                      ˿µϣ20050627գ

05.06.26ûи
05.06.27, Ԫͼذָ¹Ϊ¾ƪиС
05.06.27, 졶ԡԲ԰ⲻܺӼֵԡļ㿴
05.06.27, ߹ǾѡԺʿĽݾ͸ӺѡпԺѧ＼ֿ־ֳ
05.06.27, ¡ҵ󿼲
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05.06.27, fishman컦ýڵţƤ
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Ϊڶϵ漰һ顣


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3ƽ1ûʱϸ顣

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˵֪ҵտҵĲϡе£˵ⲻС
˵֪ôģ50ʹƽв
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㣬˵ʹǶ֣ٻмʮָɣ˵η쵼
ᣬҵһ˿ϣˡ

	ɡ

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ѧʲôĿġ

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СĿ

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ܲŵ׼ֱĹصѧҲ
ԭ֮һɡ  

Գ

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ԼĿǷĬĬĻʱǷҲĬ
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ˣԹ̲ۣܲǱΪݵģ
źõģҲĬϰߵġ

мָ䡣

пǱȽȻӵʦ͸쵼ǶõϢ
һϰΪЩָǴģǽ׼Ļ
еɸ쵼ģǺߵĻΪʲôнָ꣬Ϸ
Ķʲô

ָķ䣬ϡȱԴٷ䣬侺쳣ҵģԿ
ǾܷɲʿᣬԵʦԣҲǾУڵλ
ı־֮һ˭мʿָķڿڵʦ֡ۺʵ
ľʵ֤㣬ҵʧֱܼעģܲŹ֣

ġ	˼

ȥġʵ»¼ֵ÷з񲿷˵
ʵ˵Һ³䣬ȴظʵ»Ƿ
Ϊ֮ѧ·ϡҲ鷢ڱͷϣǿ޶ԣΪ
ԼͷϵĸǺСģһؽԼͷȴᡣ
ҲȰ̾͹ȥˣҶվ
һήԼͷϵġҲһдĿҲ
һдĿұվ˵Ҳָʲô
ֻЩ֪߱ĴýҲûʲôĿģֻ
ͨΪһƬĳЩĽ⣬ĳЩӢɹɹ̫
ɱɱϵù

֪ǣѧ߿ƽо֮ʿٴ֮ǲ
Ҫʣʿƶôˣ

һδõʦȨв̹ƽ

ߵĹʶ¿ãֻ²ƽ̫Ǳ
Ŷ˵ĳʦҪŶӵģȵʦչеĹϵվֵ
㡣

ڵʦȨϣɹ۵㣬һΪӦӵʦȨɵʦ˵
㣬Ϊڴѧ̫ΣգѧױɹŻѧѧ
оӦ˵˵޵Ǳиǰᣬһϸƶȣȷ
ʦܳڹģѧģȡˣƲ߱
ǵϵ̫Ũˣǵƶ̫ˣ已̥ĵʦеȨ
Ի졣ǿȨԼȻҲǰ취ѧǼĶר
ҵԱбĸѧǱʡ

ɵԽȥԽмġʵ»¼

Լ¼ȡƽкξȼ;

ν綨ѧĵλƽȵ壿·ȽϷ
ϷξȻѧͻоһӴŻ
ȼ֮ɭϣ֮ϵ֮ӣٲȻǸȻѧĳЩ
ȨԺУˣȡѧѡĳЩѧ
ĳѧλȴе񡣾ĵλ˴ѧԶ
ӰΥȴ޴׷ΡݷݷѧӣܵȴͶ
š

веĸԲϳ¼ȡеİ

𣿹Ҳ˵״һѧʵεĲԵȣѧһ
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㲻߱ѧǱʵĽȥҲ۴˾ķѵĲ

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ͶߣҲãҪ֤֮ûϸ𣬻Ҫһ
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ý壬Ҳڶ࿼Ψһľݣҵĵ
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һжپ󰸲ȴýעģýһṫӦ
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ˡ

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Ϊʲôְ

ߣ 

ڶշʷרҵоĹŵʱҵĸо
Ƶʱ˶˸һȰӣζ
˵ʵǲʱˣʡ

ɼΣΪ˵ѧûбҪĶԣʦȺ
һ۲۵Ⱥ塣ߵѡҲֻ˱ܣˣҾ
2006𣬲շʷרҵоĹƺ⣬ϵ
ǰʱ䲻õĳµĴְţʵھúЩֱ
ˣΪȺкܶ࣬ѧĽʦȺЩų
ܱ֮첻Ӧеŵġߡ˵ǵĴ
ǰңѧǵĹʲͣҶҲ˳
ܸء

ʱ㣬Ȼ˵ΪȺ壬Ϊ˱ҵ
ҾӲˣһֹ̬?

нˮ쵼߸ģЩ˰˹ģ쵼
Ĳƾʲôòо׼רҵѧǴ
Щ˰˵Ǯǰ׻

Ҫô͸ɴѧһѧµֱƣҪôͱشѧ
Ľ򣬺ǽ̷רҵģԼϵ²ҪҶᣬ
ڵĳѧר⣬ѧҲŹ涨ġ

ߺ˵ֻǲоһҪѧģı粵
ҵȻҲ޷ǼסĹѾһֲ̬ȣ
СΪ˱ԼڼҳĲ⣬׼ʳ飬Ƿǰƻ֮
òֻش𵽣ҷŭǶ԰ûƻ
ǣһͨűŲһ׼ܴѧ
غʹܲɷãĴݽ

òƵʮ׺ͳŲ֮Ĺţҿ
ı֣ѧһѧµľ

Ϊʲôְ

ڱͣ˶ʿ±ѧԺУоԺͬ־


ߣ 

ѧԺУоԺͬ־

зѧоѧƴ൱صȱݣۺϾǶ
ʮſγִ̣ŶԿȫ濼ŵʵϲĺȴ
ӦеרҵƫǷʷͷѧרҵĿЩ
ۺʷҶԴѾдĶܿܡƫơĿ
⡣ͼͨȨصҲֲȱݣһû
˵ЩҲȻѡרҵͻңͬʱͷʷ
ԣͨγöڴһ׶Σ֮ĿйֲҪһ
ԡ˸Խ׶Σʷ޷ش𣬲жǷʺ
ʷרҵо긴ԣæĿڷʷĻ֪ʶ
شĸȴֻһأʵ˵ĿԶѧҲǺ
ƽġ

ɣһֻӦǣǿͨԱķʽ
ѡäĿԡƶȱǴɻɵġУٷ
2005¼ȡѴﵽ47бУ30Զ
ѧ˶ʿ110֮һˡ࣬ζͨƽȾ
߻ļ١ѡεı׼Ǳƽ׶εĿԳɼҪǰéǣ
Ҹ˵޹۲죬൱ѧ߶ʱĳɼֻ϶ѣ
ǰᵽġƫơԭ򣬳ɼл߻͵ոųɼ
ﵽǰЩ˵ȻֻܱųˣȻо̫࿼
Ͷо˲š

ΪѾʵ˲Ϊָķ˶ʿ֮󣬷ѧ˶ʿӦ
ѧ˲šԺеķѧ˶ʿƶĿ걳
۵ġڲǰоԺйԱμӵԺʦ̸ϣʦ
˶ƶȵǿҲҲΪʲôӦع2003ǰĿ
ģʽϵͳ̸Լǣڵȴǣʦԣ
ȴȻأоѧģʽǽŵּ
йѧƶȵĽ棬ѧûбҪĶԣʦȺ
һ۲۵Ⱥ塣ߵѡҲֻ˱ܣˣҾ
 2006𣬲շʷרҵо

ش




 ѧԺ

2005623

(XYS20050627)

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컦ýڵţƤ

ߣfishman

˵һűָ磬ǲܸű
ģΪиڵ硣Xu H & malaria  Xu H & Plasmodium
Medline,Եõ15ƪ£е45ڣһˣƪ
ײжϡʣڵһƪͨѶߣ޲е
һ

1: Good MF, Xu H, Wykes M, Engwerda CR. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:69-99.
2: Kang WM, Yang RZ, Huang RZ, Xu HQ, Xie C, Liu QH, Ye JS, Xi YH.Ji 
Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 1984;2(4):263-4. Chinese.
3: Good MF, Stanisic D, Xu H, Elliott S, Wykes M.Immunol Rev.2004 
Oct;201:254-67.
4: Chen X, Xiao B, Shi W, Xu H, Gao K, Rao J, Zhang Z. 2003 
Dec;116(12):1810-20.
5: Chen X, Xiao B, Xu H, Shi W, Gao K, Rao J. 2003 Jul;116(7):1016-21.
6: Makobongo MO, Riding G, Xu H, Hirunpetcharat C, Keough D, de Jersey 
J, Willadsen P, Good MF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 
4;100(5):2628-33.
7: Xu H.Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 
1999;17(4):221.
8: Wipasa J, Xu H, Makobongo M, Gatton M, Stowers A, Good MF. Infect 
Immun. 2002 Nov;70(11):6013-20.
9: Wipasa J, Elliott S, Xu H, Good MF. 2002 Oct;80(5):401-14. Review.
10: Wipasa J, Hirunpetcharat C, Mahakunkijcharoen Y, Xu H, Elliott S, 
Good MF. J Immunol. 2002 Jul 15;169(2):944-51.
11: Zhang W, Liu XQ, Xu H, Good MF. 2002 May;24(5):233-41.
12: Good MF, Xu H, Batzloff M. Int J Parasitol. 2002 May;32(5):575-80. 
Review.
13: Xu H, Wipasa J, Yan H, Zeng M, Makobongo MO, Finkelman FD, Kelso A, 
Good MF.
2002 Apr 1;195(7):881-92.
14: Wipasa J, Xu H, Stowers A, Good MF. J Immunol. 2001 Oct 
1;167(7):3903-9.
15: Xu H, Hodder AN, Yan H, Crewther PE, Anders RF, Good MF.J Immunol. 
2000 Jul 1;165(1):389-96.

һԳƵĵһôרҵĶӦƸ߰ɣ

1: "һֱűо컦ô֮׵ġһ
״֤ʵϸ߶űȾãűĹ
УյϸߵĿԭȫ"

ʵҵѧ걨:

Investigators have known for more than 20 years that CD4+ T cells, 
independent of antibody, can limit parasite growth. Early studies 
using -suppressed mice (39), which have been repeated using mice 
genetically incapable of making B cells (40, 41), have shown that 
protective immunity can develop following infection in such 
mice.Furthermore, parasite-specific CD4+ T cells can adoptively 
transfer protection (42C44), and investigators have defined target 
antigens/epitopes for some protective CD4+ T cells (45, 46).

ʵ: űϸѾ20;ûBϸ,Ȼб
Ӧ,˵ϸߵҪ;ʵҵĹ45,46(Ӧ
6,8)(44ڸʵҵ):The purine salvage enzyme 
hypoxanthine guanine xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase is a major 
target antigen for cell-mediated immunity to malaria.Identification 
of T cell epitopes on the 33-kDa fragment of Plasmodium yoelii 
merozoite surface protein 1 and their antibody-independent protective 
role in immunity to blood stage malaria.Ժѡԭ.

2: "ڹϿ¡˵һϸߵű翹ԭ֤ʵűԭHGXPRT
ԭյϸ鵼߱ΪΨһ𱣻ϸ
ߵĿԭ"

All malaria antigens currently under consideration as vaccine 
candidates have been chosen on the ability of specific antibodies to 
inhibit parasite growth. They are located on the merozoite surface 
(such as MSP1, above) or on the surface of
pRBC. Although such antigens might also stimulate antibody-independent 
CMI, their ability to stimulate CMI was not considered in their 
selection as possible vaccine candidates. Because T cells recognize 
antigen only after processing, any parasite protein could 
theoretically be a target of protectiveCD4+ T cells. However,the only 
intracellular antigen identified as a possible target antigen is the 
enzyme hypoxanthine guanine xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 
(HGXPRT), a purine salvage enzyme critical to parasite survival 
because the parasite cannot make purines de novo (45). HGXPRTis a 
relatively abundant antigen in the parasite. It is located in 
electrondense regions in merozoites and in vesicles in the red cell 
cytoplasm (67). Because of its location, it would be released into the 
serum at the time the infected red cell ruptures and might be expected 
to tolerize potentially reactive T cells (68). Although its sequence 
does differ from human HGPRT, it is not known whether malaria-exposed 
individuals contain HGXPRT-reactive T cells.

ʵ:Ѿ࿹ԭյϸ鵼߱;HGXPRTν״
ϸڵ࿹ԭ;ÿԭܷڱ,֪.νthe only 
intracellular antigen,ϸһ?ѡԭ
һࣻоЩԭϸߣҲΪӦڵ

3,"ڿչűоͬʱ컦ҲűߵĻоڹ
״ȷűϸѧƣΪָ˷"

ţе̫,ѧƸ,ϸ߻Ƹ,ű߻Ƹ,
һȷűϸѧ,üŵ?

ʹMichael GoodҲ˵еһһ. 

(XYS20050627)

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֪̾ҡִ

Խ

ѺϿ֪ҡִڽܿѷ
http://star.news.sohu.com/20050618/n225991850.shtml

ôһ䣺ͥڵǼݵĸԣŮԱ
ûһˣóĻˮƽȴŸߣԼʣ
þ䣬۷ġ  Ҳ֪ӡûһˡôó
ĻˮƽȴŸߡģ³ӵĹִ
֮ûʲôĽ֪ͣ̾ҡ

(XYS20050627)

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һ޴ͷļġǱ

20050623й걨

֮

ΪӦϼϸưҪ󡱣ӱʡĽ̾·ͷ
ҪذѧõʵСѧȷΪسڵ
ءҵλڱɲְŮʱʾĸһı֤ԭ
ӡڵλоֳʵǩֵ֤飬һɾա622
աԶб

ˡͷļ֮ƣǲ˷ѱīԲ⡣ҸȤǣΪ
ʲôͷļȻҹȻ̤ƽԭΥĹ涨
˼ɵ򡰵ءҵλġʵϾǡĹ١

ţ˻ƵġͷļԳֻΪĳ˻ĳ
ˡһʱͿӦһĽ֮ѧõС
ѧҪաͷߵŮԭǵйԱͷеǱ򡣼
ǰûġͷļҳûЩͷĺСѧ
ֻҲϼѡУ˶ʵֵȨʵ
ܶѾ֤㡣

жϣΪԻǱ򡱵˼ʽϰ졢Ȼ
ʹĽֻ̾ججǩһ޴ġͷļ
ܹʶôԣǵ޴ð֮
踡һͷļֻһּµķʽõʢеǱ
Իˡ

ĳЩѾȫʧȥ˶ԽƽԭԾֻҲ
ǣǲǿԵձĹٳ˼άʽдգáļ
δܵġءҵλĵơһ¼ñ
Ȼ610աй걨һƪΪȨǱʧȥ
ޡ£жԺϵǷúּ̿ͼǺȡú80
ѡȻֽ󳤸Ϸͥ¼ʱд˸ɵȫϲ
桢˵ΥΥ湴ǶԼ߲ɷʱȻ޼ɻ䣬
óԷθ֮䡢ֱ׳ĿΪԼ绤ɴжϵ
ˡѱǱ򳹵ϴԵˡǹ¸ܵİѱ
ʧȥáԹ򡯼˵˼ά

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ӦԺϲĳԶΪ𡰶ˡ



ˡΪ϶ҽνϲڡ両ꡢֻ
ʵʡˡµͬ˿ϲϽ¶еĹ
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Ĳ֧֣˫ʵԺµѧƺ͹ԴЩ
ʵʡáˡָϲǡ両ꡢֻʵʡ
ͼѺϲͻѧܵĸ߶Уûо
֤֤ҿ۴ñӶѡ˵ˣˡĽҽϲ
ĳԶףǲϷҽһӶѡˡ òϣ
ĲþǶҽʧȥԼš

ˡ϶ҽʮʷţˡڵһƪ
ָ𽻴ҽĺϲǽ̲ҽ̲ʵȷ˲ܡ
ʵ϶ҽԼҳܣϺڶҽƴѧ(ԭϺڶҽѧԺ)ʥ
ԼѧҽѧԺ(1896-1952)𵩴ѧҽѧԺ(1911-1952)ͬҽѧԺ
(1918-1952)1952ȫߵѧУԺϵʱϲɡʣ1952ϲ
ʥԼѧҽѧԺ𵩴ѧҽѧԺͬҽѧԺʷڣԺУ
ȻԼ̳ǰѧУʷĻôϲ󽻴ҽѧԺΪβܼ̳
ҽʷĻ

ˡƽʹ󡱡Ȩǿ̲Ƿ
ġװǡָҲѡΪҽǹ
ѧִȨеһҽĽڵ½У
ôǷ˵Ƕҽ̲

ˡ 𽻴ϵųɾͣѾָΪ
ˡ ڿ֮˹١ҩﵼݳʡӰѧ
ĻоͲ˵ҽѧ͹ƽԶûжٿ
ԹԴĻϲ󣬽﹤̿ϵõ϶ҽ
չⷽĽѧУµĹԴˡҪ˵ϲ
ҽοԱ⡰両ꡢֻʵʡ
̣ĲӡҽԺʿ͸Ҵֻ£
Գƪ£http: 
//www.cjw.com.cn/index/Civilization/detail/20040526/15067.asp

ĲþǶҽʧȥԼš̬һĺ
ˡ˿ϲĳԶ׺˫ƻҲҽѧԺ
У԰ĻҲԵõѧҰһܺע⡣

˵һ£ϺϺҽ޹ϸͬʱϲϺ
ҽѧԺӦýϺ𵩣ߡͬ¡ҽѧԺЩǰǶǰ
ੲݡ

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򽻴ԺǸ



ȷʵªţллtobiָ򽻴Ժ֣صǸ
飬ʹУȷڽѧҪĵطҲͨУʺ
ʵ֣ûбҪǺϲɡνϲ»Ǽĵ


tobiᵽ2002ѳҽѧԺ----- ǽ󵥷ǿռ
ҽΪĽѧҶԴΪźҲԼԼ
----ԼҽѧԺս3꣬͵ظ裬˭²
̾Ϊ̲ҽĴĻǣԼѧࡣ

ʵԼҽѧԺtobiֲصʲôظ衣ǰ
ҽſҲ͹ϺͨѧҽѧԺӣֹӵĹµʱ
ͱΪЦϣⲻǽΪȫ̲ҽʩһ֮ƣҲ
ʱҽǿҷԺϲµһȨ֮ơһʼ壬û
ԼҽѧԺtobiֵµǴһ汩¶˽̲ҽ֮
ֶεıӣ̳νĶ沢гɣһ׳ɹõ沢
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ߣԹ

Ҫ˵ΪʲôҽӦøнйҽ
Ӧúȡһҽѵʱ䳤ڶҽѧԺĴ
ߣйҽѾˣҽְҵ±й
ߡ˵Ƿе֪Ա𣬼£

ߵĵһǣҪΪҽҪͷйࡣг˱
4꣬ҽѧԺ4꣬סԺҽ3꣬רҽѵƽ3ꡣҽѧԺ֮ǰ
ʵ2ꡣһ16ꡣйֻ豾5͹ˡ㿴
Ȱҽʱ㵽רҽѵϣйҽʱֻ
סԺҽѵ֮ǰڴҲòɴ˵̡
ҽѧԺ4ҵȥסԺҽֻܵҵйҽѧԺ5
ҵҲȥסԺҽ˵ʲôĻǾҽѧԺ֮ǰҪ
4걾ƣйҽѧԺһ꣬ʱʵֻĲˡ
ǵбҵʱˮ׼ֲҪС3ꡣҽ
ѧԺ֮ǰĸʵҸ꣬¼ȡĿԣǸǳ棬ǽ
ҽѧԺ֮ǰľͬߵ˵Ϊбҵһ
Ҫ16ܵҽ߲֪Ǿǹ󵼣ʵϣ
ҽѧԺ4ҵһסԺҽ3.5ԪнڴҪߣ
סԺҽѵҽҪȵרҽ֮ҽʵ
йҽѧˮƽѧйҽѧҵ߱ҵǰ¾Ϳҽ
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ߵĵڶǣҽѧԺĴ۸ߡгһҽѧ
Ժѧ2.54.5Ԫ֮䣬ƽ3.5Ԫòרҵ
Ĺ١ϴѧۣҽѧѧһҲǿĸ
ѧ顣Ҫ߾ٳһЩҽѧ$220,00030꣬
ܹҪ$425,304.൱һӵǮ4ҽѧԺǿ
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˵ġҽѧȣӦòǸծ۰ɡ򵥵
˵Ǿԩ

ߵĵǣҽľߵģǺ͵
֮Ĳಢߵġҽƽн20ԪרҼ
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ҽÿһǧԪĴڣõǧԪѾ൱ˡ

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ȡĩرǿйҽҪҽȣ
ҽְҵ¡Ϊейҽûְҵµġ
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ҽְҵ£Ǵ˵ǶʤΡټӾ͵óйҽ
ûְҵ£ôҲٳҽûְҵµǷ
˵ҽҲûְҵأ

ȷʵûҽ̨ͺͲ˼ϱݳԷҿ
ҽѲ̨ϣԼȥд֧ƱıҪ֪˵ĵڳ
ţСȷʵûҽ˼Ҫ֪
ҽ΢ЦŰǮͿաҽĳշйһٱ
˵ǲɱȣôҽշƽǼô3ǲ̫˵㡣
ȷʵûҽ򳧼ҪؿۣҼҽѳ
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˵йҽ˵ֳΪҽÿ
ͬѧͬԼڲͬйҽԹǵнˮ̫͵ʱ
ܲζйʱҲйͬıԹǣ
Ṳ̆ҽУıԹȴ
һζҿйʱҲҪԹģһ뿪й
˵ͬıԹͲˣⲻǵ͵˫ر׼ʲô

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ʸҽѧһȡסԺҽعͷҧһڣ˵йҽ
ʱ̡˵Щҽ˵
ҽѧ˵ġеļڹڵҽܹ
𣿡

ˣΪйҽѧйҽѧ
ȴԼԼǳ⣬氡ڡеļ
ڹڵҽܹ𣿡ΪԼӢˮƽԼҪӼװ
Ӷ֮⣬㻹ʲôڵҽûܹļɡ

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˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

ٻwenxiaogong

ߣwxf

wenxiaogongҲҽģҿҲر
˷һЩҲ֪ҽ֮£hotbraveryΪ㶫ҽ벻
ľһáؾöǲҽɾȫһ˶ĴҽԺ
ҽδرȵſȸСҽԺؼҽԺ٣ҽ
١һwenxiaogongȴӦúһҽԺЧܺã쵼
󹤳̣ٶ̵㣬ҽԶҽԺľЧͬҽ
ľЧ档ؼҽƣҽԺȫǹУԺֻԼɴñ
ֻԼСǮܲżƴӪҽԺ;
ĳҽԺĵط뵱Ĺûʲôһ£
ӱҵĻ

λġˡҽԭƺˣΪҽԽ
ЧļලԼƣǿܽ⣬ȻЩȵ
ΣҽȨּලԺ˭ģְٷ
ٶǰ衣оôǲأ˵ҽ̫຦Ⱥ֮
ҲϡֻҪ¢ϵĲţĸ̰ץһᣬΪʲôǰ
̣ǲǼǿ˼ͽˣ

ҪѲͬᱳģͬƶµΪ򵥶ԱȡҪһְҵ
ԱȡҴպμӲ˵ԣΪҲպ
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ȥԷ˻ΪûáɽΪҽպ
Ϊ˵ġΪƷ

ڻؿۣϴѾ˵ĵǸܲţǰ˵
һҩҪϺҽҪ600򣬸˭ҽԺҽɡЩ
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ְҵأҽԭ£ð»ĺѿҪΥȥͬ
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ֻЩwenxiaogongΪġľӢӡõǮȱ˻٣ҽƾ
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˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

˵Ĳ˵˵ҽʵʴ

ߣҥ

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Ŷʵ룿

ϺһҶҽԺҽҵסԺҽıơ
˶ʿƺwenxiagongԵģҽʱ̡ܶ

ȢǰҲǳ˵йҽжʶʡѧҽͬѧ
ǰ߿̫֮࣬ͣԱǣϴŵġƭ˭֪
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ƣŵ֮ҳԾ

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Ԫҡܵһ1800ԪҪָǣҽԺͬѧ
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1800Ԫе롣

Ҷ֪Ϻ۷ǣҲƣڱȽƫĵط˸һһ
1000Ԫ/¡

˵ǿȣԼûѧҽҲԼ߿ʱǡ߿
־Ըʱ򣬼ҳҪѧҽҽܷʵĴ԰ɣ뵽ҽ
Ĺѹ;ϵ˫ѹԼܳܣ
ӱϰ磬°ڼûг5ģ
ĩҲ޷֤Լգ˵ͻ绰ϻҽԺ
ȥˣһĩǲܹ뿪ϺġҺŵϼҶأҪ
ȥĸʵѡ

֣ģΪʵʹһλ˵ƨɾԴ
ΪʵҵĹ۵㡣ңĵ;˵ţҲû
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ѧҽѵŮݡֵܽõŮרҵṩο
ģһŽ飬Ҫҽѧרҵһ㣬Ϊٴҽ
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Уȥҽҩ˾߸õģȡȥУ顣

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乣Ѿʮ꣬ɫȴõSK2ŮɰľӨ͸о
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飬˲оԱһ֡ܳȡΪ
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Сָʶֱڽ̹ؼֵʵУ֤ʵϢҲ׳
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ͨ飬½칦ʿﴢʶɨ赽ʱ
⣻ĿɡɽʱһӨ͸ɽ 

ΪϢ·߽ܲյһضֻ
ʱͿƾţһӣžַܳԽ
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乵о棬һ֧ץعӣǰ̨󲡴ȥץ
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Ǽ򵥵Ļش𣬡ʵǼΨһ׼״治ڣ
ʵ֪ˡ 

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2005/06/15  

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     칦 

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оͻơʾ˹оӳʮ꣬ҲΪо
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ԱռṹҲӳвЧӦЩˮΪ
ơ 

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֪ȥԤ֪δɴ 

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    ý幤ҺiĿռ䡱չ
оݽһӳ鳡ʮĸ֪
飬鵽ġ 

    ӳΪ̨Уڡʡ
Ѷإһ͵¿ѧָĿǰѧҵĹʶǣܿ
ʽռģռе
ռ༴Ŀǰʶģкܹ
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磬иʽ顣ʶԺ
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о 

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ʻҪرСġ 

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2005/06/22  
̨ 

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˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

Ӣѧѧ

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Ӣý룬ӭָ

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OpinionpanelĴѧȵʾţԼ׶شѧ
ѧԺΪƴѧѧĿȻǰé1992´ѧ
ƽѧУʹѧ뷽õϸۡһ˼ǣƴ
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˴εڽ223յ39սеġOpinionpanel˾ݸѧ
¼ȡӢ10,542ѧһ꼶ѧ¼ȡ̺У԰
10桢44ʾ飬50ѧУų⡣ѧ
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ƽ飬ƽѧͷOpinionpanel˾оˣǰ׶س
ѧгӪ˹˵ЩλôѧΪ
һЩؿԳΪǿѧӦǿʹٽЩǿԺܺõع
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磬λڸ˹˹˼´Strathclyde˴һ
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Ŷѧṩռ750ӢĶ˴ѧWarwickλڿĴ
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˵ǰѧɹ˿ͣѧ˵Ƕĸ֣
ѧǺҪѧܸܵѺõķΧԱܹѧ
ʱעѧʹǾӦѧѧУѧﵽ
8000ݣȥ10%

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УOpinionpanel˾ܲñ˹ΪѷС30ô
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1.˹˼´ѧStrathclyde
2.׶شѧѧԺUniversity College London
3.׶شѧѧԺKing's College London
4.ţѧOxford
5.ϷѧCardiff
6.׶ص۹ѧԺImperial College London
7.նѧHull
8.ʥ³˹ѧSt Andrews
9.ŴѧCambridge
10.׶ؾѧԺLondon School of Economics
11.˹дѧBristol
11.˴ѧWarwick
13.ʿѧBangor
14.˵ϴѧDundee
15.˹شѧѧԺUmist
16.״ѧDurham
17.˹شѧManchester
17.˹ŮѧQueen's Belfast
19.˹ٴѧAston
20.ʿ˹ȴѧAberystwyth
21.ѧEdinburgh

ѧĿдѧаϵλ

1ŴѧCambridge
2.ţѧOxford
3 ׶ؾѧԺLSE
4.׶شѧѧԺUCL
5.׶ص۹ѧԺImperial
6.Լ˴ѧYork
7.˴ѧWarwick
8.״ѧDurham
9.ʥ³˹ѧSt Andrews
10.˹дѧBristol

ѧĿ˷ܳ

1.׶شѧѧԺUCL
2.˹شѧManchester
3.˹سдѧManchester Met.
4.Ŧ˹ѧNewcastle
5.׶شѧѧԺKing's Coll London
6.׶ص۹ѧԺImperial
7.ϷѧCardiff
8.ŵɭǴѧNorthumbria
9.ִѧLiverpool
10.ѧEdinburgh

ʦͼҳƼѧУ

1.ţѧOxford
2.ŴѧCambridge
3.׶ؾѧԺLSE
4.׶ص۹ѧԺImperial
5.״ѧDurham
6.ʥ³˹ѧSt Andrews
7.׶شѧѧԺUCL
8.˹дѧBristol
9.ѧEdinburgh
10.˴ѧWarwick

У԰

1.˴ѧWarwick
2.ţѧOxford
3.򱤴ѧLoughborough
4.ѧBirmingham
5.ŵѧNottingham
6.شѧExeter
7.ϷѧCardiff
8.ʿѧBangor
9.˹شѧLancaster
10.ŴѧCambridge



1.ʿѧBangor
2.նѧHulll
3.¸´ѧBradford
4.ʿ˹ȴѧAberystwyth
5.ѧAberdeen
6.˹شѧLeicester
7.ִѧLiverpool
8.˵ϴѧDundee
9.Ӵé˹ѧPortsmouth
10.ǴѧEastAnglia

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