                        ˿µϣ20051108գ

05.11.08, йܿת׺ʱϲ
05.11.08, YushѷǸЦ
05.11.08, ˮNGOˮ翪еá
05.11.08, һɿġѧܶ
05.11.08, ɮˡйѧ֮״
05.11.08, 褡ԺԺʿѡƲȥѧĭ
05.11.08, ߡٴ򲻴102ͷˡ
05.11.08, ITSING˺ʵ۵ĳν
05.11.08, Ļ㱨пԺŲɱ
05.11.08, ѧѧҵְϰ
05.11.08, αα𸴲
05.11.08, šԶɽĳӸӡ
05.11.08, ʮ·ڵķɽѧѧԺ2005

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ת׺ʱϲ

ߣȻ
йܿ

      1014գѧ־һ¡Ӱ£
ǶšйѧһƼ˴ǰһƪйءת򿹳ˮ
洦оɡԴˣƼͬһ־Ľ˻Ӧ

ͬʱйڴϢũҵתﰲȫίԱ(¼
ưί)ܽڽ11׼4תˮҵ 

תﰲȫٴǵĹע 

飺Ƿȷ 

2005429ճġѧ־УƼСѧ
Һ˵ͨԱȷ֣йת򿹳ˮ
תˮĲʹũ80ũҩʩͬʱתˮƽ
ȶӦͨˮ߳6һ9 

оΪҪת򿹳ˮиЧط
ΣĽǵоת򿹳ˮũʩũҩ
Լж󣬽ũҩũ񽡿ĲӰ졣 

1014գѧ־ԷɱˮоЭᡢɫƽ
֯ݴѧоŶӵ£ԻƼоĿĿɿԡ
ԺҵӦüֵɡ 

ЩΪƼڵᵽļũҩΪũ񿴵
˽ٵĺ棬ΪԤȾֲ֪ת򿹳ˮЩɱ
ũйʹũҩϰߣԣָɱ
ʹתˮһٲ 

ɫƽָ֯йһЩͨǷ;ͷת
ˮһˮڻƼоõƷСר
ԻƼовδ۵תˮɱɣ˵
תˮƷɱǴͳƷֵ50 

ЩɣƼڵڵġѧ־ϻӦ˵Ȼڴͳ
ƷּɱʹȷʵҲǿԵģǼֻתˮ14
ͬʱʾõƷͨ˹תﰲȫίԱˡ 

յϣת򿹳ˮĿоɱȴͳƷֵ
ɱ1ңܽҵƹ㣬оɱȻ
½Ƽڽܱɷʱ˽͡

    תֻšԺδ 

תˮ˵ǸĵǣǷȷȫʱ
׼ҵ 

תԭǰѻ¡в
תһĿֲУʹĿֲµ״йũҵѧԺ
＼оļʿоԱ˵λ򹤳רоһתˮ
Ʒ֣ڼͰȫѾǳ죬ΪпȻ׼ҵ
㡣ʿˮתӦüֵתʹˮƷ
п桢ݼ͸ӪƷʵԡ 

ĿǰоתˮİȫԺһƷûʲô
ͰȫԷѾﵽҵˮƽƼ˵ 

ʵϣת1997ȫûвʳ
ƷΣĿѧ֯乫ġתʳƷ20⡷
ָĿǰгϵתʳƷͨܲཡ
աڴʳƷ׼ĹңڶЩʳƷδʾཡ
Ӱ졣 

ﻯѧʿӵĻ˵ת򲢲Ҫת(ָʳת
ʳƷ)Ļ򡱡ĿǰָתеķָǱڵģ
ĶԻཡвʵϣЩĿǰֻһֻɻ
⡣ 

ôڶԡת򡱵ĿֻԺδ? 

ӶԱʾŷԴת̬ȷǳͬת
ʳƷŷޱΪˮޣձܡ 

ڹϴż˻˼ŷԴ˼̬
ͬĿǰһЩ˼ָ֯йĻҲ
ԾýļעԾɫƽ֯й
һʱýϳֵĶתʳƷĵжԡֻΣɫ
ƽ֯Ļйء˵

ȥ12£ɫƽ֯ˡйתˮԽͻķ
桷йũҵתҵӦñֽ̬ȣԵʱ
йϢʾǡ󣬹һЩӰýתˮؽ
˱Щʹ˸֯ṩĲϺ͹۵㡣 

ƼΪĿǰתȷŽ϶ۡ£
Ҫϰȷ˽תʳƷļֵͰȫԣйزžӦӶת
ũͼܵ͸ȡͬʱý屨Ҫпѧ̬ȣҪ
ڡ 

·;Ȼ 

תеķջֻһֲ²⣬ڴңȴͳ
֣תﶼһϸķϵͳ 

ݼʿٽܣйת׼ҵḶ́Ҫü׶
İȫۡڸ򡢻ĲܴһһҪ1ϵ
ʱ䣬Ҫ68ꡣ 

ļۣġм顱׶ΣԼĿ״(ͨת
ҪﵽĿ)ıôŴȶΡͷš
׶ҪоתֲԻӰ졣ڡ顱׶Σص㿼ת
ƷʳƷȫӰ죬ӪɷǷı䣬Ƿڶס
סӪӣҪʱҪӦĶ顣ȫ֤걨׶Ҫ
תֲĻʳƷȫȫ桢ۺ۱档

ʿ˵תʵо⣬⼸׶ҪľǴ
תĻʳƷȫԣشǷڷյ⡣
һ̣ӦΪ׼תĿǰĿѧˮƽ˵ǰ
ȫġ 

һЩרҺ͹ڶԡίܽڽ11׼4תˮҵ
һϢʵΪġһλίԱ򱾿֤ʵһ
£ί϶ٿᣬֻÿε֮һ
ĿǰܾκԤơͬʱָίֻѧ
ۡѹأյľҪۺϸ 

ɫƽ֯´һλתĿĹԱԱʾ
Ѿ˽⵽4תˮ׼ҵ˵Ըרң
ũҵĹٷϢ˵ɫƽ֯Դйתˮҵ
̬ûиı䡣 

ƼԤƣ갲ί׼תˮҵĿȻ
͸¶ȥ꣬ίʵѾͨһƷ֣ղûеõũҵ
׼ 

ʿһƪָת۵ʵʲǿѧ⣬
Ρáó׷⡣ݻƼ㣬йת
ˮҵƹ㣬൱ȫÿ200Ԫ롣 

ڷչйҶԣڷչ＼ϣķ
Ϊʿ˵ 

(XYS20051108)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ѷǸЦ

ߣYush

ȡõľĿġɾ֮͡һǷ衣ڡһλ
ѧ԰ס(XYS20051103)У˵2000ѧѧ֪ʶ
裬a2b2=(ab)(ab)0,ôԵóab0ab0⽫
ѧʷһЦôһ⣬ 150ѵһѧҡ

ҵ˽ѷڡ¡20018ڡռ֮һҳֽ
ġķ񶨡ֹȻǡһЦ˵ѧˣ
ѧߵѧĴѧһ꼶ѧҲ̵֤ܿĻƿЦ

ĵĺǽzetaֽΪһzetaԼ
Ħºĳ˻ڣֽǰ漰ȫ
˻zetaɱʾΪļޡ
ݸߵѧеļ㷨֮ļ޵ļ֮ǰ
ļ޶ڡ磬x0ʱlim x1/xֽܷΪ (lim x)(lim 
1/x)Ϊlim 1/x ڡˣҪǸ裬Ҫ֤
ǸºӦ˻ļ޴ڣӶж壩

°ս˼·֤00ˡԵеġp
ʽ뽯еŶӦ

(1) =1/p ĵĳ˻˼ޡڡ0ǽ
Ϊġ0
(2) =p ĳ˻˼޲ڣ
(3) 1 = p1/p = (1/p)(p) = ơ ˷ֽⲻΪp
޲ڣ
(4) 1 = ơ¡0

(5) ơ0Ҧ¡0
=1/p=000

˵ΪZefa̫ӣ֪֡
֤ⲻ֪֣ļ޵ĸûȷ⡣
⣬ǸzetaǰMinҲĪzetaǸ
ǲִСģȻҲûмСֵ֮˵ɼп
ĸûС

2004꣬ѧѾҵ˷zetaǰ10ڸʵΪ
1/2ķƽ㣻ƣ֤ͬzeta
ûʵڵ0㡣ֵͼѧȻмһˡ

ƣķҲͷһѧоɹ
֤ܳһѧ޵ĸߵѧƷ
Ĺټѧ⣬ƶȽҲֻ䷢40
ߵĹŵҲضһѧ

ġķ񶨡

http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/fmygx/fmyg2001
/0108/010829.htm

һλѧ԰ס(XYS20051103)

http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia6/tiandishengren3.txt

zeta裬
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

(XYS20051108)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

һɿġѧܶ

ߣ

ѧʱļ߾һɿŪϧһѧ
ܶ117ڡѧʱϷġŭ֮ʹһ
ԣЩɿһġˮ˲Ļáʾ

ŭ֮ʹ

ߣ
    ѧʱ2005.11.7

ŭˮ翪뻷ıǰδеѡ
ңҵ˲ɷþ͸ѣѾµܾɷõ֮Ʋȫ
֮ǰעûв֮ܲɷã˸
֮λɷöֱ˵ضԼ˵Ƕ½ܲɷˡⱳԭ
ܸӡֻͨѧ֤Ϳ˵£Ⱥѧ
ܶŪˡŭˮվǲʱڱ䡣

βɷÿνǸдࡾһɿ㡿

ʱʱǿ÷ʽ16ͳ
ѧҸᾭڵĹ۲о˸Ϊѧṹϵ
˵ͳһǧĵ˵˼Ķű
ܡֵɿ飬ͨȥԡѧӵȷǼ޵
񡿡50޽Ͽˮˮѧһ򲻿й
߰ӣļȫϵͳרҵ֪ʶɽͨ
ѧѧѧʱ˶ʿѧḷ̌ʿѧˮѧ֮
⣬ѧϰȻѧѧѧȣŷ޵ͨ
ߵȴ΢ֵȵȡʵؿ⡢о۽ϣ
Ϳ࣬Сʹ׼ȷʵʽжϡ
׷ǿѧ֤ɿ

ȻڲʶСһɱ̬ге
ĳЩܡЩδȫΪ˽ա߼Ϊλ
߲ϵǷôڼáѧ֤Ľ
ʹٵΣСǰֻЩɿ˲Żڼ
ЩܵĴڣˡֲԼˮе飬
Ŀǰķʽ档ʶȻʱȫ߼ʣ߼ǡ
ɿģȲߣҲߣӦߡһЩ
ȽϴĿѧ⣬ײƷתǷͻΣΪ
ȻĴĸıΣΧǲǴĸı䣿
ϿǲǴĸı䣿Σٳδ
ȷ֮ǰ׶Ȼĸı䡾˼ǧ꣬ǲȫ
ͲҪˣִѧѾȡ˺ܸߵȨΪѧ߼
֤ɿȵģʰɣûȨֻɿ飬
ãž޴ԴҲžƵĻȨѧռ
ƣҪźռƣ군ʵǸǣ
ѧܽһ⣬ĽǶȵ˼Ҳֱִܳų̬
ѧǶ𣿿ѧǽո˵Ĳ
ġûпѧܵģѧҲԲܵģûɿǾ
ܵģֻɿǡǡ˵ģ

ŭĿѧ֮Ũɫʡɿǿŭ
֮ѲǴĿѧ֮ӡطʹ˾Ķ
Һڵĳ桾߼𡿡յйѾһ
ģٶȿˮĽ׶Σһгʱˮ翪
ҹԴսԵҪ֮һˮ翪ҵΪ
ϷֻУ֪ʶҲֻ׵¼ֵȡ仯
еĲ˵Ĺ۵ĹԱڻʺšʱĿѧԵ
ΪѵážͲѽΪʲôеĲɷöԵôΪѣ2003ŭ¼
ճʱЩ˹һЩ۵㣬־̸ܾ⡣Ȼ
ܵѹҲ֪ԵλġĺͶԷġ

ԪĽ죬¡ŭӵĿ֤ȱѧ
ԣûϸش󹤳̵ĻӰ۳򡣲Ǵ2003ŭ
֮ǽ괺Բ԰¼ʶκһ漰
ͺ桢㷺עǱӰ޴ĿӦðط
涨͹ԺԭҪṫʾӰ۱棬ýֱ
֯͹ڹ㷺룬źǷ
شľϣлǿѧУǲǹȫ߾ͱ
߿ѧУ

ûרҵ֪ʶͼĹβشߣרҵ֪ʶͼ
רѧеʱβȷʹȨβ
ܱ֤ߵĹԺ͸ԣα֤Ⱥ治ֺһЩר
ҵʿ˵ʿûרҵ߱ԻĿԡñ¶ҹ
е㡪͹Ϲǲ߱רҵ֪ʶ˰ǲ
شߵȨΪѧҲоʧʱ򣬿ѧҲ档

ѧҪȫۺϿԼרҵˮר˼Ժʿˮ
ֻ̲Աףˮѧ¸ѧơ
ˮѧоͽ޽ˮ繤ƻȻƽı׶ˡ
˵Ҫһ̣ö̬ͣ͵Ĺ۵㿴⣬еĹܷ
Ч棬Զ׶˸󣻱ȫǴСΧ⣬е
̴ӾֲĪɣȫ򿴾ͲУˮǣһȫι
ӰΣιӰΣǣ£ǣ棬򹤳Ӱ
㣻Ǿֲ⣬ھȻãȻ
ʹʧˮԴΪ츣ƻ̬κﶼ
ԣѵҭʳɣ

Ժʿ۵ҪԼϤԺʿѵǹûй
ķȨѡԺʿָ˭ܲʿԺʿԼ
򽲻Ҫأ̬ʵΪݣô˵̬
һμǽܳѧҡԭӢʼѧϯ1904ŵ
Ļ˵60Ժ󲻶κ˼뷢Ϊ60Ժ˼벻
ԾҸʱܹѹҲйϵѡ˵һλ
ԺʿǰڱϷۣҹýϢٹ·йûô
Ϣ˷ѣѡ˵λԺʿרҵϢʮǧȫ硣

NGOʲôNGOרҵ֪ʶ飬
ݲۡŭ֮УǿؿǵĹעǻԭס
棬Ϊ˸˵棬Ϊ桾α
ѧӹʾйʵ˾GDP1000Ԫ3000ԪĹ
ʱڣϵ乫̱仯Ĺؼʱڣ֯
Эǰйѽĸ﹥ĹؼʱڡҪڼгĸ
ͬʱƽƸĸƸĸͨNGO չѰµġ
Эơ

Բ԰¼һŭҲŭЩۿ˵ǹҡ
ǰбȻţŹҶԿѧ
ӣڲ淶ʹǰеĽŲؽߵøΪ˳
һƪѧܶɿġ

(XYS20051108)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

NGOˮ翪е

ˮ

20041028ڱϹˮɳչֻ3A
ϵķԡʱ᳡ֻûϡǰڡڡʵ
ҪJȶһᵽԣмλҪ
ݣ֤ҷָôλ֮ȷʵûκεطֹҷԵ
¼ˣҸݵʱټǸ壬£ϣָ̡

1NGO빫ڲ 

νڣָΪ֮Ⱥڣνڲ룬ָȺڲ
ߵȨᳫڲ룬й
֡

г£ҵ׷ʱʣʵʵڵҵ
ɶ׷ǹۺϷչɹǳȫṫڡ
һ˵˭ڣȻеΪNGOԴڣʵϲ
ܣNGOֻܴһСֹڣ˸ܣղŸũҲ˵
ڣֻǹеһԱܴڡŸĸĲ
ְܶλҲɹȥץùҵҪץɡ
񣬰˿ҵĻԴء̬ΰȶ
ҽ뽻ͨȸ򡣹ȥΪЩһᳫȺ·ߣᳫ
Ⱥڳ⡢취Ⱥ·ߡᳫġڲ롱к
أڣȺ·ǿ쵼Ⱥڵ񣬶
ǿȺڵȨԴȨı˵ǰλ
ȨλȨλת䣬Ǹתִһֹ
ת䣬ҲִϷҪλȺȨֱ׳زϵԼ
ĹȨԹʡѯŲص
ԼȨᱻලؽЩȨɽ׼Ⱥڹʡ˵
ףԱȨֻ񣬶ȺӵеȨΪΪȺڷģ
ȺǹˡNGOȺڻҲһֹڲߵʽ֮
һ

2   ҹNGO

21ҹNGOʲôΪΪҷչලֵ֧Ĳ
ҹNGOٶȷչܿ죬ڻڣNGOս
ԣܶNGO֯ԱĴԼԼԼ
ҪѣעԼԴ𵽺ܺõĻʾãNGO
Ҳʾ˹ڵĻʶǿˣγɶỷҪල

ˮѧˮ翪еרҵNGOˮѧǿƼʵ֯
ǺˮصNGOǵҪŽרҵļԱڣ
ռѧ֪ʶѼӳȺΪȷṩҪ
֯󽭴ӵĿ죬챨棬רҺ͹ڵ
йزйˮ緢չĽ飬֯йˮˮĿѧ
֯רҵѵ֯ӪԼУˮרҵ䷢
ѧĽѧһЩرֵһᣬѧỹΪˮ緢չ
ͬṩͨϿ֤Уֺ֧ܶͳ
רҶǵĻԱЩҪԼ֯Ļ
нڹͨͻ⡣1993ѧˮѧ
ͷ廪ѧڵɳϿɳģڳ
ѧԺɳ־Ҳģ˫ۣͨͬѧĽ棬
ʹڶϿʶߣڶɳĸ߶ӣϿ
ȡ˷ˮֹɳʧ⣬Ͽδ
ʱεĹѾˣϿˮɳ

2.2NGOעˮ罹⣺ȵ⣬һڶߵ
ۣڶŭˮ翪ۣлϿĴӽ⡣ҹǰˮ
ڴڼٷչ⣬ˮĹע̶ȴߣӶߡ
ŭϿˮ繤̵Ŀ裬Ϊ۵Ľ㡣Ϊˮרҵ
ԱɵNGOǶԹڵĹעеˣǶˮ翪ҲǴٽ
ı֣ǽˮ翪Ļ⡣

ԻϿΪ˽⣬רҵԱڻϿڰַѡҲۣ
Ϊκι̶ҪݾԱȽϣȽԭһ̬ᡢ
Ч˳бȽϣż˵ԭȷһЩ
㲻ЩĳһȽϴ󣬰˵Ӧųڿɿ
֮⣬ΪǿɿԴ涼мɿ;ÿɿ֣֮ĳһ
̵̬ỷָǳʵѾųھÿɿ
֮ˡϿİַȷʵҲǵʱרҵԱݵصһ
ѡѡʱ۵ķ֮һڻϿλһطСڡ
Ͽûٵö࣬Ǩ˿ңϿ10ַȽϣ
󲿷˾ѡϿϿԣˮ࣬Ч
ĺáһϿεһʮﳤĶ͵ĵɽȣɽ߹
վ⼸ʮκһֺڻϿγɴΧ
ûȻкܶȻȻγɵġԣӰȫǶȿѡ
ϿַһЩȱû϶ࡣбҪǿһ
⡣ǱȽе⣬ⲢǾԵģһ
Ϊ񲻺ãʵϣҹʵʵиоҲȫ˵
ãΪҲμӺö๤̵ǰڹоʱϰȷʵԸơ
㵽ȥϰƶ״Լ˵һЩȷʵܸ
صоԸͨˮ¸ȷʵΪ١ڻϿ
Ͼ˱ϵıȽϣ⿼ǵ񵽵ʲô
ղһλũ˵ԸǨƣ˵ǲסڽߵģ
ɽϵǲǾԸǨ˵ǵġԣǲܹһ
˵ôôҪıǶ١ʱŭԺǲ
ڱ̬Ҫ˽⵱صϰյô룬ϣܵóһ
ʵĽϰնԸ⣬״ãϣͨ
ܹһ㣬ӦԸơҸ˵Ĺ۵㣬
ϰղԸƣѻϿİַŲȥһǵѡҲ
װ쵽¡ΪӦһѡı׼Ȼǻûе飬
֪شϰյô룬½ۡ⻢ϿҲиô
ΪҶԻϿۣ֪ߣμֵҲˡ

2.3ڶӵۣĻŲֵϿǣͬ
ǣŭһЩ⣬ٵĳɷر󣬷һĿ
̬ȱ⡣һˮӵ̬Ⱥ͹ϼ˵ķ֯û
ˣʵкУҸоˮվĻ
ӰЧںܶ⣬ԭ׼йعڶˮ⣬ʱ
Ͳ˵ˣҪרҵԱʹҼǿͨ

3  ŭˮ翪NGO

ͨŭۣNGOˮ翪дڵ򵥵Ľ
һ¡

3.1 һЩȱҪĿѧ֪ʶе˲˽װ˷
еʱ2000װ˵2000ķ
Чȫ෴ˡһ֯ĴʼһȫеҪֽϾ
Ȼùĳ˷ʱ˵ŷ60Ѿʼӣֹͣ
15ϵˮӡȫǲεĺ˵

⣬ĳһȫеıֽϵ¡ŭʡҲǳͣе
ܶ۾ݣԵΥĿѧΣܶNGOд
ӾѧⱾصƫܶ˸⣬ֱ
׳еĸⰸΪˮݡ

3.2ڶ۵ƫʵǣŭ̬ӵᷨ
ȫʵΪ̬ʵѾˣͼƬõƬ
ɽ϶ǿ˵أûʲô̬ӵӣǵס
ӣдֱأΪ¶Ⱥܴ󣬾ǹɽϣƶ̶ȿɼ
ǻ¡ʯɵעⲢˮɵġŭûˮ⻬¡
ʯҲǺصģʵϱصöࣩɹ·жϣ
ˮ˳С

Ҿ̬ӵᷨʵ50ڹû㹻
Ͷ뿪ˮԴŭһֱŽɽҪԡƶ
գòϣڴŭ̬Դϡ˾۾ӵ
ѾѵĿꡣĸ￪ŵĴ磬׸ıҹľʵ
ƸĸԺеҵԸ⿪ḻԴˡŭĻϲ
Ϊڰͷˡϣ𼫶˻ȴΪﱣ
̬ӡĿںš

ŭӾûʲôʵĲͬʲôִ
ԭ̬ŭѾվǺͱ̬ᷨìܵġ
һǱѾ滮վ׼޽ˣν̬ǲʵġ
һ㣬NGOܰѴӵˮӰ˼ޣ˵ˮûӰ
Ұ̬ƺǶȫĴûʵôһ£ˮ翪
ֻǾֲλˮλҰӰǼ޵ġ˵Σ48
㣬ʵӰֻ࣬齨֮ӰѾû
ˡڽԺˮ໹ӡһ
ǹڡʵϣȻŲ2000׸߳ϣ
ǵˮ滮1950½еĿ

3.3⣻ı־һЩNGOʵǵط⡣
ˮ翪ؾ÷չؼϣרʷ
¡һЩ˶ϿɽСĸոս
Ĺ̵ֲֻ˵ƫƫȾҹ׼֮ǰ
Ρʵϣˮƽ½ҲֻǸ
ʵȷˣֵͱ׼ҲѾٳ֡ղŴ
սˮ翪Ӱ۱棬ǱеӰϵͳ
ƺǺƯҾĽʽ⣬ʽʵȣʵ
ҪٸԵӣ˵ŭˮ翪£ô
ϰ˵βãϰջ˵Ҫᡣǲʽ
ݡ۳˵˿֪ڲ
ǨˣΪ֮Ѿ˴ɽ֪׼Ѿ
ˡνϵͳƯô㣬ôҲ
ۡ˵ݱʽҪһûʵ¼ƭһЩ
֪˻ԣ΢˽һ˶ĵ

3.4  NGOӦð̬λã

ΪNGO,ҪиԸΪڷķ׾񡣲ܰNGO֯ɻĳȨ
ĽݾͺNGOҲһЩNGO ֯ĸˣ
ܰԼλáеջƭɿȺڣΪԼȡ
ʱʹйزŰԼͼоߡеNGO֯ˣ
ΪֻнNGOǹڲߡ ŭϣ
NGO֪֯ŭھӵģȻҪ
ԾӷŭӲҪԼĻȨ˵ǹڵĲȨ
˵˹ڵĲȨ

йˮ⡣ҹҲһЩרŶˮȤNGO
оܹ͹۹ۡоලЭ⣬
ǣҲеNGOȷʵһЩ⡣ʵһӵ
⣬˺;幤̵Ĳ׼ȼй⣬ᷢչ
ˮƽĻͳƵĴ󻷾ȵءˮ񾡹ܿ
Դӹ̽еõ㹻ӦǲйĴ
йũձڵũ⣬⵱еõ׽е
˲ʵֲͬìܣձڵũҲ
ˮ繤̽衣

ʹ޸󣬷Է䲻ƽƸĸǹڵ
ͬԸһ־ƽйƸĸʶ֮ʿڷƵĹ
ϿϲԼţʹԼȨ𲽵ƽҹƸ
ӦΥĵģƸĸ﷽£Դ
ңﵽƻȶġȡ˺СĿġͬЩڷ
Ŀĸ˺֯ҲӦðʵУʱȫžĳЩ
ͷ䲻⣬ĵǿӵˮ繤ȥҸоЩ˵ĿĲ
ҪȺ壬ҪĳЩȺȥԼ¡Ҳ
רŽ¸ڹ˵ʵԴ˴µĹߣĸ￪
ŵġеĸˮƽ½ͳ¸ڹ˵һȷʵ
ģҲҪǱ߶ӺؽġѾרŰ䷢ļ
רʽҪʷ⡣

Щ̵ʷԭҲǰвɱҪ
һ֣ǸĸչòѧѡΪ̬
ȣǱ´Щǰе⡣ӦöЩȺ
״ͬʱҲЩȥΪֹĸ￪šƷչ
͸ݡǲΪȥУֹĳЩʧ󣬾Ͱڻƶ
Ⱥϣˮ翪ƶ¸Ȩ

4  NGOҪ˽ķ׾

ҾNGOҪ˽׵ľӦ˵NGOʵǵʹ
̬ӵĶ˿ںȷʵƭ˲ٹڵĸ飬ҲӮһʱ֧֣
ȱʵĸݣ̬ӵĻԺѳáѾ˽ŭ
ʵŭϣƶ쿪ŭԸѾԽԽ
⡣ò˶ãŭʵǶԻԵý¶

NGO»ҵNGOӦΪԼĳ
ӦΪ˾ˣΪΪɳչ
Ӧ˽µ˽ҵҲҪ
˽ķסߣʶ϶и
ҵΪNGOԱ֮һҲNGOǷǳÿ
һλ־ڻNGOԱϣNGOܹȡŭľѵ
ǿѧϰ֪ʶƽ̬ʹǻЧܹͳһ

һԸNGO֮ǿ͹ͨŽڱûͬ
ʱһʺ磬ʵĿɳչ

ллң

(XYS20051108)

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йѧ֮״

ߣɮ

йййѧҲ˼ʮˣм仰Ҫ˵
ﻹҪллӣṩһƽ̨ôл˵˵
滰Ҳ֪ҵЩǼʲôģô֪
ҲǷվĳԣܷʲôãϾһ
̶Ͼѧ磬ĳЩĳЩµʱ˼ɣҲ
վɹ֮ҲҶЩѶˣԣ;
вָ֮©֮벹䡣

1 ڣоԱᣩд

йҪְƣгɹǱģпԺİ˼ƻ
˼ƪSCIΪһҪָ꣬ҼԺУĲʿ˶ʿҪ
ҵҲмƪʡǽڻ˵оԱǲд߲д£
ְϵģȻָһ֣ȫĽڣоԱ
ǲд¡һ⣬éڵҲ׵⣬ܼ򵥣
ǹֻ֡ҪǮĿû˸д£й֡д
֡ȥˣڣֻɾУͷݣѧд
£ùһҲõڶ߰ɣڹ⣬ǵŪͨѶ
߲УߣֱùһߣѧҲֻǸŭ԰ˣ
Ը⣬㻹벻ҵˣ㻹벻ˣ㻹벻ҹ
ˣѹ㣡

2 Ŀ˳ɡĿа̡

йĿҪϵһǿĹϵĿ
ϲʲôѾ£ԣйϵ˾мĿʮĿ
ǧĿѣù𣿲ҪһŸ򹤵˲ţ
ӢȥˣԱˣԱ㣬ĿƸʲôģû
ɻйͶ֮ۿġÿ¸ӣЩӢ
ɡһ귢ʮƪSCI²⣬ǳɹˣҲˣ
ҲˣԼдһ֣öһԽԿСᣬôһ
һĿչԼɹǰҲعģұ
¡

3 ˶ʿʿһ

ڵĲ˶ǴѧǲеĴʮе
רҵһԴʮʿ˶ʿЩ˶ǶЩ
ʦʲôģԴˡѧҵʱԼѧ
ʶѧʦ棬ӼƵġЩѧð
ĿͶˣÿ¼ӣʦеĵģǧӣѧ
ǲҪ顣ÿҵĲʿһƪSCI£20ʿ20ƪ⻹
ڵĿȥÿ껹иʮƪSCIʣҺ
¶ԼĵһߣͨѶߣдһ֣òһƪ
οףμӸʲôѧ飬ѧЩɹùһƴһգ
߸ɴѧˣѧPPTԼֻŷɻ⽲һ£
һţ˼ʺһ͵Ŀѧҵˡһ
ɹĽǧٸʿʬ۵ģйѧͬã

4 ڣоԱֻȡ

ȾơţƤ죬ʱйĳЩоԱǵֺϷ
˵һһ׵ģһʵģ֨֨ˣԣ֪
ȤģҲʡϵ׽ԺһͨĿ֣ȥԺ󣬴һӣ
ЩĿȥóɹǮɡԣڼǳһ
ĵǱ򣬽ǣѧĿȾƣĿ
ӢǾһԵĿȻ󽻳ɹٲȻһȺ

5 ҪͷСİǹ

ǹͷ㲻̫߸Уø쵼ǣѧ
ͷһЩӣȻ˼һ˵̫أ̫壡áü˳ۡ
ˣΨΨˣܳͷâ¶УСñ˴СЬ
ߴ˸ñ㻹̫ܣ̫Ʋԣñֺʹ
һһƽӹ˵УȻĳЩ֮
һ԰˷ˣӾѻˡйѧǱȹٳ
ٳйΪʲôôûŵԭ򣡣 

йһˣйϵΪԵĿˣҲ
ˣڶˣйϵûʲôˣֻҪϵõ
ǡôһҪ÷磬ҪꣻûϵˣҲ
ԣֻ䵽ˡ򹤡ľأԼĳɹȥҲ
ֻǴʣǼûϵҲûˣ㾹Ȼţ
Ѿˣ

λͣ©벹䣬вָ

(XYS20051108)

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ԺԺʿѡƲȥѧĭ


20051103й걨

1020աѧظ߷Žһ̸Ϊƿ⣬
ѧķԣ顣ڶ˵Ҫʱѡй
ѧԺԺʿԱͨԺʿĻٽӿѧķչ
ΪѡйѧԺԺʿʱԶԶûг졣

1954ѧ򱻡󡱵ָ˼ңֱĸ
20䣬ѧɵؽжԵоп֮ڵ
ʷоۣӦйŴʷо1979ҵʱ
ϺǱʦ̷̷˵ĸʷ췴ˣ
ԭʷоίǡ˲ٴñӣ˵˶ٴǶ
ԩҲʵĴ쵼ʷô꣬ûв
ѧɹȻⲢһ֮ǣ̷һѪ֮
ۣԭйѧԺѧѧҲõġܷ
˰ѧѧв˷ֱ׷״ʷ
ר̹е첻㣬ʧѧǰȣҪ
һء

˽֪ѧضϲ㡣ÿÿή󽳲
ڣ˭ĸ̾ʷѧ磬˭ǹĭ㡡̷ڶ
ǵ̷ۣ㡢µĸ۽
˵ĳһϣ̷ܹϣܡҲһ
󣬲ٲһ̷ˮƽѧߡΪ۵ĻΪۡ
ʷѧһھѧ˭ұڶѧ˭롢
ȼ磿ѧ˭ﵽ˷Тͨˮƽ˵ȵȣҪЩǰ
ѧˮ׼֪ҪļŬ

йѧԺйѧԻءھҪԺʿ
϶һҪڵйԺѧίԱίԱѸΪѯίԱᣩ
ѡίԱ41ˣ16ˣΪԺһλоԱȻû
˵ǵ֣Ժʿ˵ǶӦȫѧ
ҪӰѧ߰ʵ˵Ҳ֡һЩǸѧ١
ѧˮƽԼӦ֪ĳ˳һѧѡȻѲ
дһѧ޹ص˽żصӰӡУҫ֪ιʣ
˺ȻΪʷרңλʷҪΪش̸裬⵽ߡ
ѧߵʹ⡣мλԺѧίԱɲҲؽ𣬸ÿλ
ίԱӡˢļ˭ָ˵ÿļ֮ܳΪѧ
йԺмλɾͻѧϿɵһѧߣѧ
ۼҺִʷרҳʷר̡ѧˡй
ʷרҰ׸֡ʷרҳܵȣԺѧίԱ֮⡣

˼ǣ߷˵ѵ񻹽ڵĵйѧԺѧ
λѧίԱĮֺڹԶĳԺʿȻǰ
յķѡԺʿơǰϣϲǽܳľ
ѧңͶľϸսʱθոݵصġθС
ľķչ׳󣬸ݵصĽ裬书ΰΪۼҡ
Ȼ֤רҡѧңº˲ʶǱڣ
Ժˡ㹻ʸйԺѧίԱ
ǶѧίԱͷζûСʹ˲
۲ʶ̩ɽ 

Ȼڵĵ֮ҪʱйԺѧίԱҪ
ѧ磬Թٱλ͸ѧƣѧĭ
Ĺˡ񢣬ͷѧʵϽѧ磬ȡֺѧϲ㡣 

(XYS20051108)

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ϸѧ˵Ľһٶʷ1838-1839꣬¹ֲѧʩ
ǺͶѧʩϸѧ˵1871꣬¹ѧ΢" ϸ
ϸ"ۣӶγһϸѧ˵ʱѧһ
ֱȷϸԷѷʽֳģΪѷʽϸֳΩһ
;ϸѵ۳Ϊϸѧ˵Ҫݣѧڴ˻Ϸչ
ϸѧۡ .....

Ȼ2030ҹѧұʱȴʵоΪݣ
µĹ۵㣺ϸѲϸֳΩһ;ϸѣϸֳ
һ;--ϸؽcell reformation;ϸؽϸ
֯װḶ́͹۴ڵϸѲ󡣱ʱ
еĿʼ1932겢ϸؽоһо

1932꣬ʱںݲɼһּ׿දϾ棬Կѧҵ
з,һЩͷ̬쳣϶쳣ѧ壬
һµķ֡ʵҽй۲졢о֣ЩԱ
쳣ģǴƷۣۣһ"м"һо,ʱַ֣
мԷڵĳһʱڻԵת䣬תɴԻԡڷ
תʱֳϸҲͬʱԵת䡣ֳϸתͨϸ
Ľϸγɶʵֵġң۲쵽мԷĸϸ
γɵϸĸϸģĸϸϸеѻƿΪ
Ͼ֯𽥽ġʱ谽Ϊ"ϸؽ"
1934㽭ѧϵһۻϱоڴ֮ǰ
û˵ϸؽɷѲΪ1871΢ŵ"һϸ
ϸ""ϸΪϸΩһ;"ѧһֱΪɡ
ʱ谽һоϸؽϸԵĲͬϸѲ
ϸĸϸһΪѶеϸͬɣ
ͬķ׶ΣϸγˣĸϸҲʧϸؽϸĸ
ϸϸеĲγɣһγɺˣΪ״ٰ̬ϸʡ
ϸĤγһؽϸֶ壬ϸĸϸ
ͬʱ棬һĸϸͬʱγɺܶ෢׶βͬϸĸϸ
ϸҲͬʱ桭

ʵķֵҲûʲôģֱ죬пԺ
ŹҵĿоѸоƺе˵ȥˣҺ񿴵һ
ǳ飬̬ѧо˵һЩϸǷѲ
ġɩһģǲ 

(XYS20051108)

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˺ʵ۵ĳν

ITSING

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ġĻʵǸߵۡݵۡĵۡۡʵйʵ۳ƺŵ
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йʵ۵ĳƺҪֺź֡

ֺΪйŴ󳼵Ⱦһλȥ֮󣬸
ƽ¼ƷᣬһԢۡ
ʵĳƺšлʵ۶ֺšֺΪ߻ʵۣ
˵ĺߵۡ

йŴ̫ʱ׷šһΪʼ
̳˺سⶼƶȡǰ׷һ¼Ϊأ
ٻʵ۶ûš׷ŵı׼ǡй߳棬е߳ڡ
ǿΪ̫棬˾ǨʱͳΪ棬ϰ֮
Ƴʼлʵ۶šˣǰĻʵΪ֪
ţĳĳۣԺ()ĻʵۣΪ֪ţĳĳ
ĳĳڡ

˳ƺΪ沢޴󣬴ʦ

ʵ۵ֺź
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(XYS20051108)

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пԺŲɱ

2005-10-26Ļ㱨

פ25յ硿пԺݻѧо󻬹ص
ʵҸΡʿʦŲÿп⾭ѣ丸ĸ¥
Ρ

˽⣬ʵҹĥѧооصãһй
ӰĳɹɹڡۡŷɴȺ̫պʹ䬽40
꣬ѧ

֪͸¶ΪȡѡпԺν˼ƻÿ⾭ѡ
㡱ѧԱȻյϤԵΧ϶޷ͻ 

(XYS20051108)

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ѧҵְϰ

Jeffrey Mervis

ѧҽѧоʵҵһҪΪʲô
ְλô٣

ѧҽ۵ǾĹԺNIHÿһ
ĻչףŲǺܹŹֵġ۵̸ʱ˵ǲ
Ϊΰĳʦ赸ҶΪΰĿѧҶ
2000˿ղݣֻռȫͶ4.1%ȴ
ѧռ14.7%ˣȥNIH/FDAЭᷢһ·ף
һλѧҷһοѧݽ

5£Ų٣۵ºͬһ⣺Ϊʲ
ôһѧHINڲĿе״̬أ۵Ѿ
ռһЩNIHְŵ֣ϣǷNIH
Ĺٷ

еյǣġNIH280tenure-trackоԱ
൱ڣе21.5%ᣬֻռ950߼оԱо
Աе9.2%ڴԼ200ʵһֻ߲4.7%ĸᡣ
ڱСᡱʹϵĿѧңǵĹ
ݡȺҪйᡢᡢӡᡢͻ˹̹ձѧ
ɡضоУı١괺죬NIH о
֢о55ʵҸֻһᡣڽ۵ڵĹ
֢ʹȾоNIAID22ʵҸûᡣ

ڽ۵ºˣζѧְϰ
ƺ˵ڴʵܻӭЩ֤Լȷ
ͿԵõְλ̨Ľ۵ӵMDPHDѧλ1985NIH
ΪStaff fellow1993õְλǲָ߼㡣
Ǿƽȡ۵˵NIHоУ
ռʺΪʵܵĺѡе12%

һЩѧ˵NIHΨһְϰĵط죬
ѧ񾭿ѧоеҪרҵѧ᣺
ѧѧᣨSfNѧͷѧѧᣨASBMBķֱNIH
ָš

ʾASBMB26»Աûһˣѧ11
ίԱе193ԱҲһˡ޿ѧֻռѧ߼
־ﻯѧ־JBC703༭ԱеĲ4%21оȨĸ
ûһˡ㷢֣SfN쵼УҲӰ
18ίԱе300ίԱϯλֻռ2ϯûһ˵񾭿ѧѧ
15ѡٲ쵼ְλعѧ36ʷ㷢ֻ
ѧְλ


˵Ϣġô֮µ
ӣڽ7дѧĹԱд
ڱְΪûǵĵ¡Ӧ
ζԶӱ˺͸ʵ𣿡

NIHSfNASBMBĸ߹ٶЩûлɣЩ˵ǶԴ
еȡְϰ鷳NIHڲоƻ
Michael Gottesman˵˼ǲǴڹеƫ

Ѱңģؿڽֺ蹵ȥ½
ѧңϰԼֹ˻ѰְĻЩ
ء˵ǵ֯Ըһ
򵥵ġҪǵĳɾ͸Ϊ֪Gottesman˵ͽ
۵Լλѧһ棬NIHܣϣ
ĸá



㼰ѧңĵ֤ʵǳе
ǸԶʵʿٴѧ񾭿ѧǮ׿˵1986
йоΪ񡣡ûΪ͵壬
Ϊǲûδִرڿѧϡ㿴ôࣨѧ
ңݶӵĵײڸ߲ô١ǸŹֵڽ괺
NIHElias ZerhouniһҪNIHռݵУ۵½˵ϣ
Ƴһֳ񻰣᲻ԸΪ쵼

Ъѧѧл˵Ҳܸӡо˿ѧҵ
ΪԼˡǿͳ֣ȻҴ
ó˵ӡл˵1982йоҴδ
κ֤ݱӡ⣨ӣģ֪Ļû
֤ʵϣܡѧ־ɷõļѧ˵ûκһ
ְϰұûҲǺС˹̹ѧ
Ⱥ˵ڽЩʱΪ˻?˹ҽѧоԺоԱ

ˣȺ˵˸߹ϰǴڵģƺ֪
⡣˵˹̹ѧһͬյ֮ϵ
Ⱥ˵ͬSfNоƻίԱᡣ

Brandeis ѧ񾭿ѧEve MarderѧоƻίԱ
ϯ˵ѧԱǿҵΪеСĴӦǶԵġǡ
ýǶûôҽίԱίԱһ㡣˵Ҳ
ȡһֲԣֲŮְĸǶѧṤȤ
˵˾û˸˵ǲ֪ѧҡҲԸⲢΪѧ
ˡ

ίԱίԱĸˡϦǴѧIrving Levitan˵
ֵʱˡǶԱδԱǳע⣬˵
˵ʵûע⵽ˣΪʵ̫ˡ

ASBMBĹԱϢϢһ𾪡һ
ǳţʥ·˹ʢٴѧLinda Pike˵ָǲȥ
Ѱԭ򣬶ʲô⡢ºͱӵ顣㲻ֻ֡

ĻظУPike̽һʵ⣺жѧ
ʺϵ쵼ְλѧĵĻжٿΪASBMBίԱ
񣿡ʵжѡعжسýְ⣬
ᵽڻоʽ𡢴ӶΪְ춨棬Լܵȱ
ѧҴصĲءͬĵǣжASBMB漰
ӵʱ򣬻ҪĶ

ˣѧϯJudith Bond˵ASBMBڷǳضԴָ
ϸ£Bond˵ѧһλ˳ԱΪJBCĸ࣬
»ƻ12µĻ֡ϰ⡣

GottesmanԣģԺͿְλޣѧҵ
ӷĽչԱԽԽ࣬˵ǵʵҸ
˵ƽ10ǰ10ꡣҪЩְλøƵ˵
ѿѧע㷺ĺѡˡ

ϰζûҵϳɹкܶࡣʵϣһ
Щѧ˵һҵľ棬˼ˡ
Ϊһõҵܶ򼫶ˣݴѧУ
񾭿ѧĽ̸ЩΪ֤ϰڵĿѧʱ˵
ȫйڣѧݵᡣ10ܿ
Щ쵼ְλеһְͬҲᡣ

ʵϣ˶ڴһǰ˵ƣΪ
ǰһ쵼ߵȥҲΪѧҽѧȡ
ҪЩɹƷʣſ˴ѧܲĿ
Victor Dzau˵ϺڼôܽҪ
ʶȥŬԤƣһѧҳɳֲƽȻС

۵ҲΪڵȥ꣬˵뿪NIHıԵʱ
һλ곤ͬʷһߡNIHɳʱ򣬡λ
ͬߣÿһҽѧܺÿһζWASPӢ½̽ͽ
ˣǵ¶̫ʿǵ¶
ᡣֻǸʱ⡣̸ⷬټGottesman
ý۵NIHҵ˵ȴƽʧ
ʱ򡣣꣩

Science 5748, 606-607 2005

(XYS20051108)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

αα𸴲



ͬ־ġŮˡ۾ؤɣ,־
 βǡĵۡӦøһˡ־ɷ
һڹȥˣͬ־һδôͰ˰ɡ
ڡΪʲôʤһᵽۼڲ֮ص
ǡϴ󡱺͡˵šôϴĪ˵Ѳɣ
Ѿأֻвܻشڴ𸴲֮ǰȳҵļ
Ҫ۵㣺 

1 ־ᵽģԼĵµ
ߡҲҲķ档Ϊα⣬Ǹ
֮ʶĲͬ 

2 ƪ۵ͬ⼴ɣѼŮˡ͡Ѽ
Ůˡ߼ϲһ¡ʵҷǰߣ߻Ƚ
Ҳұ֤Լ˵Ļ߼ԣԲʹúһ֤Ҷ
ǰһķҲ˵ǰһĲš 

3 ǰ֤ǼŮĿǰǷڵ°ܻǷ
ԼᳫôѡҵǷϷ⣬һ
ظǰ˵ģʹŮϷˣҲǲµġµĶ
ģͽӡڻݵ缴ɣǻ
ŮģԹߺλġҵĹ۵һģ
ʲôŮԵݳ֮۵ָǸŮѾ
Ů˸һϣԼݳκθǮ
˯ 

4 һ㣬ʵҺ涼ᵽ˵ǵ¸ƽǷ
ҿŮҪְҵְҵǷϷһ
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ǻۣƲ𡣵һο͵ǮһԱĻ
ҼͣһӴӣ˳˵һ䣬
ǷӸ˼˵ Ⱥſѧߡʵʹ˷ɷϵ
Ⱥ͵²Ŀѧ٣ӵĴٸûʲôԼ
棩Ҳ͵ķ 

5 ţۡΪ˼˺Ӧ˺
ɣηȻһǲΪۡҲ˵۹һ
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òĲΪ˺õȥԼĻܵ˺
ˣǵģ˺Ϊ˱޹ܵ˺ҲΪʲô
еµԵʡʱ򣬶˻û
ˣڼŮУûο͵ܵ˺
ӣᵼ¸ο͵ܵ˺ 

Ϳʼ𸴲šҵۡҪҵĻȫ
òһشҵÿһ⣬Ϊܶ໰ľͲǸ˼
߿塣ӻǱһΪ
֤ݡ 

ҫΪЩԭ⣬пҲңҽ 
ܸҫ˵Ͼҫڵ̬ȣԼĽȨ 
⣬ҲǶߵԭҴӡҵһȡ 
ϷļŮ......ǡȡϷˡԼ 106
 
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ȡϷΪߡ޷⣬ȻԵǡϷ 
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ˡкܶ¶ԸҲһʲôԭ򣬱粻ϲȾƣ
 
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ϲȾơӦҲһɵġɱ˵ҺȾƹ
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ӵҲǣָ֧ӵ۵㡣һζû
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ԼƤȣҾ ܹӵˡôĵʲôأ
ѵûеʲô޶˶˲ϲһֲСôԣ
ϲҲԵһɵĻκ飬֧֣ҶǶ
ģҲϲɱˣҲϲΰݡ磬Ҹϲɻײ¥Ҿ
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Jacky ShowһڣVS֪θ룿 

˵ǡ̡˵ġϲȻҲϲ̸Լ
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ʲôûУ911˿ɻײ¥һǲΪǾ
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ƶڣҿһ͹ݰ԰ס600Ԫһ£Σܶ
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꣬ҲǴԼ2000 Ԫһ¡߰ΪҪȥϰǵ룬
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    ȨѡְҵܹͺʵĹʧ 
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                       Ϊ˼˺Ӧ˺ɣ 

˵ıȳĻȥ潣ܵ˺ûУ˺Ůְҵ
ְҵĶ󣬾Ƕż˺Ȼ񶾵ĵ
ȥ롭ҷģԱӲȨȻҲ԰
дĶȫ 

(XYS20051108)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ԶɽĳӸ



ĻԹԶɽҲǡԢԵ롷չ
ߵˣ߶ԢԵġʡӡ̣עЩԢ
˼άԭͣȻҲⱾĻԹġʯ㣬
Ԫ͵Ļ뵽صĵ伮ҵԴͷ֮Ա
ΪʱΪṩ˺ʱһĻԪء֡
ʱ۶ϣһʱ˼Դġ֡ʱ
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Ʊļǧꡰġġݡ޴ˡ˾
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20058£

20051029

(XYS20051108)

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ʮ·ڵķɽѧѧԺ2005



655볡ȫ˶Ժؽڽ˼̵Ľܡ

700׼㿪ʼڼԭʧ˽ͷ
һЩ¼ͷһǱߵĻĴ⣬ȱʧͨ˳֮Ϊ֮
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ǣͨˣ컹ںëϯ꣬ôȥأ 


óһ197611ºŵ񻭱ҿǵ찲Ź㳡׷
ĳǵ͹쵼˲μëϯʽҿһƬ
ӰûˣӰģԱ߶ˣ˭Ĩˣ࣬ëϯķˣ
ģҦԪŴ˰ǡ

ҵʱ򿴵һǳã̫ˣ50Ԫû
ںܺڣǱʧ˵ˡרƹҴ۸ʷ
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ڵĸߵȽƸĸƺ50෴¡ڸԺ
ϵϲ׷齨ۺԴѧһЩܴĴѧȥ˵ִѧ
ڳԺϵϲˣ˵ڼִѧ

52꣬53Ժϵѱ廪ʵȵȵķѧԺϵȥ
ѧԺʱԺϵѱѧҽѧֶȥ˱ҽ
ƴѧȻڱҽع鱱ĻˡΪʲôҪԺϵۺϴ
ѧĸϵ齨רҵѧԺأרҵѧԺʷ˼Ĵѧ
ģǸѧģΪʱҵҪܹһżܹ
ָû˼Ĺ˼Ĵѧ˼Ҫ
ġʱΨһ˼Ҿǵΰëϯֱ벻˵ë
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ѧΪһ˼˵˾⵽ˡ
˼봫ëϯմŭë󶫣㷢ԵĻᣬ
ҪȺ㡣ڣĳ죩Эϣë˵˵
ǹ˻˽ũǲǿ˵ë󶫳÷
ʤİ˵ϯһ˵ĻᡣëϯһҲ
סˣû˸ôϯ˵ëϯ˵Ҫ񣬿Ǹ
ᡣǿ̨ʲôôӦǲ˵Ҿ
Ҫһëϯûëϯ˵Ҿû˵
ǲ

ԺϵԺķɽԳ֮ΪйѧӢ
China University of Political Science and Law, ʵӦ
University of Political LawΪʱķǴεģεķ
ɡζǷԷɵҪ֡1952ԺϵԺй
ɽή1948귨ѧѧռȫѧ12%1953
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ѧУףҪѧѧũûжʱ
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仯ǵķɽѸ͵׳ɳѧΪһ
ѧҲϳʹͷƣĻһֱ
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򵥣֪йҪȥǲܵģ߷Ժȥ


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ĶԱѧԺѧһŮ󷨹ݡ˵һ
ö˼ǷǵĹǻ֣ᷢҪǲ˽ˣ˽ᣬ
ͺȥöϡϵĺãʦٵΡһʦ
ãԽԽãԽԽֵǮеҽҽͦáЦ
߷ԺʲôӰʲ߸ʲ͸ѡٷ
ϡ˵ϣͥ߾Ÿˣƽ䣲
ꡣЦữרҵûа취ȥ˰߷Ժķͥ
ֻҪŸǶʱͻоһ֣̫ʥˣһʱ̫ׯ
ˡЩʦһεǸͥϽ⣬ŵ˵
һʥһֳоиߣ
ͳ֮оߡ˵ҷǳᡢ߷Ժо
ұоԸͻؼȥøȥˡؼȥ
ͳһʱȾơưӾǷԺоʹòʲ
ͳûϡƱĲൽô»㲻
ܲܡȰ΢һ㡣ͳô
˵ͳ̫ˣԼˣȻҲ
õĵطʱҲԼˡЦ

оİ˾ûмߵݵĻǷӣ
Ҳʹ˾ٵķǳҪķ档׿˹ҵʷѧ
ңҷдµдλҵʷѧҡҵʷѧҾǲר
ҵʷʷоǺܾտġı֤ʷк̵Ķ졣
жϰʱ򣬶ʹӢʷʼӢȨطȨô
ȥиġһ֪ʶ˵һֹ۲⣬Ĺ۲
⣬Ƿǳ̵ġҪġ

Ҫһ䡢ʣôѧɵǲҲҪĳ
ҪأѧɣͬѧڿѾʼϿ˰ɣһͬѧϷ
ѧۣѧ˵ʲôЦһͬѧ˵ʦÿһ
仰öû֣ǲʲô˼ʵһѧ
һ֪ʶʷÿһҪһǳӵı
һֱǲĻȥܺõⷨѧ̷
أ׼ʵѾʼڲͬطݽϣܹ׷ϳ̣
ڿʼסϳ̡ĺںϴѧ
һԺǵȥΪʲôӦ
̵̡֪һ̷⡣ѧ̷һҪѧϰ
̣ΪʲôҪоһ̣ɱ˰ɱҪɱ˳Ƿ
ծǮ쾭塣ôΪѧɵ˾Ͳܣôص
ˣĻһˡЦɱ˼
Ҫϸȥ˼̵׻⡣ȷ˵Ҫоһ£
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ˡҲͬѧǿѵС˵ѵġˡѵһƪܳ
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ӦΪ£ǣӢͳƣ౻д̵ˣǽе
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кö˵ĴˣЦѾþúϰˡǵܲܶ
̵ĴǷӹ˷Ҳ˵̵ʱɱ
һ̣ɱҪ׬һ𣿴˾һ
ǲڹϵ˹𯽲һطԣǮıɱ
̵ĻҶȥıɱǶ氡ղ
Ц

ôǻԿе˾ƶȣе˾ƶȣ
ܱУ̣ɱˡӱʡʯׯһλ
ʮǰɱˡеܵططйز
ѹƣڿֽûж󰸼ı
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ں֣ץһѧʲôǺӱ֣ܵȥ˵
ʮһǰʯׯĳطǿɱһŮϾϴ绰
ӱ˵һ󰸰˵ʲô󰸲󰸰ǲһ£ʮ
ǰѾִˡѵżȻǱȻģ˵
ʹƶƷǳõģңƷҵһЩƶȣ
Ȼܹɱ˵ǹѶƹ˵ձ顣һ
˰ԺйزʩӺܴѹνưưԺ
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ѹ֮£ѶƹͱһֱȻｲѶ
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ԩǷԩǲ˵鶼˵ͺѧ
ߵĹòģ⣬ǿԵġ
㲻˵ǽɱһٸˣȷģʮǴɱģԳ
ҪİЦ찡˸ɱˣһѣ
˫Ĵɱ޹˶Ǹˡһ
⣬ô˵ǡɱɱģǾͱ
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̡

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ͨ糿ˣ糿ߵ𴲣Ȼ˵׼һ°һ
Ҫִˡ֪ǹǹͷϣЦ찡ͷ
Ͼ͸㣬ԵʲôͲ˰ʲôʲô
ȾƲƺȣṇ̀ʲô̶ĳԵȥԾ
ˣȻҲˣͷֻ紵ñнĸ緶Ц
Ʒ尡ʲôġǣʲôеġǾ
ڶҪֱ֡һ̫ĥĥ
ʱʼġһڽɱһˣһͱȥ־ˡ
ƽɱ˵ĳһǹȥˡҪɱǳ
ӵúܡЦдִ̣УǵͥһǹͱˣЦ
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ߣ߰죬ģѽĥһϣûˣ
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޳һЩһӾȫˣڶҪˡ¹
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֪һҪ뷽跨ʷǵĺۼ
ѧһǷȻһǹ
ڶ糿ЩһҹûкۡڶйԱס
ΪʲôСЩȫʧЩߡȻҪһط
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һǹǹ״ЦǹҶǹûоЦ˵һ
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ȥˡ룬һĥ˵һɱһˣҪ
ҪҾùҶҪ̵ִǹеḶ́
ʵ˾̫£˵Ҫϳ̡

Ҫһֶ⣬⻹Ҫһϵ
Ҫ󡣱ȷ˵־ոտϱ󣬸ģ̫ԶˣҲԸȥ
⡣䣬Ըȥ˼һ£ˡһ
£ȥһ±оһ̬ǵһֽǣ
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ܲתǸƶȡձڷɽתҲ˵ձ
ʮѧǲձƷרҵѧǾ˵ǰνĴѧ
ԺѧѧԺѧרҵˡǹڣͿʼ
һʵգǾǣʣͣʾǷ˶ʿշ˶ʿ˲š
˶ʿרҵЩѧƵģѧұģģ
ѧըģЦʲôרҵĶУȻѧɡǹڵڣ
⼸εģͬ͵ķɽһˣͬʱ档Ĺ
ձϾͿʼģļٷѧƵҲ˵Ҫʽģʽ


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ʿУѧУȨշ˶ʿ˶ʿңȫǽͳ
ѧУ¼ȡķ񲻴һշѱȽϸߡѧУǳԸȥ
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ɽһѧλġ¹ĶǷѧһ뵱
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ɽȻʿѧԺһѧĲʿЩѧУ
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ѧÿһSJD\JSDҲ˶ѡѧ
ĵ·ҴѧҲѧλѧ߶һJDȻ
񣬷һЩ£𽥾ͳΪѧĸڡ
ڣôġ

ڡ˵һ˾ѧУ˾ְҵ𣿸о
˾רҵһֱʿ󡣴ӸеʿޱȶĲΣnĲΡһ
˶ʿ˶ʿѧ˶ʿҲ㲻˶ʿѧ˶ʿʲô
𣬽ҲûʲôЩʦ˵˶ʿκܷѾΪ˶ʿ
ûѧɣѧƣҶٿ˶ʿһѾ
4Ļˡ˼ûжƣƲǶķɣ˼ҶǱըרҵ
Ц㻹˵һ·⣬ͬѧǷӦô
ʦ˵㿴ⷨ˶ʿΪǵĽʦҲ˵
Ƿ˶ʿͲǸ͵˲š

Լһ֣صţǴڿʼӦôģļǵķ
ѧƺͷѧ˶ʿҾҪǸʦһͣзѧ˶ʿ
ܶһ飬ôģļٷѧƣҪŤת
ķɽһģʽΪܻΪһƣô˵ѧ
мһַǳרҵ׷һҪǿǣǽһƽ
µķɽܴڵһܴѾǣһҪˣ
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Ҫһ⡣һλ٣ǳķ٣к·٣Ϊ
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ԺĴ󷨹٣˶Ϊȵʱ߷ԺϯϵǼˮƽ
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£̽ظ˹ıһַ塣һֱɯʿѽ
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רŵС˵ҪЩЩһ
ǳҪĻôȥ˵ʷ˵ᡣ˵ڼ߿
ܹóġҪĶǽ4ʱ䣬̫ˡ 

ɶǣĿγ̻ѹǵרҵʱǵġȷ˵
ëšһڹ㶫飬˵ӿˣ
۴˵۴ѧûбðɣ˵ã֪ΪʲôҺӿ
۴ѧΪҪѧΡ۴ѧҪѧЩõĸû
ֵģ㲻òѧЩĿγ̣Ŀγڡ
γ漯ˡ֪ΪʲôЩγ̴֪
أ֪ѹӦѧϰĿγ̵ʱ䣬ǸĲˡΪ
ʵѾγһ漯Ǿ˵мЩѧߣƴ
άǵزչǵءǵչǿΪǰ
쵼˵Ȩչġ쵼˻һͶһµۡǵ
Բϵѧǩһ˼壬
ë˼룬ë˼еСƽۣСƽۺ
Σο¾ͽѧ˵ҲãС˵
Ц֪ڸУСƽۿΡ֪һ
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Ͽ쿪ȫһʾȻȫѧ뿪ڡ
ֽˡôŰǾĳϸһر
죨Цܿɢˡ

Ϊٵһܴ˵ûа취
Ķ˵࡭ҹȥǱѧƽչսСԱ
һЩͬϵʦɡҾ˵òҪµСƽۡ˵γ
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۲ӦóΪһγ̣ӦǱȿγ̸ߵĶӦ÷ͬѧǵߣ
ÿ˯ǰһΣЦˣⲻҪһſγ̡Ȼ
Ƕ֪ҵ;ʲôЦƶ顣
һνһѧҪ׷һѧܰĿγ
ųǵĿγ̱ѧƶȵĸֳ
ѧ׷󣬻һѧ˵Ȼƺɡ

һο̸ᣬӿ̸ᡣѧУ쵼Ҷڽ
һѧһֿôһѧҷ˵Ҷһѧ
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󣬾Ǿ޵ġûпеһѧҿĶ
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ѡ

ô˵רҵѵ棬ǻһЩӵѡ
Ѿ˵ѧԺ֪ѧѧԺһֱһ̡
ѧԺѧѧһһ֮ӵĸоʱΰһ
ѧԺѧ𽥵رƻƻʲô˼ǼǵáФ˾꡷
Ф˾꡷һڼʮˣƻˡƻ
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ԺҲ顣磬˷ԺԺ𽥵֪Լ
һˡȥ˲ԼǷӰЦԺʱ˵ô
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һķװװܹĶ˲һȻеû
գɫûգ𽥾һˡҲ
һ͸оһˣɽҲҲ


ɽٸѵڴѧ׶ѾܹˣЩ
Ҹղ˵ѾǲʿˣѾǲʿˡһֻһ
ʿһһһεѧѧԺȥѧߣ
һһJDѧһ55ҵİɡҾô£˵
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Ц50ѧԺʿȻôȥѵ룬ôܹȥ
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صֱĵĵµĺȻĸ֮š㲻ҪΪǣΪ
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ϣĽνոʽĽո׾һߵߵ
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ֱһֽ㣬ѧԺʦβǷѧԺʦ
ΣԸԸͿԴ˯еģʱʦʵ
ÿʦĿöҪѧ̶λ̶λԺǰһ壬ÿ
ѧֶ棬λӺӦģڽ֣ڽ֡
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˾һЩۣôֻشȷģȻЩ
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ĸڹԵģ͹ȥˣȥʦʦҪڷͥ
㲻ܹãѽĿ㣨Цǲеġ

һλŮͬѧѧѧԺŮͬѧ˵ʦĳЩ
ܣһ̾͸оѱǹ˵ָоǱѵùվ
ǰһһСһαԺȥŬùȻ𽥾
ˡȻ⣬ѧʱʦʴңΪʲôҪѧ
ѽΪ壬˱ҵۻʱûһ˵Ϊˡ
ĽҲǴᣬְҵĸ죬
˵ǺܻһǺܺõһΪǵķ˺ܳ
ذǵһεᡣҲ˵Ƕⲻѧ
ʱ򵥣֪Ƿǳӵһƽ⣬ִ֪н
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ǳĸӣԣӶװˣͥȥͱ÷ǳһ
ʦӣthinking like a lawyerʦһ˼⣬ѧˣ
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һֱȽϿۻĶΪǸбҵбҵոձҵ
ַǳʵ񻯵ѵᵼһǿһ±ˣŷ
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ĸһôܹӰ쵽Աһ˼ʽ׷
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ҵѵʱȻǽз
ĽɫһָָѽһҲ
05ǵøѧͬѧ̫һֲõϢ˵Ӱǵģ
˵֪ˣҵʷϵȥĸ߷֣ʷȥ̫˰Ҫ˵
ǵѡȻȷģҲ˵ѧϰɣڱƽ׶ξϰɣر
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ѧģѧģʷЩ֪ʶķ棬һԣһ졣Ҹо
ıƽǵĸܾڵıƽԽԽһֳˣ
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ѧʱһ£ʱо̸ܳɹʱ˵
ʫδʣͳˣЦԼԱܰգҲʼ¹һɣ
ˣѾˡ

ԴѧڼһģΪԼѷʿĻһؼ
ξ18굽24ʱ䣬ʱ֪ʶ죬Ȼ˸ϵ
ҲһЩʱ֪ʶ棬ֹӰһ˵Ʒλһ
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