                      ˿µϣ20050429գ

05.04.29, а̻й㡰ѵ
05.04.29, 롰淴ĶԻ
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05.04.29, ˮֱˡҥڵıݸճˡ
05.04.29, ڻʦѧϴһ£һ˲ò˵Ļ
05.04.29, ѲңһǧӡڵĳʵҲѧʿˮƽ
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05.04.29, չİ˹̹ɶ֤
05.04.29, Ԭࡶл񹲺͹Уĸʮʷع뷴˼

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              а̻й㡰ѵ

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http://www.iefchina.org/inchina_view.php?id=57


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http://www.gvbchina.org.cn/content.php?newsid=74

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(XYS20050429)

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롰淴ĶԻ



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(XYS20050429)

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ʡʲʷо
2005-4-18 

(XYS20050429)

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ֱˡҥڵıݸճ

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4³һеŭ֮У׵ĽҴνŭ̬ҥԡΪ
ЩŭҥԵķӷӣֱдһƪרҥ
ӵ˵ĹĿĺڣǿ̳ϣУΪ˴۸Ĺ
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To promote dialogue in improving decision-making, planning and 
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Ǹʡ𣿿ңǻUNEPһֱƹĿʵԭܼ򵥣
ΪWCDġˮ뷢չ¿ܡĳЩҷͼ֣2002
ɳչ߷ͨġԼ˹ƻٽˮ翪ľ񱳵
ۡйڵķչйңҲûнܹˮ뷢չ
¿ܡ

ֱ˿ԼҥѾҴһЩʷϹDDP̬ȵ
ڵƭڣʵѾûʲôʵˡװǻƵü
ӢģΪܻסڡʵжӢĵ˺ܶ࣬Щ
˭ҲƭˡӢġǴҪģҪWCD̬ȣֱ
ԭ3ۣӲҪڹʴίԱͷϡ㲻ϲŪ
ӢõĹʴίԱܽĳҳҲ
ҿԸ㡣ЩWCDˮӵĽǶˮӵġ
϶ķ񶨡ҲǹʴίԱԵ̬ȡ

ֱ˼ҥ˵200410£ʴίԱμӱ飬
Ǿ2001ݡɶǸWCD׻
һ¡2001ꡰ׻ԭ˵
ɶɶȻ[ˮ]Щ׶ûͱˡ

ǳɣһֱﱸȫ̲μ200410µıϹˮɳ
չֻᡣȻ˭Ҳ֪λֱʴίԱ
һ2001ݣʴίԱͶ
ɳչ߷ľ鲻ˣȻڱ֮2001WCD
ʵϣʴίԱϯûμӱ飬֯
쵼ϯҵͬ¡ϯ֪飬㲻֪
ҾȻ˵ףҥóΣ 

ҷȰֱ˻ǲҪҥΪãֻ˵˵ѣ
ҲҪԼ˵ĻġԾǻԣеվɳ
һεĹʴίԱḱϯڱȥ
ң㲻Ҫ޼ɵƭˡ
 
ֱ˻ҥ˵˵ʴίԱ2003רŸзţ
αʾŹһЩ֯WCDĴ۸ҥǣ[ˮ]
ڵɢЩҥԣпˣ˵֧ϹDDP
żزԭģ 
27 th April 2003 
Mr James Wolfensohn 
President 
WORLD BANK GROUP 
1818 H Street N.W. 
WASHINGTON DC 20433 USA 
De facto our most important objections have been considered: ICOLD 
should now and is pleased to do so support firmly such policy and is 
ready to contribute to further improvements. 
We wish that our Country Members, and the world as a whole could 
benefit from and of the real actions coming from efficient policies 
Yours sincerely. 
Cvj Varma 
ʽż˵ˣʴίԱ֧֯еϹ֯
ߣDDP׺ͻңԱίԱһȡ֧ͬ


ϸǹʴίԱϯдеģWCDκι
ϵֱ˷ȴߵĺϣDDP׺ͻ
ԭЩһٵŪӢģ˲㣬
Ϊ˶ǣ͹ڷĵĹҥȻ˵ʲô
ʽż˵ˡҥļѾǭ¿ˣȻʼڷ
ʱ˽٣СƣκһӢĵ˶ܿ޳ܡ

ֱԭĲμ
http://bbs.people.com.cn/bbs/ReadFile?whichfile=943566&typeid=17

йعʴίԱICOLDˮίԱWCD̬ȣμ¼

¼ʴίԱϯǰWCDϯ

ʴίԱᣨICOLDվhttp://www.icold-cigb.org

𾴵Kader Asmalڸ£
ˮίԱǰϯ 
Ϸǹ͹ 
𾴵Kader Asmalڸ£

    ΪʴίԱĻԱѳĶWCD桰ˮ뷢չ DD 
һµľ߿ܡݱ̬ǷԷչģԴˣʴίԱ
עʵϣڶýĽ֮͡෴ͬѹӡ
Smt. Indira Gandhi˵ƶǻĵˡһ
չ߲ƶ

    ʴίԱţˮίԱ˼Ŭйش׵
Ƶһ߲ΡʴίԱǳ˵ؿǵĴ뻷
飨Position paper on Dams and the environmentWCDͼǳ
һ£磺

 ɳչĸԭ󷽵ĹͶϵͳĸ
?
 ӹ̹滮еĸ׶ΣӦѶԻĹעȻ棩
뼼úͲͬҪĵλ?
 WCDֵģƽЧʡʽľƶɳԣ
׷?
 WCDȷ5׼򣬼ѡ񣬹̵Ĺɣ
͹С?
ǶWCDܽ£
WCDĹɹ

    ǶWCDǷȫ1997Glandȷʹǳɣʱ
ɹΪ㣺

    1. ۴ӿЧˮԴԴ
    2. Ͽɽܵ׼򡢵ͱ׼ڴӵĹ滮ơ
ۡʩСͲ

    1ʴίԱ᲻ͬWCDڷǳ޵ݿóĽۡ
硰Ӷ෢չشסһЩʾͼ˵
ũҵкˮڷռķݶ⣬ἰΪĴ
ͨĵضӵЧ档ʵϣWCDĽֻԴڴ45000
ѡİӵۣ4רۺͼε顣ѡĴ
У8۾һȣҴ󲿷Ϊ30ϰӡʣ
ǷWCDƵǶԴӵϸ顣ûȷں
£ǽˮΨһѡϵһЩн20
ЩĺǼЪԵģûˮʩˮ޷ȶ
㿪Ҫûдģĵرˮˮʩ޷֧ЩĴ
˿ڡڴWCDһȫԵۣûˮ
ʩ£粻ͬˮĿԣԼ֧Щض˿
ҪСˮۣWCDûнⷽĹ

    WCDҲûʵֹˮʳԴӵп
ۺͿѧۡܶ෴ʿᳫνûн۵
ġˮ뻯ʯȼȾмԽԵж
NOX, SOXؽŷţWCD̸ܶԷչйҾ޴
κСģġֲǽġWCDֹ۵ع
ЩδļֶΡ

   ϡ3040Ŀɹȸڴӡζ
8ڴйصĿɹʳƵݶԵҲˣ
19ĵԼ8ڡվµĿȾӷ
ˮЧ棬ֿʹϼ档WCDδ֤
ʵݳƣһͣΪ40008000ˣζŶӦ
ÿһӶܵӰˣ1020˴Ӵʳ
ˮͷЧ档WCDѽ㼯5δӴϣ
˾˵档

    ʴίԱɱѡġ۵8
Ĵԡֻһ̩Pak Mumӣǹȥ10ڽģİ
20-70֮ǰ滮ġʴίԱΪһԴʵʵĹ
ӦԵ̽УڿλݵĴӣЩ
ĴԭϷWCDĽ顣ʴίԱͻε
̽Ŀڹȥ10һ顣ʴίԱ
ĿǰѴӶͻĸӰ콵͡ʴίԱϣ
豣ǵȻĻΣյıԵԻ
ȫʶ壺ˣǵغ;סأúóס

    2ΪʴίԱһٽӰȫά֯Ǻܸ
˵ؿWCDϴеĳԣҪάʵϣWCD
ִӴڰȫ״̬Ĺؼ֮һΪ˺ͶڵάṩʽͶ롱

    ǣص淽оͻ
Э̵׼򡢵ͱ׼֮⣬ûΪӵĹ滮ơۡʩ
СͲṩ׼ͱ׼ԴҲԽܣWCDӦȷ
˵ʴίԱ׼򡢵ͱ׼Լƶ㹤Ҫ
ʾͬ⣬Ӧڵ9ֻ򵥵ʶԴԻЩ
WCDҪעҪЩͬϡ

WCDĽ

    WCDǿӰ˵˲ҪǵȨ棬Դ˹ʴίԱ
Ӧ͡ҡ̡֯ҵзͶʻӦ
ӰΪеĵһ󡱶Դṩֻ
ˮƽֶΡÿһԼķʽһȵ񣬲
Ӱ˽д̺ͻúȨԹȥԩĴЩȨ
Ӧ빫͸ЧĹ˾ϵ

    WCDһ߳Ҫе֮俪չʽĶ׶
̡Щ׶ΰ˽ѡЩɷֻѡ
ķΪʱѡơʩͿЩȡӷ
ܵӰȺرǱ񣬱֮ͬͬʽ
ʾǽЩؼߡ

    ICOLDģ˷Ĵ̳򣬰⡢ר飬Ҫ
̬˿ڵĿӰϸϣʹκµĹ̿Ŀزۡ
WCDĽ飬ÿ5꣬е˲£ҪԽɺ
вٸˣӶʹһĳøӸӡڴҵ
Ͷʻ˵ԱΪ̿Ŀ˸ӷգ¶
ڡ

    緶Χľ飬ΪWCDϸҪԷ
ģЩҵľ顣Ը⣬Щʱ;ȥ֤
ܵӵķҲԸˣICOLD֧WCDⷽ
WCDı沢һͼICOLDΪۡۡڲۺ
ܽĳ㣬Լ˳Ӧʵʱ仯㡱
ICOLD

    Nelson Mandela׶Ԣܶżʣȱˮ
ʩ͵ȱļ尾ICOLDΪWCDĽ齫ѷչеĲɿ
޷ܵĳ̶ȡICOLDģ˽˿̼ͶʻΪ
ǶʱͽǮļ˷ѣȫֹˮԴԴĿӶʹ
Mandela˵ĸּ尾

    ⣬ñǰԵĻ1/5ȱȫˮ
ңδļʮ꣬Ϊ30˿Ѱ1/5ˮʱ
еһ˽ҪΪˮԡˮ

    ɣˮԴȱ⡣ԹԽ
İӣǲʵΪûкʵʵĽ취
ICOLD޳ɶԴӺ͹̿ȡһ־;ʵӳӰȺҪ
ICOLDΪÿһҾķչ;ÿһҶӦÿWCDĽ
ICOLDĵ򡣵ǣÿһͬʱ뿼ͳ
ɺ

    WCDĽ鲢ȫ˵ģκˣͶʻӦʶһ㡣

    лWCDĿ쵼ӵ80ίԱĹʴίԱԸ͸
ķʽעɳչרҵ֯

    Գߵľ⡣

C. V. J. Varma


תMaritta Koch-Wess, ܾȻˣIUCN
            James Wolfensohnг
ﶫ 룬 У

(XYS20050429)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

ڻʦѧϴһ£һ˲ò˵Ļ



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塣ֻ֪ǿӲ˻룬ҪϴǩֲѧȻת
ת߻ڣҲΪʲôϴ˵ķԴѧȴֲѧѧԭ
ڴоҲǸʦһҸ棬һѧУǿһʦ
һѧƷƵģǿһȺʦһȺѧϴÿܸʦ
һЩνĳɼѧѧУĸԶԶ
ĳɼΪνһɼ˼ѧ棬뻪
ʦӲԽԽ죬ԽԽΪһѧΪ
ѧΪĹѧѧУӦøһУǣѧ˭ά
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˵һѧвʿ˶ʿߵʦʻʦ
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ϴҪϲҵǺǣκһ˼ά˶ֽ
ǷԵеǣǿ

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ƽڡԳƵȴʱһЩרҵʶûУҪ
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ԼУеˮڶԼǸѧ֪ʶ
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һ˼ԦһһȺˣһ¡ΩҶ𣬶ÿѧԼļ
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һ㶼֣𾪣֮Сѧѧомأ
еףҲĨʵ

Ҵ˸͵ƷȫλϴڡҲἰ
⣬Ͼ˽ȨۡԴѧҪҵѧ
ֶʾ˸ȱݡŹѧһʦ͸𣿻
ʦѧһ˵ǶϴݣЩˣݵ֤
ģΪʲôóôΣһѧһҪѧ
ѧ˵Ƶ̫ݣԸⷢʲôѰ
һѧҰһƽĿĺڣ
ݣͲ¸ϷɵѧһȺ˭
ΪάأԲŻѰ۵֧֡Ҳ߹ѧһ
ģ·֮ᡣԴڶ˶ʿǾкüҪ
ܹ˳ҵģʵҡжҪֱ粻ԸԺ
ѹģҪΪ粻ԸвμĴ硣
ҪĲʿ粻ͬĴ磬ǳϷԵĶ
ȴûѧλãܲμӴ־磨ǰᵽһλպյͬ
ѧ

дûжκйͷ̰ĶУֻڳʵ
ۣʶ˽£ǵĵˣЩ
ѧѧУʦͬѧõһƽϡ

ϵѧʦҲǷǩΪû
壬ϴ£ʵԵ޴ҪҪ
ǷӦע£עĿǰǵоֵ⡣һ
ܺߣҲϣٿңݳ¼ٷ
ᣬرǵѧУеòãѧĽѧУ
ķչϢϢصߣǵѧУȷʶֹϵȷȷʵʵ
ΪǵѧĹÿһѧӶᵽѧϰȤͽĿ֡
ֻһѧУŻΪһУһϣѧУ

429

(XYS20050429)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

ڵĳʵҲѧʿˮƽ

ߣѲңһǧ

ͳһ½ĳƸ(), ֽ113λ
ûмڹõڵ., 󲿷ִѧƸ
ΪҪ: "...ڹˮƽѧڻְλ...".
Ȼ, ֺοڹôһſ?ǲҪûԨԴ
ʿ? 

ע⵽, 걱Ƹ, ҲҪӦپ
ְλ. ֪ǷҲ? 廪, ų丱Ӧǰ
ʮλѧ. ѧԺİ˼ƻҲд"... Ӧڻ
ְλ...".

Թ, 113λ, һֻ6λ//reader/.ֵ
ע, ʦѧȻӢһλreader,/廪//ϴ 
Ӧúú÷˼! 

ͳ: λ (/˴һλ);
Reader 1λ(ʦ);
3λ(/ɽ/Ӻѧһλ). 

ǸͷεĲʿ, Ҳֻ9λ!(2λ; 廪/Ͼѧ/ɽ
ѧ/Ϻѧ/ѧ/ͨѧ/ͬôѧ/ ӹһλʿ).

98λڴԭУĽ. ˿еĳڵķ¼, 
ܵĸоǹڵĳʵҲѧʿˮƽ.

ôĿԴ, /廪еȥǵĸ/?

===============================================
11λ, ֻһְ: 

ѧ/ Ӧѧ/ /
/University of New Hampshire/
/A.K.Whitcomb Professor/ 

پ:
ѧ ѧ 
/Wyeth Pharmaceuticals/
/Principle Research Scientist/
(֪Ǹʲô?) 

:
ѧ ѧ С/
Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation and NOAA /NEDIS 
/Office of Research and Applications/ /Physical Scientist/
(֪Ǹʲô?)

====================================== 

廪7λ, ֻһֶ
廪ѧ ѧ 
/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory/ /Senior Research 
Scientist/
(շ, һʿ) 

===================================
˴ֻһ! 

йѧ ũҵù ⿡
/Oregon State University/
//

*** ˴ ! ***

======================================
ѧ7λ, ֻһ
ְλ: 

ѧ лѧ ӹ
/Scripps Research Institute/
// 

======================================
Ͼѧ6λ, ֻһMIT Ĳʿ:
/Ͼѧ ̬  /
/ʡѧԺ/
/ʿоԱ/ 

=======================================
ɽѧ4λ, ֻһнְ: 

ɽѧ ҽѧѧѧ Ϸ
/University of Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania/
// 

======================================
ôһĴѧ: 

Ӻѧ ˮѧˮԴ Ӳ
/University of Nevada Las Vegas/
// 

ʦѧ ̺Ϣ뽨/
/Ӣ Sussexѧ/
/Reader/ !!!! Ǹ/ڼ!!! 

=================================================
ɽѧ ѧ  
/Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute/
/ϯѧ/
(Ǹʲô?) 

Ϻѧ ѧ ǮԾf
/˹ٴѧ/
Senior Research Scientist
(Ǹʿ?) 

ѧ Ϣ Ҧ
/ѧԺ/
/Senior Research/ 

ͬôѧ  ־
/ͨŹ˾/
/߼ʦ/
/߼ʦ/ 

*** ͷκ !!! *** 

ͨѧ ΢ѧѧΡ
/ôʼҾѧԺ/
/Senior Research Associate/
(Ǹʿ?)

(XYS20050429)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

ϴѧѧڳƻѧԺԺϮѧɹ

2005-04-28 ʱ

426֪ʶȨգڵ죬мԺһ
ϮѧоɹȨ˾ԭϴѧѧԺǻ
ѧԺԺڻ͸Ժ壬˫Ľ÷ѧ
оɹǷ񹹳ַȨ˽⣬Ϸѧѧ
ϮάȨ 

ѧİ 

ϴѧѧԺоʦѧʿ 

2090ڣǱо˹ҷɣעಿԽϷ
ףԵԽжоɹγϵġ 

ʱת۵2005311աһֱרҵѧоһ
ɳ20028³淢еġ߹ɷʷһ顣ڷ
ĸ󲻽һڸ8¹ԽϷоУ
ܶ2000귢ĺͶ༭ѧʮƣ
עǻѧԺԺڻ͸Ժ塣 

½հ 

ܣѡ߹ɷʷ8¹ԽϷݺ
ġ˺˶ԣ֣еԽϷ½ڣϮԼ
ѧɹϮԼڵԽ̵ȫѧ۵㣬ԽϷĻ
ϵܹ۾ݡ֤ǲֶϮ͵ľ
дһʡԷҲհ᲻ȷӦǡڡ˽⣬
⹫УͬʱѧԺΪơо˽
רĶϡ 

ԼѧɹհᣬͶԷν棬Է̬
ûһǸĳ⣬ɡ 

Ϻڳɱ 

ڻΪѧԺԺѧʿ199210ܹԺ
壬ѧʿ˶ʿʦΡѧԺѧࡣ 

426գмԺݽ״״ڻȨ
ԭ¡ǬʦΪ߹ɷʷ8¹ԽϷ
ʹѧоɹǳɶγɶʹãȨһ͹ʵ
ҪԺֹֺͣԭȨڹҼý弰й̨ۡ
ýϹԭǸͬʱ⳥ԭ澫𺦷3Ԫ
𺦷7ԪеȫϷá 

ѧо 

գѧԺԺڻʾϣе⣬
ԷϰԼûоԽϷΪе8Ѿ60
ദעԴȫ˵оɹûֺ
Ȩ˼˵ѧоӦÿԽϣĺܶоɹҲã
ûȥ׷ԷΣϣͥǰжԻ 

(XYS20050429)

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ʦһ

𾴵ʦá

ϷĹΣ

д棬nʿ˶ʿλĹܿҪ
ʼˡsѧߡĿľҪµĲʿ㣬һǰ
ĸУƣڱ걨ʿΣҾ͸оֽһ
ӵֻءĸУѧˮƽƷ񶼹ΪƵʵǵ˵
ûаĿǰѧγɵĹȦsѧĿôǿԺڶǿ


ǰϵ50Ԫ²ʿĿҪ
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Ϊ棬Ȼɾʮ㡣ѵǵڶһĿĿ
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ǰһֻ࣬ҪxxԺxx˵ѧУҪ뾡취ʶǣ
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˵һµġֻȡ˺һһΪºһе
κһ㶼һϢӰǵ͵Ķ˼άɡ˵
ҵʱθڣռ˺ܶⷽϣʶѧУһλѧ
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ҵʱԿѧʶΪѧڿѧѧָѧǣ
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ȷǶණȤǣÿκǽ̸
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ʵϣκѧ˼룬ڿѧоṩκν취
ѧ⣬밴տѧķ͹Ҫ˵ѧԿѧа
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һоһǶʶԶģġйʷϣ
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ڡ˼άܷйƼҸ˵ľ˵ǾԲ
ܵģĿǰһûпֿԡ

⼸͹רҾӴҾãй˾˴ȻҲ
ɵǵˣҶࡣǣǵĿѧ
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(XYS20050429)

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ܶۡԭųڡۡϣԿһ
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쿴ҫҲ̸˹̹Թɶ֤һģ֤
ȻǶԵģǰ˹̹֤˼·ѧν֤ͬҪָ
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ֱΣɱֱμұֱ(ɣΪ
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  Ҫ1993꡶йĸ뷢չҪ䲼йУĸ
ûмϹʮڵ쵼£ҹУĸд
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ԽĸУĸｫ档

ؼʣйУߵȽĸ

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ʮйУڽܸǰġй˶ȡȨ
ڸУ˸֯϶ԸУʵ쵼˼϶ԭеĽְ
ʵи죬ͳһʦ˼ж쵼£У͹
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ĸߵȽһӰԶʧ󣬼ѧɥʧߵȽΪ
ηҹĿǰĸУ෽̥ڵʱƣߵȽ
׶뵱ʱԸߵȽߵʧǧ˿ƵĹϵһ׶εĸߵȽ
з˼ʮֱҪġ

йҹߵȽָ˼ʵ򡰽Ϊ޲׼
η񡱵ĵ·ڽУģʽȫѧϰ194910£л
͹ԹĹѧУнӹܣǡһ
άڣѸٸΣ𽥽бҪĸ족ӹʱһ1
ԭУάУĳУίԱѧУ2ȡ
֯ȡѵƶȣȡ񵳵ȷγ̡3ְά
ԭְԭнѧѧѧУվɻ˽ѧУԭά֣
ѧʧѣѧУΪ̣Ҳӹܡ[1]
ڸݵѧľεҪԽӹܺĸУʵ˸졣
ͻ㣺һʵ˼죬ȷΪ޲׼
񣬱ͬͶϡĽ롣ϳڴѧпοΣ
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ǶԸУרҵейѧһߵԺУΪ
ӦҽҪıԭУƾṤơʦҽƵר
ҵṹͬʱԴѧĵ򲼾һЩ¹ҵڵس˴ѧ
ȫѧϰĸУƺͽʱļȷѧϰ
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ʱȶϣ˸ߵȽĹģʹ˽ܸߵȽʮ
䣬155ҵ1.6он20ҵѧͺ
ѧҵرǹƱҵѧ൱ڹʱڶʮ깤Ʊҵܺ͵
[2]УѧϰĿѧҵߵȷ棬Ҳȡһ
ĳɼ

϶ɼڸ⡣ʮĸߵȽʵڲ
ʹáҪȡö֮ԭ
£ԵķҲ˵

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ۺ֪ʶ۵춨˻51ġ෴53ġ巴58ġ
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ҲʧȥʥĹ⻷

УΪεĸӹ͹ߣɥʧӦеĶͻȨ
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Դӱ󵽹һ19575ĳգ
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£϶ûкùӳԣ˼죬ϣͳˡµһšɷӶ


УƵȫʹУɥʧӦеĻ޷쵼˼֮
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ģߵȽоĲ԰ףʹҹУ󣬻ûвӰ
ĴѧҺ͸ߵȽİѧ50Ҳڸ߽չ
족롰רϵۣν˼רҵѧϰϵۡ
ǿҵɫʣһߵרҵ֪ʶ˼
۵㡣֮ڵʱ£иߵȽоۣû
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1957ҲʼĹ۵㣺Ȩֹνа˵
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ĽѧϰȽ飬ҹߵȽҪ棬Ψ
һݡͬʱҲҪҺӢѧϰõĶǳĺ
Ľ̲ĺ鼮ӦοǵѡƶȣҲеؼա[6]
ԶƵĵλЩ۵ڿҲ
֮ڵʱ£ȴҪһͼʶġ

ʮĸߵȽ˵ڱչġǣһ
棬УڰѧϺ͹ģϽǰнϴĽϽһ
ĸУƣΪйһ˲ţУԡȶ
һ棬Ƶ˶صظʴ˸УĶ֪ʶӵĵλ
꿪ʼܵսУ˲ŵֲģʽ͹λʽӡʮ
ԣʹУķչһ̶ƫ˽Ĺɡ

	Ʈ㣺19661976йߵȽ

19661976ġĻʮ꣬йߵȽܴݲеʮꡣ
19667¿ʼȫߵѧУȫֹͣ6֮ãֹͣɳͽѧ
67֮ãֹͣо12֮áԭ417ߵѧУֻ
3091972УʼáƼѡϡİ취չũѧԱʮ
䣬ȫбҵ1033ˣ671965ǰѧġԭȷ
68صߵԺУ4ĸǰȫߵѧУרҵ601֣רҵ
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רҵǱ󿳴󲢣ʮֻҡУоȫͣ٣Ա·ţͼ
ʧɢﱻƻʧ޷[7]

Թ㶫ʡΪ1964ȫʡиߵԺУ20ĸ￪ʼֻ׼10
ѧǿһЩѧУᵽũ塢ɽȥУǿСǨġ
Уᱻռãͼ豸ƻʦ͸ɲ鱸ܴݲСϴ
ѧ㶫ѧԺΪ㶫ұѧԺǨϹѧԺһȷΪ
ѧԺ͹㶫ѧԺһʱڣũѧԱϴѧܴѧ
ѧѧУڽžӺ͹ӵ쵼£㡰ġ
չ塱塱㷭硱˶1975
ȫʡ߽սѧկѧũѧԺͶ1975ɽѧ
𡰽ۡ [8]Щ˶ƫ˽ɣʹ
Ϊ˶Ʒ

ڽ˼ϡι˧У԰ڴšߵѧУ޲׼ר
ߡԽ׼Ϊ١ʵ޲׼ʲ׼ȫר
ĿںţѸߵȽ򳹵׵λĹڽʵУ˽
γɱѴĸߵȽ֯ƶȣѧѧˮƽ½
ֹͣ61972𣬲ٸУʼաʵԾ
㹤ũʱϳĻԣʵеġԸȺƼ쵼
׼ѧУ󡱵취ʹУѧԴ½Ϊصǣ
νġƼѧƻ˽еĹƽԭ
ġǡӦƶȡַ֮ʱʱǺεȵϣ
ԡһλʷΪõߣڡѧ־ԡϧ
ԡΪҪϧƶȡд[9]  

1966ģͻĿУ߿ƶȱʽϳǺһϵ
ġʵʩƶȡʱǶѧԵӵ
һֻм˿һϳļΪص
Ƽʵ˲Ųֱ꣬׶˱㱩¶ţƼˡߺ
šͬʡڵĲӣҲйΡƼʵ϶
ñģʱһЩȨΪԼŮרŲ
˲áŲá µİܻɴ˿ʼġԵʱ˵
Էϣ¶顣˵ʦˣǵĿȵѧʱ
Ҳ˷ϳԵıײԴҪϳƼơָ߿ƶȵϢ
ȷʵš


Ա˵չʾһĵƽԵɥʧ
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ĻʮԸߵȽĴݲУΪεĺ
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ƫԶɽΪЩԺУ˷Ǩж㶫ĻũѧԺ1972
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ĥЩ˼ңȴֲһ10꣬Ϊ˲żеصĸ
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ĶϲӰԶġһλ90Ĵѧ˵ֻĿǰйһֻ
ӭ˵ĴƴĻֻЩˮ֣Ҳˮֹæ
ˮȴڴͷļװϾ;黶֡[11]
ˣʵǡǵȥˣʵϣǴڴ
²Ҫ͵Ĺе¸ڻ¸ڣ

εУ1ߵȽʮƽ٣ʵҲǶйߵ֪ʶ
ĺƽ١󣬲һѧйУЩ
йһָģЩǶй㽶Խ
ģЩרĸѧʵġһܵ
ĥݲСƣȪڡйײ
дҡĸʹ֪ʶӣй֪ʶӷΪ
ˡͺ͡С࣬ע⵽ͬĶˡڡС
͵֪ʶӣˡ͵֪ʶְҵϰߵ˵дÿÿأ
Ҳҡ߲͸ġ߲߲
[12]йߵ֪ʶھ˽ٺ󣬲˱øС
ԡΪͼԱҲвӪ٣ԴͼҲв
ڣ֪ʶһ֣֪ʶӶ˻ɥʧŴ
Ͽ֪ʶ֮ʿѾ˵ÿй֪ʶڹ
ǰıϹϾܳҸеֺߣ[13]Ȼô˵
ֵܹ֪ʶأ2ʮйУĻͣͣصӻ
ִĽ̡ӸУĹƵѧһǴڱıأ
ѧȫ̱ߵȽо޴̸ʮϵĲ
У˸ָĽĸӭµĿƼͽȫִ
׼ǵĸߵȽȴڻеˣѵʮ̵ġ

ʰɽӣ19971983йߵȽ

1976ʮκƽš˰Ŀ̨й벦
ҷʱڡڸߵȽսϣҪ¼شľٴ롣1ȫ
ΧڻָĸƶȡݵСƽڿƽ̸̹ϵĽ1977
11£ڱٿȫߵѧУ顣Ժ׼ӵ
ԸߵѧУƶȽиĸµƶʵе¡ǡȫ¼
ȡԭ򣬲ȡԸ棬ͳһԣطѡѧУ¼ȡʡ׼
İ취ϳˡĻڼʵеġԸ桢ȺƼ쵼׼
ѧУ󡱵취ԾΥУ԰֪ʶ˵ⲻϲ£
ǴӵʱμӸ߿Ϳɼһߣ1977꣬ȫԼ570
μӸ߿רԺУ¼ȡԼ27ѧ2ָоƶȺͽ
ѧλƶȡйѧԺϷ1977по취֪ͨ
ˣж12оڻָݲȫͳƣԼ10700ˡ
൱ĸǰ1965¼ȡ7Ժӡ19802£ȫ˴ί
ͨˡл񹲺͹ѧλ198011ʵʩ3
ڼ䱻ɢϲĸУ»ָͬʱһѧУӺ
϶һЩרҵеá5ŬҹĸУϻָ
Ԫ[14]

ԪȻָˣʱĸУȻڲ⡣ǿԴӲ˽
һµʱУһЩǿִйѧ֮ţıѧɡ
߿ı󡰲ѧ⣬ԱҲ⣬˵ء
Աûн飬ûп飬רҵ֪ʶӵ߱ȥˡЩ
ڡĸо꣬棬˵ְҵûĻְλ
Ǹ˲٣γɸɱ𣬸¿ǡʮһָ
ȣᳫϳһ˸µ⡣ֻ׼벻׼
̿εԱռȫѧУְ֮һķ֮һȻ
ҪԱҲűԱ˭أ˭ҲߡԱй
˵͵ʧҵڽְұĵλҪô죿
˭Ҳİ壬˭Ҳ߲ˡԱѣû˰̨ˣ
ٴץУץΪȫƽص㣬ȻҪǡ
[15]־ڸУһĴԵġǿ԰ѵʱУڵ
Ҫìܸ£һѧǿҿ֪ʶʦ֪ʶƶìܡ
ĸеһ˻϶һػˡ֪ʶ֢һܴѧУ
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Уԭе֪ʶӣϵϣеĲУʹӲʵģҲ
ϡָ㽭ɽ֡ˡһʦڳڴ˶
˶һкͽѧˮƽѾܸ࣬粽
ëǡУȻεϣѧԴڴλһ㣬
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ʵߵã21͵Ľ죬ڴѧĽ̳ơ
УĹƺ˼ȻûжٵĸĽڹϣָ˽
ġͳһ쵼ʡСƣּȨ
Ȼûиı䡣ڲȻǡٰ족ѧУ˸£־
ѧȨɱȻǵʱйУһ
ķ羰ߡ

5йУáʰɽӡݡйظУشߣ
ĸָּиľٴ벻ࡣ෽涼
˽ԭеһ׶෽涼˽ԭеһ׶Ҳ
ΪĸУĸĻû𲽣

һ棬⼸йһ˼ŵʱڣ𽥴
äĿ˼ϵĶܴȨѧȻŽ
ķ硣1982꣬Ϻ۹̸ϣԱǸʱĴ
ѧ֣̽˲ͬļ1ֿ϶ѧ
ΪǴӸ˳нųܶ˼̽
ҪľʱĶ2Ϊѧ׷ֱ
УҪϽǺõģڵҲ٣ֻҪҪ
У֯ɡǿԽţ׷ֵҵҪ
ӡҡ۽ʵݣǮΣС3Ϊѧ
ϼʮɵ˺ۣнʱĻأصǣ˼
˼Ƕ࣬ţäӣƫҪĸ
ϲƬԡ֪ߣ͡[16]ڣ2
3϶ǻ۵㡣ΪйˣȻһ
˵ᣬ˵ĵλȻƣԶԶ޷˵Ȩ࿹⣬ԣ
һȨĴһоֹͷ㣬ȻóһЩ
ǵġȫ۵㡱Ȼǡһ桭һ桭
ľӳ䡣ⲻ֪ණ໥ųģȻäӣ
ȨͲνġ֯鱾ϵֽ⣬ָ
ѧƫֻͣУʵݣ
Ǯƣȫһ߸ΨҶ̬ԣйǺ
ɱġÿҿЩбҵˣ羴֮飻
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Щѧ˵ѧ統ѧÿ¡
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Ūôѧʹ࣬Ϻãĵšɡʹѧ
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ǰ;ˣʲôϣԣΪһҺϣ
ϣѧͬеľӢ֣ȻӢˡõˡ
ܼ縺ʷʹ[17]

غѣйϸѣ

ڣйûΪ˶˵ĿͣͲǰ

ڸߵȽоϣ50ѽʶΪ
ϲ㽨ĽۣڽɣΪչۣΪ
ϲ㽨Ժԣӳǽϵǽ
ԡڴ˻ϣߵȽеȽʵʩרҵ
߼ר˲ŵȻᷨѸߵȽΪһר
ҵûнʾ䱾ʣڵʱѾһСĽʹߵȽ
Ӵλʶ̬Ӱ˳ӸߵȽж˵
Ǽ򵥵ض˵ĸĳָʽ졣

ġ·ת19831992йߵȽ

ʮйУھøĸθĸƶ£ʼڵ
ͱ׶ˣһЩԵĸĸȡһĳɼҹ
ƸĸһڴͳĹԺε̫࣬ͻԵĽչ
ˣϾѾȷ˸ĸķ򣬡ʼ硣һʱڵĸߵȽ
۵оֳټٻšľ档ʮʵΪУ
ȫĸ춨˻

19834£ԺתԭҼίڼٷչߵȽı
桷ҪȡǿĴʩŤתͬ񾭼úᷢչӦľ
棬ȡΡ񡢶ʽٷչߵȽ߽ͬʱ
չ˽ҵͶʡ

19855£ˡйڽƸĸľָѧУӦ
ֵʦԱĻԣŬǿѧУӦý
ᷢչҪĶͻʹѧУõΪ彨

1986꣬ԺˡߵȽְй涨ȷط
ְȨޣ˸ߵѧУڱִ֤йҼƻǰʵ
ϰѧίԷһıҵȨ
ѧƻѧ٣ѡý̲ģнѧݺͽѧĸĸȨУ
µĸɲһѧУȨ󶨽ں͸ڵְʸ

19928£ڲƸĸԵѧУȡһЧĻϣҽ
ίˡڹҽֱУڲƸĸ֪ͨУ
ڵƶȡƶȡסҽƶȸĸһЩϵĹ涨
һʱڻԽкڸĸҪǺϵͳԶʵоѺĳ


һʱڵĸУĸмҲлء19831985䣬ĸ
ӸУѧȫ312Уģͻ
ͶҲнϴӡ19851989·ȨУ
ȨӹϽǰнϴͻơ19891992꣬ȹԭ
еĸĸɹʵȫθߵȽͼӿ
ĸȶطչߵȽҵ

һ׶εĸУĸдżð80žõķչ
˲ŵҪԽԽûгֿǵߵȽչӦеĹɺ
Ƭ׷ϵչ¸Уͳƣ198319853
ڣ½ԺУ3011985һ¸У114γҹߵȽ
ʷһǰδе͸߷塣йϽܣձ1983ÿУƽ4401
ѧϳ1983ƽÿУ4164ѧҹ1990ȫ1075УУ
Уѧ2000˵ľ733꣬ռȫУ68.2%1000µ358
ռ33.3%ѧУģСʦͣѧɱϸߣԴڲ
ʹʵͣѧظù࣬ӷף˸£ӰѧУѧǱ
äĿṹİѧ˼ɵ־棬1992ԺĸУ
ĸ

1992СƽӲϷҪйӭ˵ڶ˼š
УҲԳľ棬ʼһȫĸͷչʱڡʮĴ
ȷгơҹԭиУĽڵһĸ
ȼеļƻγɵģǹҼмƻֱӹİѧơ
ɣƽһδı19932£й͹Ժʱ
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ȻӲҷʼ16Ļָ͸ĸӺ1992ǰ
йУȻ¼Ҫ⣺1ȱӦҷ
չҴµڰѧϿУϼָѧѹ޶
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ʱ

οף

עͣ
[1]ĵܣعʷ 廳 ӭδءйߵȽ1999
8ڣ28ҳ
[2]йߵȽʷ죬磬1983档458ҳ
[3]ë19577µϺ󣬶Ըɲ˵֪ʶ
֪ʶġǽ͸ס֪ʶӰβһ̣ߵβͻ
֪ʶβɲѽӾǲµһҲµڶ
ˡũʲôѽһǰطӾ֪
ʶӣûлˣɥʧԭᾭûƤûˣ
ƤϡЩ֪ʶʮͰˮϰ¡ڿ
ɣϲ죬²ŵء˵Щ˽СϾӡǸϷɣ
ҪȥǱ߿ˣǼƤûˣϼһزȥˡһУ
ҿǶٻġëеڶг̺ȨԳŪ
޴Ȼͼһʱ֮죬Ȼ͹ȴΪ˸˳صĴ
ۡȤĶ߿ɲĺβġɽϵйʮµ
ݡ
[4]תȽƷɡ⣺йΣСڣϷ磬
1999档147ҳ
[5]ࡶӦʵ۵ĺҹߵȽԭоʮعˡ
ת˴ӡϡߵȽ20002ڣ4ҳ
[6]ע[1]
[7]࣬йߵȽĸ뷢չߵȽ磬
1994档1ҳ5ҳ
[8]μ㶫ʡ־־㶫ʡطʷ־ίԱ࣬ݣ
磬19958°档221-222ҳ
[9]ѧ199710ڡ24-25ҳ
[10]ͬע[8]
[11]ĺţеĳ١ѧ19999 ڣ22ҳ
[12]йײձ磬1997档
317ҳ
[13]ͬϣ324ҳ
[14]ͬע[7]4ҳ
[15]£ӱ󵽹𣬱ҳ磬19984¡
[16]ǿĴ˵ľݣĻ磬19976µ1棬
358ҳ
[17]׶࣬Եѧı棬ݣɽѧ
磬19959µ1棬17ҳ

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