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У˳αķ¼ (XYS20051203)һģ˳
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ӰʦѧѧѧԺҳ
http://www.ahnu.edu.cn/shengming/daoshi/liudy.htmпɿ干
8ƪSCI¼£

1Elmqvist, T., Liu, D()., Carlsson, U. and Giles, B.E. 1993. 
Oikos 68:207-216.
2Liu, D() and Ericson, L. 1993. Ecology 81:263-270. 
3.    Liu, D(). 1995. Oikos. 74:98-106.
4. Liu, D(). and Ericson, L. 2000. Ecol. 81(8):2341-2347.
5. Liu, D(). and Ericson, L. 2001. Am. J. Bot. 101(4):623-631.
6.   Liu, D(). and Ericson, L. 2002. Acta Botanica Sinica(ֲ
ѧ)44(1):88-96.
7.  Liu, D() and Lars, E. 2000. Ecol.  81(8):2315-2322.
8.  Liu, D() and You bao, W. 2003. Bulletin of Environmental 
Contamination And Toxicology71(5):1011-1018.

ָ4ƪм٣3ƪEcol.1ƪAm. J. Bot.˲2ƪ
м١

Oilos̬ѧǳӰ־2004Impact FactorΪ2.901
ISI web of knowledgeʹBIOSIS Previewsݿ޷鵽Liu, 
D(). 1995. The correlation of infection by parasitic fungus and 
disease history of host plant. Oikos. 74:98-106һģݿ⹲¼
Oikos1988ABSTRACTҳǣ Baldy, Virginie; 
Gessner, Mark O.; Chauvet, Eric Bacteria, fungi and the breakdown of 
leaf litter in a large river Oikos 74 (1) : 93-102 1995

Acta Botanica Sinica(ֲѧ)ѸΪJournal of Integrative 
Plant BiologyƵκӰӶҹڿǰé
 SCI Search¼ֲѧһģ2002ڶߵOikos
1993һĵABSTRACTͬͬOikosԭElmqvist, T. 
Carlsson, U. and Giles, B.EEricsonͷû巢
ڡֲѧϵȫģ֪߱Ƚ϶ߵȫġ

1.ֲѧһĵABSTRACT

Infection of the Anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum in Populations of 
Silene dioica:Variation in Floral Morphology, Patterns of Spore 
Deposition and Pathogen-Pollinator Mediated Selection
Author: LIU Deng-Yi*, Ulla CARLSSON
 The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum (Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. 
Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systemic infection of its host Silene 
dioica (L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of 
teliospores (dispersal propagules) in flowers. These spores are 
transmitted to healthy plants mainly by flower visitors. The 
behavioral responses of flower visitors to a variation in floral 
characters, are not only likely to affect rates of pollen export/import, 
but also the rate of spore deposition and probability of disease. In a 
transplantation experiment, using plants from four different 
populations, we tested for correlation between variation in female 
floral morphology and patterns of spore and pollen deposition, and a 
resulting risk of disease. The source populations in this experiment 
were located on four islands in Skeppsvik archipelago in northern 
Sweden, and represented a gradient of disease incidence from 
completely healthy (Island 1), low incidence (Island 2) to 
highincidences (Islands 3 and 4) of disease. Fifty plants from each 
population were transplanted to the center of the population on Island 
4. There were significant differences among the transplants in floral 
characters, i.e. corolla size, style length and ovule number. Plants 
from the non-diseased population had larger flowers and longer styles 
than plants from the highly diseased populations. Numbers of pollen 
grains and spores deposited on flowers were strongly and positively 
correlated. We found that plants originating from the non-diseased 
population captured approximately 4 times more pollen and 9 times more 
spores per flower than the individuals from the resident population 
(Island 4, population 4). The incidences of disease among plants from 
the four populations differed significantly,
and was 37%, 20%, 18% and 0 for populations 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. 
In a survey of ten populations we found a significant negative 
correlation between the mean style length (positively correlated with 
corolla size and ovule number) among healthy plants and incidence of 
disease in these populations. The potentiality for pathogen-pollinator 
mediated selection on floral characters and consequences for gene flow 
between populations of Silene dioica are discussed.

2. OIKOSһĵABSTRACT
Title: Anther-smut infection in Silene dioica: Variation in floral 
morphology and patterns of spore deposition
Author(s): Emlqvist, Thomas; Liu, D.; Carlsson, Ulla; Giles, Barbara E. 
Source: Oikos 68 (2) : 207-216 1993
Abstract: The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum, causes a systemic 
perennial infection of its host Silene dioica. Infection results in 
sterility and the production of teliospores in flowers. These spores 
are transmitted to healthy plants by flower visiting insects. The 
behavioural responses of flower visiting insects to a variation in 
floral characters are therefore likely to affect rates of pollen 
export/import, the rate of spore deposition and probability of disease. 
Since infected plants are sterilized, they are effectively removed 
from the gene pool. It is therefore often assumed that in this 
host-pathogen system there is a considerable potential for a 
pathogen-pollinator mediated selection on floral characters. In a 
transplantation experiment, which included plants from four different 
populations, we tested for correlations between variation in female 
floral morphology and patterns of spore and pollen deposition, and a 
resulting risk of disease. The source populations in this experiment 
were located on four islands in Skeppsvik archipelago in northern 
Sweden, and represented a gradient of disease incidence from 
completely healthy (Island 1), low incidence (Island 2) to high 
incidences (Islands 3 and 4) of disease. Fifty plants front each 
population were transplanted to the centre of the population on Island 
4. Plants from the non-diseased population had larger flowers and 
longer styles than plants from the highly diseased populations. 
Numbers of pollen grains and spores deposited on flowers were strongly 
and positively correlated. We found that plants originating from the 
healthy population received approximately four times more pollen and 
nine times more spores per flower than the individuals from the 
resident diseased population. The resulting incidences of disease 
among plants from the four Populations differed significantly, and was 
20% among plants originating from the healthy population and 0% among 
plants from the resident highly diseased population. Plants from the 
other two diseased populations showed intermediate values (13% and 11% 
respectively). In a survey of ten populations we found among healthy 
plants a significant negative correlation between mean style length 
(positively correlated with corolla size and ovule number) and 
incidence of disease. The potential for pathogen-pollinator mediated 
selection on floral characters in this host-pathogen system is 
discussed.

(XYS20051205)

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¼½չ

ecolover

ղȥҳϿһ£ҳϱɵ4ƪѾɾˣ

ڵġоɹ18ƪ뷽Ӹ﹫ԭҳ25ƪ
оɹԱȣ7ƪȫǡڹ⿯ϵ££

4.    Elmqvist, T., Liu, D()., Carlsson, U. and Giles, B.E. 1993.  
Anther-smut infection in Silene dioica: variation in flora morphology 
and patterns of spore deposition. Oikos 68:207-216. 

5.     Liu, D() and Ericson, L. 1993. The effect of a 
vector-borne disease on the dynamics of natural plant populations for Ustilago 
violacea infection of Lychnis viscaria.  Ecology 81:263-270.

7.       Liu, D(). 1995. The correlation of infection by 
parasitic fungus and disease history of host plant. Oikos. 74:98-106.

10.   Liu, D(). and Ericson, L. 2000. Interaction between two 
microcyclic and one macrocyclic rust fungi in Geranium sylvaticum  
(Geraniaceae). Ecol. 81(8):2341-2347. 

11.    Liu, D(). and Ericson, L. 2001. Impact of the flower smut 
Ustilago cynodontis (Ustilagiaceae) on the perfamance of the clonal 
grass Cynodon dactylon (Gramiveae). Am. J. Bot. 101(4):623-631.

22.    Liu, D() and Lars, E. 2000. Interactions between two 
microcyclic and one macrocyclic rust fungi in Geranium sylvaticum 
(Geraniaceae). Ecol.  81(8):2315-2322. 

23.    Liu, D() and You bao, W. 2003. Effects of sewage 
irrigation on the growth and scavenging system of activated oxygen of crop 
plants. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination And 
Toxicology71(5):1011-1018. 

ԭ25ƪΪ:

25.   Liu, D(), Ying, L., Ling, Ch., Guanglin, W., and Lilong, W. 
Study of the Tolerance of Hippochaete ramosissimum to Cu Stress. 
Science in China2004, in press. 

ѱ䶯Ϊ

18.   Liu, D(), Ying, L., Ling, Ch., Guanglin, W., and Lilong, W. 
Study of the Tolerance of Hippochaete ramosissimum to Cu Stress. 
Science in China2005 supp. 

֣岢ɾһר

1. Liu, D. Disease patterns in natural plant populations. Umea University Press, 
Umea, Sweden, 1997.

(XYS20051205)

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롷뱾ķ

ӿ

ʱ£뱾ķһëҲᡣ
ĶʱΥʶǰìܣ֪Ƶķ룬ԭľͿɿ϶
⡣ȥԭģνһһšЩ鶼ǳֻмǧ
ѧԳС˵뵱ȻΪһǷʦϸ̣
༭˵ϳ˼ʹдҲһǼġ뵱ȻĶ
룾뱾Dan Brown䡡ɡԪ룬ͳ
šϺ棬ֻ1棩״顣룾뱾
ϷɻǰʮСʱ;жġ˭֪Ŷţ
ʶëһһˡóϼǺš·ɻҵԭ
һһգȻǷ⡣ֽı282ҳ310ҳʮҳ
ȫ432ҳֵıȽصĴӡ˵һ飬ⲻӢıһ
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ÿһȽĵ⣬پӢ˵Ӣеĺܼףʲ
һһΪԵġ

1ƣǺ˹ķɻӷɵӢϣ̽
ҪץסǼʻԱɻʱ½뱾еԱ˵
̡ܶɻпʱҡѾ½ˡʮˡ
ĵ287ҳƶ̸ʱʮ֡Ȼ½
ܡһʣѾʮǰˣϣ̽
Ҫķɻ½ȻڷɻܵϽΧ
еѾ½ˣôأԭģIt's a 
short flight. His plane could be on the ground by around six-thirty. 
Fifteen minutes from nowӢp.305Ŷԭʱֻһ̣
ɻҪʮӺ½˵Ȼ⡣ô򵥵from 
nowҲˡ

2ҪĶͲһԲͲмת̣
ÿת26ĸ265η1200ԡת̰
ĸתʱܰͲ򿪣Ժöͨڲ
õĻԶصܡôδأ뿴ģ
ֻҪץסԲͲͷȥʲôĸ룬Ȼһ
س෴ʩѹĵ303ҳ֣ͲҪֻ֮
ÿת̶תʱܴ򿪣ĶᱻԶ٣ôܡȥ
ʲôĸ롱ѵܣҺҲѽ⣬
ֻĸûк밡ķҲ֣һس
ʩѹǿѹʲôֵĶ
ԭģall she would need to do is grip the cylinder at 
both ends, just beyond the dials, and pull, applying slow, steady 
pressure in opposite directions.Ӣp.322ԭbeyondǡ
ȥܡλϵbeyondӢԭǡץת̵桱
Ҳֻһslow, steady pressureֻһ򣬼ûһ
ӰӡӦɡֻҪץסԲͲλתˣȶ
س

3ܷɻӷɵӢи˵뾳⡣ɻ
ڷɻϷлաƺǷɻĲ֮ͣû
лաڿ쵽Ӣʱ򿪱չóգ˵
Documentation for Rmy and myself.óһʮӢĳƱ
ƺ˵And documentation for you two.Ӣp.328
һ֪ƱΪƺǵĻʲô˼벻
Ķһ䣺һɫò¸ǰɣ
ĵ310ҳԾ˰ɣǲԭĴˣԭǼ򵥵ӢģSophie 
looked leery.'A Bribe?'ʹֱɡ¸𣿡ÿҲʲô
˼Ҳ췽ҹ̷ʽΪҪ¸ƺǡ

4ڵʮһºʮ»˴īд˾ֻ֡
дַ˵Ǻܼ򵥵ġÿ˶ϳпģ
ͼ±ϳ̵ģҪѧдҲѡҲҪѵöࡣ
߰ΪܵһַֻŵĴд֣
Ƶ游¬ݹݳᰣдڡ
⡣

ȰдģӢġ

ˣҸҴֽˡ˵ţ̴ľӾ𣬾
ǽϵĵƹ⣬鿴иǵĵײʵϣ游ߵ˳д
һЩƭ˵İϷȰķʽдȻֽٰʹΪ
ڵдˡƲǽãԭˣ̿ʰ˳д͵ӡһ
ľͷϣȻĥֱֽһܴľͷĺ
Щֻ̿֡Ҫתȥˡĵ282
ҳ

No we dont, Sophie said. I bet this veneer is thin enough. 
She lifted the rosewood box up to a canister light on the wall and 
began examining the underside of the lid. Her grandfather couldnt 
actually write in reverse, so he always cheated by writing normally 
and then flipping the paper over and tracing the reversed impression. 
Sophies guess was that he had wood-burned normal text into a block 
of wood and then run the back of the block through a sander until the 
wood was paper thin and the wood-burning could be seen through the wood. 
Then hed simply flipped the piece over, and laid it in. (Ӣp.301)

ж⡣һ⣬ְķʽдֽٰ
ƭǸʲôֽܱΣʹֽܿ
һ㷴֣ҲᡰΪڵдˡɵӡʵӢ
˵úԭ游ֽҪ͹͸ģ
ֺۼһ飬ƭ˼ҡȻ©˹ؼġtracing the 
reversed impression

ڶ⡣游µодʫдڱľƬϵģֽ
ϵġһӢнúһveneerһƬֽ
ΪʲôҪôһӵأΪõľͷҪտ
ľͷϣٰľͷĺĥʹܿõȻѷı
ľƬŽȥȴһаѱľƬֽˡһ䡱ֽ
ˡһм򵥵laid it inŽȥĪر©
ȥֻΪ˴ϵֽɣֽǱľƬ游ô
󾢸ʲôȾһнĴİ취һ
ľƬһҲAs Sophie moved the lid closer to the light, 
she saw she was right. The bright beam sifted through the thin layer 
of wood,ҲɱľֽƽӴյƹĵ
ܿ죬ԼĲ²ǶԵġĵƹӱһľ͸
Ȼû⵽ЩĶһ߰woodburned
̿ʣǲԵġ

һκ;йصġȫעᰣΩӲ
ܿʲôʫϣʫ͸иҲԿһ
ĵ283ҳȻìܵġȻΩӲܿʲô
ô͸иҲܿҲܿһʵԭĺܼ
all of his thoughts converged on Saunire's mirror-image poem, 
which was illuminated through the lid of the box.Ӣp.302
ȫעͨиᰣþдʫϡ룩
Ȼǻ㣬ҰѾΩӲܿ֡

ı282ҳ310ҳֻľִܷӡط
ҲܶࡣԵ©֣⻰Խִ˻ƻ
ȫŪסĵ231ҳȻǡƻûȫŪס

ʹѽҸģBBCصĵλߵʷѧҲɷã
ʵĶƬĵ202ҳʵԭֻƬthe 
BBC...soliciting three cameos from respected historians from around 
the worldӢp.217֪ΪʲôҪҪʡ

̫ȱʶЦ֪ɲʱɲƻ
˵ںҹԽҰӱܾʱҪ˾ͷƣң
Remember, no brake lights.Ӣp.283ȻҪ˾ס
Ҫɲ򡰼סɲҲȴɡסɲ
ʱ𿪵ƣĵ264ҳ˭ɲʱ⿪Ƶġⷭ
Ժ͡һͻƣGive me a break.

󣬵߿ͼʱԲķе
Paper clip룬Ǻձһ칫Ʒöȥͱиϵ
һСʱspied a stack of papers with a paper clip on it. 
Borrowing the clipӢp.274һֽһ롣ȡ
룬Carefully, he unbent the paper clip and inserted one 
end into the hole.Сĵذѻֱһͷ嵽СС
paper clip˲ֽֽԭˣһѲֽ
ֽĵ255ҳȻunbentͲˣ
ˡͷСҪmission impossible

ֻǶľܷһ⡣˰Ӣıһһһ
ֶֻᷢأҺöǼʹһӢĲ࣬һʵ䣬
ϸķҲᷭģǰfrom nowbeyondbribepaper clip
֮һȫ˶ǧС˵ϵģ׸ϰĶ
ģһģٳ뱾Ƕԭߺ͹ߵļ
Ĳأĳһܱʡ

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Ϊ˳108йŮŵ

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ʱ˵ȻҲ̫ţʲôϰվһʵ


ܷл񹲺͹ܷ
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ġϷĩϵпϷ֮ܿЩ˺ý嶼Ǵ
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һƪ֮·ĩ۵ķȺŹרcolumn.bokee.com
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ԼܼۿռȥγһַΧһҪ̸Ϊ
ʲôƮδΪڰɣַΧǿˬȻһ


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2005/12/3 ҹĳ֮Ͼɽ

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2005-12-4³̨³αʿ˾
׾ϻ᳤Ӱķˮʦ廪ѧԪڣ
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ǺǺǡĺЦˮƭɣһʲôԺ
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ĺЦ˭ܹεĿȫϵ˿ΪЦ


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ζʵϣŵ㣬ŵ㣬˵ζԴ˵



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˾ں˴Ԫġʵʵ˵رĿذ
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˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou2.txt
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou3.txt
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou5.txt
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou6.txt
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou7.txt
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou8.txt
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou9.txt
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou10.txt
http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/yigaoduotou11.txt

˵ʱǴδۣڡۡһͶ⡷һ
yigaoduotou8.txtָһͶļؼ⣺

1) һͶĳΪǷ߱ʶ
2) һͶǷֺ˳棻
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ΥκһһͶӦΪǲѧҪΪ
鿴ѧЭᡢ硢ڿͻͶָϣǶ
ȷҪ߲ܽͬʱͶڿҲͶǰ
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Ϊָ𡣶⣬ƪӣ
ܶʵѧڷĺʱôģ

Juan Miguel Campanario, Consolation for the Scientists: Sometimes 
it is Hard to Publish Papers that are Later Highly-Cited, Social 
Studies of Science, vol. 23, 1993, pp. 342-362

κ鶼ǴѵģѲܳΪԼΪɡ

ĩᵽѧܴܺų⣬Ϸ²
Ϊѧ߳ɾ͡Ϊȫһα⣬ǷӦѧӣ
ҪȾһѧֵҪ㹻ߣͨһ̶ȵ
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ӣɽѧСƽȥɹƽMD-5ͼhashing㷨
Crypto'04Rump Sessionʾ֮ɺ䶯ʾ֮൱
һʱڣֻһ򵥵ĽڹѧԤӡ
Ҫ˵ȫĵķˡһ仰ǽӣֻҪˣҿ
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ĳֳͻǷӳѧһϽʵĿѧҪ
Ϊɹó֤

(XYS20051205)

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