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04.12.16, ӡ£ҪתĻ
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04.12.16, bioinfo˵Ϊ˳Ƽһ˿30꡷
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õӦǰսӪ¼Ϳ
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2004.12.12.

й걨2004.12.15.

(XYS20041216)

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ںĿƼ,λѧҹͦ
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(XYS20041216)

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˵Ϊ˳Ƽһ˿30

bioinfo

һֱڹڴţûиιеģġ
ڳƼ֮ҸӼţƼĴûбҪġ

11976꿪ʼҪһйƼʵ
ţûнⲻܼ򵥵عڡиֵĸıȻӰ쵽
˺ļȵ桱ӦûиԭƼ
Զڱף30ıۻۣ

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30ˣ֮䱾Ӧûжϵѵ911¼
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5ú˽ηԳƼģҲԶ
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(XYS20041216)

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˵᣺ӿصŮ



ŮĸܽԼĽؾʱڡŮáһ
бмдõڽš֮ÿ°
ҪҹڽǵĻԻͳɾͣʹҴ۽硣Ǹ
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šظ׫дġصĽһıһ
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صĽһǸʦⱾУܹԸ
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αѧߡȻˣҲؿһ19ͳ
ְԱʲôѧ񣬵ܿҪһ200˵ڹ
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Ļһ֪׸ԡҲ֪˭
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صİ취ǵĺӡزһģ壬
˲ǳĹ۵㡣ڸԡ츳ͬĺ˵ͬһֽ
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ˣƪ֮࣬лܹĶ

xywisdom@yahoo.com

20041215

(XYS20041216)

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޵ù

ߣͷ

޵ù𣿲ͬ⡰֮ԡ

˵СŮáⱾ顣ҶƵûȤһ
һɹĺӺһνɹĽġɹһָ
ĳĳһƴѧϸһ¾ͻ֣ᷢǸӿ϶ꡣν
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кġ

ǲ֪õĸĸдϡ͡ͷԡӦ
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㡣ȻҲΪԼ绤Ȩ

Ҳ˲дĶõĸĸܽ𼰡ν
ƣòϹⱾ黹ô𣿣޽һＰν
Ҳ޿ɺǡѵֻǴ󵼶ߣңΪ
޵ᡣܰǸԵؿ顣

(XYS20041216)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

ÿƴ󡱿ƼʷƼϵεĿѧĺͿƼˮƽ



йƴ󣩿ƼʷƼϵͬѧ

    ǰ죬ҴӿƴҳϿͬѧıѧо
ҹ9000ǰѾʼơебҪἸοв֮
ӭָֻ

1. Ҳ̫ͬѧҵоʵϣƼרҪ
ҴϵصйѧṩƷMcGovernԷ׫
д(μϦǴѧվݣChangsui Wang, chairperson of 
the Archaeometry program at the University of Science and Technology of 
China in Hefei (Anhui Province) was untiring in his enthusiasm for the 
project, and personally accompanied Dr. McGovern on travels to excavations 
and institutes, where collaborations and meetings with key scientists and 
archaeologists were arranged.)Ӧ˵һֺʽоʵ
ϣžнڼȲеķԭжĽ۵ȷԡΪ
ߺ֯ߵ˵Ҳⷽרңһԭ
б۵(ʵʱҽ׫Ĳҵļ)ȻΪֺʽ
ںлģˣBrookhavenʵHarbottle
McGovernʿϣҸʱһڴӦʿƴ
žкƼ̸ڣžнڽܣMcGovernʿʶ־
ڣӶ֤ƷԴ

2. McGovernʿʿƴҪĿĲΪ˷ƪģҪչ
ʵϣȥ6£ֻϣרһ̹ͬʤ
飬ǶԴ˹žԷΪˣ֯žоС飬ɻĴ
ھ帺𡣻ʦµķԣ̽žƵʺ
Ҫ䷽йоɹȥ׽ﱣо︣ϲ˫
Э飬йؽݲĴʦܸеЩźԴΪأʼ
δ͸¶κϢڣŬչŴϣܾҹ
һĿհס

3. ¿ͷΪйѧѧƼʷƼϵžн
ϦǴѧѧݵPatrick E. McGovernںĿó
ڶԺϼַֺзֵзʱҵйĿǰֵĴľƵ֤
ݡҲͬѧĹ۵أžнڵĹ۵㡣ͬ
ѧĹ۵㣬ҵϣԸȻᵽһ㣬ΪбҪ
˳žнڽһԡҵĿУžнһλΪĿѧң
ѧڿеӦҲȤԿƼѧƶԣϻŽ
Ρžнڸոյƴʱζ˵ϣϵĿƼרҾ
ϺͬƼѧơãҷ֮ǣֲֹһ
˵ϣڿƼΪΨѧϰƼ֪ʶʹ
ԼΪĳһרҡṩƷںϹǳɲ˿Ƽר
ҵġȻҲΰѧϰѧĴ˼·
ԼϵΪѧĴҡҸеʮźδܺ
ǿƼרҵĽԱѺúҲǵķԣ뷽跨˿ƼʷƼ
ϵĸΡмϸڣбҪʵʱҽʵʽ֮
Ҫ˵ǣʵͽ治֪ԿƼѧ
Ƶķչʲô

ڣҲ뿪˿ƴ󣬰˵ҲӦٹܿƴˣοһûʱ
䣬ûȤͬѧıòһϵ飬ҲʹҲò
һЩʵǺHarbottleںڡNatureϷһ£
ũҵšϸܣﲻ׸һºѧ
AntiquityйԴĵĹ̡2000꣬ҷٿƼɽ
䣬ѧ飬дһƪйԴģHarbottle
ںȡķScienceϣȻӦʣһҪ
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ҽ۵ġδԸڡScienceϣһҪ
AntiquityϷNatureվ͡ScienceѸۡ
ǵžнڼƴҲΪ֮һԸĻ
ûκνһ׻˵һǳ˴ġȻһƪ
ģйرʱͬͬѧαһžнƺˡо
ҪߡɣйؼߺͬѧִһΣ
Ҳۡ죬ҪǿģҲҹڻǣžн˿ѧĺ
ƼˮƽȻռšÿƴ󡱿ƼʷƼϵελã

4. ǰһЩģҶ漰רңޡ֮⡣
ͬѧ⼸ּǿһʶѧʣѧˡ
һʶͬѧ㡣


                             йѧԺоԺѧԺ
                                   
                                 20041216

ѧоҹ9000ǰѾʼ  

      йѧѧƼʷƼϵžнϦ
ǴѧѧݵPatrick E. McGovernںĿó
ڶԺϼַֺзֵзʱҵйĿǰֵĴ
Ƶ֤ݣ8600ǰʵ֤ҹʱѾ˾Ƶ췽
ԭϰסۡˮȡһֽйƵʷǰƽ˽
4000꣬оڱܿڡҿѧԺѧϡȹý
˹㷺

     ʡصļַֺԼ90007000꣬ǻ֪
ʯĻŴ棬Ϊ20й100Ŵ֮һ
׹ǵѶ1984ֺּηž
ڴйѧַз˴ԱЩǧǰ
ƬһЩΪŪЩ࣬1999꿪ʼз
Ƭṩרҽл飬רҺЩƬϵĳ
о

    ѳǱݴѧĿŻѧPatrick McGovernһֱʷо
1994о֤ڹԪǰ5400ҾѾơ1999McGovern
ҹѧʱϣܺ͹רҺоʷоžеȽһ
ʵ19841987ںʡʯʱַ
ַֺ8600굽7500һЩմƬԼйѧ
ԺоƼʸоԱṩĺϰͭеľղ
ʡо־оԱṩĳԺ¹̫幬ĩܳĹз
յͭڵҺ̬Ƶĵṩݹý屨Patrick McGovernڵ
֪ͭƿҺһɲǣеֱ޷š

      Patrick E. McGovernڵȶЩһϵеĻѧ
ɫ׷Һɫ׷Ҷ任׷ȶͬλ
ȡʾЩﺬоӷľʯᡣ⣬
ѧɷִס׾ơѾơѵԼһЩŴִ
ҩĳЩѧɷͬﻹɽ髵Ļѧɷ֡ȫ
ֳ׵ĻѧԣľƣַֺƬﻹֺзۡ
ЩֱӽʢŹԵסۺˮΪԭϻͷͶ
ɵϡΪΪзۣЩϵķϣζ϶
ڡַֺ̼14ϴⶨڹԪǰ70005500֮䣬Щʵ˵
ʯʱڣй˾Ϳʼ÷ϡ

    1994꣬оԱԱϦǴѧŶһʯʱַھ
ڵİ׾ƽ˻ѧ⣬ְ׾Ƶʷ׷ԼԪǰ
5400ꡣǹֵľƾϣйľĿǰѧΪ
Ծ50004000ĻɽĻʱڡžнڱʾ
Կ϶˵μֺķ֣дһ¼ȹֵⷢľҲҪ
1ǧꡣΪĿǰֵйصʵϡɣ
ɣǴѧĿѧDavid Killick˵оһӡ̵
̽

                      ƼʷƼϵ   壩

(XYS20041216)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

йƴѧʷϵ̫޳ܣ

hc2004

йƴҳͻȻһشţƺҪѧףϸϸһԭ
ԳϮһͶĿƴѧʷϵΪǰ¶ĿƴѧʷϵһͶ
δ㹻ӣ˲ŻָΪ޳ܵĴꡣ뿴ı
йֻĳλŵĽйءٿӢҳ֪ͬţƤ
зҪдֻǺĸ̫

¹˿죬ǾͰӢԭϰɣӢĵ˾ͼڶ
ɡ

ֻǣܶһɹпƴѵĳƭҡƵ𣿿ƴ
ѧʷʲôʱ̫ܲ޳ܰ


ѧоҹ9000ǰѾʼ  
 

      йѧѧƼʷƼϵžнϦǴѧ
ѧݵPatrick E. McGovernںĿóڶԺϼֺ
ַзֵзʱҵйĿǰֵĴľƵ֤ݣ8600ǰ
ʵ֤ҹʱѾ˾Ƶ췽ԭϰסۡ
ˮȡһֽйƵʷǰƽ˽4000꣬оڱܿ
ҿѧԺѧϡȹý˹㷺

     ʡصļַֺԼ90007000꣬ǻ֪
ʯĻŴ棬Ϊ20й100Ŵ֮һԷ
׹ǵѶ1984ֺּηžнڴйѧ
ַз˴ԱЩǧǰƬһЩ
ΪŪЩ࣬1999꿪ʼзƬṩרҽ
л飬רҺЩƬϵĳо

    ѳǱݴѧĿŻѧPatrick McGovernһֱʷо
1994о֤ڹԪǰ5400ҾѾơ1999McGovernҹѧ
ʱϣܺ͹רҺоʷоžеȽһʵ
19841987ںʡʯʱַַֺ
8600굽7500һЩմƬԼйѧԺоƼʸоԱ
ĺϰͭеľղʡо־оԱ
ĳԺ¹̫幬ĩܳĹзյͭڵҺ̬Ƶĵṩݹ
ý屨Patrick McGovernڵ֪ͭƿҺһɲǣеֱ޷
š

      Patrick E. McGovernڵȶЩһϵеĻѧ
ɫ׷Һɫ׷Ҷ任׷ȶͬλطȡ
ʾЩﺬоӷľʯᡣ⣬Ļѧɷִ
ס׾ơѾơѵԼһЩŴִҩĳЩѧɷ
ͬﻹɽ髵Ļѧɷ֡ȫƳֳ׵Ļѧԣ
ľƣַֺƬﻹֺзۡЩֱӽʢ
ԵסۺˮΪԭϻͷͶɵϡΪΪзۣЩ
ϵķϣζ϶ɿڡַֺ̼14ϴⶨڹԪǰ7000
5500֮䣬Щʵ˵ʯʱڣй˾Ϳʼ÷ϡ

    1994꣬оԱԱϦǴѧŶһʯʱַھ
ڵİ׾ƽ˻ѧ⣬ְ׾Ƶʷ׷ԼԪǰ5400ꡣǹ
ֵľƾϣйľĿǰѧΪԾ50004000
ĻɽĻʱڡžнڱʾԿ϶˵μֺķ
дһ¼ȹֵⷢľҲҪ1ǧꡣΪĿǰֵ
йصʵϡɣɣǴѧĿѧDavid Killick˵
оһӡ̵ġ̽

                      ƼʷƼϵ   壩

 
http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/masca/jiahu/jia
hu.shtml



9,000-YEAR HISTORY OF CHINESE FERMENTED BEVERAGES CONFIRMED BY PENN 
MUSEUM ARCHAEOCHEMIST AND AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM OF SCHOLARS

 
PHILADELPHIA, PA, December 2004--Chemical analyses of ancient organics 
absorbed, and preserved, in pottery jars from the Neolithic village of 
Jiahu, in Henan province, Northern China, have revealed that a mixed 
fermented beverage of rice, honey, and fruit was being produced as 
early as 9,000 years ago, approximately the same time that barley beer 
and grape wine were beginning to be made in the Middle East.

In addition, liquids more than 3,000 years old, remarkably preserved 
inside tightly lidded bronze vessels, were chemically analyzed. These 
vessels from the capital city of Anyang and an elite burial in the 
Yellow River Basin, dating to the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties (ca. 
1250-1000 B.C.), contained specialized rice and millet "wines." The 
beverages had been flavored with herbs, flowers, and/or tree resins, 
and are similar to herbal wines described in the Shang dynasty oracle 
inscriptions. 

The new discoveries, made by an international, multi-disciplinary team 
of researchers including the University of Pennsylvania Museum's 
archaeochemist Dr. Patrick McGovern of MASCA (Museum Applied Science 
Center for Archaeology), provide the first direct chemical evidence 
for early fermented beverages in ancient Chinese culture, thus 
broadening our understanding of the key technological and cultural 
roles that fermented beverages played in China.

The discoveries and their implications for understanding ancient 
Chinese culture will be published on-line the week of December 6, 2004 
in the PNAS Early Edition (Proceedings of the National Academy of 
Sciences): "Fermented Beverages of Pre-and Proto-historic China," by 
Patrick E. McGovern, Juzhong Zhang, Jigen Tang, Zhiquing Zhang, 
Gretchen R. Hall, Robert A. Moreau, Alberto Nu?ez, Eric D. Butrym, 
Michael P. Richards, Chen-shan Wang, Guangsheng Cheng, Zhijun Zhao, 
and Changsui Wang. Dr. McGovern worked with this team of researchers, 
associated with the University of Science and Technology of China in 
Hefei, the Institute of Archaeology in Beijing, the Institute of 
Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Henan Province, the U.S. 
Department of Agriculture, the Firmenich Corporation, Max Planck 
Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig (Germany), and the 
Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The PNAS 
article may be read by clicking here.

Dr. McGovern first met with archaeologists and scientists, including 
his co-authors on the paper, in China in 2000, returning there in 2001 
and 2002. Because of the great interest in using modern scientific 
techniques to investigate a crucial aspect of ancient Chinese culture, 
collaboration was initiated and samples carried back to the U.S. for 
analysis. Chemical tests of the pottery from the Neolithic village of 
Jiahu was of special interest, because it is some of the earliest 
known pottery from China. This site was already famous for yielding 
some of the earliest musical instruments and domesticated rice, as 
well as possibly the earliest Chinese pictographic writing. Through a 
variety of chemical methods including gas and liquid 
chromatography-mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, and stable 
isotope analysis, finger-print compounds were identified, including 
those for hawthorn fruit and/or wild grape, beeswax associated with 
honey, and rice.

The prehistoric beverage at Jiahu, Dr. McGovern asserts, paved the way 
for unique cereal beverages of the proto-historic 2nd millennium BC, 
remarkably preserved as liquids inside sealed bronze vessels of the 
Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. The vessels had become hermetically 
sealed when their tightly fitting lids corroded, preventing evaporation. 
Numerous bronze vessels with these liquids have been excavated at 
major urban centers along the Yellow River, especially from elite 
burials of high-ranking individuals. Besides serving as burial goods 
to sustain the dead in the afterlife, the vessels and their contents 
can also be related to funerary ceremonies in which living 
intermediaries communicated with the deceased ancestor and gods in an 
altered state of consciousness after imbibing a fermented beverage.

"The fragrant aroma of the liquids inside the tightly lidded jars and 
vats, when their lids were first removed after some three thousand 
years, suggested that they indeed represented Shang and Western Zhou 
fermented beverages, " Dr. McGovern noted. Samples of liquid inside 
vessels from the important capital of Anyang and the Changzikou Tomb 
in Luyi county were analyzed. The combined archaeochemical, 
archaeobotanical and archaeological evidence for the Changzikou Tomb 
and Anyang liquids point to their being fermented and filtered rice or 
millet "wines," either jiu or chang, its herbal equivalent, according 
to the Shang Dynasty oracle inscriptions. 
Specific aromatic herbs (e.g., wormword), flowers (e.g., chrysanthemum), 
and/or tree resins (e.g., China fir and elemi) had been added to the 
wines, according to detected compounds such as camphor and 
alpha-cedrene, beta-amyrin and oleanolic acid, as well as benzaldehyde, 
acetic acid, and short-chain alcohols characteristic of rice and 
millet wines.

Both jiu and chang of proto-historic China were likely made by mold 
saccharification, a uniquely Chinese contribution to beverage-making 
in which an assemblage of mold species are used to break down the 
carbohydrates of rice and other grains into simple, fermentable sugars. 
Yeast for fermentation of the simple sugars enters the process 
adventitiously, either brought in by insects or settling on to large 
and small cakes of the mold conglomerate (qu) from the rafters of old 
buildings. As many as 100 special herbs, including wormwood, are used 
today to make qu, and some have been shown to increase the yeast 
activity by as much as seven-fold.

For Dr. McGovern, who began his role in the Chinese wine studies in 
2000, this discovery offers an exciting new chapter in our rapidly 
growing understanding of the importance of fermented beverages in 
human culture around the world. In 1990, he and colleagues Rudolph H. 
Michel and Virginia R. Badler first made headlines with the discovery 
of what was then the earliest known chemical evidence of wine, dating 
to ca. 3500-3100 B.C., from Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of 
western Iran (see "Drink and Be
Merry!: Infrared Spectroscopy and Ancient Near Eastern Wine" in 
Organic Contents of Ancient Vessels: Materials Analysis and 
Archaeological Investigation, eds. W. R. Biers and P.E. McGovern, 
MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, vol. 7, Philadelphia: 
MASCA, University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania). 
That finding was followed up by the earliest chemically confirmed 
barley beer in 1992, inside another vessel from the same room at Godin 
Tepe that housed the wine jars. In 1994, chemical testing confirmed 
resinated wine inside two jars excavated by a Penn archaeological team 
at the Neolithic site of Hajji Firuz Tepe, Iran, dating to ca. 5400 B.C. 
and some 2000 years earlier than the Godin Tepe jar. Dr. McGovern is 
author of Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture 
(Princeton University Press, 2003).

Dr. McGovern's research was made possible by support from the National 
Natural Science Foundation of China, the Henry Luce Foundation, and 
the National Science Foundation (2000-2001; award BCS-9911128). The 
GC-MS analyses were carried out in the Chemistry Department of Drexel 
University through the kind auspices of J. P. Honovich. Dr. McGovern 
also thanks the Institute of Archaeology in Beijing and Zhengzhou for 
logistical support and providing samples for analysis. Qin Ma Hui, 
Wuxiao Hong, Hsing-Tsung Huang, Shuicheng Li, Guoguang Luo, Victor Mair, 
Harold Olmo, Vernon Singleton, and Tiemei Chen variously advised on or 
facilitated the research. Changsui Wang, chairperson of the 
Archaeometry program at the University of Science and Technology of 
China in Hefei (Anhui Province) was untiring in his enthusiasm for the 
project, and personally accompanied Dr. 
McGovern on travels to excavations and institutes, where 
collaborations and meetings with key scientists and archaeologists 
were arranged. 


http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0407921102v1?view=abstract

Published online before print December 8, 2004 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 
USA, 10.1073/pnas.0407921102


This Article 
 
 Full Text (PDF)
 Alert me when this article is cited
 Alert me if a correction is posted  
 
 
 PubMed Citation
 Articles by McGovern, P. E.  
 Articles by Wang, C.  
 
Chemistry
Anthropology-Social Sciences
Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China ( archaeological 
chemistry | Neolithic period | Shang Dynasty | alcohol | 
saccharification ) 

Patrick E. McGovern *, Juzhong Zhang , Jigen Tang , Zhiqing Zhang ?, 
Gretchen R. Hall *, Robert A. Moreau ||, Alberto Nu?ez ||, Eric D. 
Butrym **, Michael P. Richards , Chen-shan Wang *, Guangsheng Cheng , 
Zhijun Zhao , and Changsui Wang *Museum Applied Science Center for 
Archaeology (MASCA), University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology 
and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Scientific 
History and Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, 
Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy 
of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China; ?Institute of Cultural 
Relics and Archaeology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China; 
||Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
Wyndmoor, PA 19038; **Firmenich Corporation, Princeton, NJ 08543; 
Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary 
Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; and Institute of Microbiology, 
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China



Communicated by Ofer Bar-Yosef, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 
November 16, 2004 (received for review September 30, 2003)

Chemical analyses of ancient organics absorbed into pottery jars from 
the early Neolithic village of Jiahu in Henan province in China have 
revealed that a mixed fermented beverage of rice, honey, and fruit 
(hawthorn fruit and/or grape) was being produced as early as the 
seventh millennium before Christ (B.C.). This prehistoric drink paved 
the way for unique cereal beverages of the proto-historic second 
millennium B.C., remarkably preserved as liquids inside sealed bronze 
vessels of the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. These findings 
provide direct evidence for fermented beverages in ancient Chinese 
culture, which were of considerable social, religious, and medical 
significance, and help elucidate their earliest descriptions in the 
Shang Dynasty oracle inscriptions.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Author contributions: P.E.M., G.R.H., R.A.M., A.N., M.P.R., and Z. 
Zhao designed research; P.E.M., G.R.H., R.A.M., A.N., M.P.R., C.-s.W., 
and Z. 
Zhao performed research; P.E.M., G.R.H., R.A.M., A.N., M.P.R., and Z. 
Zhao analyzed data; P.E.M., G.R.H., and M.P.R. wrote the paper; J.Z., 
J.T., and Z. Zhang advised on archaeological contexts and 
interpretation and provided samples; C.-s.W. translated and 
interpreted Chinese books and articles; G.C. advised on rice wine 
fermentation and amylolysis systems; and C.W. 
advised on research.

To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Patrick E. McGovern, E-mail: mcgovern@sas.upenn.edu

www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0407921102

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ͨ׶ĺ飬MITsipser introduction to theory of 
computationǣһҪǿʽԺԶҪΪ
ģͣ롣ʵϣǰѾûκ open 
problemsƴİ격ʿҲ˵ļ൱졣Ϊ
ȫûҪȥѧʽ--yaccʲôľˡʵǱڹ
ڻȽϺãϣڸɼԵϵ϶нϴľޣִ
Ҳ㡣ԽȤͬѧȥӢ飬ƺûⷽĽ̲ġ

˵˵ʽԶùʵĽ̲ģ Ӧ˵дĻ
ǣһҪǿʽԺԶҪΪģͣ 
롣ʵϣǰѾûκ open problemΪ
ȫûҪȥѧ ʽ--yaccʲôľˡʵǱ
ϣڸɼԵϵ϶нϴľޣִ Ҳ㡣Խ
ȤͬѧȥӢ......ӢкõҲ࣬ҹƺû
ⷽ ̲ġ 

ȥϿһԺ󣬰ʽԶжģͣ
߼õݹ麯ģͱȽһ˵ǳȤڲ֪ʲ
ô"֮ٹ֮"

Ժ󣬰ʽԶжģͣ ߼õݹ麯
ģͱȽһ ˵ǳȤڲ֪ʲôС֮ٹ 
֮ 

ѧѧĹϵе֡ʮǰѧϻ
ѧһ֧ڣѧӵй㷺оڶоԱ
ںܶ෽淴ƶѧչĳϿ˵Ǻӳñ軹ˡ
ôʼĸ׵ѪҺѪҺthe mathematical 
underpinning of computer science(ѧѧ)Ҳۼ
ѧ

ѧѧĹϵе֡ʮǰѧϻ
ѧһ֧ڣѧӵй㷺оڶоԱ
ܶ෽淴ƶ ѧչĳϿ˵Ǻӳñ軹ˡ
ôʼĸ׵ѪҺѪҺthe mathematical 
underpi nning of computer science(ѧѧ)-- Ҳ
ѧִѧѧһǼѧ/ֵ/ѧ
㣬ͳϲ ۼѧڡԱĶԼѧȫԺԡ 


ۼѧһһʲôɢѧߵ
ϵУڲٳ³ΪͬʡһǰǱ
Ҳ֣ͳϣѧԷΪĵġѧϵͬѧҪѧϰĸѧ
ڵѧȻǸ亯ʵ亯ȵȡʵͷܶ
ΪִѧšѧӦõģҲԷΪ

ۼѧһһʲôɢѧߵĹ
ϵ Уڲٳ³ΪͬʡͳϣѧԷ
ΪĵġѧϵͬѧҪѧϰĸѧڵѧȻǸ䣬ʵ䣬
ȵȡʵͷܶΪִѧšѧ 
ӦõģҲԷΪ 

żѧĳ֣һЩǰ̫ܵӵѧ֧ͻȻҪ
Ƿ֣Щ֧ѧ봫ͳķԵ𣺷о
ģ΢ֳ֣Ϊ㣻Щ֧оĶ
ɢģлдļ㡣ǴӶЩ֧Ϊ"ɢѧ"
"ɢѧ"ԽԽԷΪĵĴͳѧ֧Գ
Ϊ"ѧ"

żѧĳ֣һЩǰ̫ܵӵѧ֧ͻȻҪ
Ƿ֣ Щ֧ѧ봫ͳķԵ𣺷оĶ
ģ΢ֳ֣Ϊ㣻Щ֧оĶɢģ
лдļ㡣ǴӶЩ֧Ϊɢѧɢ
ѧԽԽ ΪĵĴͳѧ֧ԳΪ
ѧ 

ɢѧʮ귢չȶһΪɢѧ
ѧƣ
1) ۣ߼ԪѧѧĻҲǼѧĻ
2) ͼۣ㷨ͼۣѧ㷨ѧۼ
ѧĺ㷨㷨ͼϵĻϡ
3) ڵģѧоͷǳҪڼѧУ
ǾȵطִȻ֮Ӧá

ɢѧʮ귢չȶһΪɢѧѧ
ƣ 1) ۣ߼ԪѧѧĻҲǼѧ
 2) ͼۣ㷨ͼۣѧ㷨ѧۼ
ѧĺ 㷨㷨ͼϵĻϡ 3) 
ڵģѧоͷǳҪڼѧУǾ 
طִȻ֮Ӧá 

 ǣۼѧѧ"ɢ"ñô
һֱԼʮǰһλʦǣǡD.E.Knuth(жΰ
벻˵)StanfordһȫµĿγConcrete Mathematics 
Concrete㺬壺

ǣۼѧѧϡɢñô
һֱԼʮǰһλʦǣǡ D.E.Knuth(жΰ
벻ҷϻ)StanfordһȫµĿγConcrete 
Mathematics Concrete㺬壺 

ȣabstractԡKnuthΪͳѧоĶڳ󣬵
ԾĲԹ˵оҪѧڣ
ֻԼȥһЩѧΪֱӦõҪҪᳫ""ѧ
һ򵥵Ľ͡ڼУѧҹĵĶ
--ϵͳĸ֮ࡣһЩ弯ϵʣֳϣϵӳ
䶼ʲôģѧҾòҪȻڼѧӦõģǡǡ
ЩĶKnuthܹȿһ㣬Ϊһˡ
Σ ConcreteContinuous()discrete(ɢ)ѧ
ɢѧֻҪоݹϹĶõѧ

һabstractԡKnuthΪͳѧоĶڳ󣬵
ԾĲԹ˵оҪѧڣ
ֻԼȥһЩ ѧΪֱӦõҪҪᳫ塱
ѧһ򵥵Ľ͡ڼУѧҹĵĶ
--ϵͳĸ֮ࡣһЩ弯ϵʣֳϣ
ϵӳ䶼ʲôģѧҾòҪȻڼѧӦõģ
ǡǡЩĶKnuth ȿһ㣬Ϊһ
ˡڶConcreteContinuous()discrete(ɢ)ѧ
ɢѧ õѧ 

ǰҪǴѧǶġӼǶۼѧĿǰҪ
оɼۣ㷨븴ԷѧϢȫ
ʽۣмۣۣϢ㣬㼸ѧ
۵ȵȡЩཻ棬µĿڲԺһ
ͷⷽĹƼйѧһϵ鼮ٴ
ҹȨһЩӡ

ǰҪǴѧǶġӼǶۼѧĿǰҪ
о ɼۣ㷨븴ԷѧϢȫ
ֲʽۣмۣۣϢ㣬㼸ѧ
۵ȵȡЩ 棬µĿڲԺ
һͷһЩӡ 

ӦƶѧڳΪоȵ㡣ѧ(
Ǽ)Ϣۣۺ̵ĻϣʱҲõͼ
ѧȡܶΪѧǼܽܣܾһݴ
ҡ̫ǳˡ
ִѧٰ²εݣ
һѧĻ磬ֽһĺܷһĹ֤
Эȷ
ڶѧĻ⡣磬ǰõĵǩЭȡ
ѧĸ߼⡣磬֪ʶ֤ĳȣܷķ
ģѧӦá磬ֽͽ׷ٵȡ

ӦƶѧڳΪоȵ㡣ѧ(
Ǽ) Ϣۣۺ̵ĻϣʱҲõͼۺ
ѧȡܶΪѧǼܽܣܾһݴҡ
ʹشˡ ִѧٰ²εݣһѧĻ
磬ֽһĺܷһĹ֤Э ȷڶ
ѧĻ⡣磬ǰõĵǩЭȡ 
ѧĸ߼⡣磬֪ʶ֤ĳȣܷķģѧ
Ӧá磬ֽͽ׷ٵȡ 

ڷֲʽϵͳУҲкܶҪ⡣磬֮ͬЭ顣
һĽǣͨŵɿʱûȷ㷨ʵֽ̼Эͬ
ԣĽTCPּû塣ʱ⡣õһ
ֱǰһϵĽ....磬ûʵõķ
ضԸ,......ϵͳоԼȥٰɣ

ڷֲʽϵͳУҲкܶҪ⡣磬֮ͬЭ
顣һĽǣͨŵɿʱûȷ 㷨ʵֽ̼
ЭͬԣĽTCPּû塣ʱ⡣õһ
򣬵ֱǰһϵĽ.... .. 磬ûʵ
õķضԸ,...... 

ֻۣôѧһ֧ΪһŶ
ѧʵϣ֮⣬ѧиա һֱΪ4
ѧϰĻ֪ʶΪ̫

ֻۣôѧһ֧ ΪһŶ
ѧʵϣ֮⣬ ѧиաһֱΪ4
ѧϰ Ļ֪ʶΪ̫...... 

һһϵѧýһ̸֣һ
һ̸֡ϴѧʱ򣬵һרҵCԳƣ
˴ĳֽǶȽ൱һǿдԷġ

һһϵѧýһ̸ ֣һ
һ̸֡ ϴѧʱ򣬵һרҵʱƣں ĳ
ѧۣܽʲô֣֮ ˾ǿԷ 

ǱҵѧʵѧԺϵһֱۣʱCSDNҲ
УڵһԸһ֡ҸΪĩڣ
ؼõıϰߡʦ˵ûѧһֻҪ
һڡҾøһڣǰȰѻá

ȥڼϵйһۣڵһ һ֡Ҹ
Ϊĩڣؼ õıϰߡʦ
˵û ѧһֻҪһڡҾøһ --
ǰȰѻá 
Ҫԥˣѧ˵ˣѾ˼ˡ

ģ·ѧƣ񲻽ϵѧ㲻ϵѧҲ뺦¡
ӲͨԣôȿԴ"·ԭ"Ҳ˺ٿ
ģ·Щ̲ģ"Ӽ"ߵȽ磩
ģУϵãȤҲԲοͯʫ׵顣

ģ·ⶫ񲻽ϵѧ㲻 ϵѧҲ뺦¡
Ӳͨԣô ȿԴġ·ԭҲ˺
ٿģ ·Щ ̲ģġӼǲġ
ȤҲ Բοͯʫ׵顣 

ֵ·ģ·ҪööࡣƼҿһҵѧӢ浽
дġ߼ҵʿ˵Ȿвοֵеҵģ
ԭˣʵüֵߣڵĿγ̸һ"ܿѧ"ĸо
廪ѧʯҲһý̲ģźһǼɵ·ЩȤ
һģϵͳưɣǱõĻȽ϶ࣩ

ֵ·ģ·ҪööࡣʯҲһ ̲ģźһ
ɵ·ЩȤ ߵϵȥǵĿΡ

ϵͳṹộϻۡҵĽϺý̲Ϊ
StallingsġComputer Organization and Architecture:Designing for 
Performance(廪Ӱӡ)еǡComputer architecture: 
aquantitative approach, by Patterson & Hennessy

ϵͳṹộϻۡ ĽϺý̲Ϊ
Stallings"Computer Organization and Architecture:Designing for 
Performance"(廪Ӱӡ )еǡComputer architecture: 
a quantitative approach", by Patterson & Hennessy 

ѧݿҪѴҵǣVFPVB, Power builderڶݿ⡣(
Ϊݿ̫ˣ)ݿƼǿѧݿʵ
ǵ͵Ĺ̡ԴĳϽݿ͵һżγ--
ϣ͸

ѧݿĵһǸ㣬VFP̲ڶ ݿ⡣(
Ϊݿ̫ˣ)ݿƼǿѧݿʵǵ
͵Ĺ̡ ԴĳϽݿ͵һż --ϣ
͸Ƽ̲ģSilberschatz, et al., "Database System Concepts". 

Ƽ̲ģAbraham Silberschatz "Database System Concepts".

Ƽ̲ģSilberschatz, et al., "Database System Concepts". 

ı׼̲ĻTanenbaumġComputer Networks廪
ѧ뱾
ϵͳѡTanenbaum"Operating System Design and 
Implementation""Modern Operating System"֮һ㾭䣬
Ψһȱ ϲϸ񡣲Hardcore System, 
һҲпԭ 

ҲHardcore SystemԹ⿴ǲġRFC
http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html԰RFCĵIPĶ𡣵ȵ
10ҳЭ飬ûм˸СˡĹҿ
ϾͱȽϺˡ

ı׼̲Ļ Tanenbaum:Computer Networks"(廪Ӱӡ)
ҲHardcore SystemԹ⿴ǲġRFC 
IPĶ𡣵ȵ10ҳЭ飬ûм ˸Сˡ 

(XYS20041216)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

̸̸(Lenovo)IBMԲŵĴ

һ

17.5ԪչIBM˵Բţй뼯ųΪýע
Ľ㡣˶ۺ΢ʣΪ뷢չ·߲Ϲ
ҵ·ߣȱļͬʾͷýҲ
ϵ͵δȾǱΪ˴βй߳ȥսԵһ
١

չIBMPCҵ֮˫2003ҵϲ㣬PC
1190̨뽫ﵽԼ120ԪʹĿǰPCҵ
ģ4ʹΪȫPC̡չ뽫ӵIBM
ThinkƷƼרIBMںʹ˾Xϵߣ
ݵзŶӣԼ鼰ȫ160ҵӴ
͹㷺ȫ֪ȡ˼ʼǱ칤ĹŶ
ϵΪͬΪ׵Ĺʾͷһ̳֮뼯ϰ
־˵ǲ

ǰˡ߳ȥսԣȻĿǰΪֹµ
ҵ700-800֮࣬ɹûмʵ֮ǰ
ɹģͶйҵͶĿ
ĲԷΪ׶Σ֪׶Ρ׶Ρƽ׶Ρ
ƷƵСӵԼ50%гݶĿڴ
ռ10%гݶһĿԽԽҵ־ͳʾڰ
ԿŴڵбƷУǰǿûλ
Ͽݵĺ䳧Ϊݻйĵ̨˷
ռƷɱ20%ϡ

ҵʿ˵ʵڹ߳ȥս֮ǰйҵͿ
ʼΪʻ˼ŬͳԡйITҵĻΪˡTCL
ȵȣӳҵ񣬵ƷгԽȫӪƷƣٵ
չʷʽгйҵĹʻѾҵʻ
ƷʻӪʻǣΪITҵͷҵ뼯ڴ
֮ǰûʲôĶڲǰרҵʿԣĹʻ
·ߡ

ȻǰЩ죬벻ǳѡѶϵĶ
һĻ󡱵׳٣ע˴չΪйITҵ
ںͶһʽףνȫҵ׶ͿˡȻƷ
̲ǿƷƵҵITҵʷϼûгɹ

߲㿴ģΪ˹ʻҪĴ˲šƷơ
͹ӦиҪʱɱȷйó
йITҵƵ˱ʻͷڴȹ˾й̲
½ͱ˵ĹƣйгͷϴĵλѾܵϾս
Ҳ˱Ҫǽгľء

չȷһ壬ĶǣȷʵܡȻ
һЩѣ磺ֻʹáIBMƷ꣬ô죿PC
ҵѾͼս˥䣬໹20ʱͻΪʷ 
չIBMȫPCҵǼܰIBMļ߱Լζ 
Ȼսǣһӱӵһ100Ԫҵȫ򻯵Ŀ
˾ܼܿȱ飬ҲȱԦ ֮һ׳
ܳɹҲʧܡ߾ֵһԡ

(XYS20041216)

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Ż޳֦

Դ

ĳߵȣʽС¸ء82֮ĳѧҡŵߣ
ǰ»֮һ귽28Ůоϲᡰ֮áһʫ
Ż޳֦ѧҿνŮоνšڡ
ϵĻΪŻǡѿ˼Խţ
֪Ȼ󣬡Ż֮󡰻֦չһҡҷ
֮״

йر˵¼ƱڹѧȦ𺳡λϿѧ
ڡѾ׼ʲô𺳡أԣ޷
54꣬һӣһ仪˶Ͽѧҵ˽£
Ƿ񰮻ݣɡԸ£أ˵ˣϿ
ѧԡĲϡഺֻйأҲ;йءȻ
ѾϣϻǱᡣҶʮˣȥ
Ͽѧҵġܾǡĺˡ

ʵϿѧԣŮоǡϵ۶͵Ȼ
ϵ۶͡Ȼǡȴ֮Ͽѧϧ֮ģ硰ϵ۶
͡ΣԿطۼһΣ

ϿѧҡѾ׼ǲ֧֮֡
һλѧҾдŸټҿ˹ʮһʱĶʮһ
ѧΪΪףνǰйˣߣֲ
ʲôɵĵأ·ñ˵ȥɣ

˹Ҳ滹һ֪˵ǰйˡҵ
һλˡĩӦ˵峯֮ѧʼǮǫ棬λ
ǣڼ޸Ǯ֮ǰҲʦƵġӦ
ʡһȤţĳڲȢˣһ֮֮
ҡǣȡվš֮ҲһգУ
Ǯǫ棩ĿעǣԻҰԻ֮߷
ȻҰԻ֮߷Ҳ澽Ϊ
Ц룬澵ġЦڡϵĵͲʹȻҵ
ͨҪϿѧȢо˵һ

ǮǫǴʫˣϿѧҲǡʫһģϿ
ѧŮӵʫ䣺ǵģԶഺνһС

֪ôģڡ˭֮һʫУԱԼ
³ƿˡġᡢɰġ˵㣬ഺң
ꡣ

82ҪȢ28˶ʿ

־/̨

ʮĵһλŵʮһ뷼
ʮĹ㶫óѧϵ˶ʿѧ̷ڱ飬Ԥһ½
顣̷Ϊϵ۶͵ҵ꣬һػഺ
ϲ

ʮճġ֪ʶͨѶۡ¶Ϣ
ϲѶԵʼĸѣ֪ʶͨѶۡ˽ŽҲյˡ
Žʾ̷֪ʮĲۣ࣬
Ѿ׼

Ž̷ָڵ绰϶飬˲ûойʽ
ڱ廪ѧѧڿγ̽Լһʱʽ̷顣
˵ĵһλ̫̫ȥʮ򲡹̷顣

̷ڹ㶫ʡݣͶһž쵽ͷѧμһ
ѧһʱʱǴһѧӴ򸾵ˡ
˵һֻϵ۲Żİš

̷ʱӢϵѧӢ˵üãƯáû
򸾷ǳϲ뿪ͷ󣬺̷ż硣̷ѧ
ҵͽ飬飬㶫óѧϵ˶ʿͶĿǰ
ѧ

̷кüʱû磬⣬̷¼һ
ŵŦԼѧʯϪУʱۣת۸֮
󼸸ʱ䣬̷磬ʶ

ʾഺֻйأҲ;йءȻѾ
ϣϻǱᡣҲ̷Ĳԭ

һʫд̷

ûĻ⣬

¸Һӯɣ

ֿɰƤ

ǵģԶഺ

̷󣬲ŽϢĺӺĵܵã
˶ף

̷ĻƱڹѧȦ𺳡һλ׽
ѧһŸټҿ˹ʮһʱĶʮ
һѧ飬Ϊף 

(XYS20041216)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

ʡͨԵ Ժʿŭ⾯ֻϹԱ

ͬ

1212գѧʦʡ𻯣ǹݾ׷ᡣ
ʦȥϿѧѧԵȼֽ׵ȸַʽ
ظǵȥ䡣Ǿľѧɾͣ
ҪΪЩΰ黳ͬʱһλͰȡĬĳߡ

Զȥʶʶ˶˵
һ棬ѧʦͨˡһѧһֹͬУ
׷ǡӰʢеĽʵѵáĳЩŵʵֵȶ

涨ɣǰȥҪͳһϡ˳
˽Կȥ˵ԼҲƣֻ޼߽׷ֳ
˲ɷãӰĵһɲܽһй涨ԭΪ
йԱ쵼ȥ

ȥڶ֤࣬쵼İȫⶼ⣬صһ
ءһЩϽʦѧߵͲˡﲻϿ
ѧһЩʦӱϺ㽭Լѧߡ

Ϊ׷Ҫ10ӾУ˹ԱԺʿԱе
˲ýҪ׷ĴԺ˵Ϣˡǲ糿
ˣԶ»𳵵˶ҪڱվȺ޴


֪ľмǰı廪ѧļʮλʦ
󡢸ĵߣǴʮ꣬вѧ
ѧƵ׿ԽΪ¶³ú磬еĲ8ʱǰȺ򣬶
ָ˫ȴֻۿŹԱ쵼Сһʻ룬ҪϢ
ſڡ

һλԳ˵˭ǲԺʿȻ˵Ժʿ͸
չˣԺʿǴԴЩǵĳɾ͵õأǰ
ʮλԺʿܵҲֻһůĵط˵ǿ
ڶͷεĹԱеĻᡣ

һλԺʿͬб⣬öִľ˵ֻ
ϹԱѧң

ʵǰĿĶǹͬģһλΰѧҸȲϵ
£⣬ѧȴʲôѧ

(XYS20041216)

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˿ʼб˵

1999722գ˿վwww.xys.org¶..ڷ
200224գ˿վwww.xys2.org¶ѧܱڷ

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