                       ˿µϣ20051004գ

05.10.03ûи
05.10.04, YushһԿӵݣ
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05.10.04, ġҴ2005ɫйʮѡ˶˭
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05.10.04, ٷ֮ʮ

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

һԿӵݣ

ߣYush

һ. һԿ

һԿӵݡ(XYS20050930)͡һԿӵݣ
(XYS20051001)ᵽűṩ˹һԿӲͬݣЩ
ݻЦҹÿһԿ450˫ǹϵģķľ
1301662005002200׵˵迳ɭ200
ƽף2ƽƽ˵迳ľҲǴ
ǧòȡôһȷأ

ԼɡÿΪ24סխ 0.6׵ĳ
㣬450˫Ϊ77.76סľΪ[2]е60%ķľ
129.6ס[1]пܽṩ130Ǻϡ[3]
ÿṩľ2.3׼㣬130Լռ0.57%Ҳ
˵ġһԿӵҲֻռԴ0.5%1%ܽ
ΪҵɭԴ˾ԭ˾ҲӦֵġ

[4] ṩÿɭƽ89׼㣬130ľ
146ƽɭҲ˵ǿܽ˵ġҹһ
ԿӵԭҪӣëӶࣩ룬Լľı߽ϵȡ
ҪɭΪ146ƽ

迳ľĿĴСȣ㡣

ˣҹÿĵ450˫һԿӣҪķľ133ף
146ƽɭҪԭΪëĻ߽ϡȷ
ֺʵý߿ܲ⣬׾ӵͻƵǶСѧ
Ļ̶ȵĹ˵˸衣ʿƲյ
һԿڶбƻֹУʡȫʡ200161վ
ֹʹһľ꣬䲼ҵ˽˵Ͻһ
ľĺܸߣܲܵжССֹ
ܿΪһֽġ[13][14]

һԿӡɵõ9ҵĽо
ܾơƻֹһԿӵģ[1]ָһԿ
˷ѡűʹһԿ˵(XYS20050926)
ᶨƵʹһԿӡ(XYS20050927)Ժ£
ûһƬ֮Сýݵڸоԣظһǧ
ͻΪһԿӵĻԺظ飬óΪ
ռˡԸľ߲Ҫġ֮
ϣʡǰ֮

. һԿ

һԿӵԴú;Чʣ[1]ѾȨ˵ڣ
ǽһļ㣺ʹһԿӣɶԴ
˷ѣǵĳЩýߺͻʿ￴ֻԴ˷ѣ
ֻԴ˷ʡ

¼УоݣȨݻڳʶǰǣ
ÿĵ450˫һԿӣôȻ450ڴε
ߣһԿӡӡӵȡֻϴӺ450ڴηһ
ԿӵĶġʹӡӵȣơ

ǵǶԴֽϲУȡУ
1000˫ӵģλжǷȻƵ450˫

1000˫жأÿӳ24סխ0.6׼㣬1000˫
ԼΪ17סЩӣ໥֮ķ϶ֱ
һŵļøѹԴֱ֡Լ30׵ˮͰСд˸֮
ϴӺ450ڴηһԿӵԴģΪݺ[ο
]

1. ϴӼ
ÿϴ1000˫Ӻ151ף15ϴӼ㣬450˫Ҫ
67.5675ϴӼ
൱351˿ڵĴһµϴӼȫϴӼ300
[5]˿13ƽƣ
ᵼŨΪ100ppmĸӪȾˮ200֣ϴӼ
ƺΪ30%[5]

2. ˮ
ÿϴ1000˫Ӻ50ˮԼ3㣬450˫Ҫ
225ˮ
൱75˿ڵеȳһµľˮ˾ˮ3
[6]
൱ÿ126졣
ˮĺԲ԰20ŵ200ˮ[7]

3. ϴ˹
ÿϴ1000˫Ӻ10ӣÿ10˫ִ6룩㣬450˫Ҫ
750Сʱ˹
൱2568ÿ칤8Сʱÿ깤365רְϴ깤

4. ϴ
ÿϴ1000˫Ӻĵ1ǧʱ[8]㣬450˫Ҫ4500ǧ
ʱ
൱135˿ڵеȳһµľõõ100[9]
˿3ˣ
õúԼ1.8֣ÿǧʱú400[10]180úƤ
ÿƤ100[11]

ÿϴ1000˫ϴϴʱ1Сʱ[8]㣬450˫Ҫ
4500ʱ
൱ÿϴ1400̨ÿ칤8Сʱ11[12]

5. 񣺵
ÿ1000˫Ӻĵ0.66ǧʱ[13]㣬450˫Ҫ2970
ǧʱ
൱89˿ڵеȳһµľõõ100[9]
˿3ˣ
õúԼ1.2֣ÿǧʱú400[10]120úƤ
ÿƤ100[11]

ÿ1000˫Ӹʱ0.5Сʱ[13]㣬450˫Ҫ
2250ʱ
൱ÿ963̨ÿ8Сʱ8[13]

ͨϼ㣬ǿԿʹ÷һԿӣԴ˷ѽǾ
˵ġ

. Դ

Ҳ˵ԷʱԴӣͿԱЩ𣿾˵
ʿôġȻ֮ѻ᳤ӽ
ȥ͹ݳԷһӣΪѧϰĺð[15]ߣ
ĳ˾涨ԱͲͱԴӣ򷣿[16]

ʵԴͬԴĳЩࡣԴҪ
ʲôͽֽһ°ɣúҪʱˮϴȻɰɣ
֮ǰҪʱװڴɣô450ڴλɶأ
ǼһΪã

1. ˮ
ÿϴ1˫Ӻʱ5롢ʹÿ0.046Ľˮͷ[17]㣬
450ڴҪ1035ˮ
൱345˿ڵĴһµľˮ˾ˮ3
[6]
൱ÿ1120졣
ˮĺԲ԰20ŵ200ˮ[7]5ࡣ

2. ͽֽ
ÿ1˫Ӻ1Ųͽֽÿвͽֽ200ż㣬450
Ҫ2.25ںвͽֽ
൱ȫ133.5Ĳͽֽÿÿƽ10ż㣩

3. ˹
ÿЯϴ1˫Ӷ⻨10㣬450ڴҪ1.25Сʱ

൱Լ4.3ÿ칤8Сʱÿ깤365רְԴӹ

450Ǹ֡˳ڻ̬ԴӵҲû
ʲôر֮ˣ10ϴӦǡáǡ˷ѡʱ䡣
Ҫȫѧϰͬɾ޶Դ˷ѡ

. ۣʿο

ͨϼԷ֣ʹһԿӡʹ÷һԿӡԴӾ
ԴĻ˷ѡôʿ׸أҸ
飺ֱץǵᣬǵѺڰӡ
ץϰ⣬ץδеš̫࣬ȥϴҪ
ˮϴҺԽ顰ʿصʷǰᣬǻûз֦
ӼвʳᣬɭԴѻҪʣô죿ϴ
ҲҪ˷ˮȾˮԴѽûϵǸûнã
ֱƨϲ伴ɣǶëأ

. 

˻ҪʣΪССһԿôݡô
δ̫С˰ɣʵȻ450˫һԿӿֵܼ22.5Ԫ
ңÿ˫5Ǯ㣩гڴ1.6ԪĴ⣬ǳ
ɭԴĴ¡֪ߺ͡ʿ
Ǵдĳԡ
С㡱ĸݣָʹһԿҪ
ԴȻԼóĽۣȻΪߵսۣ
Ҫڡֱӡĵоõݺʵϣǿõ
ġӡϵġ;˵Ȼǿܲ⡢ɿԣ

οϼժ¼

[1] һԿʾˣһԿӲ˷(XYS20050929)
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia6/huanbao67.txt
ҵľľӪ칫ҾӪȥһ
ԿרУʾЧľĵľüֵ
ҲбҵˣĿǰԭľ۳200Ԫ/300Ԫ/ף
ӾͿֵԪ;ľЧáҹ10
ҵҵԱһԿӵӹһԿӵΪתڵ
ľṩ˾ҵıϣʮֵĳɱ޴ĳھüֵ
ͷ½õĺʾһԿÿڶΪ1.6
Ԫ656䡣
ҵɭԴ˾ԭ˾йҵҵЭﱸ鸺ˡʿ
ʦܽڡ
ܽڸĽͣȥһԿӵķչܰԴ
̬ϿʵһԿӵҲֻռԴ0.5%1%ҹһԿ
ӵԭҪӣëӶࣩ룬Լľı߽ϵȣ3
֬Ƚ٣ʺһԿӡ
ܽڸ߼ߣҹĿǰÿһԿӽ450˫ĲĽ130
ס

[2] עһԿӳ˰Ϸ

http://www.southcn.com/finance/quanweifabu/guangdonghg/200509141164.ht
m
ԴϷ 20050914
ߵλΪ麣йۺͳƴ
ľӡľĵЧʽΪ60%

[3] 2003йľҵго
http://www.chinaccm.com/26/2607/260701/news/20040421/164130.asp
л - ذ - о - о 2004-4-21
ɭݣĿǰṩľ2.3ףɭ
ֳ1.2׵£

[4] йҵҵѧٵս
http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/OP-c/2013.htm

һ ֵλ1000꣩
ò 88125
 ɭλ1000ף
ò 7556177
ƽm3/hm2 89

[5] ˮԴȱЧԲ
http://www.yusi.org/china/hbys.htm
Ͼ⻯о
ĿǰҹǧϴˮŷųģᵼˮԴӪȾ
ŨΪ100ppmϴˮ90ڶ/꣬ο׼ȫ
ϴӼ300֣ƺΪ30%

[6] עˮۣԳнʽˮ
http://news.xinhuanet.com/house/2004-06/04/content_1507299.htm
» 2004-06-04 08:13:04 Դ»
ݱнˮйѧԺȥ꣹¶Աˮеĵ飬
˾ʵˮֱΪͣסͳƾֺˮ
Ŷԣˮʾ˾ʵˮֱǣ
ͣס۳سˮĳ˾ˮӦ
ڣҡ

[7] Բ԰ĺʼעˮ ԰ˮܿʧ
http://env.people.com.cn/GB/1072/3680642.html
ʱ(20050909A09)
ǰ10ʱ30ֿʼˮվˮ7򷽣7֣ٶȡȡ
Բ԰ķĺԤ20粴԰԰200
ˮ

[8] ϴΪѽ
http://bj.sina.com.cn/e/2001-05-17/14759.shtml
2001051709:54 ձ-
ϴһҪһСʱ
һϴʴ950w-2300w

[9] ǰ1ųӹ17
http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/14562/2977492.html
20041110 Դ¾
ݱͳƾ2003סʾÿÿõƽΪ118ǧ
ʱ
졭ÿƽõ80ȼ
ÿƽõ80ȼ

[10] ʵǿƼ£ٽֻҵµķչ
http://211.157.1.178:8088/cchinamet/jylt/eleforum/7.asp
йó ͨѧ 
ҹ70úĸߴΪ502g/kwhÿ2g/kwhҵ
ٶ½1998402g/kwh½ٶѾڼ

[11] йٵ ڶú̿ȱ
http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/jingji/470031.htm
ƾʱ 20031229
ҷίΡŹ͸¶Ϊ˱֤Ӧȫÿú
Ƥﵽڣһģڶú

[12] ҵʹΪ٣
http://xjd.abi.com.cn/service/readzs.asp?id=239
ϴʹΪ11

[13] ʡֹһԿʧ˼
http://news.sohu.com/20050816/n226686792.shtml
ʱ䣺2005081610:29Դձ
2001412գʡҵʡ̾Ϸֹۺʹ
һԿӵľͨ棬涨ӵ61ȫʡΧڽֹ
ۺʹһԿӣǿΥΪһδﵽ
Ŀģڴʹһľ꣬ľʹûسֹ
ûнһʵСƶȳΪһֽģ˭֮
ͳƣҹÿһԿ450˫˷ķľ166
ףɼɭ200ƽס
һеȵ138˹񣬼۸Ϊ320Ԫ
߰겻⡣ʱΪ600Wʱֻ
30WϲĳʹУ֤ÿʹʱ60ӣ²ĸ
ʹУ֤ÿʹʱ15ӣͿȫﵽµã
24Сʱ硣ÿʱ䰴30ӣڱ״̬12Сʱ
㣬ôʹһĵΪأ138ġ˹һõֻ
0.66ȡһȵ簴0.8Ԫ㣬ÿֻ0.53ԪһΪ
190.8Ԫ˹һ۾ɷѴԼ40Ԫôʹһܹ
230.8Ԫ
һ·ҳߵпаڷһ꣬һ
׵ģ2400˫Ϊһ䣬Ϊ80Ԫƽÿ˫۸Ϊ0.03Ԫһ
Ǵ׵ģ2400˫Ϊһ䣬Ϊ95Ԫƽÿ˫۸Ϊ0.04ԪͰ
0.03Ԫľ۸㣬͹һʹõ100˫꣬ôһĻΪ
1080Ԫһʹõ50˫꣬ôһĻΪ540Ԫɴ˿ɼ
С͹ݵϰ˵ʹʹһԿӻöֻ࣬ǴҲ

Yushλֻʡ͹ϰʿҪ׵ö࣬
еԭ֮һ

[14] Ϊֽ ܡ
http://www.sf.gov.cn/dbfnews/display.asp?key=48
2002-5-15
»£յ磨 ¸ ʡ
̨ԲһľꡢӰͨĦгͿΣ
ȫ̻
нֹ ߷ɶϷ
ꣶ£գʡҵʡ̾Ͼȫʡֹ
ʹһľ꣬ΥΪҹ̨߳
練ӳáȻ䲼ûãˡͷβΡ
ʼ͹Ӧߣʹһȡһ
ľꡣҵҲ̲ͬſչ˼ִһЩΥ͹ݽ
˲鴦
ʱãһľĴС͹ݹ㷺ʹʱգ
߷Ƕ···ȼҵΪ·Σֽ
ٽֲ͹нУδʹһľꡣһľг
гȵأһľȻڹۡ

ֹʹһľ껷ٴ룬ΪκܿΪһֽġ߲
˽⵽Ⱥڹδת䡢һľɱ͵⣬Уֹ
Ҫԭ
ʡҵ˵ʡһľҽļңѻ
ͣĿǰгеһľҪʡ⡣ۡʹһľļ
鴦Ҫɹ̲Ÿ𡣵ʡ̾ҵһλ˵߱
ҵģֲ̾һ¡ϡѡ˵ȥ
æгûʱһľꡣ
İ䲼ûԤϵֽʡҵйظ˽˵
Ҳִ֪ѶȺܴ󣬵ǣϽһľĺܸߣܲ
ܵжС

[15] Ȼ֮ѻ᳤ӽѶ̸
http://news.qq.com/a/20050901/001573.htm
2005090120:53 Ѷ
Ȼ֮ѻ᳤ӽȥ͹ݳԷʱ򣬶һ

[16] ˾涨ԱԷҪԴ Υ3ν

http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2005-08/30/content_3420545.htm
20050830 Դ̱
ǰգ̲ĳ˾ʾһ涨828𣬷
ҹ˾ԱͲͱԴӣΥ涨ߣÿһδ10Ԫ
Υ3λִܲԿ

[17] 貿ʹ÷ǽˮͷļͥ(ͼ)
http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/EC-c/861385.htm
ʱ䣺2005 05 13  | Դű
һˮͷΪ0046룬ÿӳˮֻ276

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

ע˸ֽıڡѧ硷20055ڣԭ塣

һˡ˻ˣ
ԡ;ѧϺƾ뱾

𺣾

һ

ĩѧ䡶ҹнһЦһɮˣһʿ
ͬҹʿӸ̸ۣɮη壬ȭޡɮԻ
๫̨һˡˣʿԻˡɮԻ
Ң˴һˡˣʿԻȻһˣɮЦԻ
˵ҴСɮšʵγֻǹŴЦִҲڼ
ţһ£ͬһ˵ˣˣŹ
³㡣ڿ;ѧ뱾޲ءD.ء˹S.
ף;ѧʩٻǿ룬žУϺƾѧ
2002档¼ơϺƾ桱뵽ЦȨ
ҲΪֽţһ뱾

;ѧνɵľ÷һЩѧ206070
һѧɣڶ̶ʮȫŷޡ
ңʢһʱ90һЩܸɵƷǽ̿Ҳ鵽
йˣеٮٮ߾пغ׵ġ;ѧ޲ءD.ء
˹S.ף;ѧž룬ϺꡢϺ
1994档¼ơϺ桱ܸߵҲѧɵ
ﲨ˹ô󣬵ҿΪ̿ڽṹԶȲ˹
ġɵľ÷¡˹ɣɵľ÷׿룬
Уйٿȫ1997棩Ϊص̿ĸµȻ
ѧרҪö࣬Ҿͻ°棬ߺ͹ڳ
ƺڳϱδʱ뱾磬ɵľ÷
ݵ1992Ӣı4棩ʵİ֮ʣӢı
ʼƳ5ˣڸѾ˵6棨2003꣩;ѧ뱾
ƺϺЩϺƾ桱ǸӢı3淭뱾ʵ
ϣӢıѾ2003Ƴ˵4档Ȼ޷ԭͬ
뱾ʱƺбҪ׼ȷصش뱾



ԡ;ѧϺƾ桱ע⣬ʼڽ3ϲʱ
żУߵһƪİԡΪУžǸ顰Ϻ
桱ߣһӦдģнˡϣͼ
뱾ĵ1ҳͿһǾȻ߷Ժ󷨹
ķ˹Oliver Wendell HolmesĦ˹֪ϸ߻Ϊǿ
ϵӢ̽е󷨹أڵ50ҳͬ
λķ˹ȴֱɡնī˹Ϊϣеҵ֮ˡ

ķ룬һ׵ģ̶ֱ׷ǰЩų
ѧİйʥӡMencius˹뱾
еһ仰Ϊ˵йɽھս
һдľѾͻƽޣзأʱӦ
ֻʹѾ·ߡ162ҳ
עǻ˸ĵĳɣͼս9ڣ3
֡191ҳע6ɽְҵҺߣƺ
ͲһѧҺ;¼ң˴أңɣͼ˭
ɽһأˣ߳ǣӦǵˣ
йʱڵľۼӣ䣩ᡶսǡ
跨ԭ֤ԭдģTo 
illustrate from a classical book on the art of war, the Chinese 
philosopher Sun Tsu writes, When your army has crossed the border 
[into hostile territory], you should burn your boats and bridges, in 
order to make it clear to everybody that you have no hankering after 
home (Sun Tzu, the Art of War, section IX, part 3) (p. 187)
Robert Cooter and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics, 3rd ed., Addison 
Wesley Longman, Inc. 2000֤ԭĶҳߣָ飩
Ȼԭõӵġӱӡ¡ŵ
ƪν˧֮֮أƸԭ߰ѡӡ
Sun TzuԭдSun TsuɽɣSun 
Yat-senͲ֪ηʥġɣͼ¾Ͳרҵ֪ʶ
ˣ

ķ룬òͬĺҲ
һЩ˵ķ룬ѾγԹ̶ǣ
˸룬¾Ͳ˵ȷˣǼ淶ġϺƾ桱
ĴҲڶС磬ԭ롰ѧһ˹ˡ޶˹
˹·չĹڹƽĸ72ҳԭǡAristotle
ʿ£ٱ磬ԭ롰磬ά֣ɹķ桪
ͳһҵ桪ıдߡ361-362ҳǲԭģp.422֪
ᵽƶͳһ̷䡷ǡͳһҵ桱ѧ
Karl Llewellynͨ¬֡ҲǷʵĴ



;ѧϺƾ桱רҵӽṹȷԴҲ
ƵƵ֡ƪ

1ԭ룺߷ԺԱ2ҳ߷Ժ
оŸԱ󷨹ٺͰ˸١55ҳ

ԭģAssociate Justice (p. 3), The Supreme Court of the 
United Stateshas nine member, consisting of the Chief Justice of 
the United States and eight associate justices . (p. 63)

associate justiceȲйԱҲ
٣ʹǵĵλôʾ󷨹١Ϊ
ϯ󷨹٣Chief Justice˽˾ƶȵ˶֪
߷Ժ9λ󷨹ɣ1λΪϯ󷨹٣Ŀǰ˾ƴְ׿˹
William H. Rehnquist

2ԭ룺ɵ߼ԵģһֱǾԵġ50ҳ

ԭģThe life of the law has not been logic: it has been 
experience. (p. 57)

ɵ߼ھ顱仰ѧϰɵ˶
ģѳΪķ˹һ־ͨʵ硶Ӣʵ䡷½
ࣺӢʵ䡷Ϻĳ1989棬1539ҳHolmesĿ
仰ԭ߼ȿ԰ͬһķ˹ˣ޹ֺԴԾ
ˡƵУ÷ڡŴһ仰
˶˴ΪֹһݵԼ˶÷򣺡Ŵ
һ룬ӡ1959棬97ҳˡ
˶ΪֹѳΪһӵλͬ˶̡򡶹Ŵķ
ɡ153ҳ

3ԭ룺ίɷѧʿƶ˱Ϊطķ
ݰ1804깫ִСݸ÷ѧCorpus Juris Civilis
ͨ򡱣ΪǵģͣͨڹԪ528-534ڵʱ
۹ʵ۵ָ±׫ġ51ҳ

ԭģNapoleon supplied them by commissioning legal scholars to 
draft the rules called the Code Napoleon, which was promulgated in 1804. 
The scholars who drafted it took their model the Corpus Juris Civilis 
(The Body of the Civil Law), which was compiled and edited in AD 
528-534 at the behest of the Roman Emperor Justinian. (p. 58)

˴зζǣԭл񹲺͹1986ġͨ
1500ǰġȫCorpus Juris CivilisҲ
ȫУҲǡǡط䡷
Code NapoleonģҲΪִ񷨵ǡ񷨵䡷
Code Civil FrancaisһȾͱΪط䡷
ԿҵĹٲڴʤʮսۣ¬ݻôʤ
ᱻκζݻٵģԶڵģҵ񷨵䡱ط䡷
ࡢ⴫á룬ӡ1979棬򣩡⣬ԭ©
׫ȫλʵ۵Justinianڶʿ
ᡱʿᡱʿᰲǰȥо
Ŀ֤Ӣ﷢ȷ뷨Ӧǡ˹Ŭ
˹ܖԭۡϲᣬӡ1994棬2ҳע1

4ԭ룺һֱͼͨ䲼׼ҵUniform 
Commercial Codeҵϻøһԡ⣬2020
Эᣨthe American Law Instituteڲֲͬ
ͬʱ֯Ծл޶ɡЩ޶ͬ
the Restatement (Second) of Contract LawȨڶ
the Restatement (Second) of Tort LawڹϾбΪ
ҷвеص㡣52ҳ

ԭģԡ

Uniform Commercial Code / UCCѾͨΪͳһ̷䡷
οȷǡ׼ǡѧͳһݷȫ
ίԱ֯ݵһͳһɸݲɺڸЧĿǰ
ѱɣ·˹δȫɣAmerican Law Institute / 
ALIͨΪѧᡱѧᡱЭᡱ
оԺԣALIֻһ
ԣRestatement޶ɡ޶ͨ
ˡʵֻǡ仰˵ǰĳһд˾
ϵͳ򵥻Կ˷ĲȷԺ͹ָԣBryan A. 
Garner, Blacks Law Dictionary, 8th ed., 2004, p1339ѦࣺԪ
Ӣʵ䡷ɳ2003棬1191ҳˣthe Restatement 
(Second) of Contract LawӦͬڶΣthe 
Restatement (Second) of Tort LawӦȨڶΣָ
뱾ڴ˺ֽUCCˡͳһҵ䡷190-191ҳͳ
һҵ桱361ҳȣ治֪䡰׼ڣ

5ԭ룺ڷɵľ÷Ѿʾˣ2060һ֪ʶ
ҵͨЧ֮һԱκԤڵĶҪࡱ360
ҳ

ԭģEconomic analysis of law has demonstrated more consistency 
between the common law and efficiency than anyone anticipated when the 
intellectual enterprise first began in the 1960s.(p. 421)

ԭģƶûܹʲôСһ֪ʶҵ
Ϊǵʱֵν֪ʶáеҵأҪô60
أʵԭ߲ףenterpriseҵСҵ
˼˴ġintellectual enterpriseʵʾָ2060ʼ
;ѧ˶߽˾Ϊڷɵľ÷֪ʶҵ
2060ʼѾͨЧ֮һԶ
˵Ԥϡ

6ԭ룺ˡĴͳṩһӡ18ʱ
ƱݺͻƱһģʽ֤361ҳþעͣڶ
̶ϣ͵ķʵԶǳԵģȻģ
ͨͺ·ĹϵǺؽġ18ĽƱ̸ֶ
սͨḺ́ܺõؼ¼ͳɻڡ̸йߵ
ʷ19ġԼڡ1700֮ǰͨ
ŷڿ38ڣ295ҳ1979꣩жԻ
367ҳע28

ԭģThe Traditional account of the law merchant provides 
an example. The law of notes and bills of exchange in the 
eighteenth century especially exemplifies this pattern.(p. 421-422). 
The extent to which the medieval law merchant was substantive, 
rather than procedural, is disputed, and its relationship with common 
law and admiralty law is difficult to reconstruct. The Process of 
assimilating bills of exchange and negotiable instruments into the 
common law, which occurred in the eighteenth century, is well 
documented. The traditional theory is developed by Holden in EARLY 
HISTORY OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS (19). Holden is criticized by John 
Baker in The Law Merchant and the Common Law Before 1700, 38 CAMBRIDGE 
LAW J. 295 (1979). (p. 422, n. 28).

߿ºѴ⡰ˡ̸ֶΡָʲô
͵ķʵԶǳԵġʲô˼ǿԭ
ʱһʶʱlaw merchantɲǡˡ
ϰγɵġ˷noteҲָƱݡָƱݵһ֡
Ʊnegotiable instrumentsġƱݡǰ˸Ҳ
ŵġ̸ֶΡע⣬Ըע28ķнṹԴ

7ԭ룺һرİʱѲطҪϯ԰
£Ժ˵ǡüһáen banc or in bank
55ҳԺܡ;˵˷ֲ֤˵ģ
Ϊſ޷жЧԡ;˵ǻ򣬵
ŷˡ366ҳע20

ԭģԡ

üһá;˵ЩйϿڣ
ѧζ֮Ӣ¾ͺܲζˡen bancǷģ
Ӣon the benchȫԺͥ󡱻ȫϯָɷԺ
ȫ巨ٲμӰͲСhearsayΪ֤ݷӦ
š򡰴֤ݡhearsay ruleǡ֤ݹ򡱡

8ԭ룺ĵطԺУǴ
ѡġ366ҳע21

ԭģIn local courts in America, most judges are elected for 
limited terms of office. (p. 408, n. 21)

ԭ뿴ƺ˵ٴʦ
ʲô˼أԭģȻɼߵˡoffice
һǡǡְԣ仰˼Ӧ˵
طԺǱѡٳڵְλġ



бҪָ;ѧϺƾ桱һЩϮԡϺ
桱ңϺ桱ҲĴΪ߲Ǳ
ֱӶ󣬹ʽΪ֤磬߷Ժ󷨹٣associate 
justice١Ϻ桱114ҳͬʿᡶ
ȫ˹ͥ۹97ҳѹʹѧ߸˹
Hugo Grotius˹180ҳѺͬ
ҪԼŵֱۡ͡ܡ297ҳȡ˼ǣ
ĿͷᵽĻķ˹٣ڡϺ桱ֱ˵ĸˡ
˹١298ҳ

Ͼڷѧ棬Ҫ漰뱾ĵ310б
۵ɴ󡣱֮⣬֤鷭֮أ֮ӣ
У֮ɴˣȫ۾ǣ;ѧϺƾ桱һ
زϸķƷû֪ʶһͳУͽ
༭ͳΨͼνؾʧγǰĽ
룬ֻҪһʵסϲ˶ӡ֪롢Уߺͳ
ǷʶĴ󡰱Ҳǡ;ѧ⡱

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

ڡˮվҲǺ˵ļ٩

/ˮ

ܿ 2005913աˮվҲǺ˵ļһĵĺ棬
ϵѧѧʿΪʦѧѧѧѧԺڡһ
ܣһüһѧѧʿ˫ȫȻƪ¶
Ǻ˵˵ƨͬҲΣһҲ˵Σ˵
ɣֻܵ٩٩㿪ЦҲ棬Ƿе˵
׵ĻȫϷϣǧҪҪ⡣
еݣΪɽڵԭģ

˵ һλĵطɲ˵ýˮװ׵ʣⲻ
̰ۺ˷ѿǼķѽ˸ˮûаװߣ
űȽˮվֵ̬֮⣬кܶҲ
ˮġȻ˶ܲˣܵλϣ
͵Ϊ°ˣӰôôɡǰ죬һλ
ž޴屳Ժʿǰŭ죬žŭվҲ˵Ҫ
Ϊһ顱ȻΪʲôһˮվͱȻڡΪһ
顱أҪ𣿡

ߵ˵Ǻ棬߸߱ˡˮûаװߣűȽ
ˮվֵ̬֮⣬кܶҲ
ˮġ˵滰ҷǳͬߡˮΪЩ
˵֮󣬱ͶˣҲͬúˮ硣ǧ
磬Ǭĺˮܾ͹ιˮֻ

ߵĸۣλĵطɲȻˣҲȻˣ
ȫ˶Ȼˡ벻߾Ȼڵϣֻп
ܴڵġڶˮֻȻܰˮֻˮԵĲ
ԣǣûб°ˮֻˮԵˣߺűȽ
ˮվֵ̬֮⣬кܶҲ
ˮġ֮˵أ

ȷʵȻȻǣ˶֪ߴ˼漣
Ƿ񾭲ʼ˵ɵԱ˸ңǸɵӡһ
ţ˵ڿйĳƴѧһ֪ڣôɵأ
һǷˡڶŽڡ

ѹҪʡΪʲôһˮվͱȻڡΪһ顱أ
Ҫ𣿡ȷ㿴ɷġڶˮֻȻ
ܴʲɣҪҿʱһһѺ֮֡£ˮ
վΪһأǱʦѧҪСˣ
֪ڵŷǧĺˮܳԽȥʦѧ
Ҳ̫Σˣ㲻þͱŽڵġڶڵˡ

Žڻкۣܶ˵ 1.ˮ翪ܽڵġƶ
״̬ʹǸƶѧ˵ȫˮ緢չ
ˣôûĸҵִˣһǰøƶأŽ
˵ˣ磬˵ƶˣǸƶˣҿԸٳһ
ӣΪ֤ݡ֮һ˱ƶˡ

Žڻ˵2.ǿˮ翪Ǵ˾Եڵİᣬǵ˶
İ᡿˲˵ôǰ᣿ҿˮռ
һʮ룬еҪ°أԳ
̸ǰ᣿Žڻˣߵ˵˵ǰᣬ㿴
ϻôú̿ʯͣȼȾǻϽչ
һɸɾ硣ƫƫҪȥʲôˮ磬ⲻǰ
ʲôԴûеġɾȨ

Ž˵3.̬Ϊ˸ͣܣڱ
ԼĲƸΪάԼ桿˲˵̬ڲͬвͬ
ҪҪ̬Ҳܲ˵ɣʽڣ
Ǽҵĳӣ𣿽˵Ҳܣҷżе
ʱ뵽ŭϿɽȪϴĹŭũǼҼ
˵磬ԡңҵȥ۸ȥұ̬Ŀĺȷ
Ϊ˸ͣܡģȫΪԼܣԣҪ
ҿŭҲǿСĵ㣬Сڶ
ɺˮˮأҪ٣ж٣Ҫ࣬жࡣ

ڻ˵4.ȻϢϢأȻҲ㿴
˵öðǾͶûнڵľߡڴẦκȻѧ˵
ȷʵӦȻҾһӲɱ˵ӡȽЩ
ʳߣһӹֲԡ˵ҲУֲҲ
ҲǴȻɷָһ֡ǿҴȻҴС󣬴
𺦹ȻԣʲôֲﶼûԹʺ˻
Ϊ֪ʺȾҲȻ

˵5.µĿѧδҿȻĴ󲿷ְأ಻׶Ȼ
ĸı䡪൱ʱָıкġȷʵڵľ
ǸߣͶԺӽ࣬ǹڻԣڡµĿѧ
δҿȻĴ󲿷ְء£Ըȥɽӡ

ڻ˵6.ŭ֮ӳѾǷչ뻷ìܣ
طʹ˾ĶҺڵĳ֮ìܡ㿴
˵ö!Ԥ˵Ƿô֪ǿʲôչ뱣
ìܣɵϣһûáҪֹŭˮ翪Чİ취Ҫ
ÿ̡֮ìܣΪ²ȶ㿴
Žڴɣйˮ翪Ǳַ谭ġ㿴Ϫ
ɵڶûʽ鵽ҲϣٲҲ͵͵ŭ
ѾƳ˽꣬ϿҲҪⶼǽں͹⡰רҡץ
סҪìܵĽ

ڽ˵һƶĵطϣĳĶ
һ߼װãһͷðƸй˵
ľ۱衣飬ʹûѧѧɣصĵºͳʶ
ũҲšɻȥϵڱ
Ȼ뾭ѧͼİװȴΪ档
Ļԭۡе۵Ĺһطˮվ·ƾնһ
վһתͰѰװʵĽӱԴΪǸķչṩ˶
һƾıòԼļ˵־
ںӰƬֵΪĽִ 
ʲغ㡣һװܹһЩöôһ
װװĵطʹſתЩöĶ
ΪԴҲãҲã̬ҲãôǸװ
ֻתƾմ졣Ҳ˵ǸװõЧԽߣתԽף
ͻԽ;ƿݡΪǸԭеģȻ޵ġԴˣ
ѧһ˵Դݽߡ

ڵĹ¾һװܹһЩöôһ
װװĵطʹſתЩöĶ˸
߽˵иˮļһѵӷ˵ŭˮ翪ǰŭˮ
иֺתΪˡ ˵ˮ˵
תĵ㿴ǼҵĹԵʺĻǣʺһ
㶼ûתȻҽžͲһˣΪҷˡڶԣ
ҳһʺʲô㿴ǼҵĹǳʺҲתǳ
ʺҲʲôתĺ£ˮϵڱĺ
ƭ!

ڽŽ˵ϴӣɺɻ
еЩܾͻɥʧ̬ϵͳı

ȥΪؿǱǨ¡һϴ
Ժγ޵̬ϵͳѾˣ
굽ٲˮ¿㶼˵һˡ

ڽŽǿˮվתĺöʵ
еֲ̬ԼĵµԼδ档Щ
ʳȥĵܣʵһһƬƬݣľ桢
ԼԼδ档

ǿԵй޽Ĵˮվ°ȥԴ޽
ˮӼʮѾʬҰˡ㽭̬Ѿˮվ̣ò
ˣʲôеĿȪˮ˵ǶȥֲѪ˵Ѫأ
ֲÿֲǶҪըˮء 

ڽ˵ݡϷĩ¡άȨԡ׽
վΪȫˮҵ𻨣ĳգõվ1.2
ԪϽɹҲһڣʡ5000򣬿5000Ȼĸ
վ߼װô׽תģЩǿ
طǣԼֲ汲Ķ
ǵġȻǿתһˮ繫˾ġ
1.2һֻΪվְ͸ʹܹϡ
˵ҲһֱµҵµĵطµĵվѸ
ġתҡСһڿصģǻ
ʣزӵЩ˰նȥʲôˣжõ
Ȼд 
ھˮӽ800׵Ӵ壬Ա֣240λһ
Ͽ糧Ϊ10ˮ޽֮˾񲡣֯
߽⣬͵ܶŹձ顣 
ʱվΪͶʡЧߡΪվ塣
ǣ֣νͶʡһǵ˾ԵĲ
͡νЧߡһǵ˾ĺڷ١ 
ܿ20054ڲʾˡܱȺƶĲ״Ҳ
ӳ½NGO̬֯ѧԵضԴˮӽɳչʱ
Ρ

Щѧ˵˵ˮվһͰʮˣѵ
240λһϣһʱ֪δ𸴡
һԹҥЩ̫ɵôû뵽һأɣ
һѧǡþǸߴңʵô¡
Ӵ壬ˮվ޽ȫãҰȫ弯ԶǨ
´塣ǵʱվȻܶ˶ڸСûԸ
뿪ȫһҪ󣬲Ҫأ͵ذãȫתΪ񻧿ڣӴ
Ʒʱкܶ˶òǨ䡣˭֪þ
վ֮󣬽蹤˴󲿷ֳ룬糧ֻʣаʮˣ
Ҳûôȫ˳򹤵ȫܳĵͱ
ܶû¿׬Ǯͳ˴һȤԼĻ˵
ڸ㻷һѧ󣬻Ȼ˵Թܡû
ڳʺı£һ糧Ҳϰ˰

ڽŽ˵ϿվһƬпˣ޷һ
ȫһ޶ȻۣҪжķŻİٵʹԴ
ǶȿҲǵòʧġѧ˵ǽھţ
йزûȷ滮ĻϿվѾ׼ˡһ
ѧ˵㲻֪ǽ˵Ͽ
û˻ԣôأ 

ڽ˵ЩԳơΪһΣ츣һĹԱΪʲô᲻ϧٵ
ϿǿϹأ룬أ1Ĺ̿ɱΪ
ǨĽݣ2޴ĲԴƸԱʹ
ϱ˵˵пܴڵĻɫˡʱѧ
ǡһũѧְִǰһ·ŵũĸɲڣһֱ
ҹûܻصԽڶְֵҲ֨С˵
ȻҰְ־ǵɵùϣëڵŽ
α֪ʶӣҲ·ŵũȥýܸ죬ֻҪǵһ
ɲԹȫũѡһΪһΣ츣
һĴɲ֮Ҳڱܼ尾֮ٳһ
ζ⻰ˡڴǳ⣺˵ʲôأѧ˵
ҵеҲҺҵλã㵽ũȥ
Ǹ糤NGOΪйũûһøɲɲɣ
ٲش

ڲѧʲô˵ŭ֮ĹؼѾǷչ
뻷ìܣǵطʹ˾ĶҺڵĳ֮
ìܡǲһ˼ʵ顣ǲ˾룬ŭ
Լʣ޽һͬĵվյطҵϽɹ˰˰Щд
˾Ժʿרң᲻Ȼ֧ŭӣ 㻹˵ھٵ
˵ҹСˮ翪ͶũԽˮվŭҲв١
˽⣬רҡԺʿֲ֧󣬶α֯ҲշԲӾͺ
ԼһԼԼһ⡣

˵ʣطԱ뵱ڵ沢һµġ
طԱʱ򣬳Ծӡʱ
˾һ¡ȸõŵºֱ֮
ϸ½õĳŵǰڳĿѧʶ̬Ⱦ
£ذҲˮվ֮ĽĿ㽡ǣŽ
ƹ㣬ˮʶ룬ԸֽĿķԽԽǿŭ
ذĺܶڲιվ֮ԽԽؼ뵽˷ӻ֮С
ˣܶ价֯ûȻҲ˳˸ѹ

˵ǸѧˣϿڸ߽˵ԣ
ڡǼǩЭʱһһԼȥ̸ɲȨǩ
һСѧǼûʶֻҴȫǩİǨͬأ
һҥԱҴˣϿһ˵ǿǿЩ̶
ôƻطɲҲˣȻǴ񣬶ȥһ
Ū£֯Ĺ;͸ˣΪ֯Ŀ
Ϳ࣬ϧÿμӿũһ15ԪĲڷ±
ٱйũϰеǮ֯
ǰǮȥũ񡰻˵αӵĹ͵Ȼǲû
ˡеѹҲģҥⶫǲ̫ãʱµҥԸ
ϵʱαҲòܵѹ˵ǹֿġ 

ܽ˵ҹзɣȻԴڹУô˭
ңȻǴ˾˭ô񣿵ȻҲǵطȲ
ֲҵĵطʹ˾ı̬ѧ³ɹӹ
ͬ๤̵ĽѵӹһŵӵԸ
ǿƽĿǰ˵ʶȫ桢ʧ󡢺İ컵
£ǳӶᡢ

ڵĻһѪ˭ܴңҿҵ϶ɣΪ
Ǯ϶ҪҵġطҲɣΪǵϰѡģ
ֻܴڡ˭ܴأȻα֯ˣ㿴
ҪôǮ˶ľôҥԣΪܴ
𣿲ѿ̺ˣôֵǣ 

ֲһ˵ڡΪһΣ츣һĿںУڵ־
ܷѡԼԼܾΪΪǰŵ
 ѧ仰Ժرˣߺ꣡
ȥɺЩٵľǲȥˣ˵ˡ
ѡԼԼܾΪΪǰŵԣ
ڿʵѡȥԸˣǾȥƱɡһѧ
ģʵǩ֤ô죿һѧش𣺡
ѧǩ֤ǩ֤ٵĵ绰ǿԴ绰ʡ ѧǲͨ
ʵιǩ֤Ž˵ˣӦѡԼ
ųĹˣȻ᲻ܾͬΪΪǰŵ
ܾǰɣǩ֤ٴɣҲոտ
˿ϣˮ٩ɵ¡ˮһҲ湻ģǸɵӣ
һŶֱ治ǲɵѧҸһĺð취
ͿûġڶУǾͿ˵Ķ滰ֱ
ƱͿûУûɣǵŽڣһǸɵ
˵

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

Ҵ2005ɫйʮѡ˶˭

ģ

йΪɫйҲΪйػĻ粨
־

һνġʿʾŭˮ绷桷Ĺŵ
ǰ죬822գйĻί»һܾվ
65վʼ2005ġɫйｱѡ
ˡųǡҹ׸䷢Ļ󽱡ҡõϹ
滮ر֧֡Ҫڽ1212005ꡰйĻڡĿĻյ
а佱[1]

ѡֻһ˻٣1015գṫ
20λƱߵĺѡˡԤϣʹܳΪյĻߣ19Ҳһ
ᱻ㷺Ϊ20ѡˡķ񽱵ķƺҲ
ȥ˵Ժ˰ѡΪɫй20ѡˡд
Ϊء

£20λѡ˲ѾԶˡȻǺ֪˭ܹ
ѡ˽ĳа쵥λʺͱѡ֮Ҷ
ϹĴ󽱵ȨԵγ̶Ȳɴ

ɫйｱйĻڡйĻ
аġٷվ65Ľܣּǡɫ
ٽĻ뷢չ߹ڻʶ[2]ּκһ
ŶʹãԻֲĶԡǿġҪְܡĵһ
㷺ϵŽȫĻ֪ʿϵĻŦ
á֮Ϳ֪ЭˡԭҪϵ
ЩְͻûһϵġĻ֪ʿ޹ֺһ
595ˣ棬֮һ222ˣĻʿ188
棬Ļʿ86ˣռıظߣﵽһ룻涫
Ӣſԣĳ£ҺܻЩв
ֻǹ˸[3]

ЭУĻʿ⣬ְͻûйϵģ
ʿ29ˣг11ˣҵʿ45ˣг39ˣ
Ȼߴ87%йʿ10ˣг7ˣµĹ
ȻǱְͻйϵģл֯ʿ33ˣг½4
ˣʹѧŸˣ117ˣһǳ£⣬Իϵͳ
58ˣг16ˣѧ۽ʿ81ˣг
25ˣоͻйصĲһ롣

һЭᣬʲôɫйҲͿ֪ˡѡ
ҲԿúԣڰѡУûһǺͿѧйصģһҪѡ
Կѧչ̵⡱ѧչָǡΪȫ桢
Эɳķչۣٽ˵ȫ淢չͿѧʵûһ
ϵֻܵҪѡƾѧ˵ѧ£ֻ
ơ㣬Ƿġ

Ҳ֧ĻʿĹ軷ǣܻԳ
Ϊһһʶ̬һıȻȻѧ
Ϊĵ̬ѧָ½еۺʵĿα£
ƽйĻôɫйò˵ѣҥΥ
ѧʶĻһⷽѹصĳ±СĿЭᣬƾ
һԿѧֻδҪԲ£ѹͲָǿ
αʿȻҲͶԶʮѡܲαʿġ

֮Ҵ2005ɫйʮѡ˶˭ɡҲֻвٵЦ
ϿԱھ

2005.10.02

[1]йش˽ѡϸμ
http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2005-08-23/14487573711.shtml

[2]Эļhttp://www.tt65.net/aboutcjh.php

[3]Эhttp://www.tt65.net/member.php

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

Ϊʲôʡûսڵı棿

ߣԹ6

ǰһƪ˵ûս2002걱ѧҴ
һСʱᱨ档ʱĸоǳϺΰ󣬲Ͳװ
ոΰʦүˣɼˮƽ֮ߡ

һսڱҲΪ⣺

http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/22220/35917/35918/3058977.html

żһۣ֪ԭˣ

... ...

The absolute worst talk (once again, expositorily speaking) was by 
Gang Tian. Here there was no room at all for productive day-dreaming. 
Tian's talk was extremely technical, very dry, and the transparencies 
were typed with small font, that probably made it hard to follow even 
for the ten or whatever experts in the audience.

ıġû˸ء
漫רҵǳζͶӰСģù
ʮҵרҲס

... ...

http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~zeilberg/Appendix48.html

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

պͩ

ߣ

һ˵ġʶһգpaperиط
ƲȥͬѧһºҶΪʣnòҵ
ʼ˵û⣬ȥưɣ˼Σ˵ǵڶд
ȥдemailҵڶߣĹѺ
ˬ뿪ո˱ϰ塣ΪԺﻹֵĲǺܿġ

ԺʿǱһͷӸġڹڵٵĺôˣ
ҡһЭίԱʼܡˡ

ڲʿձҵǻỹָһ㶫ġԼѧ
һǷǳյģҲΪʲô˶ѧȡ˺ܴɹ
ԭҪѧ죬ûд֧ǺѵġںС
Ժ󣬾ܵڵǮ缶ѧԾӣҪ
űһ𸯰ܣѧҲһǧɣĶڲˣ
ʧԭ

õóֵK-E˴뱲ˣЩ߽߱ǽǵĽֱۣ
̣⡣

bbsѾͳһھƪɷøˣ˰ɡ
ڸʲôоʵ뷽跨ҪǮڱͶĴ
ͷǮ𣿿ǲʲôЩ걱Լѧм


һߵ顣һͬѧǰЩڿѧԺĲμڰ࣬
30ӵѧԺңϣǱһλŮԹԱ
Ա֪ѧԺֻԱУѧţͬѧʾ֤
ѧ֤ûãʮӵĿ࣬Ϊֲ
ţ˵˶ˣǶԸġͬѧȥ
УѧϵңܹΪУѧṩϲѯӡ
пԺϿ廪󣬴ȡΨǸ⣡Ҹ
Ǯȫ˰Ǯ

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

ĺ־

ߣò˵

ousyoڡġѧƸڡһᵽĺ־õ
λúһ²һԵĽڣУȻģ˵˶˭û
ôҺͰ⣩֪Ľ20002002лÿ궼
ٻϱѧٰȫоѵĿγ̡Ҿй
HamiltonϵͳĹĿγ̣˵ѵʱ䲻һ°ɣǶ
ǹһԺУоʦ˽ǰصĹӴϵѧʦ
ȷʵ𵽷ǳõá

ȻĽûԱʿҲ֪ȷʵ
ѵ˵ӭǹڵѧѧʿ

ܵ˵ĽиɻġousyoΪΪ֤ԼĹ۵ǿ
Ҿܻµ˵ġ

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

ձһ뵽

ߣasasasa

ϴ򿪵ԣձYahooŵһϢ˿ÿ
ϾʱһվҲڴұȽһ¹ѧ
Ϊѧṩһ֮·

    򵥵ķ£ޣдָ
ӦӴѧ(ձ˽ѧ֮һ)ѧȨΪȡĲʡĿ
оѶƼԺ飬ýԹûʹõĶʵװΪ
4500Ԫзѡ
    ¼ʷϸ˲ȡоһԺԺʾ
¼ڵ߸ȡоѵİӣ˱Ĳʡͺʡð
ܶԼ8500ԪĿ⾭ѡ
     ýͨٷƱֶ֧ð쾭ѣЩðľѲûбʹ
ãǱ䵽оʹˡ
     ýڱΪձѧһˣ03붫ںڹֲ
߷Ӧܰ֯ػĽͻĳɹѧ־ϡ
ҩĿҲҪɹ
   
    ſԿձɵϸԼоѹϸ񡣸ýڲû˽
ŲÿзѶֻǽһĿǮڱĿˣڹ˾ռߵˣ
ձҲܷɵĵ顣ȹڿ¸ŵ˵С׼׵
о뵱Aģںʱ˾뱻ֶΣȻЧû
ôЩЧһЩоѵ飬Щ
ֶα˿ûжЧоѶ˰˵Ǯʹÿо
ֻǽί飬Ҳȫ飬˾ǲҲ
ǿоѸܵһֶأ    



ŵԭ


cڤMҲܽo

ѧΘȤ֪cxӴҽѧԽڤgHˤʹäƤ
gYÄُ뤷褦װʤɤơĲѧʡȺPʡοѧоM
a𣨿M٤ʤȤӋsҲܽoƤȤա
ӋʖԺ{٤Ǥ狼ä

ˤνڤˤMβܽo~ȤƤϡ^ȥҎģҊ롣ʖԺ
νؤ{٤ҊĤäMβܽoϡνڤ򺬤ᡢоn}
ǣӋsңϤäƤꡢĿʡȺʡ߀뷽ᘤ

{٤ˤȡԽڤϡĿʡοMΤѧgоMȺФ
Τˌʳ|ˤәCνȏüg_kȤоn}
Ǐļ줬k졢ȤޤǤΣgsҤ
ġӋs|Ҥaܤ뤳Ȥˤʤä

ܽoƤΤϡ뤬оˌMǡܽo~Ϥ
ǣҤ򳬤ƤԽڤϡgHˤIäƤʤgYäΥޥ
䤽Oُ뤷ȤơܿՁƱФꡢҽƷ؜ӘIߤο˴
һ˥ש`뤹ʤɤƤνڤϤۤˤ⡢ضIоʤ
ǤβܽoˤäƤܽoMτeоM˳Ƥ졢˽
äϤʤäȤ롣

Խڤѧεһߤǡ꣱¤ˤϡ|ڤȅfơlֲ
ܤѪߤ𤳤뤳ȤΤܽ~ˡcΥѽM
äƤ뤳ȤꥫοѧIǰka_k˵_ɹϤ
Ƥ롣

ؤΗʖˤǤϡνڤ򺬤᣷βܽoҊĤäΤ
ĿʡʡοMä

 i - 10410r40ָ

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

ѧԼҵ廪

ߣè (2005.10.03)

ѧֻΪ廪еϧԼҲ廪ҵģ
ĲǰѾ˵廪һòʿѧλѧ
ΪܾڲʿӲο׶޷ѧλλʿܹڲο
˵Ĺ֮д£ҲùרҵĿ϶廪ȴΪһЩĪ
涨ԸһλĲʿʵǱ

Ҿ廪ľȻҲֵۣΪȡ
òʿѧλٵȥоҲԡǣ뿪һʧĵط
ооȥҲһ¡Ȼ
ͱ廪һЩ֪ĸУоϵʵ顣˿
ѧվЩҲвͱйαоϵ£
ֻǺæûʱĶÿһƪ¡Ķ㷢˿
¡ѧУ

(http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/report/beidagaige17.txt)

͸ǽ廪֮ѧѧо
಩ʿоǣЩ˱ѧУܡд¡ȱչ
оʹϵеľͶСоͶȡɵĻ
УԺҲΪҺҵд¡

룬վ쵰й˵ʶЩ⡣
֡ϵЭԺҲһȱˡ

˵ʵڵģ󲿷ֶʵͷˣΪѧλܾԼоûʲ
ôҲֻӲͷƤϡΪʦȰDD㻹ʱо
ϲĶҲΪҶΪйƶڲϽǶԹӦ
ġǣһƶһˣѧУ쵼㣬
ΪѧУԽԽ£н paper  ĶͿԻԽ
ѣѵǻҪıƶΪǡᣡˣҲ
Ҫ£á£ԼԼľҲ
ĽƶȽ

˵ԶԶȥۻȽĹվʵңȴûп
ĿĵطŻ˰ˣ鶼ûطšʦʦǶæ
 word дģʱ˸żл̸ʵͨ粻ã
һ͹վ죬ҽȥһ;ͷΣԺͲȥˡ
 PC ǰǹõģÿζòͬĻȴûõ鷳
ˡòʵ»ˣװһ Linux ϵͳʼд
 Sun վϰװ˶ 1G GNUȴһʦֳЦ˵ָ DOS
һĶȻҲáдһƪ½ȫ Linux
ҳϲֹ۵㡣ȷʵдŵƫ linux 
Ȼ󲨡ַּȫУĶ word ŰģЩʽ̫
ͷʹŷֺܶѧѧԭ֮һд 
 TeXϣйƯѧ顣ҳˣû뵽
ΪҵоɹΪЩҵĶϣ˳
Աߵ˶ TeXҾһһ£ĿƯ
һЩ

ԼҲΪ Linux  TeX ʶһЩѣǣҾûô
дһƪܺ䶯£ôʶΪΪֻҪԼкù
ͺˡΪΪ TeX  Word Word 
ȱʶû

ңܲҵأǵһҪύĵоʱ廪ͼݾֻ 
Word廪ųΪһѧأΪйĽţǿ
ʹ LaTeX ʱ廪ڿؾǮ΢ȴ LaTeX 
дģһһЩҵѧҲˣּۻԺͼݷ
˿Խ PDF,  ʱ Linux ˮƽܲ˵ֻ֪ PS ļ
֪ PS תΪ PDF, ֻͼҵѴ˵ PS Ҳ
Ƕ֪ͨ Adobe Distiller ԰ PS תΪ PDF 
DistillerҵʱҾ͸ѧУĸʽҪ PS ļ
ύͼݡȻύʱҷֺһҪҵͬѧڸ
 LaTeX  ļȴһѡͼݵĵԱʱ˱
ѣڰʱҷָĵϵıҵ
Ŭ޸ǵ  WordΪʽϳ⡣ȻͼݵԱȴ֪
Word  ڲͬϣǿָܳʽͬġ㣬ڱ
дҵʱѾ̣Ҳγʹ Word ΢Ҫԭ

⣬ڹڵ־ֻ Wordһʹ  Word д£ǣ
гѧʽͼʱWord ĵԽԽȻ󣬺Ȼ Word 
崵ˡѪ޸ĵĹͺȻ䱨ˣϲ Word 
УЩʹ Word ѧ־Ȼ Word Ҳ˽⣬ͼβ
ȱʡʽʱһ̨ȱʡװ Word ޷ٴļȻ༭
ͽԽ͡ǣ־Ȼѡ Word ӦԼ Word 
⣬ͨ绰˵漰أ

Word  ҲҲйƵĸ⣬ǣһΪ廪Ϊ
УûԼϵͳҵʵһ乫˾ѧ
лУ MITCMUStanfordBerkeley 
ѧվУǲѷЩѧʹ  TeX һԼĲϵͳ
廪ʲôһĽѵӦԼɫɫ
˵˵ѣϵͳɡԣΪ Word ҲһҪ
⡣


дˣ廪Ҫȫ淢չĲʿʵʦ
ĳ̶ֳѧʦΪǺãǲϲ
ΣΪϿβỨо߸ɻʱ䣬۽̫
ѧбѡߵеĻ̣ʵϰеʦǩ
֡󲿷ֵʦͻҽڲѧЩ顣̺ʵϰĻᣬ
Ժ󲻺ҹֻΪԼ񣬻ΪԼ˷񡣡

Ҿ;Ҳֻڼϵ˵еƫȫˡ
ڵϵʦͺְܳҵĵʦѡܼĿΣҲţˣֻ
ʵ΢ҲĿΣǣһŬţѧϰģ
ЩĿʵڴҵҰҲҵ̣׬Ǯ
ο鰡Щο鶼Ǻܹġʶһλӡˣ
ӡȵļοɶܱˣʵҶʼɡ죬йĲο
飬һǲʮģĳЩеĲģϯض顢
ġȻһǴ﷢ϵоҪԵһЩⲻ
ǵʦ̻ʵϰЩʦһ궼ϼΣΪǶ
æŲμӹڻʵѧ顣оûеʦָºƵĸ
о

ƣһЩĿΣҲѧоܻа
ȻУΪ˷ֹѧȴٹγ̵Ľңǣ
ѣҲͲˣȡ֮ǿ͵Ӱ
ʵڲ֪ѧУΪѧǷչģѧ˾Աʱ
칫ҹȻῴӰϷģ

ּڿѧҰȻᳫѧƺ廪һ
ж̸ֽǣҷֵѧĵǿԣǳɼǱҵ
һвصĶĮġ廪ķʽ

˵ǵһеĿγ֮Ҿͷԭ廪νġо
˻硣ʵ廪󲿷˽еνġоʲôأʵд
ǿѧоµͬѧ룬ʦпԺѧ
һһĿоÿȥпԺۡо
ǱҲࡣпԺʦǵо̫ۣܸǴ
ȥһʵʵĶҲûʲôʵʵĶеⶼǴӱ˵
paper ￴ġʦͿʼ˵жôôҪ  Ҳ
˻ῪʼоǰµһЩ⡣֮۵ĸоûĿģû
⡣ʱ˵һʲô⣬˵һͱˡʱһ
˿һƪ paper֮һ롣룬ǵڸʲô
֪ʲôֵооʲôʦʦǾͿʼǰ
һ䣬ܲܲµ⡣ǵҸǿЦ˵ǡ
ҲҪû⣬ҲҪЦŵͷ
û취

廪ȷʵ˵дΪĿģоΪĿġ
Ǵ 1998 ףҳ廪ѧϰʱʼġһʼʵʩ
ҪĿд£ԴҲȡĲԾڵһѧֶ
꣬ȻͿʼĶһЩѷ£ǷԽЩС޸ģȻ
óȥǾġҵоСһѧΪ
¶ʦʦ޸ĺͷ⡣ȻǶ֪
ԼоһЩֵĿ⣬ǣҪֵⶼûó
ʱ䡣һλѣ궼ûȻɼΪ
оܴ󰡡

һǵо̸õʦ
ҲѧԲŶ˲±ùˣڻعǰֻһЩ
ڱ˰ˡھôһ˵
ѧΪʲôʧߡ

οʼо󡺿ʼоûͷ͸ʦ˵ܲʦʦ
ۣб˵һÿһ
Ŀ˼оҾǰӦö˼ǹһ
ʱ䷢ֲаʵһ뷨Ҳ֪ǲѾԹʧˡ
ʵʱ俪Ƚ϶֪࣬ôˣΪʲô
ǵķٴҪ۵ʱƺе˵Ϊʲ
ô˸һĶ㲻볭Ϯ˵İɣҲˡ
ҵʵ飬ȷʵ롣ȻԼʵҪҪñ
ľ飬ֶΪأⲢ͵ۣܶʱһһ
⣬˿ܾͻǲʲôҪԣƾ
ֱʲôѶȡûۣʡûĻᶼ
ûУ

ҲйΪҪҿоҪ˺Ȼʵǣ
һҵһֹܹĻ顣ֹǷǳҪģԼһ
ϵѧ£ֻŵڶλԼдһƪ
ҿǺṩһЩָҿԼӷӵķڶƪ¡

廪ʦѧ֮˵ԭ⣬˵һ
ɵģĳϵооɹдУ˵ʱ
ѧоίԱΪǵĽƣһλñҵ㵽ѧ
ʦܱȫ廪ĵʦϤԺеʦһɲԼ
µѧˡʦֵܽöԱ˴˵Ĺȫ˽⡣Լ
ӡǾлֽ̣ҲԸ⣬ΪҲһ
оһЩûʲôֵĿ⣬һ취ȥһЩ˽ٵоΣ
ϵĽѧϰǱȽϺõġ

ָʿ̳ʱͬѧǶƵ⣬۲㣬
㡣һƹѧ Common Room⡣Ǵ
ʦ˵һ䣬춼Ҫôš˭Ǯ
ǰʦԼİ칫ҶҪǮʲô Common Room 
Common Room۵޷ǻ·⡣ ƶȾΪ
ҵ̫뻯ˡ

ˡҾ֮ܣ Common Roomʵڲ֪ôһ
֪ϵﻹпյķѧ۰ġЩȫ
ѧ۵ģΪÿѧµѹû˻μ
ֻѧɵۻġһЩ˻Щۻûнڲǲ
ʲôɼģǣΪΪǶһѧҶԵʦڵһЩ
ûŪвǷŵʦֻͨѧԼѧϰٽ֪
ʶգϧǼûпռ䣬Ҳûֻᡣ

ڷִҶæŷ paper ûʱһ廪
THU-Technical Reportҵ뷨ǣĲݸõ
ֵ˹ĶTHU-TRϵڲģTHU-TRĶ
ãٺú޸תͶڿϵѧںܸ˵Ĳҵ
飬ԸάһTHU-TRıšǸûԸԼòд
ĵȷʵֲֵ÷ĶͶΪеط԰
ͶȥSCIEITHU-TRʽﶼ㡣˸ң
ѧѶͶ֪жٵʦǼTHU-TR
ƻôա

鵼ʦ۰ϵı漯ֽҲǲ֮
ôһ˵˽⵽ΪʲôûȥʵߣΪЩǷ
ʱǳҪÿλʦǳæģûԸɶԳԶкô
ȴ飩ĻԻѧλûа˭᣿


廪о̸۵صʲôpaperڵͬѧڽУһΪpaper 
̻̲գ˵֪ҪǷ SCIôأҼʦ
ΪûpaperڱҵġǡþǸΪ10%̭̻̲յ
ͬѧʦǸԺʿ¾͸һЩдwordĵ֮ӻæ
Ҫûʱ˼⡣˵ѧУй涨ʿ뷢ƪ paper
ܱҵбһƪSCIƪEIȥû
SCI, EIǸ google  Ķ𣿱ôˣر
µƪҪ󣬶ûжϡѧУûѧˮƽ
ıҵ׼͵ѧʵأѵ
ʦûж paperĺû𣿡

廪ġд¡Ǵ 1998 ףҳ廪ѧϰʱʼġ֮
Ϊ˳ڹá  SCI һϾ
ѧΪ˹廪ѧӶͶ SCI ־廪ͼ SCI  EI 
˽ɣΪ廪  SCI  EI ǰé
ֻУڴУʦѧŪֻ廪
ѣ취ŪһݡǣSCI  EI жôأҸ˹۲죬
Ǻô google ûô

ڣڹ⣬ SCIEIciteseerarXiv Ȳһֲ
ϵķйȴ뾭ѵĶôΪʲôأ
Ϊ˷ϣͼΪṩûʲôֱġô  SCI 
 EI ӰӵûãҲáӰǸĳ־ĵλǣ
ӰӲôҪģΪҪ־оĿҲ
úСоĿأһЩѧԤӡӰӱȽϵ͵
־ǸҪ¡ͨһ˵ google 
ôǻҵĶƣ google ʾڵһλģ
þҪҵĶЩ൱ĲҪġ

Ҫ˽˵ȽһʲôǺõĿСһ˵ѧ
оУоΪδķչз硣Ե˶֪ Linux  
ʼ Linus Torvalds  Andrew Tanenbaum ں˵δ
չйҵۣº֤ Linus  ĿǱȽȷġȻ˵ 
Tanenbaum ڴ𣿲ֻ Tanenbaum  ԵԵķչֹ̫ۣΪ
ķչ֧ļʵϣԵļѡ Linus  ļ
Tanenbaum ڵļһĺôҪ˲ͬ
ϵͳ

еĿʲôͿԿˣǾǽ¼ϵͳ
ǸƾɼһϵͳܶרҶ Linux  ڼϺܳ¾ɣ
ǣⲻΪĲϵͳLinux ȻϣȴǳȶҲǳ
ЧʣҲУȻڵɡζž飬˵
㡣ǣҪ  MIT ȣҲҪţűȵ廪ûԼ
ϵأMIT  Scheme Haskell廪أ

ʵ Scheme  Haskell Ļ  lambda 㣬ڵڶ
սǰˣȻڷż㡢ֵԼ㷨ҪΪһĽ
죬ѧҷֵǰ˼ǶôĳǰһҪʣ廪ʲ
ôʲôôϵֻллҿ˾£ô
廪ѧϵͳļֵ˵ google ûô


ҷ paper  ıĳЩ˵̡һô°ɡ
ҿʲôоpaperʲôһѧУˮƽҲpaper
ûȻֻпж paperpaper 
ǮֻҪд paper಻㣬㽫ķչʲôɣд 
paper ܲܿܲתʲôɣֲеԺ
ʿ뾡취ҲҪѧԸԼѧѧҲҪΪѧǲ
Դpaper Դ𣬿С󷿣ûлѧɻɡ
һ¼ٿǮһΪƴ˭ҪǸʿѧλأ

ȫͬ˵һЩϵѧңǵĵʦҪ
ٷƪϵ  SCI ²ܹõѧλѵѧƪ³
ΪҵɳóɼѵʿʦӦѧѧϰ
֪ʶϵ


Ѿȫ͸йʧܡҸеʱܵ˺˺
ڡйѾΪû˲ŵĻסȦ
ҶͻƵתȥҽҪ
ϵͳ˵һ

йȷʵʧܵġСѧʼǹ»ֻгɼõѧŻõ
ʦϲɼľۡˣ˴ѧϣܹһ£
Ǵ취ֵÿʼŬѧϰӢҲΪѧȫ
ģ˲дܵĵȾҪʦ
йĽ

廪Ϊкܶ൱쵼УѣʵԼĸУġ廪
ʵеߣҲУѣҲΨͼС˰Ϊ
ǹ֮Ȼ廪õ쵼簮൱ҷչӲ
裬ȴѧоĽ衣쵼Ȼ˵ҪѧĴȴ
ƨһŹ㡣ƶѧлᵽ廪ʳÿ
ѧһͷܻǮġǿ΢Ĵ
ģ뷽跨׬飬Ļ˼о

⣬쵼ľá塱޲ѧ˵Ӧøĵ
ר쵼˵Ҫǿ˲Ĵѧ
θеѧԱᳫ֪ʶʱ廪ӵרΪ
ɳһҵ˵̫ˣʼʱȷʵܵ裬һЩ
Ͻ¶Щ쵼Լʲô¶ɣȫûֻɿѧ
ѧĶɵǻҪǵĻ𣿴Ų쵼ǵ
ıϽ¶ˣԾͿʼܵĿƣǿԼá
塱ƭѧΪǹ

ߵѧΪĵطȴùȥѧУһ
ȺΨͼһѵϣѹҽЩ𣿾Ҳ
ôѧȷʵ˲ţȻڹҵĴͶ룬ȴܲ
ǳġ

һǼϵȴ UNIX һ˽ˣΪβ̫ţˡ
UNIX ѧRepair what you can    but when you must fail, fail 
noisily and as soon as possible.  ޸޺õġʧ
ܣǾ;ֵ˳UNIXѧ˵ң󣩲һ
ϵͳĳϵͳ˽20꣬쵽ʱ
ֵ˳Dumpôһ core file֪еĳ˳ˣ
ǡеĳһ˳ˣкܶĳΪzombie
ԶפϵͳгϵͳĸһֱǺһЩ
Աлõcoreļ⡣ 

ȻΪβϣùѧһЩ֪ʶ̸̸廪Ӧθơ
ȣ֪廪һӵ֯֯кܶΪϵķ֧
廪߲㣬Ҫ˼ģӦΪ˲š
ô廪ʲôĿ㣿θ㣿ۺƽʲô㣿Ȼ
廪ĿǰηȻǿǣǲҲӦ
յղһҪǶģѧϵϵ˼ʶʶϵ
ƵĽģͣʶеĶԳԣҲǺܺõġֽӦڱչ
ҲӦоչ

ÿһϵĿ겻Ӧ£ӦǶԼרҵʷϵ
Լƹ㡣ҾԼΪʷʷҲ
̵꣬ǣѾרν˼ʷ
ƵϣʱڣΪľʶԼӰ˼룬ϣ
ļǰǵʲôʵʮ
ǰĻ˼벢ûиı٣ıӲӲĸıʹ˵
̸ֽĶӦõʵʵУǣĿоһЩ
Ӳܵ㷨ҲԱȽϺ͡󡢽ṹԵص㡣
ԼΪЩܺѷ£Ϊȱ£ǣȴΪ
ֵоĿ⡣ UML  Programming Patterns  ǻ
 (OOP)  ģȻͳҲĺô˵дĳ OOP 
дҪСö࣬оĿ⣬ŵ THU-Technical Report 
ȥ廪Ƕðдһȴ˭Ҳܶ͹
ʲôأ

廪ǿпԺѧеصʵңǼз£
ôҷԤ 

http://www.mmrc.iss.ac.cn/english/mpublications.htm

ͨЩ£ǿԺԺУнѵһܺõ

ȻΪѧеصʵȱĵģмֵ£
ܿϧġ֮ϣһЩܺõ־ϣоһһƪ
£ͻеܸˣΪʶԼеı仯ȻҲ
Ҫÿһƪ£ǣÿһĽչһܽᣬҪġ
ĳЩֽһشŽһܽ
ԷԺôġ




ոտһЩѧ߶Ҹ˾еģϵ
ۿֵܻȶĵطҲԼľд飬
ȷʵͷڿԼϲ⡣оĿıΪȤ
һŪȤѧ˻ĸоѧдôΪ
ʦ쵼ģҲȷʵҪԼû⡣

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

ƣѧΪʲôҪרѧʦ 

ߣJulie

оһѧ˰飬Ȼʱǻķϵģ
һϲѧĸоһʱ飬һǱȽɡ 

ҵıʱڣһֱںƵ״̬ҪԭǾר
ѧʦѹȡѧȣйѧԱĪĶࡣ
ѧѧԺʲôѧ¶һ˹ܣѧ𷢷
ɼ¼ȻæýŲأЧߣһ
֣ admin˶ʿѧλġ

йѧˣʲôƣƣһѣϵм
Աڰ칫졣ģиѧϵ
רѧʦ 

ұƵĴѧһر⡣սȥãǻĳϵܣһ
ԱѧձҵйѧǻǺСǱȽ
ΪרҵҺٿջ﷨⡣һĳѧ
˵"Ҫȥ dictation д"ͻῼ dictate
ﻹǲﶯʡ

꼶ϵУѵ࣬׬Ǯ׬ûȣǵĸԱҲ cash 
inӳСѧĸ߳İ취ÿѧ""Ҫû
̣ѧĩҪƷ·֡ûִС

һڱϵ־ϵǹ棬Ϊﰮߴɽѡ
ҪƱȻٽƱѧҲ棬û
пʲôԴǣϵַõĳ䣬ϵĳ
ѧɲ֡żжд̧ͷ" xx"

˵˼£һΪΪֱģԵѧ
ܹƽȫɼͬѧǴûвתѧԺԺ
ǰ࿼Կ߷ֵ˽ͬѾ˶ֻǸͬѧ
ˣȥһ١еͬѧʺ 

Ҹղ˵רҵ꼶һСϵһѧԺ
ƺӴ˿ʼϵȻǰʦѧˮƽߣѧԺ
ϵĵ֧һ졣ѧȻϲץ˼빤 

˼ҸôǱУĳСרҵҵģǴûʲôר
ҵΣҪѧɾˡУѧϿϵһ꼶Ĵѧ
һξĿã߹ڽ"˵ᣬ
ˡ"߹ȥǣ"ˣ˵ᡣ"ˮƽӴ˿֪
˵ſλܽѧʲôԣĸص㣬"ȶԣ
"ȵȣԻҪġ 

˶ѧ̬"նݳϾɱ"ѧ̸˺ü
˭Ǻܰ䣬Һܵ͵ûлӰ֮ġ֪ô
ͰҲһѧɲɡ͸˫ҳдţҪ
ǹܺԼСҪ̸еȻûЧʲôˣа
ԧ¶ںۣܶϵﵱȻһԶԵģ"Ұղ
紵" 

ٱ˵ãžſһҪлҳ
ϸ 

ȻϲܵѧڣһֻܳϯԼѧԺĻ
˵Уѧί£иҪĻ飬û٣ȱ
ϯһᰤٱ˵ͬѧˣ٣һͺ
һˣǲ׼ҪרŻһ
ġͲټɶרŸѧȥˡҪ£ʲô
¶ø¡Ҫĸѧȥ ϵ׬Ǯרҵ
ͻȻܽʦУ 

ѧԹľǽѧˡΨ׵ĵ͡ϵ
Ůѧϰ̿࣬׷˵뵳ˣǳɼܳɫɴ
ᾭ鼫ḻֱˣǸƨƽʱ¿ξ͵칫Ұųд
д׽Ҫ֯ϳӾȥַ֮ġɴ෢ĸϵ
ȫϵʦһˡνۣȻ˳
ϵѧͼƽˣʲôη֣ɲ֣ֶ˽ȥ
Ȧ˸ǣһ߽һԸĿӷֱ֣յ
Ϊֹ 

ҲԹһοࡣĳϵ쵼ǼӰӵУһ
䣬Сֽ۾󱨳ȻԲʣƤ֮Ķ
ɧû뵽ڶ˾ζض˵ʲôǮǲҪģ
ӦӡҺǰ˵ǸԱС档Ҳû취
ΪʱҲαȡ뵳û취Ҫ׼йҵרҵ
ǱҪ )ֻԼԼ

˵뵳Ҫд˼㱨ҴЩµĺ֣
ܾˡǰһرд㶫ĳδҳ̸
ͷ˼㱨һģ˵ˡξŮˡԭ棬ѧ
˼ӰȻ˸˵ʵԣ
ͳάʱ׶жټŮҿ쵼ʹΪȻȻ
˵ǲǿ鿴ӣëҺܿϧͬѧ
˼㱨˵ģ"Ӹ"һ䣬λ
ͬѧڹȵһѧ˶ʿôйʧһ
־Ǹɵġ 

ԼΨһıǵ٣쵼Ӳѧѧˮƽʹԣ
ֱʵƷʣûк˴򽻵ҵĺѣΪ˴
ۣ񣬺ͬѧϵܺáƫƫһ쵼˵"ĳĳ¸
Уôϴ"Ȼ˸ӡһˣǸС
ͬѧڵҾͽλͬѧԶһ㡣ʵֿ֤ˡ
ҵͬѧһλܸļߣõȫѧӢõ˶ʿѧλˡ
֪ǸȫŮųѧôˣҲ
úܺõģΪйʵ˵¡ 

˵쵼ʵкܶ顣ֵһ޵īĵխ
ô˺ͨһ˳ұҵʱѾѧУѧ
Ҳ֣йܶ˾ͨľת棬Ķǣ£ٻ
ûˮƽ˾ϲûˮƽˣν" Birds of the same 
feather flock together." 

ҵʱмֵһ飺

ҵǰ˺ȶˣ¥˸СƿӡʱѧĶ֪
صδѧ¹ΣͲôָɱӺǽǸ
˼˭ߡЩĺ룬û˳ѡв˵Ҫȫ
 7ͳͳһõҵ֤顣һпνݶ
Щͦסѹûֻò֮дɵ
Ӱ񲻻ȡʶŮˡ 

˵ǣ˲żȻģйÿѧ붼С

پӣ

ĳ깤ŮʦѾõĳѧҵġ˭֪Ӵ
ûбѧˡ˵ĶǼҳ̣ëƤ⵹Ҳա
ҲҸ˵쵼һûк˴򽻵ı¡췢ۣ˸
У"ŤŤ"к򣬵ȵȡ 

ĳͬѧһҴ۾顣ѧʱ˸
ԼҲϴСˣڽ⣬ϺΪն̸
Ҳ֪٣Σǲֹһ˵ѧУ 
urban legend

һԱҲˡ˵ǹ˴ϴһ֪ʲô
ĴѧɼȻУϱֳɫҵһο
뷨ģΪ뵳ʱ̸ڸܡ֪ˡĳμѧ
˵Цʱ£ȫڶ浽ϵ쵼ӴǼ
ѧʧ衣 

˹Ǻ۵ˣɼƽƽУȻЦ
ˡ˵Ҳû⣬һòרҵѡѧ
ˮƽãʦȷòпᡣ˭֪Ǹι˧û
׽ã׼ͶĻҪĳŮȥͷ̸
롣ŮøûӣһھֹܾʼʩһŮ
Ҫ̸뵳⣬˸ӡұ˴ΪЦ̸ 

дôҳԼЩ쵼ǺԹģ˺
ˣķŭҲˡһдΪڻкܶ
Ĵѧʦңܿ˵Ӱ£Ҳʧȥ
룬ͻʣ˽òֶΡÿ뼰ˣ
Һܱ 

й£ʱôΡûн취ܵĳ
ȡרѧˣרҵɵʦΣû׼õ
ѧרҵıҵȥѧ˼빤ˡǰ
ĳ̨ˣҲûʵʩˡһ仰ѧ
ŰϲõϺ˵

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

    Ҹоõıѧϵѧ

    wenzheng

    ڷصythtʱ˳Աѧϵ¡ʿһƪ
£áʿǰ˿عƪǿһѧϵĳЩѧ
õҸо

    ̧ȶôĽ·ǣнӦԣü
ɫ裬е㵭ֳĬЦǺӰ...ţ
ϲŭ޳ôô̬Ŷ


ģ(YoungythtIDСõǳ)

С  ߣYoung

    ;վ.
    
    ´ԭµ峿, ʪĸо, ΢Щϲٺϻ
, ˾̵. վΧƺЩ, ϣϣĽ
㲥˵ڸ.

    ˵һ˳. ԼһҹԵ, ΢ƣ. ͷ
ĵĳ߷ֹ, ʱѪ,ëƺҲ
ķͲμйһȫ.

    Զĵƽ. ĿɼѾ˲. л
нһ. ɫT-shirt, زϷpku; 
йϲʽ̿, װ׵Ь. ǰ˼С, ѹ
ѹòƶС. ʹǹһλ, ƺʱڵ
ǰѰŵĻԻ͸о.
   
    ƺɶʽЩ, ǵ͵Ϸ˵. ʪش
;иҪü˺ҧ.

    ˵񲻴, ˫, һ. ⲿ˱
˫ʽ.
    "С, ͬѧô? "
    "С? " ĬĬһ, Էٵת, ȻӰЦ. ԭ
ʶѽԼ, ֪һ·ϺüɫĽʹǰ
ʯ е㵭ֳĬ20ͷСԵĿĵһС
Сʱ, ǶǵĽ"С"
    "!"
    СѺõĻ˻ͷ, ΢ЦŻش.
    "ôټ, ף!"
    "лл" С˵, "Ҳף!"
    Լô?
    .
    ô? Լɵⶺ. ԭ,ûȸ, 
, ԼѾһʧȥϵ˰.

(XYS20051004)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

廪ݽ̸ʷʷʵ

ܷ

廪ѧݽ˵λ߸ǰ۹
ͳʲվ˵һѻҿʲĽݸûУ˵
廪ѧ֧½ģġ˵廪ѧ͸ҹ
()ģʲͳһѻ뿴һȺй
ˣǸǹҴ˻ţŰ˹˹
ֻһٵ۹ûˣ߸һڣǸɶСձڣ
ʱ˹Ժ󣬽йǮйⲻǮԼսӣ
йձˣȫ룬൱ձȫ룬
ˣձСй˵Ǯ˺ܺõĽйûǮ
˰˹ʱҪǮҲ˵Һܿ
Ѿͺˣ˵Ժһй˷ˣ˽ϣ
ǵʱפĹʹ൱ڴʹϸʾѣ˶
룬ϾͺܴĹ亣Լ˵ǼȻ˵Ҫѣ
ôԱô࣬룬ְְӣù
˼˵ô죿йʹ˵Ǯòãһѧ
ã˾ͬˣǽ廪ѧ廪ѧǮԴ
Ϊ˹ðǮǴ׷أֱֺ޵
ͳСʲȻ˵͸ǵĴѧȻҪ˺Ľ壬Ҿ
ö𣿡

ݽ漰¼ʷʷʵ
1ڸ廪ѧĹϵǲʲͳ˵ѻ˵ѣ
2ŵǰ߻Ǻߣ
3亣Լĺܲ˼

1ڸ廪ѧĹϵܲᵽ¼ʷ
Լ׶١John Milton Hayͳ¶ࡤ˹
Theodore RooseveltڻʿߣArthur Henderson 
SmithŵѧУղķ˹Edmund JJamesйפʹϡ

Լ涨й⸶ʧɱ˸
Ѻϼư3293ۺԪ2444Ԫʮ껹壬Ϣ塣1904꣬
̸ԡƽ⳥ʱ亣Լ֪йפʹɣ
ľȷ㣬ͬйʵӦΪ1165Ԫ
Ԫ1278Ԫ۳áѷծȯϢ10785286.12
ԪһֱǶ1078ԪΪ44.1%˵Ķ
롣

ʱһŽ˻йΪԼ
ԼϷЧû˻ıҪй˻
йĴŵѧУղķ˹Edmund JJamesڻ
ʿߣArthur Henderson Smith׹˹ͳ
ͳĸ˻йѧͽ
ѧУ˵ÿйѧѧҵ
ӮһϤһµѺͻ顣ûκʽ
Чذйھϵһ𡣡 

1907꣬˹ͳһģָҹʵй
нʹ˾֮ԽǢڽ֮ءԮ֮еѧ
ҹѧߵѧ磬ʹҵΰȻɲţҹ
⣬ͬϵ£ҳ˹ʢ١

1908꣬ͨ˹ģйʽ
õİ1160Ԫ˻йΪǲѧ֮
ãÿ100ѧѧֱΪֹ

˴˻ģҪйѴ˿˰ѧú
ѧʹۡйִԱֻʡ
ȣɡ˼֮áҪ
ѧ񴦣ѧݣ廪ѧãΪ廪ѧ
У˿ѧĿĻʵ֡ 

Ӱ£ǿҲ׷˿й˰ҵ
Ҫ˿Ӣձʱ

廪ݽơϣϸʾѣ˶
롣˶پܹϲ
ûйͣץסʵšȻ
˵ʧɱ˸ѵļʵʵݵģ
̹ж1278ԪڵǮ
׾֮£ʹйפʹٴܸҲ޷ǿаǮ
Ҫģ⽻ѽҪʵġʷʵѷֱ浽˭
˵Ѻ㡣

2һٶԺĽ죬ŵǶʷʵ˵ʷѧŪ
൱ˣһСšŵר
ҡţȺĺǹعӭɹ
̳䣬ݵǹġ칦ܡսáɱˡߡ
·Դ󻧡뱱ɱӣɱ޹ڴդ ϵ
ǡҩջ1400̣ղ𡣵걱ǰ
ŴֻΪҽһ뱻ΪƽءŹʹݺʹ
֪йʷϵ˹򱱾ʹй
Ϸֵˡ

󡱵˵ǰߣôƷ
ɽʷˡ

3ȭ֮ǿϷй֮ѳɶ֡ʱ亣Լ
פʹ(William Woodville Rockhill)ȴʱˡŻš
ߡŻšȻΪƶģڽ
ʵάйġȨʹйڸȭҺ˱ǿ
ж˿Ϸֵˡ

ò˼ӦأǺԼأ

2005/10/01

¼

˻ 

 

ԼԺ½ѼʧߣԼʮ
йʮ档£̯İʮ
ʮ׾ʮ棬ʮʮԪ棬鶨ʮ긶
壬Ϣ塣

¶̻ʿ˵ȣڸȭ֮ңʧ
ߣ֮Եڴڣȡ⳥֮ѡ£쳥
ߣöʮˣһ׾ʮԪ档½÷ʮ
㣬÷Ѷʮ㣬ڸһۣʧ֮ȷΪ
ʮһʮ档ʮʮ֮ڣȥ
ʮʮΪơ 

ǧŰʮ£ͳ˹Ժһ
ˣԻ֮⣬ٹʧ峥֮󣬼ӯ֮
йΪ֤֮ơΪ˻֮֮ضˡƣ˰
˽й֮ʹ˵ش֮۹ڽ֮
磬йѧ˰ѧߵȽĿ֮һҲݴ
ǲѧʵҲ 

£ͨ鰸£ͳȫȨüһһ
йȭʮʮ߰ʮԪŽһ֮ծȯʹ
֮ùһʮһʮǧİپʮԪǾŷ֣˼
ʧʵ֮ͳ֮ 

ʱʮ¶ʮգԹ³أElihu Root֮ԣͳڸ
Իԣ׼ȷʵüһʧ⳥һʮһʮԪ
֮⣬ʮʵΪ֮вѵ£Ӧ֮˻йȫ
ꡣΩйһһһһһգѸǧڴ
һʮһʮԪ֮вʮԪ棬һһ
Ժйÿָ֮ڣɷԴ˾Ԫ֮
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һ0ʮһգפʹջй˻֮顣
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ʢ٣οɲлιŹԸйѧѧ
֮ԣұι֮ԱιѾô˻֮ÿ
ǲѧѧɹʹһа֮
ģΩղ졣 

һʹǲѧ취ţνһ꣬ѧ
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ѧͨѧԣ 

֮͢Ϊרʹл˻֮ʢ⡣ 

ǧŰپ꣬ڱеһοԣɳѧʮˣɳʮ
ˣͬʱȡ廪ѧҵʮˡǧŰʮһ꣬廪ѧÿʮˡ
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(XYS20051004)

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ٷ֮ʮ

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ͬѧ½һ⣬ǡٷ֮ʮȻҲæ˵׳죡

Ҫͣġٷ֮ʮָľͬѧʲô֮
еĵμ͵ķ񶨡ɡ⣬Զ˵Ļɫ
мصĳϿҵȻࡣšһ¿࣬
ġ޲׼Ĵη񡱾ౡ֮Щ˵Ļɫץץ
͡кšʾڡԾЧȡԲһЦ

number 1:ӿ㽭ѧߡ̡ѧߺҧɴ
ǰơĿͬͼá
˾һƴЩδݽǰơ޳ܽ
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׷֮Ʒ֮ѱ˿캺۷磬̧ܳѧʵѽ
¶(XYS20051002)ҿǸˣҪڵģ
ҲսսĻһ壬ᣡǺǣ

number 2:骡ɣ塱ҵԱӡĺ
ݽ꣬ġʱܱʱ¡س
˵֪ʶȱȱֻˣ
ѡһ£ֱ£һЦֻһЦѡ
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ԼҲʲôѹİɣʱգڡʧء
ʧصشʧˮ׼غʲôעġһơĻ
֮áɫʵĻ֮á
http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2005-09-26/21437870409.shtmlҿ
СһŻ𡱣ҪŸ͸ģǺǣ

number 3:۳ɽաϷĩϽС¥˺
ʲô֮õĳڣλʱҡڡ¾ԣܻ
ӪԼɲġӲˡһۣ˵Ǹ
ֶεĻåhttp://health.beelink.com/20050922/1938499.shtml
󲻾ã䡶˭Ҫ ȥһвһ
Ļ֮á˵Ļıҵ棬㡱һѣ͵Ľ
ġĻ֮áΪ췽
ݽṩ۵ƴ̹ȡ裬ͬʱġȫ
ĺܡɡҮ۳šϷĩһˣ
ѹҲˣȻ㽡дġġд
治ֲ֪дġʲôȻԵøʲô³Ѹ³Ѹ
ûн֤ǡֶĻåѽɣԼ
˵ԼǸå۳¿ǰæˣǺǣ

number 4: ԻĬСƷߣţëİβʹ
廪ݽ߷߲ƽС廪˭ҷ
Ļ᣿http://column.bokee.com/91554.html˵ǡһ
ѧߣȴΪϱ̨ݣε˱廪
ѧʥ̳ܲӣҪǡ廪
˭ԸṩĽá½ˮ׼൱ѧߡܡ
ѧһѧˮ׼ݽһ
С롱ĸˣϵڱҲҪܼѽϴ˼
ͲмѧŶ½ѧνѧݽѧ߶ȥ
ˣˮ׼൱ѧߡĸѽǵ㣬òġ
ѧˮ׼ݽ̸硰ǸЦġɣ
ǣ

ҾĴɣ϶йһ©šݡ֮ģʶ֮ʿ
Բ䡣ʲôѧɷнµ500׻ҵ
һ֮಻ļëƤīˡ˵
http://news.china.com/zh_cn/history/all/11025807/20050928/12698230.h
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ѧҲԻڡͽѺ
http://www.baidu.com/s?lm=0&si=&rn=10&ie=gb2312&ct=0&wd=%B8%B5%B9%FA
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֮áȤԸ֮͵ĺν˷ӵ᲻еسҲ
ҲģЦˣ

ЩԶ˵ġٷ֮ʮǿͬѧԼ
ôİɣ

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˵˿֮֮һ˿ڣ20ʲôԡ
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