                       ˿µϣ20051031գ

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                           ӡ

    һһȵĸŵһйʧһأҲй
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ڳɹͿܡʳ1979귢ݸ˾
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ˣéûͨƸ˵̫ˣпԺ
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Ժ˾ͲͣطĹһоɹҽԺ
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Ժ֤ȷģǲ˾ȥе뾭ѵĹ۵㣬
Ϊи뾭ѵĹ۵һʼǴԺǴ

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ɫɫαѧٵѧҲ᷺ĳ֡Ϊ
ȱģǽ̤ʵصʵ֤񣬲ˣдʱҲˡ

2005.10.15.

2005.22

(XYS20051031)

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˾ȵʥѧ



ݿѧʱ20051026շġѧѧ淶ж
ѧĵĽ:ѧһʼΪᳫʵǵ
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http://www.acriticism.com/article.asp?Newsid=7000&type=1000

Ҳ֪˿ƺʲôڣҲʾҪѧܵģ
ڣһʱҲͿչѧͬ˻вͬ
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ǽ쿴ѧ/ ѧġζйƼ
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http://www.acriticism.com/article.asp?Newsid=7019&type=1001
[ʱ:20051029 ߣ Դ:ѧ
ĩע߻ö׶ѧȻѧʿѧλͲʿŷѧ
͹ʮ꣩ ѧwww.acriticism.comת 20051029]

ʹҴһѵйѧ뷨о
εʥΪΪ롰ʵǡʵ̫ԶˡԷӵķѧ
кβ֮ȫ԰ڳʵƪ²
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http://www.ccforum.org.cn/viewthread.php?tid=27840&extra=page%3D2
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翪һЩ˵֮ĸ]


Ҳûп߷Ҳǵͬ
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ڹĴ2001814ůģܽѧ
ߡĳصѧڣ[ũ]˿̨ܼȡ
зӵıô֮dazeze2005-10-28[ֱ]ӵһ

http://www.tianyaclub.com/publicforum/Content/no01/1/194067.shtml

[ֱ]ӳֽ200448ǿ̳20044
21ںſƽ̳ſƽ̳ϵڻɿ
http://www.rainbowplan.org/webjb/edu/messages/6207.shtml

Ʋݲ˵ѱƲӣ˵Ϊ2005
1029յ˵ʵǰɡⲻǶԸոձĿ
ѧʱѿ 

(XYS20051031)

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ظԺʿĳɱЧ棺ƽһƪĺİ ò

ߣˮݴԺʿ

ݾҽѧѧԺܣظԺʿÿоԪܹ30
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ѧоģƽҲֹΡٽԺʿˮƽ
ѽ


ϸѧҺظоԱ

http://www.bmi.ac.cn/html/2004/12/20041207093051-1.htm

ʱ䣺2004-12-7 9:30:51 Ķ 7221

йѧԺԺʿϸѧҺظоԱ

Prof. He Fuchu,  cell biologist,  academician of CAS

ظйѧԺԺʿרҵרҵٽΡ

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ˮӵ缲ǡʹߡ缲
ġˮӵ缲һ

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»˵ްԵĻưغӣԴںɽԭ峹Сӣ
˲ΨһˮԴʮĩްӹ̽ɺڿ
ˮټưغѲԭ뽭Ȼ볤ͨӿ
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Ϊʲôܹ˳ʱġ㷺Ĵûб¶ԭ֮һͼ
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⡣һλôľˮѧͬйڡӾѧбġ
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˵ûָˮվ޷кʵǣȻ
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罫ŷŵЧĿõʵˮԵõ
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Ժ󣬳ཫҸȫǲ˽ĺ˵
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ʵȱĿѧʶ⣬ΪνĻʹߣҲȱľ
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ŲϵʡǽΪԼҪԼ
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ҥǰʾŭҪо֮󣬹ý屨Ĵ
˵йͣˮӽ衱Źлʿҥ˵й
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Ȳˮˡʱ߾ͻῴӵĺʫ黭ĻعȻ
ҪʵʵڵĻع顰ϼҡ

6˵һ˵ˮԴ⡣Ҳ˵йǸˮԴˮ
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˾ˮΪ2251ףΪ˾ˮƽķ֮һ149ҵĵ
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֮⣬ΪˮԴЧҪǽˮӣסˮڵĺˮ
˿ڽΪҹļ֮һ佨ˮˮԴҹʮ
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ҲӦѧϰ߱Ŀѧ֪ʶ֮⣬Ҫһ̬
ŻȡĿܻܿԸΥƻ
ԸߺЩαĻʿܹͶҹĻ
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International Conference Water &Energy

(XYS20051031)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

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ϸ룬̫ⷬأ̫塱ˡΪ
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˿ּ׼ˣ˵滰࣬ʵ߼Ƿǡ
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ֻǼһͻᱻͲݵ·ѡ˭ò˭
봩ʾԼҰˣ·֮ȴȫһˡû˭
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Сϰڱû𣬶Ҫ׷棬Ҫѧ·Ȼý
˶߳ʵ͹ۡ͡Ρȸߵ򻯵ʵͷ
֮Ǵ˼˵ȡʱû˭˷ȥʵһڽ
ͽһѧ߿԰֪ñءһż
༭ΪĶȥͣ౨Ȼְ͸ЩʱϷĩ
һ༭ߴְһڴʾǵľأ֪Ӻ
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ҪǮ

Ҳϰ塣һԤԼֹ͹ֻ
ǴһʱʧгԶ棻ڽͽϱ
ҲҪ롣ǰν֮˻ͶߣɳΪ߻ɵ
ϵ˿ʲôǶ˵ˡ

һʵ⡪ڵ֪ˮƽ⡣ҲǾý
ǷԸ⹫͹ܷۡʵ˵ҪһΪ
ҵýȽϿһЩһЩ̨󱨵Ҫ
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Ͳ˵ˡ˵ѧżαѧݵվڿѧһ
߼Ժʵ˵ý壬ܱŪЩʦɽ˹ٵİ
ŵýǮôʲô¶ҪףҪÿѧԵ΢ȥ
ʣڹϲ˾ɱ羰ô˻
ҹ˿ռٱأǵĶտζǴý
島ķ갡֪һЩýԼǲŵģ֪
ŪһЩ½޻̸֮ǶǵαѧŵĿ
㣬Զӡýҵ״

ŭ¼ҲãǰЩӵԲ԰Ĥ¼ҲãӳΪα
߻򼫶˻ʿǡǶýڵ״ñȽ
׵ˡ֪ţɿ飬ԣ硰
˺һηȻ桱ȵȣ̲ڹ
׵ȻͬġֲϣӺͺӡˮȼ
ֿѧҪʵ˵ʿǵĶûжٵɱġҲ
ͬⲻͬ⣬˼ҰѸģġѧ塱ñͷһۣ
ҲûãҸ˵ڹעЩ۵ڵд˻ΪǾ
ǡѧ塱ǲһѧ塣ԼĽ
ֻͣǶţ١Ͷˣ˵Ҳûá

Բ԰¼ڻܾӲһӣĳλͬ
⡱ﵽԼĳЩĿĵĸ߹֧֣ȫΥ˿ѧ񣬾
˲ƶЦ˵ķʽճα򼫶˻ʿӵĻ
Ϊһʤ̡Ҳܵ൱Σٻ
㷲ŭ¼УͦӺͷ˫ν൱
£ҸΪӾýľԿ͹빫ˣֻҪȽ
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ǲ÷߶ܾٲķڶʵЧһЩ

һҲӾͲǷˣ

йý״ˣκΡ

2005-10-30

(XYS20051031)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)

ŭˮ֮ĿѧԺ͹θ


20051025

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רҵԺǿϵͳԺǿĴͼۺ;ʱ
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κһרҵ֪ʶͼܵ˺͹ĹԶֻ
ܹʵĳЩض͹̵ҲԶֻܹеĺһ֡
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ʱܼգ

ͶĶǷýϷС壿Щû
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ˮѾΪҹԴչҪ롣

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òܹһЩ֪ƼĶˮ翪ģ
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ĿǰйԴ״緶Χ˵ֹۡǹԴԴҪ
ú̿ʯ͡ȻΪϣĿǰҹú̿1145ڶ֣̽
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2015ꡢ2020꣬ͻֶϲ㣬ȱ罫ﵽǧһǧʱһǧ
ߵˮҪһǧߵúҪȼڶú

ĿǰҹˮԴ̶14.5ǧߣǸۺҪ󼰻
Ҫ󣬾ÿɿ4ǧߣԴλҪֲظԭ
ƹԭУһƽˮԴռȫ70
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ݳϿ̿˾ܾܹ㾧ܣϿ޽Ժ̬Ч
ԣĿǰΣ򣬾ֲ̬뻷ƣ
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ѧ־һڵΪ 

ߣ׫

ǰίĻҪԩǵһһɹĻ
־Ϊ˵ѧ־ϷĿѧ־200510
28ϣһ˽ͦ档

˵ҽоĽ£KuanTeh Jeang)ѧ
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ϯѾһﻯѧ־оȨAssociate Editor,˴
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ɷõİ˶ܾȽºݣЩݱʾûʡ
NIH ͷĿMichael Gottesman˵ҪĴ 

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񾭿ѧLevitan˵Щ𾪣stunned)ʾעⲻ 

ͷѧϯJudith Bond˵ʮ»Ὣ⡣
Linda Pike ˵ֲֻ֡ 

Science, Vol 310, Issue 5748, 606-607 , 28 October 2005 
News Focus
U.S. WORKFORCE:
A Glass Ceiling for Asian Scientists?
Jeffrey Mervis 

Asian scientists are a major presence in U.S. biomedical research labs. 
So why do so few hold leadership positions? 

Virologist Kuan-Teh Jeang always thought it strange that his employer, 
the National Institutes of Health (NIH), would celebrate Asian 
Heritage Week each year with a cultural fair. "We're not known for 
being great cooks or dancers. We're known for being great scientists," 
says Jeang about an ethnic group that, according to 2000 census data, 
comprises 14.7% of U.S. life scientists despite being only 4.1% of the 
nation's overall workforce. So last year, he and the NIH/Food and Drug 
Administration Chinese American Association launched a new tradition: 
inviting a distinguished Asian researcher to give a scientific talk. 

This May, as Asian Heritage Week approached, Jeang and his colleagues 
had another idea: Why not use the occasion to examine the status of 
Asian scientists within NIH's intramural program? Jeang had already 
collected some disturbing numbers about opportunities for career 
advancement at NIH, and he was eager to see whether his numbers 
squared with an official tally by NIH officials. 

To his chagrin, they did. Whereas 21.5% of NIH's 280 tenure-track 
investigators (the equivalent of assistant professors) are Asian, they 
comprise only 9.2% of the 950 senior investigators (tenured researchers) 
at NIH. And only 4.7% of the roughly 200 lab or branch chiefs are Asian. 
(For this story, the term "Asian" includes all scientists with Asian 
surnames, regardless of their citizenship or immigration status. The 
group is dominated by scientists of Chinese, Korean, Indian, Pakistani, 
or Japanese origin.) Within particular institutes, the numbers were 
even more sobering. As of this spring, just one of 55 lab chiefs at 
the National Cancer Institute, NIH's largest, was Asian. At the 
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, where Jeang 
works, none of the 22 lab chiefs was Asian. 
To Jeang and others, the numbers point to a glass ceiling for Asian 
life scientists seeking to move up the career ladder. Asians are 
welcome in most labs, the numbers seem to say, and those who prove 
themselves can earn a permanent position. (Taiwan-born Jeang, who 
holds both an M.D. and Ph.D., came to NIH as a medical staff fellow in 
1985 and was tenured in 1993.) But they shouldn't expect to enter 
senior management. "We feel that the field is not level," says Jeang, 
who has calculated that, at NIH's three largest institutes, Asians 
make up roughly 12% of the eligible pool from which lab chiefs are 
drawn. 

Figure 1 Pressure from below. Asian scientists are underrepresented 
among tenured staff and lab chiefs. 
CREDIT: NIH 

NIH isn't the only place with a glass ceiling, say some Asian life 
scientists. This summer, neuroscientist Yi Rao of Northwestern 
University in Evanston, Illinois, took a look at the leadership ranks 
of the two major professional societies in his field: the Society for 
Neuroscience (SfN) and the American Society for Biology and Molecular 
Biology (ASBMB). What he found was even more troubling than the NIH 
figures. 

His snapshot showed that none of the 26 ASBMB council members was Asian, 
nor were any of the 193 members of the society's 11 standing committees. 
Asian scientists make up fewer than 4% of the 703-member editorial 
board at its top-tier Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC), and none 
of the 21 associate editors with decision-making authority. Asians are 
equally invisible among the leadership ranks of the neuroscience 
society, Rao found. They hold only two of nearly 300 seats on 18 
committees, and none of the 15 elected officer and councilor posts. 
Looking back, Rao found that only a handful of Asian scientists have 
ever held such elective positions in the society's 36-year history. 

Rao says the message is clear. "However the phenomenon can be described, 
the underlying problem is discrimination," he wrote in July letters to 
ASBMB and SfN governing officers. "Chinese Americans tend to be quiet, 
partly because their voices and concerns are not listened to. But 
should that mean obedience and subordination forever?" 

Senior officials at NIH, SfN, and ASBMB don't dispute the numbers, 
although some say they were surprised by them. "There's an appearance 
of a glass ceiling, which is troublesome," says Michael Gottesman, who 
heads NIH's intramural research program. "It makes you wonder if 
there's an inherent bias." 

Looking for factors that might help explain the gap, he and others 
tick off the relatively recent arrival on the U.S. scientific scene of 
Asian scientists, language barriers, and cultural stereotypes that 
prevent Asians from being more aggressive in seeking promotions and 
honors. But in the end, they say, their organizations have an 
obligation to try to improve the situation. "The solution is 
straightforward. We need to make their accomplishments better known," 
says Gottesman, who met with Jeang and three other Asian scientists 
this summer to discuss how NIH could do better. 

The stealth problem
For Rao, Jeang, and other Asian scientists, the recent data-gathering 
exercise confirms something they had long felt to be the case. "It's 
an unspoken truth," says neuroscientist Joseph Tsien of Boston 
University, who left China in 1986 for graduate school and later 
became a U.S. citizen. "We don't fall into the typical minority group 
because we're not underrepresented, especially in science. But you see 
so many [Asian scientists] at the bottom of the ladder and so few in 
the top ranks.  It's a funny situation." In a letter this spring to 
NIH Director Elias Zerhouni that prompted NIH to gather the data, 
Jeang explains that "we want to disabuse you of the common mythology 
that Asians don't want to be leaders." 

But the issue is also very complicated, says Yu Xie, a sociologist at 
the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, who has studied both the 
behavior of scientists and the growing presence of Asians in U.S. 
society. "Often people look at statistics, and they jump to the 
conclusion that there has been discrimination," says Yu, who came to 
the United States from China in 1982 for graduate school. "I haven't 
seen any evidence that it is the case. It might be true, but we just 
don't know enough to reach a conclusion one way or the other." Indeed, 
several Asian scientists interviewed for this article say they haven't 
experienced any type of glass ceiling. "I personally don't feel that 
it applies to me. But I'm not very sensitive," says Liqun Luo of 
Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, who earlier this year 
was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. 

Still, Luo says others have told him that the ceiling exists and that 
the issue seems to be on people's minds. A Stanford colleague 
contacted him after receiving Rao's letter, he says, and out of the 
blue, Luo says he was invited to be on SfN's program committee. 

Neuroscientist Eve Marder of Brandeis University in Waltham, 
Massachusetts, who chairs the society's program committee, says she 
and the society's other officials believe strongly that all panels 
should have diverse representation. "It so happens that this year 
almost none of them do, and I recommended to the committee on 
committees that they be more proactive." She says she also suggested 
to Rao a tactic that has helped women rise through the ranks: "Forward 
us lists of people who are interested, so that nobody can say that 
they don't know any Asian scientists" who are willing and able to 
serve the society. 

The head of the committee on committees, Irving Levitan of the 
University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, says he was "stunned" when 
he saw the numbers. "There is great consciousness about gender and 
underrepresented members," he says. "But frankly, we have not paid 
attention to Asian Americans because they are so visible in the lab." 

Figure 1 Levelheaded. NIH's Kuan-Teh Jeang wants a level playing field 
for Asian scientists. 
CREDIT: MARTY KATZ 

For some ASBMB officials, the tone of Rao's message was as shocking as 
the message itself. "It was a very insulting letter," says Linda Pike 
of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. "He was accusing us 
of doing something that was awful and terrible and mean without 
bothering to find out why. You can't just look at the numbers." 

In her reply to Rao, Pike explored a question often asked when the 
issue comes up: How many Asian scientists are truly qualified to hold 
leadership positions? "How many of the Chinese authors of scientific 
papers are in a position to serve on ASBMB committees?" she asked. 
"How many choose to return to their country, and how many seriously 
try to obtain faculty positions in the U.S.?" In addition, she noted 
that "a lack of language skills could put a faculty member at a severe 
disadvantage" in obtaining funding and, thus, building the track 
record needed to move up the career ladder. "While I sympathize with 
your concerns, there is much more that needs to be examined before 
diagnosing ASBMB as engaging in discrimination." 

Even so, ASBMB is taking the charge very seriously, says president 
Judith Bond of Hershey Medical Center in Pennsylvania. Last month, 
Bond says, the society decided to invite "a Chinese-American member" 
of the JBC editorial board to become an associate editor, and the 
council plans to discuss the issue of a glass ceiling at its December 
meeting. 

For Gottesman, inertia and a limited number of available slots are 
bigger obstacles to progress than the qualifications of Asian 
scientists. "The pool is getting bigger," he says. "But the average 
age of our lab chiefs is about 10 years more than it was 10 years ago. 
There's a need to turn those positions over more often." He says it's 
his job to remind the scientific directors to look at a broader 
spectrum of potential candidates for these jobs. 

A glass ceiling doesn't mean that no individuals have risen to great 
prominence in the profession. Examples abound. In fact, some Asian 
scientists say that the critics have gone overboard in painting a 
bleak picture of the United States. "They are fighting for a good cause, 
but they are going to an extreme," says Mu-Ming Poo, a neuroscientist 
at the University of California, Berkeley, about those who claim that 
the data prove a glass ceiling exists. "The United States is the most 
tolerant society in the world, including China, for foreign scientists. 
In 10 years, Yi Rao will probably be holding one of these leadership 
positions, and so will many of his colleagues." 

Indeed, many are anticipating a rosier future. It will come, they say, 
both because of the graying of the current generation of leaders and 
because Asian scientists will become more adept at learning how to get 
ahead. "This is America. And you need to embrace those qualities that 
are appropriate for success," says Victor Dzau, chancellor for health 
affairs at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, who was born in 
Shanghai and educated in Canada and the United States. "It will 
require a conscious effort. But I would predict that the disparity 
will narrow as the next generation moves forward." 


Jeang also believes that change is coming. Last year, he says, he was 
on the brink of leaving NIH when a senior colleague convinced him that 
history was on his side. "When I was growing up at NIH," the colleague 
confided to Jeang, "every chief of medicine and every director was a 
WASP. But all their right-hand men were Jewish doctors. Now all our 
right-hand people are Asian. It just takes time." That pep talk, plus 
a recent meeting with Gottesman, has persuaded Jeang that NIH means 
business. So he says he'll stick around and wait for a time when the 
disparity disappears. 

(XYS20051031)

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һΣΪҷͥſԭ淽֤ݣɲҪԺӦ
֤ޣԺ׼ҷҪ

涽ٷԺʱṩԭ֤ݣзѷԺ
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1սʤԭ֮һѧʹʵ㿴дĿ
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2սʤԭ֮ѧϰǿרҵ
Ǳ˱һܻܿߵ㾦ָҪڣ
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ҳ룺ӲŪ˿רоһҲܼ˭
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ڲƾѯWhw 



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档ǺܿĿǰйĹǣг90ĲȻ
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˭˼άң̸ɫҵϷ

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ȻԽԽΪԽ׳ɱ㹻С㹻 һĹ
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Ȥȥο Martin Hollis The Philosophy of Social Science
An IntroductionCambridge University Press1994ۼ۵ר¡

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11ʵϣҪǴö࣬ͨ⻥Ϊķɺ
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16ϣйŮԿԲΥԼԸԹҲϣ
йԿԲΥԼԸȥ Money Boy Ҳϣ
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ǣŵҲڱ֮ڡ̴һΣгҵ
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ϼ棬ѿ淶ɫҵ˭档ͬ
͵ƭʴ90%ԻöʣΣ
淶˱ֻ˺Լˣֹ
ȫ¶帱õǰ£ҲɺϷ̺Ϸɲ
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ĦҲã־Ҳãԡ๲ʶΪɫҵռ
ɡĦԽֹȻȽֹɫҵǣйȻ
ж٣йɫ鳡жأ߿¶öɣȻ
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ον¹ͬ淶־ɣһɲġ
ǰŮ˵СҲǡ¹ͬ淶أ˼ԤԹ
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ĻԹ

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