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2005.6.9.

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ѧǣѧĭ
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Ϸĩ  2005-06-09

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ĹΪȫԡǣССΪʲôͲأм便
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ѧѧǹֵҪ㣬ڲƷ
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ҲǼٵΪˣǲɷǵľ͹˾SXF˾йΨһ
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CCTV-2

ײһ1935-2025

ز1445--1535

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ҽֽʳϢʱýҪ˾
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Why People Believe Weird Things Michael ShermerĴ
200112ɺϽ緢˵һ棬ΪΪʲôϡ
ֵĶǰˣſʼ֣

P8Щ˥ߵԭӣĻߴ԰ҵӹ
ϵת
ǡ֡ԭΪLike the decaying subatomic particle, 
pure skepticism uncoils and spins off the viewing screen of our 
intellectual cloud chamber.
˥ߡӦΪ˥䡱ߡǸ׸˵skepticism
ǻ۵˼˼һǲ⡣Ӱ仰˼ǣ
Щ˥ŵԭӣĻ˼ҵĻչ
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ԭĲμwww.skeptic.com/faqs.html#askeptic ڶĩ
www.skeptic.com/what-is-a-skeptic.html

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⣬Michael Shermerִܷ󡣳⣬ûб
ԭָۡ

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P14ǡѧѧ˹ָѧСԵĽ״̬
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ԵĽ״̬ⶼʲôǽСҪThomas Kuhn
ļͽEssential Tension

P25ѧĽṹ
ǲ֮СѧĽṹThe Structure of Scientific Revolution

P26ޡ ¡ ˹ǵһǴ
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Thomas HobbesǲСά̹Leviathan¡
˭ָ֪٤ԣGalileo Galileiˮƽ̫Σں
һ䣬֪˺ν

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ػǡԭ

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ԶΪӦǡáaction at a distance

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ֱΪߡͨҲΪݴߡ˴ߡ뷨
ȷʵԼѵʵڸЦоBBS

P34ӹ׵ǡ
жӹ

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ǡʽǨparadigm shiftʵϣparadigmΪĻ
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P37ΡҺͲ
ѧʶǳª֪Ρ˭ӦָCharles LyellͨΪ
˹

P38ѧ
϶ָ෨ĵͣCarl von Linne

P44౾ʡ ̽
ӵͨΪۡ͡о

P45ΰӡ
David Humeͨ

P46äĿ˫äƴʩ
äĿSingle Blind Trial Techniqueǵä鷨ҽԱä
ä˫ä鷨Double Blind Trial Technique

P49ˡ
ǸӽWilhelm Reichϣ٤ɣMartin Gardner
αѧ֡Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Scienceڶʮ
¡ƫִۡͽĹ̸

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˹ʿˣMax Planck߶λѧʦİ

P63ΡҮֱ˵
ӦΡάҶGeorges Cuvier

ֻһ㣬ͷô෭벻֮⣬ʼհѳ
paranormalΪMichael Shermerġߡ־
Skeptic MagazineȴΪɡ֪ʲôáеעͼ
٣ļֻǸ߶Ӣ硢Ӣ߻ΪƵλж೤ԭģ
Ҫ²⵽˵˭ߵ֪ʶȻƶ˾ǣϾ
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http://geosyn.civil-engrg.com/asp/crit/morecrit.asp
2йˮʺƼ(www.cws.net.cn)ṩ˿顶̷
ϳɲӦühttp://www.cws.net.cn/popularization/contents-04.asp

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ѧϻжɾ͡
http://paowang.com/cgi-bin/forum/viewpost.cgi?which=paowang&id=534118

ǸblogǳأһѽվȥĶѡӷ֮󣬲
˻ʾΪȻתϣȡĵķӦǿ

http://www.tianyaclub.com/New/PublicForum/Content.asp?flag=1&idWriter=0&Key=0&idArticle=158766&strItem=no01


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վסŵģȻĽΪĳЩߵȤζһỨһЩʱ䣬һ
Уͬʱ־ѧϰдò²Ͷ嵽רҵ


־﷢Ҫȫҷѧˮƽµʵ൱ʱ䡣Ҳǹ
ѧˮƽߵԭ֮һαӲƷʮףܸߴǳ
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ΪѧؽѧƣĳѧߵҪ
֤ʵӲˣôӦ̴ְѧ޴ӷչΪӲƷȻ
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528գ̺Ҵдˡʷѧʷѧߡһģ񹥻
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www.blogchina.com/new/display/75664.html

Ҵ̺߳ŭذԼϵġ롷ɾ
дˡתƻͶ˲ʹ־ȷһͶ˿á־
ҵͳͳдɡᰡȻֵʷѧġ
̳ϼߵڰףŪǷǡȫ£

̺ꡣλἸ뷨

1.κмֵѧģԸ߼Ϊǰᡣ

2.ţȵûдǺţţǳţˡڱѧ
ƣѧڳԣ˸˱á

3.㵽زBBSϵcczghengָҡҪ
ΡдĶڵ٩Լblogϣתbbs
ȥcczghengңұ⡣иƢܲñ
вzghengƸӺ죬Ҫңֻ÷ȥ˿Լ
ᱻ

4.飬ͷβλ˴ѧԺĲʿָûκι
ϵλκʹʩ

ĻԺȡ֣ccֱ˲⡣ccָ̺д꡶롷
ĵĵվͰתᣬǺϣ˿£νڵ٩
ƣϵƱ硣ظ˵δʹ»ʱδƹӺ죬ֻ
˵һ䡰̺ôȥ˻ȫǣǳ
̺ͨ˲²ҿҪ˿Ͷ壬ȸ״

ۿԼҥԱһһ̺ɴ˺һļף
ҧгݵƪ֣ʵǧģȫޖ¼
ͣ

֪ģ㣨ָʹڴҺɹ֮
Ľ飿ն񣬶̫ʺڽϻ졣־һ
ǻѾ˷ŭ

ڴӽ쿪ʼҾƸ־ǻȥп
ʱ򣬽ҷѧˮƽµʵֱ䲻ٵαѧʷϵΪ
ֹ

ͬʱĵǻҵ˵
Ƭ˴˫˫֣ݡcccheap cunt
ѽ20ּŮԣΪף
ϣպ类ּ飬޹ء

鵽ˣ̺ĿѾԼֿ̻ʮַˡϣ
İйⳡ粨ȫɾɾ˵£

й̺ӣվ̳ӭ
ش˵

ͬʱɾ̺עġҹۿΡ˺š

˿ϣڼظ̺꣬ںƽ͵ذʵ
Ϊ˸ߴ̺ʲôˣҹдƪ£ϣ˿Կ
ҲϣϾš

2005.06.09.

(XYS20050609)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

־ѧдϵ﷨߼ҳ

½˻

һ̺־Ľ¶ȫΪ־ѧде
﷨߼ұ

Ϊһѧߵ﷨߼һӵдȫʹ
ĶҲҡһѧߵоɹûмֵȲȥܣ﷨
ңÿһ仰ŽôĻоǲϸġ
ǶһڵоԶøࡣ

ҽ﷨߼Ƕȣָ̺һϵĶ
䣺

1Ľйͳԭ֮׵ʿڽ֪ʶӵת
֪ʶѧϵıԵԼԵ֪ʶӵһض
ֳ仯Ķ̬̣йᷢչ·
ľޱһݺнпоȡע˼ݻ
ǨĻϵӵʱ˵̬仯ı䶯Գһ
ڹ͵˼·

Ҹԭдϵλйᷢչйĳ
ǶȣʿйתԵ֪ʶӵĹ̡ע˼ݻ
Ǩ֮ǱŬ򿪵һڹ˼·

򵥵һλ־˵ȥԽ˵Խң־༭ȻҲ
İҵĶˡ

ע⣬һժҪ־߻Сļʮϣһ
ҪдΪͶ壬ȿĲ֣㿴־˼
ѧĲ֪Լ˵ʲô֪ԼҪ
˵ʲô

aĽ̡ܡз

a1ʿڽ֪ʶת
a2֪ʶѧϵıԵ
a3Ե֪ʶӵ
a4йᷢչ·
a5йľޣ䣿
a6·;ޱ䡭һݺܣ
a7

bоȡעءϵ˭ӵʱ䶯ۣ
˼·

b1оȡ򡯻оʽ;
b2 ˼ݻǨõסָó
b3 ӵʱ˵̬仯֡׼ѧˣ
b4ı䶯
b5Ե˼·

һСλѾжٸʶճϵĴˣժҪĵ
ժҪﶼ˵˵ժҪͿ֤־
һǷ軰ƪġ

һλԿ־ûдоĵ಻
㲻סָ壬Խ˵Խҡ־ﰴ˵ĺģӦ
Ĺͬߣúǰһᡣңûйأ

дѧԼԼǶ߾ѧ߶ԣ
˼˵ϣԼҪ˵Ķ˵ÿܵоò
ãɹûмֵֻҪԼҪ˵ĶǷվ
סţǷϰƽ

ҿ־߼﷨ʹ

ġ־оһ޵ָˣϴ
źһ־ԽĨԽˣѳ˱о
ǵĴͳˡõģǾͿ֤־Ĳˣڵıʮ
оŸĴѧǰڲ̨ϵġ־ҿҪˡ
оеæˡ

塢־оҪ֤־ѧдǿɿģΪӦ
̽־õƪ˿ϣôҪ
һ͹۵ĶۣӦѧĹרҵϵСʮС޼
ͶƱ֣óۺ־ǲҵġ־ﱾҲ
飬Լס

Ҹƾ⼸͡ѧߵѧд﷨
߼ҵ龭飬䷴ӳıед϶־ѧ
д﷨߼ҳ

ϣõ˿λ󷽵ָ̡

(XYS20050609)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

̺vs־Ｐ䱳󡪡һڹ͵˼·



Ͻһϵ̺ꡱĹ־ڵļ
£ԼһͬҵɻͱѼĲ
Ĵ¾Ӧ£йѧѧԺӦ첩ʿڽ
Ѯͨ˽˹ϵҵѧʷѧϵ־ڣʾڲʿҵ
޵ָ½вʿоרҵԿΪܡеһĴ
ѡɽѧѧϵ2003챾Ʊҵ̸̺£Դ
¶һĲȰοͬʱʾҪд½¶̵£
ΪʾȫͬĹ۵㣬ûȰΪ

¶ʮգblogˡʷѧ
ʷѧҡһģ޵һƪġйȨƵתƣ֪ʶӵ
ԵԵ֪ʶӵΪ߰˸νӲˣһ
һԲ⣬д֪ҡ̵͡Դǡ
ܿԽƪת̳ġᡱ棬ͬһһЩʱ
˽תδbbsġĶռ䡱档ܿ죬ڸվд
ĳַ񶨡̬ҴĻظ֣ͬʱҲһЩ˶ʾ
ֻ֧һ̶ȵ½⣬Էռѹơ

ʮһգ޽ѧڡĶռ䡱淢һƪ̵Ļظ
Ҫ˵ܾ䲩ʿԭίûֱᵽ¡Ӱ
ʮԡʹϵע֮תƵϡҲ
һԭڵڶ죬һͬһ˵Ǹţ϶޵Ĺ
𣬲Ϊ˱ʾǸ⡣ǶΪʾӦ˸ͬʱ
ҲûмֹȨޡ⹫ʵϻ֤ʵ޺һЩ˵Ĳɣ
ֻڳ̶ΪԼѶѡ

ͬʱ̺˼־̵͡ȼ۶ϣ
ʾԼеȫΣһ޹ءͬʱԼ֪
ޡԼԶ޵޸еС˵ҵȷ
˼ۡ䷴δbbs棬Դ漰
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뱱ڻУֹ򿪳־ְ˿վϷ
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־ࡷڶһЩԵĲͬʱƲ
ڼҾƶѧҵʧܡҵܴǨŭޡ˾ɴŭģ
˿׫ķתƻͶ˲ʹ־ȷԴˣ
¼һ󻯡и˲ۣĿǰ̬ڳչ֮С

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ӵڽֱӹϵˣµ۶ϲκضֵжϣҲΪ
ϵ̻֮˵ֻһ͹۵һ¼һЩ
˼

̺깥־ҪԺŵ˵ȫĳ֪
ƫȡʹëáʱ֯ĳ̶ȣƩһ
õǶٺŶǶţһ÷ʵȷģֺŶǾţ˴÷
ɣͿŵ˵ȫֻ8ţ3ʸߴ37.5
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social mobilityΪ䶯ͨѧб׼뷨
ƣӢĵ޺Ĳʸߴ66.7治֪
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ƺͳѧԭ֮һҪдԡһǰ
滹һǿʹȷʵҳʣֻһ
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˵һӢĵ־Ĳʾ͸ߴ100%ˣǸΪ
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Ƶ֤Ļδ̫רҵˡ

һЩҪһл֪ʶжѧ߿Ҳ
ѹͬ۶ϡйĻ֪˾˵ĵزΪǰ
ᡱָǡ1840ǰйᡱܣȻ
ᡱ޵۶ϲܳô˵˼롱ҲԳ
˺ͺķ˼룬ǰոʱҲᰲѼ٪
ֱͣըġʱȻʵѧָģǰ
ָֻǡڽ֮ǰȽ϶Եһضʷ׶ΣԼ൱
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һ˺ǰޡʿ߹پ޻¶Ϊ
ַϮȵȺйʷʶĹ۵㣬֪ʷߵ֪硣ʵ
ϣʹɶٻ¡ҲǿƾԺĶһ
˵Ĵ󣬹Լӷ˵һ֮ĿƾǴӺ
Т޹أʵʲνТ̫
ѧҪ飬ƾֻǰһϵһƶȷ
һ˵顱ѧ-ʿ-˽λһĹϵڶʱѾ
εΪģ˵ѧˡѾһ˼֤Ĳ
ܶ࣬ΪѳɶۣԲؾۣɲοӢʱʿйĻСŴ
֪ʶײ뷢չһģֲˡʿʷ塷ڶ¡Ȼ
Ҫָǣغʱֽӡˢδռ鼮󣬡顱
ѧϰȨһУѧ˵ǵͼ
ӵܣʿΪһײ𲢲ìܡ

ڡᡱĹһǴԼİӡޱ˵ԭ
û˵һֻСʿũĸײ㹹ɵġᡱ෴˵
ʿũĴȺΪҪصĴͳйṹʵϡ
˵Ҳֻǡ񡱶ѣ롰񡱶Ӧģй䡢͢ȡ
ߡڡᡱ롰ҡϣΪ
Ϊ幹һᡱһڸĽ·ȻѧĻ
㣡ѧҪȡͳ۵ĵλ֮Ļôᡱͱ
ҡԣ־ѧʹáᡱ
ȷġǲò˵־ʵڳʶʹáᡱ
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ķʽǡΨһȷķʽȫڲͬѧʹ
ᡱṹĴƩ˵޶˹ڡۡŴᵽ
ṹȵĸҪǴ۳ģѧ֮Ȥһ
֪

˸ӷ˼ǣ̺꾹Ȼȫ֪ʿΪ֮ס
ĹѵǧǣȻʿ˵ľλũĹ
ϵʱб䶯ǸƵλδҡԣʿڷϣϣ
϶ԶԶڡũ̡ĵλһͨʶȫ֤
⣬޹ֹһ⡰־һ漰ñȻҲ
ؤ˺Ҳ֤һ˵ʱ׼й˵ƽ
ˮƽ֮ϡٵɱʼǣˡҹªδݶٵġ¥Ρ
е˵ȫ˵۵㣺һ¥ΡС˵²
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С˵еĲϣһҲֻǸ˵ӣ˵ձ
ҪǣλҲ֤Ĺ۵㣺Ǽʧյһɶ
¼ҵ䣬ǡǡ˵λԶȷΪߡʹƲ֮
ͬΪʿ˲֪ļֻϧѳңûˣ
˼ҵҲ˵ʿ˵λδرũߣ˵Ϊһ
˵ʿ򲻹СʿǵսСһЦ

̺꿴аյһ⣬־ԡṹ
ϣȻò˵޵ĹǷƿɳµġǲһЩƪ
⣺ʽ˵ԼҲϹѧ
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ܵϵͳı񾭵ƻҲܵ°죬ʵ
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һṹģһ⣬Ҫǣ浽ʷѧิӲ棬
ǲ漰ĵһЩԼһĵλ͡ʿ롰
ġ߼ϵأҪ˵ֻ޲ûȫ
Ȼ֪һѧĸһǷȫŪˣҶԴ
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Ƿ˵ڴҲΪ绤һ䣺־Գѧ
ʹЩʱƺûֳ̫ѧ˼뱳ʵϣһ
ѧһ֪˿϶õļλѧҵǶ
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ȫûⷽ⡣Ȼ˵̸ṹ֮ಢѧ
۵Ȩ̸ЩΪѧҲȷԱ
˵жᵽǿġй˼ᷢչеʱ
ղͬ󡱣۵Ҫ˼·֮һڶƪж֣Ҳ
£͡ʱղͬԣȻͣڳʶص
ϣҺѽһЩʵѧۣԴƽ
һ̽ο˹Ĺɡ£

ںУҪԵ޵ֻһЩ֤ȱͳϵ
ɣһЩȷΪһҲ͹ѧ봫ͳʷѧ
о·ĲͬҾ޵ɷ˼·ʦӢʱһС
ҪιŴʷѷòȡ֤ķҲֱ֤
ݵĵطֻпνʫ֤ʷˣһƺǳ
ԾõķνʷӦԺҵöࡣʷ
۹޵оһشȱݵģⲢֻԴƪ¶ԣ
˶д˸У˵˼ʷ
ѧʷһҲǱҪҪ󡣵ܼ򵥣˼ѧȨصģ
ܹʻֺǡ˼ʷѧʷĽǶڡԵ֪ʶ
ӡУʵʮʮ߼֪ʶӵв֪
ʶͳƸ壬ΪľӢͳһ˵ģҪ
˼ʷҲдġʹһ˶
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ҲֻЩǲϣοͳݣҪڣһµ
ȥϰˣܲ鵽ҲֹƤһ֤ᵽдʿĹ
졣Ҷ»ԵıȽ˵úףͶ˵ľйأǡǡ֤֪
ʶӵıԵһ۵㣻ڶ۶ϡˣȻ,ɻ
ڵһ۶ϣڴͬȱͳݣҲΪûбҪӳʶ漴
˵йκһѧͼ棬ɼ
Ĵͳ²˵ǡ֪־ͽƾ֮ġֻ˵֪
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һڿԴԸĳ̬ǺĽ͡
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ӡstereotypeһ̰ӡӰж̺˵
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־һ˳ڽǰޱ˳1952꣩
70ĩ80̺һ1980꣩ʮ꣬
ǡһ˵ļ˵־ǵĸĳִʳͻ
Ҳá߱ᡱ֮ȥָֻͣĳͻ
ʷԴһϵĴ淴

һ˵һǶٱһǴСܵǸʽĽ
ʱͣѧ㴮䶷ٴһЩɽ磬һʮ
ꡣֱʮʱлμӸ߿ѧ죬Ļ׵ı
֪ʱĴѧ䣬ǰרҴʻԲѧ
Ʋӵ״̬˵͹ѧѹѾãڹ⼸ʮ
½չһ֪֮еٮٮ߻ܹͨԼڷܺͲŸѧϵ
ң죬ȡ澭һ˼ʹѧʹѧ֮УΪ
ʱȷȱ˲ţҲǲˣʬλز͡ձ֪ʶ
խ֪ʶṹϻˮƽߣԹо״ȱ˽⡣ʹ
꣬кܶҲڹ⿿йĶıѧλڹڿ˹׬
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Ϊһרҵڽ󲻾þͱֱʱڲŵԻָѧߵ
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ΪΪѧڣ±дѧµʱſڿӻᶾ
ܶûжˡ仰ԣڴͬУ̺
ϵ֧Ԯָԣ˲ҹͬ

Զԣ̺һȻҲԡһʧһ
ȱԵĳνʵϣǵƽĻˮƽʿ»ԶԶ
֮еٮٮߣӢＰԼʹ
ûȡϢǳϤпŵͷԺͲϸµ֪ʶṹЩǡǡ
ǵĸȱġȱֻѡ

һеĴߣѿϵʦ𾴵ͷαƶ
֪ӶҲӳšע⵽̺Ϊǿ
޲õۣԼﲻءȻҲʹ˸
ġȻ̺ǸемͷŭǣǡǡЩǿʬλ
͵ˣ˴ԴͻȨкܸߵλԣ
ΪΡʦͷ˾ԼͷϣǯԼܵķ
ӡԼֻжʮͷոմӴѧҵ߻ѧ׶Σȴһ
Сһ̺ǾһԴղٷ⡣
һ̹˵ϣãʹѧ磬νѧȻ޶ȵģű
Ҫռܴĳɷ֡ʹһѧ£ܹĲȡһ
ЩϿɣһн˶ѣȻܹ֤ԼˮƽԶڱרҵĳλ
ڣְλҲתøûʮƴŪϸ
ʿѧλĻʦҲϡǽѧҲûи̺
ԳַӵĿռ䡣

۹̺ķʹǰѧν80һ
˵ͬһ˶һ֡80һҪǵĸо
ȡԴͻȨŬǰҺѧǰȻ
ͽ̺־ƣڲͬԲͬʽͬҪı
Ҳ˶̺ͬһʱ䡢ĵصһ
ĶֽһĶȴһֶپԵ

һ棬ΪǡʧоľѰҪﵽĿ
Ļֵȴ޷ͨʵƶȻֶδﵽһĿꡣһŹϵŲ
Ъ˹ĹΪȻһʧanomiaֻ˵
⣬ؽʾϵͳĳ̶ֳȵʧanomieĬٵ˵
ԴĻṹṹʧҿͻڽһЩ
ֵܻøӼң˼ʷԲʡΣһ
жΣյġһ֡һڹ͵˼·
ǡһͿܡ

(XYS20050609)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

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£һƪ¿Ըǹ۶ġ̺ġ뱱
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Եɺϡ޽ڵڶеһƪйȨƵתƣ
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УԼ16ᵽ̡֣˵޽ڵ̵Զ
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Ϊһѧ֮ҡΪǸҵģ޵ˮƽ
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ȫתΪ˽ƣܲ˶ΡʵǺ¶ֻҵģ
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ϣеĽ۶Ϊ޽1999귢һƪ¶𣨼ϣ
ƪ£̺һʷѧ֪googleֻ2170
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޵ѧ޵ġĸУĴʦԺȣʵӦðЩ
ƶȣԼڶʷѧרңΪġڡְλЩ
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޽λʿдܶ£ӡйڿȫݿ⡱
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ģ˭ĲӣĸطĲӣ˴˹Ч֮
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ڵһ㣬̺£

ܵṹвԡᡱ֮ǰ
ֽδȺü׹ǡմɡߡȼ¼֣ʶ֮
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ټʿֺδ˵һ˵ʹƳнʿͯ
ӵȿĿ־ʹϵġʿΪһȺ忪ʼγɣʱ
ܱΪϸ֮йʷϲһᡱ
ʷ׶ΡΪдɮᡢ񡢾ʿ֮⣬вٹԱ
ɶڻ׹ݣ־￴ָүݹϵ
ķ롣ʹȷͳݣ֤ʿũ˿ռ99%
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ռ91ǿܳйΪңΪҡ

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Ȼ©ʲôˣ˵ʹʿũ˿ռ99%ı
Ҳ˵йǡᡱ˵ʹռ
100Ҳ˵й᲻ǡᡱΪҿԻɡʿũ
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ᡯᡯأʷо˵û׿һ
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˼ݻǨĻϵӵʱ˵̬仯ı䶯
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ԭ֮һɡȻⲻǹԻʶ֪˵޵ܸ
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Ϊ֤֤αһۣǰΪָڽӽʷࡣ
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˵Ĵ̺ӵġԼҲһֱ֡󡱡ʷѧ
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߼Ҳҳȣǡйʷ
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ϡĵġṹܱȽģܵξͲͬرǴսʱ
д׼ؿԿ졣ֻҪеġͻҵʿ
ġũ̡ҲԴЩҵ
Ȼ߿Ϊûͳϵ˵һᡱֻ
Ҫһ⣬Ͳǲ־ںʷѧ۵ġ
ᡱĶأҲҿ϶Ҿðᡱ֮
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ʱҲôǶʷ򵱴֪ʶġҪΪԼ
ѧȨʷѧᵽѧ֣ʹѧ¹ʷ
ѧеѧӽҲӦǿԽܵġѧУûС
ӵоЦġĺӣ˴ſ߹׷
˵˲ҵ·ˡʷѧѧͳѧĳЩ
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Ϊѧٻúܶʧȥ룬ǡĴʺ񡱵˲Ը
İɡ

̸ڶʱ̺˵

Ȼ־Ҫйзֲ㣬޷־̸̸ѧ
̽һЩǳԵֲۡΤMax WeberĶ壬λ
Ĳָ꣺ǮȨڡʿλ߹ũ
̣ߣȨߣߣͳΣ־
һ漰
   
    ǳԵֲۡûʷоУ
־ڵһ״һȱʷѧ˽¡
Ҫ޽е㡰Ԥ֪δǵнյѣʱע
гϮһ¡Τĳ壬Ҳԡֳ𣿡鲢ˣ
Լӡ֤һЩʷѧߵţʷеﲢΪʷ
ΪܳԽʱȥԤ֪δ־޷Ԥ֪˻
·ˡԵɺϡĶΪʧȥ֤

ҲΪʲôᡱʱʷѧͷǲҪΤ
νġǮȨı׼Ҫʲôͳݡ
ǹҲѧǲǻбġλĲָꡱΪ
ΤĹ۵ΨһȷģҲûҪʷѧҪдѧġ˭
˿˵أǵжҲܸһ׼ȷݣ˵
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ǵ˵ȻܽڶԼݻ׼ȷ
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֡Ŭı֣ǸԹ˵ִҲ
ǵġˡʲôΰǶôٵ۶ϣ
ѧݶô󣬶ô˵ȻʷѧУڱо
򣬱羭ʷܻῴݣںܶ˼ʷˣҪʲ
ôۻݽоҪǱԼѧ

ʵԣûжۼֵҲûͳƹ
ۼֵж٣̺귴Եİɣ޽ڶԡʿĵλ֪ǲ
֤ġĳЩ˵ĵλũҲǻеģѧо
УҲִƽṹ󡣵ȻʷѧһҲӶ
ģΪֻ֡ṹˡо˼·ʷѧԾԾ
ŵġ

ʵΤĹ۵Ҳÿѧ߱ӵı׼
ѧҲвͬĿܻѧҲΪһ͹۵
׼ͺϺʵʡΪʲôУѧӽǶѧ
أǸǿ⣬Ϊǵ˵ѧ
㲻˵ʷѧΪֹܾΪû̺ܶѧ
ԳʷѧĽڡ˵ǽڶִʷѧչ
ڸѧ˼˽֮ϡеֻ˵һЦ
߷̰Ƿä벻ҪΪлˣ

⣬ͬġߵĿ˵޽ڸʲôǡ
ṹ̺дṹsocialstructureʹᴩ
ѧѧʷʼգͿɣEmile Durkheim˹Anthony 
Giddensѧͼ壬ȴʼδȡùʶ
ѧѧʷʼաֻȻ˵ó˳Ծѧѧʷ
ѾƵģ˻ǲе㡰̡⡣߶ʼ
δȡùʶġṹĶаյáṹѧ
һʦ˵?͡۵㣬֮󣬵Ȼǵ־ڵġ̡⣬
˼ƺ򵥵˵ǲͳֵ
ôԵʹνһλʦģҲ֪ṹѧ
ڡʷʼաйʦn˵?͡оǵnɣ
Ȼ֪Ϊʲô˵?͡νṹѧĴʦʦ
Ҫʲô׼ǡǮȨǳӡ
ѧѧľֻѧȥбˣǶѧ
ɡ̶ֶϣֵԼԼ
أ

Ȼ̺ꡰ֮һҧ־̵ƽˮƽֻΪ
壬߼ңΪΪѧڣȴȱдΪ
ʿȴȱӢĶΪˣУҵ˼㡰֤
ݡǱ⡣еҪ

Ľйͳԭ֮׵ʿڽ֪ʶӵת֪ʶ
ѧϵıԵԼԵ֪ʶӵһضֳ
仯Ķ̬̣йᷢչ·йľ
һݺнпоȡע˼ݻǨĻ
ϵӵʱ˵̬仯ı䶯Գһ
ڹ͵˼·

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ΨһһֺӦøΪšΪʲôҪôΪû˵
ڴŷһ޽仰﷨ɷݡٺӵȻ˼
ͬĵصĶǰת͡ıԵУֺ
ԼݲУͬΡ̡̬Ĵʡһٺ
ָˡ͡ءʣܡһβ롰εĲСٺ
÷Ѿܶû̲ˣϡǵõֹͬεĴʱ
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ǷΪӳɷġ̡ڸӣΪֺҲд
ˣʵǿʶֺŵ÷ŵĲͲѧ
УֻҪΪҪȫѡ񡣡оȡ򡭡һ
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ݣֺźǡоȡ򡱣÷ֺſܸЩȻųеϲ
þţûҪȥ޸ġ̺ʲô߼Ӧþָ
ҲûпЩȨ壬У϶óĳĳʦĳĳ
֮ۡ

    ̺ԡԳһڹ͵˼·̬ȸϸ׺ݣ

ûκйܿ־˵ʲô˼·
ڹͣʵϣ޵˵ǡһͿܡȻﲻ֪
סˣ˵ֻ˵Ļ軰

    ʵֻҪϸĵĶͻᷢ֡һͿܡ͡һ
ڹ͵˼·мĲͬǰ߸ĳЩʷѧƵ˼άʽǿ
۵Ľ޽ƺûǸ룬ֻںʷ龰ֻ
˼·ʾܻвͬڹ˼·Ĵڣ޽ڵġڹ͡
ֻһֶѡֱʷѧԸܵġ̺ûа
Ϊǵ޸޽ڵԭ⣬ָ֤Ļʵϣ
˵޵仰Ҳȷ޽ڵʷѧгֵѧ
ӽǵͼȻͻҪѧεĵز˵޽
ڡԳҪѧķڹ˼롢ѧ֪ʶӵλıǨ
⻰֪Ǵĵʲôطҵģûв鵽г֡ѧ
ֵĵطû仰Ƶ˼ҲûСĶ׫
Ѻˣھ͸ӵľˡȻǳֲ١ѧᷨ
Щֻк͡һڹ͵˼·ȹؼԵĻϵŲ
ڳֵͼе˲ʷѧҲգαػҪðרأ
Ķޣʷѧ֪ʶȱʱҪĸѡ
𡱣롣ıʵеǸСׯϺͻ
ϡ
   
    ĵʵĽУͷޡȱӢĶ
Ҳ˵䡣ʷֱinstitutionsocialmobilityǰһ
̺˵ϲ޺飬һˡһ飬
Ϊ˼ǡ䶯䡰רõķ롱ǡ
ϣ˵һ˲顰ɽʰԡĽΪ
ԡƺ͡רõķ롱Ҳеα
䶯̺겢ûиһרõķ롱ʲô˼أ
롰䶯ĲʲôطҪǲǲ鿼ʷѧ
صıҪǰһʵνרõķ롱ָ
ǿԭǡ˵䶯social mobilityȡҲ֮䡱
ԡǲǱ޽ڰڡsocial mobilityУҲ֪̺
Ҳ֪䶯͡social mobility룬Ҳ޲ɵĻ
ʲôҪָأӢȻ㣬֪޽ǶǴҸҿ϶ǣ
ʸߴ66.7˵Ǻܻ߼ΪʲôͲһ죬
Ӷóʡߴ100أӢĵͶ϶
֪ôôģ͸ˡ̺£
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β4֮Ǵġ硰ѾС
ƺûбҪˮƽȻ˵Ҳųԣ
   
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Ȼ֮һҧ־̵ƽˮƽֻΪ壬
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סˣ˵ֻ˵Ļ軰
ƪ£ҲܽµĻУ޺黹ڲϵ

ⲢΪҴʻƶĴʺ񣬾òʿ


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ѧ˲֪ǲҲ¡˸ѧԭ򣬿ֵ
ȤζĴǺ;ʺ񡱵Ĵԭ򣬴ҲŸ㶨ˡ

ⲻĻ̺Ҳġüǣһʽ
ѧķǿʷѧ޽ŵʷѧм
֪硪ʷѧġ񡱺͡ǿ顱ڶǰЩԼ϶
󡱿ŻϵһѧߵѧԼѧɳľ
ӹ߼硰նıףǿӸ޽ڣ
С֮ĶȾ֮ҲԵõܽᵽ

˼ҵ䣬׳΢ڽͷϽըʯ
ʳľϡ飬֪˼ů20֮
̣н֮λбۺͼ⡣Ω
Խļ˺࣬˼

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ʹ˱ʼթΰ˸Ҳ޿ܡ֡Ҳ
ġ˵ȷ̾ⶥ಻ѣ
־ʲôϵأСƢԣ䣨֪ʽѧǲ
ͬʻ㣩ķʽֳҪ֮һǶΪԼģ
Ū硰һũѧԱ֪ʹʲôֶνĴʦԺ
ĴʦԺЦΪʮֲֱ磬ĵĳЩ־䣬Ϊ
̵͵ȵȡ

Ҫ֮ǶԱԼǿֻгȥڮ٣ȥܰ˹ٴѧ
ûз̺˲ţԣݺݵ˵޽ڽմνͨ
Ĵʻ൱˵һؿթƭǸ
ԴʡĿǰ޽ڵ͸ǲΪС¡
ΪֻҪ޽ڰѡ֮ȫдؿԴӡ
ϳԽˣңɼ֮롱仰УǴſԲµ
Щˡѹĵءֻ֤Ҫ޽ڡְ
׫дѧƷذΪһѧ֮ҡǶô
һоåФ񰡣޽֡ȱдѧߣ
Ϊѧ֮ҡǶѧĳŪλҵġѧѧ
ġȻó˹Ŀ࿴ǡѧɡ̺
϶ġѧԵɺϡʱһȥհհ
   
   дѾʮˣ˵һͨˡֻ
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޽޶˵á֮϶ΪؾԷҲʲô
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ΪáˣΨһ;ڵ˵˫ۣ򿳵˫֣
ǶԵڡڡѧѧġҪ㡰ˡ

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ùɣҲǧΪйĽ̻״岻áʵ
֮³ѸļһдϺԴүһˣ
˳߰ҵ࡯֡Դүһ
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