ϊ첲ǺӴˣûȥѲҲΪ˴
Ҳû취ȥǺͿʼţ˷ˡǺԶȥ
Ӱо쳣￪ʼ

εʱֻһɵĽŲѲݹˡ

ѲݱǸĺӣ۾ȵؿһ
Ѳͬĺһ§ڻΪ̫Ǻһˣ
ֻںڵش˸˰벽Ҳѵش֡
ѲݴӺӵóһݸ˵Űɣ
ʱٸõ˵ӰƵƮ˳ȥ

磬ǽ⣬ȥ˵Щ˻Դһֱ
ǲӦѲһԣġǿʱ
ΪˣΪ˵̫ۣвһӣԷǻ
мǰٷأͱ˵ɶ˵˵ˡѲ˵
רȥģͳûΣһˣóһ
ʴøƵġĥĥǵҲĥʯڷѵʱ
Ѳݱ߹ݸһѲ˵

û磬Ѳݾ͹ˣѷûС˼˵
һءѲ˵ǰЩҪ첹·ɶģóɣ
첹첹˵أѲ˵˯ˡЩΪˣ
һֱûٴȥ·ӳѲݴӻߣ첹

ԷʱѲ˵ⷹôйζ˼Ц˵
ûѹϴɾûãȫ壬⴩ˡѲʣƽ
ķզأ˵ʱһΣų죬ôʹݲ̳
ݲ˳͵ƣ͹ˡѲ̾Ϣһ˵磬Ӧ
Ůˣ㣬Ӷզİ⻹ֱؿѲݣ
˵ģô

ϣؾ˯ˣڴϣζѲݹȵһ죬
ͻȻǺֿʼѲ

Ѳ˵ö˶˵ģզִҡǺЦ˵ö˶˵ģ
ʵ춼ʲôˣѲ˵ɶ£Ǹô
һĶǺ潸Ҵޣ͵ȥ
˰ɣѲ˵͵˭ˣ˵Ǻ˿ĭӣ
Ӳ˵ɶ㿴ɶѲûϢˣֻǺ
ĴһӣǺӲֹͣ˴һӣ
ûˣȴѲݵӵģǺӺ

һϣû˯ţ룬Ǽһ﾿Ѳɶץסɶ
ѱ

ڶ糿Ǻһ·ֳţ͹ȥˡ

ƳûˣȥѲݼң˭֪ѲݹšţѲ
ѲݣңšﴫѲӵûʣ
զִ㣿ǲǷɶˣѲ˵˵ˣ˵ɶѲ˵
˵Ѳ˵ңҾûˡ˵˵զˣ
ɶˣѲ˵⣬尡һԴ̾Ϣһ˵
զϴţ

ѲſڴվһصȥоȤζ
èץƵģܵҪٴѲſڣһΣʼ̵
šѲ˵ʲô߰ɣ˿ˡ
˵զģҾáѲ˵Ҫɶɤ˵Ҳɶ
ҾͿ㡣Ѳ˵ÿˣÿ˵ɶ
ÿÿģһļûùѲݿţ
ӹƵģһۡ

ѲݱǺӴúȫˣ۽Ҳˣ°һ
ϰҲȳˣ·һһġѲһ˽Ļ
صؿ

գյģ˵£Ǿͳ¡˵һѱѲݣ
߽ݣѲһӣȥѲݻæ˫ֳ
ѹԼϣ˵ôѿѡʱɡ۾һɣشϢ
ţ˵գѡ򡣼ѾͽѲݵѰɾˡ

ѲݵСƵҡţݶ
϶͸º͵㻶˶ϣһһεأ
Ű׾ĹԡѲǸĺӣָڴһ߰
ŶŶѧ

£Ѳ˵ɱɡûѲ˵
ɱɡһˣʣɱ˭Ѳҧгݵ˵Ǹ
˵˭ɱѲݿ˿˵㰡һ

ѲҪǺɱˣò˵һһһӹ
˭ôݶĥһŮأѲ˵Щʱ۾˸Ž
µĵӰ⣬ĵģӲӲġѲ˵ɱҾ͸㣬
ޣ첹ѡҴ𻰣ġѲ֧ӣ
զ֧˵ûûզѲ˵㺦æ
·˵ҵˡѲ۾ֱؿʣȥ
ҶѲݵӰĿ⣬֧˵ȥϣӳǰ͸˵Ҫû£
ȥɹȸѲЦһؿб

ǰҹǺһֱڴѲݣ׷Ѳݣǲ˵ϵ
ô£һǺӷԼϵһأһ
ԽףһѲݣһ׷Ѳݣǽȥ
˭ˡôѲݾǲ˵Ǹ˭ֻţ
ߵ͵͡ҹʱǺ֣ͣ˯ˣѲݵĿУ
ˣǺ˹ʼѲݣѲݽкţһֻ
ոѹľʢ֦ͷţֵ˷ܼƵġ

ڹ̼

˯ˣһΣμԼŲ˵Ǻһ
вˣǺӻѪ͸һɫƵģҰﱼš׷
ţڸˣžؾһ˵ֻǺӵԴһڵϣ
ûԴӣȻšסˣͷŵǸ
Դ죬ԼǺЦءûɢһ˹
ֻʪģ

ѲݵˡʱѲݲ
͸İһҲҽӽѲݣԼоǺջѲ
ģΪһ־ϢǺӣǿ
ɵŨ

ǺȻԵýᣬȻ޼ɵشѲݡֻܹó
ѲݿٱˣǿǿĿΪǺ
ĴƵģԽԽ޶ˣҲŬͷֱ硣Ѳݻ۵ĳ
ѾˣѰֵʱˣھܴͬʱҲĥô
ɷЩϸڣЩЩУѾ̼Ѳʹ
ʹžµĴϰˡͻȻǺ
һͷţĽŲѵӼϵ
ʱ֪

Ǻ糿Ѳݵƽոⲻһ۾
ԼʱƮƣҲٿնǶصӰһۣ
һۣȻӸǰ˹ȥѲ߹ȥŻζѲݵ
λεӰģҫŲмƣļ¡

ҹһĪΣμԼվһƬ͵ׯڵׯ
ںïʢ̽ԴҲߣԼں֣
Ǻоһˮߣˮţ
ԴһƵˮϳÿ͸ˮ棬ͼѵغһ
ׯڵｹرţѰǸˮߣǵׯڣ˵
ˮһҲǸˮأȵ
ԽԽС촽رˮûˣ๾طһˮ

Ȼһӱˣڳİһ
ӣѲݵĿѲݿ޵ú죬񼸰ĳԩڵõ
ѩƵġˣǺˡ

ǽڣѲݣѲݡѲûɿţ
һǽĺҲģϽƵġ

˴ߵѲݼſڣ붼û룬һ߿ҵĴţһ
Ǻڵϣӣ֧ŬǰţҪץסʲôƵġ
ѲݱźӣڴͺһšǺӱǰ̽̽
ѾûкˣҲûù͵ƣյǰ
ӵĿͺͱǿѪ˫ĿԲɣͷ棬һ
ŵҩζ

ɱˡ˵̾Ϣһ

һϣܺæµֵ÷ǳɡȥˮ
ǺĨϣ·Ȼ˰ӹ̵ˮëϣ
ؽ۾ˣͷëڸɾǿ
ڵһϯӣǺӶ˶̯棬ҳ
һƿǺӵĺ󱳣Դţӹţÿ˿죬
ذһƿֱ࣬ǺһζϾоˮţ
Щ̣˶ȼŨŨ
ѲݺͺӲٿˣǿʼԡִʲôطҳһ
Ѱȼȥŵҩζ

һнǺߣǺӵĿڴͳб
Ͱ͵̣һڽһڵ

꣬Ҳˡϵ̵ٶ˵ݣ
ްɣ

7

û죬Ϻٴȥ˰ǡ

첻ڣǸŮڡǸŮһϺЦ˵
˼һ˰Ϻ˵զŮ˵ӻ˵
⼸ҪءϺ˵ҵĲ˵أŮ˵˵
׼ˣȵȣȥã칫ء

һŮ˰Ѳ˵˵úıֽţϺҪ
𿪿Ů쵲ס˵ˣ˲ðϺ˵ð
ôûȥŮ˵עˣܷСİָˡ

Ϻ򿪰ŵĺıֽһӻˣ˵գզŪ
Ϻأ⣬ⲻҵǰѲ˵˵ŰѲ˵һߵһ̣ʱ
һ죬Ǹ쿴ϺֿϵĲ˵ǸŮ죬˵
˭ѽүүѽôɶѽŮûصǸһۣ
˵үүأǸЦţŮ˸ˡ

Ů쵹˱ˮݸϺϺ˿Ůɫܲÿ
ͺ˿ˮ˵治ҵǰѲ˵ǸˣҪҵǰ
˵Ůüëһ˵Ѳ˵ǰרŸģ
һٶǮȫġû˵꣬ͱϺˣ
Ϻ˵ҲɶҲǮģҪҵĲ˵
ҵģҪҵģŮ˵˼ңզôأ˵
ǰѲ˵֤ܸ㣡Ϻˣ˵զˣ˼
ëѾôҪɶ֤ŮҲˣԭһŷۺɫ
糺죬˾һ㣬˵ϺǲɻôġϺ
˵գδػǷɹ涨˵ģҲ˵ǰѲ˵ҵģֲ
͵ģһ涨ˣŮö˵˵˲
˵ˡϺݵ˵˵һ˵أգ˵Ҳ
ɣŶɶûԵαԵķأŮ޿
κε̾Ϣһ˵úãԵαҳԵķࡣϺߺ޵˵
һǸľ˵һҪҲҪĲ˵Ҫҵ
˵

ϺӰǹֳڽ˸ɣ߳ԱʨɽĹȥ
·һС꣬ŵһ̨ӻڲš̨
ѽѽس߳ڸɷдšʵϺȥ޴峤ң
ûпԼ뿴ġ̨ԭҪǱӵģǴҶߺȣ
ҪĳΪǸϷ档Ϻһӣû
˼ģ뿪ˣճ޴峤ſڣͱһ·סˣ˺
˾ƣվֱƣϺʱǶû
ţϺһűϺҪ˴ͷǺЦ˵л
лϺǴӵ˶øлǣϺ˵лɶȵ޴
ҵľƣֲɺǺЦţϺļ˵
֪ҪѲ˵ëëͿܲܲǾͲ
оƺȣϷ㿴ǴӶְǺǣлл˭
Ϻһƿˣ˵գ¡ֹëҲǵģ
ܲˣɶŮ˰ˮ鰡ҪҲܿ˭ɰ
ϧ

Ϻûнݣȥ˷󡣩ԭкԼһǽ֮
ѲݣѲѾˣ׹Ҳ֪ĸѲסݣ
ߺĵڶ꣬Ӱһ󿨳󿨳ϼˣûѰʱ
䣬ͰƬݲһƬ档ǰשߣϺ޸п
ɤӣѧą̇̄Сغ߳ţΪ̨
ʱ̫ԶϺѾǲ̫ˡ

ڵӻﲥŵġ̨ȻϺѲݵ꿴һ㲼
䲻ǵЩԱǳʺĺֱ
Ȼ·ͻص˴ǰ

Ѳ˵ɷϺһƿƣȻһԵڵϣûˡ

ǿµˣѲϲ˯¡
й󣬾ӿ˵ݰ㺦¾͸˵ɡʼѲݲ
ԼԼġ˵ݰҸ㽲°ɣҪҸ¸ɣ
˵һ괺죬Ͽľ·ˣڴЪ
Ϣһͷһ˵λӣҽһᣬʵΪѵãµ
磬ҶˣСʶλϸ磬ʲôµһζһ˵⻹ʣ
Ǵζãһ˵㣬ζáЦ˵
û˵ԣµһζӦˣ˵ǵ˵֣Ȼ
䡣һֽоݰµһζɶô
Ѳݲ𻰣˵ݰôµһζΰͰûΰͣ
ɶҲûζѲûд𻰣ʣݰ˯ô˯Ҳ˯
ˡѲŴ𻰣˵ûء˵ٸ㽲Цɣ˵
һéӣû뵽иŮģǸŮĲСİֽˣû
취ҲøҪ˵ĸ֪ȤĸֽҾͼ޸еһ
ˣĺţͰԼĵݹȥŮˡŮ˰Լƨɲ
ˣʣеģе˵ӺˣµǶһͷ
һƨծզŪøɾ˵꣬ǺǵЦѲ˵ɶ
Цģũéӣ˭ֽİ˵ڰ˵ģ˵
İ˰ɡ

Ǻÿ϶ҪѲ˵ϻʱѲݰҹ
ǽڣͿһ˵ݰءžͿʼ˵˵˵Ц
Ҳ˵˵棬СʱȤ¡һֱˣѧˣ
ٲ׼Ѳݰҹǽں˵˵˵ʲô
ϴѧһ꣬ׯرãʱشÿÿĵ׶û
װѲҲ⡣һϣǶǽڣѲݶ
ڴϡѲǽڣ˵˵˵ɡ˵Ӳǲ
˵ôѲ˵Ƕȥˡ˵˵ɶأ˵ɶˡѲ
˵˵ɶҪ˵ɶ۾һϣվҸǰˣ¡
˵Ҫ£͹ɣ㵽ͲҹˡѲݲ֨ˡ̾
Ϣһ˵ðɣ˵˵ɶأҸ˵ɣ˵һ괺죬
Ͽľ·ѲݴˣѲ˵
˵˲ʮˣѡʵİɡˣ˵ɶʵģֲ
ǳ¨ӣˡѲ˵밡ȥǿϷɣ
ϷǾл˵ˡ˵ð

ڶһ磬ѲһСʱųţ˶Լˣڰ
Ǵſڼ档

죬ѲݹϷ񫡣Ǵÿһһ
ѲݳҪ˹ӣбһ
߳Թӣ߿ϷʼϷѲףѲ˵
ǰǸϷģСʱͻ߳߳ˣ
ǵĶϷģһЩ»׵ġѲ˵ǴųõľǺ
ϷϷĵҾĿą̇̄Ѳݸ˵ˡ̨Ĺ
£ֱ̾Ϣѣ˵ãôһŮˡѲݰ
һۣ˵Ҫкɷ򣬲Żкӡÿο̨ʱѲ
Ҫޣһ̣ĳ͸޻һ´һĶ࣬
ο޵þȻҪˡѲݿޣҲĨᣬ߳糡ʱ
˺۲һɬ

ϷˣȥͷԶ˺ˣȥЩƧС
ӣһЩˣٴЩƣšȵ⣬ѲȴȵˣȻ
Ϸеİ˼һ㣬üĿչȵöˣ˶ֻ
հҸѲݵϣˮ˵Ӱţ
ˮۿﵴţۡ

ҹƵŽŲùݣֻǵǼǵСӼֲ
ķһۣóŲӣűʣϺʲôطģǼˣ
Ǯ˼ҵ£˽ӣţѲݣݰղС
ӽɶϺѲݵͷǽϵһ澵Լ˵
Ϻˣ

8

Ϻ뿪Ǹӵʱ򣬾㱵üζߴ·

ʨɽĹǸԱϺǵˣϺͷ
Աȥ˰칫ңһ˰æһ£˷
һĲӣ˵갲ģϺ˵ãʮˡ
˵أϺ˵˼ҶϺЦˣ˵ʵ
ߵ֡Ϻ˵ѲݵĴزţֱ
˵Ϻ˵ǣ˰ϲ
أ˴ˣġ˵ȷ
˵ǲһطô˵ǰûˡ
Ϻ˵զأԱ˵ģеǼǵġ

Ϻ͵ӣԱ˵ðɡϺ
ͷԱ˵뿪ˣϺ˵ʮˣʮˡԱ
ˣ˵ʮꣿʮꣿզΪɶأϺãȻ̧ͷ
Ագ˵զĲأզĲأ
ѲݱߺϺоԼĵƹⲻǰǰ谵
ƮƮҡҡϺߵǰǽӽԺѲٲڰ
ҹôǽڣ˵˵˵ɣٲ˵Ҫˡ
Ϻ䲻ǰѲ˵ǰѲ˵¶΢΢⣬ϡ
ȥڿһ£һһ£ֺһ

ǰѲ˵Ѳݵڶλʱ͸ġ

ѲһΣһǺͶӻģӲμӹҵ˹٣
档ڶѲ͵͵ܻģ͸Ѳ˵

һѲݻǳ⡣ѲݵĶӿСѲݵĶϱ
һӡ򿪳䣬Ǻܶʵģֻаǲе߲ˣ
⣬ģѼģʻ㣬гľơ

ЩϺͼҽԼûдɨ
ˣôˣô£Уֻһڹղˣôæ
ùΪؼǣԼǰѲ˵ǶǰǰҲû취
Ĳ˵۲˵Ҳɶطȥˡ

ϺļͽŶûҪģѲһȥ޴峤ҡ޴峤
·ڵˣֱڱϹϲεЦݣɶط
ǣһͷҪǮĴţƵġ

ѲݵĶ˴ܶˣھƵʱ߾žƱ
˵ܹн죬øлڹȥҺչˣûǣ
ûǡЩϲεرʾǫѷȻ˾Ʊһһ
Ϻǹ˺ܾòõġ컹ع˺ܶ
һЩ飬û˵Ѳݵ飬Ҳû˵Ʒ飬
ǰЩˣ񶼱ľƹԺˣƵģټǵĶ
ϰǵõĶǧãáǸĴָ˵
ӣܺȣһ¶ǻöٽĵӣ˵Ǹֱү
ǣ˵Ⱦƣ仰Ӿ͸ɣүǣүǡ˵˺ã
ҾͿʼϧ̾ϢӢ˵Ҫ磬Ҳ
ҪɳķṦΰ

ѲܹȥĶѳһƬݵʱ
ϺŰûĳϡЩˣϡغš
Ϊ̫ᣬΪëϺԷʱڼüŪ

ѲݣϺӣû˸ţһ
·룬վ䣬ĨĨͣ˵Ѳ˵
ųһƬݣѲᵽЩʹѣЩɬ
ˮ˻ߵĿ޺˳ѬƵģ˳ӣ
ͷһߣæ߳Ƭ档

Ϻӵϼֻ룬ڽʣµһϡˣ˿Ƭ
棬ź˵զ˰ѷأûǱ߷ݣʣ
ǽˣʹӷ϶ˡ

Ѳû˵

Ϻʰ˸ʳкѲѲûϺ
̾Ϣ˿˵ݰɣࡣѲŤű𴦵۾Ϻס
˩ѲݵȫˮϺһ£еʲôطһӱ
ˮʪˣɤ˵ݣúѲݵͷϺҲͷ
˵ãúþͺá

˶ˡ

ºͣøһ޲ƵġΪǰһ꣬
ǡ̫ƮɢƬϿʼһӳʪĸ


ãѲʣ㻹Ϻ˵ʱ㡣
Ѳû硣Ϻ˵ҲǸֵĶǰɣҪ
Ҹ˵˵˯ţţû˸˵˯ţͷ
˰ǲǾˣϰˣݰϰô

Ѳ˿Ƭ棬Ƶģüͷ
ǰϺǸʰڷ£ǡղ
طһƬѲ£ĵ˵뿪ôʱҴ
û˯һþ

ôˣϺĵʡ

ˣ˰ǡѲ˵涡Ϻ⣬ʣ˭
˭ˣѲݲ˵ӿڴóֽ˲ᡣϺͻȻǵˣ
˵

ѲݸϺ뿪شʱ򣬾ϸоƨɺŸʲ
ôǻͷȴǸһ·˰ǣȻ
ӣÿ˯ʱ۾һգͿվڸǰͷ۾
ðŰĭһ۾ֲˣ۾һգ
ˡ

㿴㣬ˣݶˡϺѲݣģ˵һΪ
ǳԵúãסúãúã˭Щ㿴㣬ڼҵʱ
ҪȥˣֻڣҪ׾Щ

ѲݸϺΪȥȥ˺ܶ˺ܶ
Ҫ˺ܶڴͷǰûа취βס

ǸǸҲǸѲ˵ʱҧгݣ
ĭӷɽԶѲ˵վǰҲ˵۾һգ
ˣ۾һˡϺ̾Ϣһ˵զأҲ
ǰˡѲҲ̾Ϣһ˵Ҫǰ㰡˵Ҿ
˵˵ţҾ˯ˣǱˣҲǽڣ
˵˵ţҾͲϺ˵㲻Ǹһ
ôĶϱأԸ˵Ѳ˵Ҫǿǣһ
㵹Щˮô

զ죿Ϻ˵ôȥҲǸ취㿴㶼ݵá

ǰЩȥ˰ǵһ˹˵һӡѲ˵ֹ
죬ԥţϺһۡϺˣ˵ݣ˵ɶӣֻ
Ҫ˯žɶȥ

ϺѲ˵˺ܶ໰һֱ˵ĶСеĴ
Ųֻ뿪

뿪ʱϺ´ɶʱѲݻعҡҡͷ˵Ҫ
ġϺ붣û¾Ͷҡͷӣ͸˿ڣ˵
´λû˵βѲݼˣ˵´λɶ
㵹ǿ˵

´λҴѲ˵Ϻ˵ţоʲô
ţعˣʼƵܡ

9

Ѳݺߺ󲻾ãǣͷţϺ
æȥŷţ˵ѾһˣҲҳţΪ޴峤ȶˣ
ڴҪչˡ

ƻʱϺͷţˮȻǣص޴峤ҵţȦ˩
ˣҪߣסˡ˵˷ߣкܶʣأ
ĺܶþơ

Էʱ޴峤ڣ˵޴峤ڴأһ磬
ȵĳԵĶˣڸ˯ȣˣ绹أأ߿
߽мŮ˵֡ԵúǷߺ޲ƽϺƵʱҲ
Լһ󱭡

ǸܺȰ˵ţ̾˵˼ҿ治
ǵˣӵȫſˣվţ˵

ǣǣ˼ǰǵϺĵشţƵغžơ

Ϻ˺ܶ࣬ԴκģоȴǺܺáߵʱʳ䣬
ľƺûУ˵ûУƿϺ˵Ұա
ͰѾˡ

Ϻصѡ˰Ѹֻõģʹĳͷһ
̣šֱķͷǰϺоȺģ
ʱյֽǮҽ

Ϻȡ¿ڴƿƣһƿһڣȻšϸǣһߣ
ֱ˿ĭϴ˴꣬ͷǷͷȥ

Ϻûоô۹ͷٿʱϺû̱
ڵϡųͷһھݵشϢţѾûˡ
һӣϺ˾γղٳõĹײİ
ţϸϸСʮˣײİѾˣ
ɢһøõζģ仹еľͷƵġ

ײİľ󣬾Ȼôһѡ

ϺĹײİˣûУϺ޶һѣ
ճճģƤ⻹ɶϺ޶һѣץס˼߹ǣȻ
ȹǣǼعͷȻԴϺЩͷ޶һ
ƵģĹ棬Ƚ̽⿪
ĹȻЩõľ棬Ĺӱø߸ߵġʱ
Ϻƿƣ˹һڣʣĴƿȥ޶Щͷ
ڲ̶ϡ

Ϻɾ֣ͳһ»ˣ£ǶƮ
ҡĻ磬СشǶѲ̣ˡ

ȼšϺԴϻͷ
һһƵģŻ

ĹĻȼյܵģž죬һȺɫľ
質衣ϺĻ棬ŵһƿƣСС
šϺڴ滹ըףǳģ
˵ϺЩûȥԣٲԣƤˣͲóˡϺ
֣ɶζվ֣ڻѬѬţûɶ
ζˣ£ͳըףžƳԡ

껨ףƿҲˡϺٺˣԼȶˣ
첻²˵ҲزɣͽЩƵĹš䡱һ죬
һɫĻ𣬲üë

ϺƿĹӣ˵ݣӽ˯ˣ

ѲֻһΡǰûһСʱʹæˣѲ
˵͵͵ġ

ͻɶ͵͵ģϺ˵żͷţɽȥϰ
ԵͷһƳͿѲݣæ˩ţڰ·ϰѲסˡϺ
˵ҪǶ㲻ãͲȥˡѲݿЦ˵Ҳ˵ô
ǹ˼ˡϺҭƵ̾Ϣһ˵ݰ㿴㣬αϴ
ˣδػ˯ôѲݵͷҡҡͷ

Ѳ˵еֲľ

զˣϺʡ

ѲݸϺôģԽԽְ֡
˵ϴοˣ񰡣أݡѲ˵ԭǳң
ͻȻְ֣ģ񣬶˵Ҳ񣬻Ц
񣬾Զ͵һģһѲ˵ͻȻԵþ
˵㲻ãҲŮˣ򣬴˵ӣ˵
ְһģУǸŮˣҿ
͵͵ҩũҩҩ

ʱ߹ԶӴѲݻѲæ㤵ı黻
ϲ˵ϺͰѲ˵ҰѲ˵
µģˣŴ˵ţӰóѲ˵ݸϺ˵
ˣҾרŸ͵ġ˵ţֻţƵ뿪Ϻߣ
뿪ش塣

ϺǰѲ˵ճյؿѲʧķ

10

ӵԺ֪ͨǰһ磬Ϻȥ˳䡣

ѲϢǳӰǴشġϺؼǵã
Ǹجĵʱһ磬Ӧǻƻ衣

ʱ޴峤Ħгӳڹֿŵϲ֮У
شŮ˶ĽĶ޴峤Ҫȥǿᣬÿοᣬ
ҪͻͻеĦгŮˣ޵شӴҵǰʻ
ڶŮĸ̾ĽҶ˵ش壬Ůֻһ
Ѳݣӵĸס˰ǵĸ¥·ЬͶմһ㡣
һǳ䣬޹峤̫̫˵Ҿ峤ȥǣ
ģԺõģöϡ£Ȼǰˣ棬ҲȰ١
˰ͻͻеĦгˣڴڳͻȻڴ
еѯнһšϺ䲻ŮˣҲм
һȺҽеŮߵһ𣬵ÿʱǲԶβڳ
װһĮĵӣǻܴЩŵ
ΪʱʱᵽѲݡ

޴峤ȥǲãʹѲڰϢ˵
Ѳݣĵ˵ѲݼֱЦˣϴʱһ˿
ôãкȥȿˮûСһȺŮǵĸУ
˵Ѳݿ⣬ΪЬӲǳﾭŵƤЬǲ
Ь˿ӣûشʱ󣬻һҵģ̫
һӡŮǵĸУ˵ôѲǲũˣµˣ
ǰˣǰˣҸģ㴩ǲЬǰǵ·ˮ
··Ҳմϰ͡

ƻˣܿ˵Ѳϡ̾Ϣһ
˵ѲˡҶ˵ôͷ˵ˡ
ǻ˵˺ܶ໰Ϻûȥһֻ˴ǵ
ϣԭشȦصʱ򣬺Ѿˡ

˺ϺһֱȲ˹شѾû˭˵
ѲݣҲѲ޴峤ȥˡ

ϺʱĶСȫڸָס
£ͷɢһδӡϺ䷭˷Ƥ
˵ϺϺǺһЦ˵û£䡣С
ȫļӣȥϺʰ˸ʣ̸֧Ϻ
лСȫɶʱزӣСȫ˵ͻȥϺ˿䣬
˵峤ˣɫôôҵһЦ˵þˡ
Ϻеʣɶզû˵˵ֲ˵ǲɣ
ûɶط̹˵ǲɣɶط̹Ϻ˵ײа
ɡ˵ҲײаϾ˯ž۾һգˣ
ǰް¹򰡣ڹһѪģľͷ׮һȫ
λεĲ˵ͣؽлۣ˵ȥϴϴ˵ϴˣզϴϴ
˵ҰѲ˵εɣߣզҲ߲£
ҵҲšȣ۾˳СȫϽ
ˣϺʹ˸˼뿪Ϻԥһ£վ
˵峤ˣעЪϢɣſġһƣ
׼һʱ˵Ϻ˵Ҫߣæ˵ɶأ
˵ôϺƳһСȫСȫҡҡͷ˵
Ӳ̹úЪϢЪϢ˼ſ㣬ͺˡ

ߵſڣСȫ׷ܱǸظϺ񾭳
⣬Ѿˡ⻰Ϻһ㶵ؿСȫ˵զ
úõôСȫ˵ذ̾˵Դȥ˹ûһ
ģʼǿޣȻЦھһһϵز˯
Ƶģ棬˸е¡Сȫ˵˵ƽҲҵ
ҲϣܵĴϺͷ˵
ޣ㻹ȥҶ˹ߵʿ£զĸɡ

Ϻߵʱеʮ꣬ƵҳѲݵ飬
ѲôģɶطģѲݵĶء

ڳ񾭳⣬ѾҪˡ

11

һȥϺû·ԺˡϺ
ЩһЦЩһ˵ϴү£
ȥ֤ġϺ¶ʣɶ֤˵ëɱ˵ǰӣ


Ϻʼڳϵʱ򣬸оϡ棬Ŵׯڣ৵ֱ
ţڱ˭׷ƵġϺһСѲ
Ϻ㽹δõоСѲ˵ȽǮ
Ҳѧ˼ҳ˵ӣȥΡϺʱʣզȥѲ
ֵصһۣ˵СȥϺСˣû
Ѳݣֻͼİˣȥ֤

һΣϺͿʼγˣ﷭ģԴѣ


Ϻ֪ͨͥʱȻоܣǰԺһţһʱ̶
̱ڵصӡ

ϣʢϺ˽лȴ˻شͱͱ
ϺȻԼĴͽ⣬ǻŵӦ˵ڣڡ´һ
Ц

ϣʢ㿴ˣѲ˵ʵ

ɶҵĲ˵Ϻ۾Ա߹Ȼи˵ŰѲ
ôʱˣǰѲ˵ȻһҲû⣬λεģҫŲõ
âڲ˵Ļӳ£Ϻ˶ëëԴѺ
м䣬СȫдüˡϺ˸ķ٣
ûг룬ҲûñǰҲûǩͲȴϷĹٻ
Ҫϡִ࣬ˮĿ׺ݵۣǻ
ǳƵŮһվģǰѲ˵

ǡϺ˵ҵĲ˵

ȻĲ˵Ӧôܵأܹ˵˵ô
˵

˵˾֤ˣϺ˵һЦ˵ͷϺ
ǰѲ˵Ƶģգȥͷ⣬Ȼë
˲˵ڼҵȣȶëͻΪûУ
ͻȻ˵˵峤ǻɱˡ

Ȼأʡ

ȻȥëͰѲ˵ˣҾûؼˡϺ˵

ʱѪʡ

аҲϴδһôȥⰡϺ˵

Ȼأʡ

ȻͱǸˣҵĲ˵ﰡϺ˵꣬
ۿǰѲ˵Ǹ˰Ѳ˵£Ǹϵ˵ûʲôʵ
ˡϺ˵ˣҵ֤ǲҲˣǸЦЦϺ
˵֤ˣǾͰѵҰǸ˵Ҫ֤ݣ
طɣܹ黹㡣Ϻ˵ɶ֤ݣȻ˵֤ݣΪɶ
ʵˣզأ˼ҶëɱˣҲûǻҪɶ֤ݰ
µ˺ǺЦϵ˾һСʹһã˵Ұע
ⷨͥ򰡣

ڼСϺû뿪ҲûЩ˵ЩɶЩɶ
۾ضǰѲ˵ϡ

ϺѲ˵õϣ뿪ͥʱЩ˲ŷ֡
ϺѾŲ˵ܵ˽ϡ

һЦ׷ϿʼˣһͷŲ˵ĵǰ汼ţ
һȺ죬һ׷ȥͷ;Ų˵ͷһһ裬Щ
ˣȾһˣͷܡ

ϺǱ쾾סģһסϺ̱Ļ
ϺϢţ˵ϣˣܲˣܲˡ
˵ϺʲôأϺ˵ɲɶҾҪҵĲ˵
˵֪ôղſ˾ˡϺɵˡ쳤̾һ˵
͸˵ôǲ˵ҪȥҪ֤ͲţϺ
ˣ˵ǲҪץͷ

12

Ϻʮ졣ʮ켸춼Ҫ
ˮгԵġʮ죬Ϻſڣ֣еӿ˶
ֽѧ˴˿ˡϺ˵죬
͸İֱҪӵĸԸ͸ģǺ
ЦˡϺҲ˼Цˣ˵죬ǺˣԸһæ
ô˵ʲôҪģ˵һϺԥһ£
˵Ҳһ˵ķĹѲݡ

Ϻ죬ӵ˵Ҫش塣Ϻ
ҵѲݵķĹûУҡҡͷϺ˿˵ëҲ
ģҿɡ룬Ӧˡ

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ЦЦ˵ëԭҪЩ˰ҲҪЩ˰ëͷ
šϺ˵ҲʮˣҳȥʵһҲ
ȥëȵ˵զİϺ˵ҰѲ˵ˣ
׷ңҰ׷˿ˣһÿأǵ찡ë
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ǣǲ˵̫죬ûôʹǵȥˣ͸вô
ԽԽ𣬾ղסˡϺͷ˵СȫˣҪ
ˣ˵Сȫ׼ӵȥβšëԴΣ̧Դ
˵үȥҵӸ˵ˣǱҲң
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ëĨ˰ˮװЦ˵үԲ㰡һǷ
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ˣһ죬һһŮŤͽŲʼ

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ڶӢ꣬Ϊ붫ӡȹ˾Ǻʵģô
Ӧ˵оڲҪ󡣣μʷµ1974
pp.34

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ͥˣԸģ˾Ӧաӡȹ˾ƭ
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ӢֻҪõľζһзݣ
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ʿٴδءӢʿǺƭؾ˵Ҫ̸Уӵǹ
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ˣ˳ɽڣѪϴΣռʮ
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Բ飬ʵغ͹󵳴Э

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йҲĬӡȵһһȳʵ





ܶ˶˵֪̬뷢չдƪ¾Ϊ
˸йһռԵĸô֪йķӢ
ΪʲôôʳģԼ䵽ӡеġ
˵ˣƪµĿҲʹﵽˡ

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𲿷֣ĸͽβʿ׫дģ³ĲҪǲο
дġӡȵķ֡زҵҪTom Grunfeld
The Making of Modern TibetȤѿԶ顣

ƪǣ꣱δռʷǰΰJohny
׫дģڴҰ׸

2004610ճ
2004굳޶

Ҫο
ֳнڣֳʷǾѧ磬1999
ֳнڣӡȽִʷѧ磬1995
ҵӡʷĪԶ۹ӡȶѧ
ƽӣѻƬսս
꣺ۼ2002
أʮء
³ӡȵķ֡1956
˹أμʷµ1974
A. Tom GrunfeldThe Making of Modern Tibet Rev., ŦԼ, 1996


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2004.7.8.


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