                       ˿µϣ20040820գ

04.08.20, ӡֵҮ³ʱ򡱡
04.08.20, Ǯʽв¼׷
04.08.20, ǮʿĹ
04.08.20, ͡Ҫץסš
04.08.20, ѩӡûиѻۿǰ͸
04.08.20, ƽֹУª
04.08.20, 硶ƭйǡˮ 
04.08.20, ĽɡɡĵӺ
04.08.20, sjdڡӡսõ塱½ٽ޽ԵĲ䡷
04.08.20, λѭ֤ҽѧĴʼˡ
04.08.20, ӺŮDDһڿй

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ƭйǡˮ 



˹ȻǮ࣬ϾҲһЩĺӵõͷظĻᣬ
ִڣй˵ĵõ衣˾ӡЩ춼Ϊ
Ƶʷͻ˷ܲѣɼͬģйˡĽ١ 

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һλ˽ڽѧԽ¡һϵӡ
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Ҳˡװ ֮磬ڰװ߷ޣGRANTࡣȦ
಻ȥѧĭȴԭͱļҵ׻ӻɾǵĿ
˭ȥأʲôȥأ 

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ɡĵӺ

Ľ
20040811й걨

йĴѧУǶԡɾ񡱽зĽǶһԻѡ
˵һСһĹ۵㡱Զйͳ
򡱸мֵΪձиŵдֱһ
飬Ĺ۵Ǵں̶ֱܴԻΣҲ
áһ ľѧȻɾڸԵ
ҲŶӺľ񡣡йĻһ֡͡Ļǿݺ


غĴѧУָʲôĸߵȽ

ȿѡۡһΪȱ˸õĶȴҪһ
ѰݡΪʲôأ˼ǡŵߡۿһĻ
ҲûСȻĶߴôֻ8000˵׶ؾѧԺ
5λŵߡλйѧУڵѧУУ16
ˣԲһŵߣ˭֪ŵԭԣ
ľǴԼĶ̴˼ҵĳȣ֪


ٿΣۡйѧУȻҲԶ
ŶӺҪҲȥֱأŶӺ
Ȼزɼݡνͳһ־и泩ò
ߵĺг˵˼ҳСɾ񡱣û˵˼ѧȱ
Ӻľ񡣵ˣóﶷȱŶӺ
񡪡ͬԼִԼ

˵ʲôʲôĽǶɱԵħ֣ѾǲʵΪ
ˣǰѡ½µ졣½Ҫ壬Ǹһ
ѭؾɵĶսҪǡɾ񡱡

ͨɾҵпܳΪɶҡĶڡ
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һ  йУɻɾ

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ڡӡսõ塱½ٽ޽ԵĲ

sjd

Herbert Bryant1994622ձָ(1) ð٣ (2) 
֤ǹ(3) ṩ199410¼䣬ʢԺ(һ
Ժ)оHerbert BryantһԺΪڶ
֤ǹܳð(ΪU.S.A. v. J. C. Herbert Bryant Jr.) 
ƺûӲ棬Ҳûйı档

Herbert BryantԷ֤ΪʢԺ볷о
÷Ժ1995727ղءΪU.S.A. v. J. C. Herbert Bryant 
Jr.ΪCriminal Action No. 94-249ðоƺҲûӲ
棬Ҳûйı档

Herbert BryantʢѲطԺߣ19977
8ձʢѲطԺءΪU.S.A. v. J. C. Herbert 
Bryant Jr.ðоӲԺеλǣ117 F.3d 1464 (D.C. 
Cir. 1997)огйʵͳоǹڸðҪ
ϸһо

˺Herbert Bryant߷Ժ(ΪJ. C. Herbert 
Bryant Jr. v. U.S.A.)߷Ժ1998420ղءðоӲ
Ժеλǣ523 U.S. 1071 (1998)ûйı档

ͷɶԣѳ˺󻹷ʲô飬ҾͲ鲻
ˡ

 Herbert Bryantо飬й档FindlawȽ
ȽϷվGeorgetownѧѧԺͼṩĻʢ
ѲطԺķԺ漯վַΪhttp: 
//www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/cadc.cfm

ֻصopinionsٵ19977µSearchٴHerbert Bryant
ɵõ˰ķԺо顣

(XYS20040820)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

λѭ֤ҽѧĴʼ



ѭ֤ҽѧEvidence-Based MedicineEBM̨ҲΪ֤ҽѧ
ȳ2090˺ѭ֤ҽѧ˳ϯҽ
ѧȫ硣Ӣҽѧ־Ҷѭ֤ҽѧٴѧ
ƻŦԼʱѭҽѧΪӰΰ˼֮һ

˵ѭ֤ҽѧͲܲѭ֤ҽѧλʼˣƿסѶ˹̹
ء

һ

һλѭ֤ҽѧĴʼ˿ƿ(Archiebald L. Cochrane,19091988)
Ӣڿҽвѧҡ1972귢ҽѧЧЧʡ
Effectiveness & EfficiencyмζȤ¡ڶ
սڼ䣬ΪҽӢдӾ񣬵ñ㱻¾²
սӪдҽƹʱսӪа׺ҩƷּȱ
սӪ׺˵ȴ4ɥ
ң3˻ǹˡ´ʹע⵽еȻʮ
ǿģɴ˶ҽƵЧԲ˻ɡΪֻɣʼ
ʵʩٴȽ(randomized controlled trial,RCT)ٴ
ѳΪѭ֤ҽѧҪ֮һ

һȤҲڵʱսӪһλкͣս
ΪĤסһʼΪĤ׵ʹʿĿ޽Уǣ
սӪһֹʹƬҲûУھУƿױܵ˻ߵĴϣ
ʿԼĻǣ漣ˣʿֹͣ˺Уֱ
СʱƽȥΪ߲Ϊϵʹ޽У
ڹ¶ľϵʹࡣɴˣֿʼ˼ȷʺϵҽƷ
ݽʲôҩѵܹ˼е˵м

1993 ӢһԵķӮԵѭ֤ҽѧѧ壬
ƿЭThe Cochrane CollaborationΪ˼ѭ֤ҽѧ˼
ѹʵĿƿףЭ塣ƿЭʵ
ġЭ顢ѧ顢顣Ŀǰȫ罨˰
йڵ14ƿġ

ƿЭѭƿ˵ԡ

һ仰ǡЧȫѡall effective treatment must be 
freeеӢ񽡿ƶȣNational Health Service,NHSʼ
1948꣬ҲϷҵĹ񽡿ƶȵ塣ȫѡ
all treatment must be freeһοںšԡȫѡ
ƿȴ˵ЧȫѡҲǡֻЧƣ
ġ仰ӳθЧʹ޵ҽԴ˼롣ƿΪ
类Чҽƻ͵˷ѣң˷ڿ͹ϻ˹
ҵЧʣ𺦹彡ô֤
Чأ

ڶ仰ǡٴҪġҪ֤ЧģҪ
ٴ顣ٴֻ飬ܱʱѡ
ƫselection biasʹ֮ıرƽ⣬
ܽȷıȽϣóȷеۡ㣬һ
ѧĸ뷽Ϊ飬ӲӲ
飬һ򵥵ȻҽԲᵱŲ˵
ӲңǻĿڰӲҡ1948꣬
ӢϵһʵʩٴȽ飬Ǵ϶ùƷν
˵ЧӴдƷν˵ƪ¡ĳҲ˵
ȽӢƾʷͳѧ˼롪뻳۵ķӳ

仰ǡȽҪڼʱɣר
ǵѭ֤ҽѧʵʩڣѧ֤ݣevidence
ʹáȽΪ֤ݡȽ飬ж
صӰ죬ȻϸߵģҲϲģʱнۻ
ìܵġЩһ֤ʹߣٴҽҩʦҽҩ
ͻߵȣûеġѭ֤ҽѧҪȷе֤ݼʱشʹߣ
ˣ仰ʵǽ֤ݵĴݰеȽ飬
ȫ֤ݣھרҵԱɣǼˡ׽
֤ݣ۰ڽɣǼʱ֤ݣܽרǵ
ԿŶʵķּȷе֤ݡ



ڶλѭ֤ҽѧĴʼ˷Ѷ˹̹(Alvan R.Feinstein,1925)Ү
³ѧڿѧвѧڣҲִٴвѧclinical 
epidemiologyĿɽ֮һѭ֤ҽѧȻޱ֮ľʵʶԣ䷽
ݼԴٴвѧѶ˹̹ġٴҩѧѧ
־Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeuticsϣԡٴͳѧ
Clinical BiostatisticsΪ⣬1970굽198111䣬57ƪ
ģĽͳѧ߼ѧ뵽ٴвѧϵͳع
ٴвѧϵΪĶΪҽѧƳ硣

Ѷ˹̹ҪУ1967ġٴۡClinical 
Judgement1985ġٴвѧClinical Epidemiologyȣ
ڷұܺӴѶ˹̹ͶĻˣ
ǳ˼̵̡ĳ̶һԸ
˼â־˼ȱȣԭ˵Ϊ̫
ˡѶ˹̹һλϽѧߣԼµͳѧ߼
ѧֿٴвѧǱһ֡Ȼᶮ̬ȣӲ
ƬֻǳԵ˵֮͡óԸͨ׵
ٴвѧʹͨΪ°䵭ֻܾ
Զ֮



λѭ֤ҽѧĴʼ(David L.Sackett,1934)Ҳˣ
ಡ͸ѪѹΪо⣬ʵноֽٴ
оתٴвѧо2080νڼô
˹شѧMcMaster Universityڸôѧҽѧģ֯һ
вѧרȶסԺҽʦٰٴвѧԭ뷽ѵȡ
Ч1995꣬תӢţѧνڣ˸Ļ
ռ䡣1997ġѭ֤ҽѧSackett DLet 
al(eds):Evidence-based medicine;how to practice and to teach,Churchill 
Livingstone,London,1997.һǱΪ֣緶Χڱ㷺
Ķ

һλѭ֤ҽѧʼ˿ƿѾȥλʼڶλ
ʼ˷Ѷ˹̹ͬԸºͣУ˲ܵǺܵԵ
֯ʵһλ֯쵼ˡ˵
أݼһٴвѧɹش
ѭ֤ҽѧƯ£ȫõƹ㡣

1991صķ£ڿҽʦѧᣨAmerican College of 
PhysiciansACP)༭ġڿѧAnnals of Internal 
Medicine־磬ӳһΪڿҽʦѧ־ֲ
ACP Journal Club)־־صһֶ׵ժ¼Թ
Ϊ־ֲԹ30ҽѧ־Ϸڿٴоģ
רҵԱһɸѡԽṹժҪʽԹɣר
ۡⱾ־ʣʮַæûʱϵͳĶҽѧ־
ڿҽθڡ֤ݵҲ֤ݵĴѭ֤ҽѧ
ҽѧ˼ص㡣ѭ֤ҽѧEvidence-Based Medicineһʣ
־ϣ1991ɼôأGordon H.Guyattһƪв
ġ

ڿҽʦѧ־ֲӰǿ1995꣬
ժ¼ķΧѴԭȵڿƷչٴơҲ1995꣬־չ
ڿҽʦѧӢҽѧ־漯ţBMJ Publishing Groupͬ
֯뷢Ϊѭ֤ҽѧ־Evidence-Based MedicineҪر
ǣӡڿҽʦѧ־ֲѭ֤ҽѧ־1991
1999꣬һֱ־ְĲŻѧˮƽ
ڴ˵õ˳չʾѭ֤ҽѧҲƾڿҽʦѧ
־ֲ롶ѭ֤ҽѧ־ŵԴΪѧ
ƽ̨Ϊ֪硣



ѭ֤ҽѧһΰ˼롣ôΰһȻ
ʡ

ѭ֤ҽѧ˼ϸķѧΪٴоṩ˼·ᳫ
鼰ϵͳ۵ȶٴҽƲ˻ʱӰ졣ѪܼΪ20
80ڶٴ鱨һۺƼļ
˥ߵҪѪܼϵҩУԵӾ࿨Ԥ
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ļĲƲ⣬ļ߷ʧǵ
ҪΣأǰΪԼļߣҪʹ࿨ʧ
ˣ࿨ƸòĳҩȻٴ飬֤
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˵ʡ֮ʹ࿨Լļкġѭ֤
ҽѧʵ߸ҽѧΪȷƷ
ҽƻӽǡ

ѭ֤ҽѧڸҽҩţƶ߷Ҳָ
Ͳοֵѭ֤ҽѧķƶһкԼġѧ
ĽջҩĿ¼Ӷ߹񽡿ƶȾߵЧʡҲ
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ǰģѭ֤ҽѧʵڿѧ֤ݵʹá
綨֤ݵʹ߷Χʱѭ֤ҽѧΪĻҽҩʦרҵԱһ
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ĹߣȨʹþרҵԱɶ׶ġԼר
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ӿƿװѿʿڻ￪ʼѭ֤ҽѧעһҽ
ѧͬʱҲһֳĹػĴȰ˼롣һҽѧ硢Ӱȫ
ǻ밮Ļ䣬ڿƿסѶ˹̹λ԰
£ٴѧ֮ϳ鷢֦׳ɳѤţ硣

(XYS20040820)

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ӺŮ
DDһڿй

 
20040818й걨

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ϼݴѧϵڣой30ꡣ

ֱһͷէһ棬ô˵ͷ˹
̹ҵţӲߣ촩һ߰޷TӶ
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㷢ֻԼǸ⡣ʲôĽʲô
ϣܴʦ֪Щͨش˺ܲϰߡ

ʲô˼ҡ

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ƻҲҪҪ˵ҵйѧ˵ǡ
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ʱųͷҡ֣ԡԽսʿдй
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ռ1952Сй꡷־ÿйһΣ
ͲɷáÿλҪռϡDVD񡶶ѡ
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⼸꣬оҪĿУйֵ۵ıǨйӰ
ҵйᡱ3£Ϊѧȥ̨۲ѡ
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ڶ꣬ʱʡֵɷΡе
ʡںҵʡ

˶̬б仯ԭܶ࣬Ϊ1993Ǹת۵㡱

ʣ˵˵ʻ⣬йôģ

1985йʱܶйѧ˵ϲй
϶ࡣ˵Ƿǳš֮Ҹ߹ǣҲҪٷ֮ٵ
šܸоеʱ̫ࡣ

1989й̬ı䡣˶̬б仯
ԭܶ࣬Ϊ1993Ǹת۵㡣

Ǳٰ˻ᣬ˵Ҫٰ2000˻ᣬ
ΪȨ⡣Ƿǳɵǲ˽йڱѧи
飬75˵ǸǶʲô
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ԺַˡӺš飬Ҫйһҿ
˵̴ûлѧúܶй˷У羯
죡

Ƿǳǳɵģë˵ģǿʯͷ
ԼĽš

һݵ飬2002㹫˾йءʶ顱
ƽпӰģһȨ壬һǿֲ壻й
չҪĹңһڶձԿΣյģͬʱ
ҲҪġ

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Ҹǣǰܶš֮ˣһ
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911˺ܴĽѵǰ󲿷˶Ϊȫ˶
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ʣ˵ɵĵطйûУ

йкܶط಻˽⣬ɵ飬УйҲС

1998ʱһ죬פļ߶ӵ绰˵й
ȥ棬Ҫˡ

Ǹ˵ֶй̬б仯ǽԵĺ
ǳ˷ǳóԵĲˣһ˼˵Ǹӡ
ͺëһҹӼǣǸӡ

ĽǣһΪǳôõĲˣ
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ص̬ǶԵģѾǵýӦҲӦ
ǲ˽ýĹϵԣʱܶ߶һ
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Ӱɹƶȱ仯йأǰĵģڿ
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С̩̹˺šҲв˲ϲҵƬƱãһ
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ٿݡ1999غѧż顱һ˶ǵ26
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ǶҪ֪߱廪Ҳˣû֪߱

ʣΪ̨ѡ۲šԱô۲ģ⣬̨
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1991̨ѡʱҾȥ۲ˣռ˺ܶຣǵ


ȥ̨ٷģǻ˲Ǯ֣סǼ
ꡣ۲ŵ˷ֵͬĵ̨ϡΪѧߣҪ
˺ܶطɷòͬˡǹ鷢ȥҽԺҲɷ
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ǰ˵Լǵ˱Ƚ϶ࡣԽԽΪԼ̨
ˡ̨塢̨壬½ϵ١룬ͬ
⡣

ʣΪϿĽʲôģ

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