                         ˿µϣ20051208գ

05.12.08, ӡѧߡڽ¼
05.12.08, ҫࣺҲܶ˵ʹ޶ԡ
05.12.08, ·ƽ¶٣ֲѧһȷϵ١
05.12.08, йʱѧҶ
05.12.08, ϺҩѧԺδ·ʵұ¼
05.12.08, ͷ硶һίԱӺϻȡȻѧ
05.12.08, ԡֵܼ
05.12.08, ̶ѧλͨԵƸ
05.12.08, 13Ҳ̸ѧٵĹ淶⡷
05.12.08, һɡ˽˿ѧɡ
05.12.08, Х²ǡӡ˿ѧܺдڵĿռ䣿
05.12.08, һٵĸԴйѧ٣
05.12.08, šӵĲ͡
05.12.08, ˮˮӡӦԤ˻ҲԱ⡷
05.12.08, BiodegradationˮɻȾҪѧĻӦ

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

                       ѧߡڽ¼

                              ӡ

    108գֵ˿վϽ¡ѧ纱ƭ֣ڽ
ĳ֮·ԽΪ䡱ýдоũѸٳ
ڽɵѧѧɹɣΪǡֵУ߷ֱ죬ʮֳ
Ҫĵ㣺

    һԺϢڽĿǰֻһоԱȴýڼг
ԼоԱ

    йάȨũȺӢסеũ䣬»ߵĵ飬
ҪôũάҪôҪЮʵԼĸ棬صľ
ũ񲢲ͬǡ

    ڽй˴ݳ쵼Ŀĵͳ
ݣÿ鹤һڶʱɵģܣ
ݡ

    ġڽԳڹѧ˳ƪݽʵӢ
ỰҲ

    µǳڶ죬ѧʵڽõʼҼ¡
˿ĹšϽһһ𸴣оԱԺ䷢Ĺ
֤Ϊ֤԰άȨũ˵ǡƦåϽвִǣ
ĵм¼еǸýṩϡԼķģͽͳ
ƾͿԵóؽۡȷӢڹݽһλг
Ķ߷һƪۣ˵ĵ飬Ϊ»ߵĵ鲻Ϊƾ
Ͻhصĳһɲ˿վ˲ε¡
е⡣ƪ绤ڵڶ˿ϵǳ

    ֮󣬶ߡҲ̸ũԭίǳʤͶ˿ڽ
ɡ޵˵˽һɡұҲһʣڽɼ
ԺоԱڽڵλԺũ巢չоվ9·
һڽɸйũ쵼оϢУȴڽɳΪ
оԱνͣ

    ΪֹһУ˿վѧ5ģ
˶ĳѧߵѧɾɣɵѧ߼֧˳壬
һɡӦǸѧ򱣳ֳĬڽ
ȴȡһѰĿǰٶ

    1014ոҼйũάȨϺ졷
ĸ壬ҪġһδüӦ󣬾յڽɡдַ
ӵšá˵㲻ܾĺάȨũǲǡƦå
оҾҪ㣬ҧ˵ԸĸϽЩ
ƦåҽµĹ֡ΪҵЩ˺㣬Եһڵ
ԺңʮԼڽٴμ
ַӵšǰŴͬС죬ƣģ
Ǽٺòˡ

    ϹȻ󲨡еΪڽɴΪԡѧ
åӡӦøåķԸ˸ݽɫԸˡ
ǶһѧߡͷСåһһλṩһ
ƽ̨˸еȡ⣬϶ڽԱ˵߳ŭġ

    ЩΪڽɴʧǣ1017ڽɵйˣҷ
ǸţΪЩԴ˼ң޹ʵ˺ĸסʾǸ⣬Ըе
ȫΡΪԼ˸̨£ƴǰŲױʣ
ίһλѡдġҸЩŵ硢ļϢָڽ
©ٳ޷ŷ֮ڽֱΪ
˲ʵ衰ѡ֮áҡ

    ¼ȻϷԣ漰Ĳһλѧߡѧº͸
˵⣬Ҳֵö˵еΪûбҪȥʹˮ
ʹһ¼һڽΪ¾ġϷĩ
1110ƪһƪԷǳԵıڽVSӣ
ܾ˵Ķս䷢ɱЦ׫дĽ¼ҵ
ѧ١ƪ¡֮󣬸ñı༭𴺡
½һңͬϷҵŵġϷձϷбý
Ҳ̷۳ɽЦ鲨˵£ȫ湥ѧ١
رЦ¸ĸŷ磬ۣ֮Ϊӵ
ԣ֮ѧԶȸ֮ѧҪΣյöࡣ
ɣǷ˹ȡڷԼѡ񣡡

    ұˡѧٵȻκβס֮ҲԸ
ܣеӦķΡڽ¼ҡѧ
٣ȴʵ˾ĪϽڽļɣеѱ֤ʵ
飬ڽɵƿڴɣ㲻ѧʧܵ
ӣӦ¡οڸ¼һʼʱֻṩһ۵ƽ̨
ڽɵҿǣΪڽɱ绤ҲյǣҪȹһ
ý嶼ö࣬ڽȴǨŭңĳЩýң޵߲
ΪάСȦӡǷǡ˻壬ܣ
û֤ҾһϷ˴

    һΪԸ˵ѧ٣ԣ˵ľޣ
õԴޣҲȨԣȨ߽дڵǰ
ûиΪѧٵ⣬ֻʱ˵һ
ۼලáԺ˸ΪҲ벻˵Ĳ롣ѧ
µĹѧǹڷɷΧеѧɺ
ɡˣԸ˴ѧ٣ڷѧɺɣڵǰ
ʵҲȫѧ١

2005.12.01.

2005.12.7

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ҫࣺҲܶ˵ʹ޶ԡ

й꡷Լ  S

    һ˫Сֻ34룬·ΡΡ˵һ㴭Ϣ
ԲֹǱýΪйһˡĸҫҽ
79ˣںȴž˵ļػ1996
47һλĵһ̲ߣѪȾ̲
42ũ帾Ůǰֿ˵̣զಡ
Ӵˣҫ޷˵̤Ϸ֮·ѽʮꡣ

    ʮҫھ̲ߺͰ̹¶ӡư̲Ԥ
鼮ѻѽ100ԪüʴõĽܼ8Ԫȫ
˻200511£ԷѱӡСԤ̲֪ʶѳ
20ڣۼӡ102ݣԶԶκһ߲ŵ鼮
СֻҪ˻ŵʡʷȡʷݹԱʡ֣
ˮ·14źʡʷݣʱ450003һͣԷûи
Ʊҫ໹õʡرÿĹҺʣ̲Բ
Ρ3.8Ԫһţŵİ̲Բ״4.5Ԫ
й̲顷4.8Ԫʵҽϸѧרҵ
¸ٴʮľܽᣬҫ׼ͬһ½
ĸȫʡͼݣʺϼ10.8ԪЩУԡй
顷ıУΪ⣬ǧܿ͹ˣһλ̨
Ůҵһǧ͸ҫе㲻ͣ˰һ
ǽĹӺ棬ֻʶ˲Ÿ

    ֣ݲɷʱȣҫһı仯ԭ
һǽ鲻ˣЩСֻȫͳȥʤҫŨ
Ŀ˵ң200410񣬽̲ԲΡͳ
ȥ4ᣬܶطٰ찬̲Ԥѵ࣬ר
ǣʡļҲרҪ顣ҲΪ£
ĳʡͼҪ飬Ӧ𼶷ĸͼݣ
ǸҽƭˡǷȥҲӦ˻ңӡ
ôȥ˷ֽұƭһΣٱƭˣ

ЩƭӶɱ

    ᵽƭӣҫŭ壺թƭ֣
ϴƭ̫ˣģүô

    19992003䣬ҫյ8326ţ812ƭ
ţԳƷ˰ٷٰ֮ΰ̲ҩƼҪ֮ࡣ2004
꿪ʼҳ̨̲ߣҲӹעһ⣬ƭӾͲ
ֵӵƭת׷׳¶ѧУ̲Эᡱ
ơһũ̲꽡оδ
ҫ෴ӳصİ̲ߺ͹¶ò⣬ڵʱ
ͷûǮҫȸԷϼٱСϣڵ
ϾԷܾʾҪϣֻҪǮʹҫģ
лĶŴͳǰ飬ĳ½¥
ȵҲûһ̲ߺ͹¶˺˵ĳоᵽ˱
ʼ绰򱱾УļǮܵʹȥҪǮ
ٴѧΪ棬ѧԺһЩѧÿÿʡһǮĳ
ǰʵص龹֣װһµ¥⣬һߺ͹¶ҲûС

    һũϺԭǴ֧飬ĶӡӺֶӶѪ
Ⱦ˰̲ҫͬ飬ÿӴﵽ֣ݣҪӸҫദȡ
ٱͼǧСȥҲʱӼ2004һ죬
̲߼֥ݷøҫ࣬˵ø߳Լ´ͣ
߸ÿ50Ԫ150Ԫʾлֱ2005831գҫŻϤ
90ǵغѪվͷĿӴİ̲ߵп۳
100Ԫ˵ǮǴθҫˡ˺š̲Э᳤
ƬţҲҪϺ;ˣſھֻҪǮһ֧飬
ҫļһľί͵һش壬Ͱеĺ·
ߣ۵ľȫˡڵһЩũɲΪǮô
˵˻˵˹˵

    ҫķΧư̹¶չոҫĶ壬̹
̲µŹ£밬̲¶ͬǲδȾҫ
ǰǿǰġؼǹ¶ǹ¶һλǹ¶
⡱֣ȹ¶ȵթƭ⣬Ǯƭˣ
¶ܵõʲôթƭѾӰ̲Ӧø
ˣаĵȱᾭĴѧԲäĿؾǮǸ
ûζ˾̲ƭϰյǮЩƭӶɱ
ȻɶթƭΪв̣ͬЩƭӶɱֻǸҫ
һǿıÿÿ˵ƭӵĿɶͰ̲ߵľҫೣ
ᡣ

ߣΪʲôôƭ⣿

ҫࣺƭϴ⣬ܽԭһǸˣһ
ӻú壿ʵҲú壻ǸŮˣйԹȨ
᣻ҽѧԺڣʵǸҽҵĺܶԳҽʵ
ͲҽȻ˵аΰ̲洫ط̲йҲ20꣬
ġ洫ط벻зһȥ飬Ҿ
ΪǮͬ۵ģ

ǡܻӭˡ

    ҫ˫С߹ԭصʮСٸ򡢰
ׯǧƵİ̲ȾߺͻߣȫǷǷѪѪ
ģϾİ̲ܾĬӶҿѪ°̲еࡣ
ֱӮȫأΪй俹̲
2001ȫ򽡿»ᡰɭ罡Ȩ佱ʽϣ
Ϲ鳤ϳ޸ҫΪһλйũ°̲ԤŮԻ
ҡ޷ϯĸҽʾߵľ⡱20031218ں
Ͽ찬̲ιǸҪҫ࣬齵Ļƺӭ
̸СʱҫΣһס˵
ϴ㣬ұСʮ꣬ûˣɶֱ˵ɡԺɶ
ֱҡɴйѸ߶Ӱ̲״
ȵضư̲ӡ

    ˣںܶɲҫȻһܻӭ
ˡĳЩδİ̲߷Ȼšֹҫ
ҥĳЩֻҪٱҫൽͿԽ500Ԫ
ؼߵ٣ֻ50ԪһʼǻΪνһ¶Ӱ
ʵ󣬶¹ʵҾͻҪ󵱵ؼӴ
Ͷ룬һЩƶĹԱԸġûȥٱ
ҫ˵Ϊϰնֻ֧֣Щ̰ٲźҡ

    й̲顷һ¼һŻĳطǷѪվƬƬϵ
ũȿֺŶӳѪȻӪҵԵѪվϸĹ涨
˵ԼģΪʲôҪڰҹ賿Ѫһһڳ
һһγ800ܵ𣿳800ֻ80ǮϷ𣿡ҫ
ʡȻûܷƬļ߻뿪Ǽұ磬
ҫȥ˱ڵλ֣һָ֧ŸҫıӴ
뵰ǲ·ҫϵػشǻ뵰Ҫ
ǹһ˷ƣ

    200166տʼҫӵ԰̲߷Ĳ˵绰
˵ʦʱ϶Ưɡҫֵ׷ʣԭĳŵ
˵ҫʱ޹顣øҫҵĳŵԱһ
١ҫΪǱģϸңڸ
ƽӴеֻӤֻҥˡһøҫ
һֱڻǣ2000318գҫȥǡй̲
һ塱ʱΪ֪ϲ¥ʰ̲ͥ30Ƭ
ʱҽԺǡϸɲƶǳ֧֣Ժȴԡʡû
һ̲ˡΪɰƬȫûˡĳѧܿеĸУ
ҫÿμҪƬЩƬһûңҾһֱ
ҾͲˡ

    ҫԼܶԲŮǰ̲̫ˣҲܶ˵ʹ
޶԰2003ǵʱڣҽԺɸҫĶŮȥ϶
һվ8Сʱվһ¡ȼȷǴȾƣҲڿƣ
ƵĸҽʦҫΪΪ˴ҹȶԴ˲
ͬΪҽСŮ׹ܸҫӰʧȥ˹һ֮Զ
ôȴԹ޸ҫࡣûֱӴңǾ͹
ﲻùδ绰˵ֻ֪Ϊܰ
ˣզġʵӦҡΪҰҵ
ΣݺƸרˡǰ̲
ΣҼȻ·Ѿղˡ

ߣ人ĹϣҲķʿϵ

ҫࣺڵʱңǸˣŵǴӲ˵Ϲ
¥İ̲ǹ緢ֵġǴκ˵㲻Ӧú
Ƕ˵Ͳ˵ˡ˵Сʮ꣬Ժ˵ĻᣬѾ
ʱˣڲ˵ûл˵ˡ˵Ǿͻ㣬˵
Ҳ´ҾҪƴǸɼܣ

ǡһ˵ս

    ҫ໹һĳѧϵΣϱһרĸУ
ԸҫķҵûжȤҫǳŮ
ܱóԸҫĻ֯թƭרд
һҪڣҲԼײ


    ѮҲ֮ˡ¡͡
¡˲ƭӺ鷳20039ǳĹ
˾2005ν108йŮŵƽ־磬Ҳ
ۣܺͬƭˣл嶪֮ҲЩһ
ƭ
    ֮󣬲ǻңѹǻڻƺӼԶ伣
ˡκ֯Աҵֳ֯硰ᡱġȣ
ƭ־磬ЩˡΣˡ֮󣬣ǣ
ƭϵУ
ҫд2005101չڡ

    ҵǣҫеѲǽʮǰġһ˵սˡ2004
ȫ̲ιϹݣйа̲Ⱦ߽84ˣ
鼰31ʡ80%ũ壬ѳִӸΣȺͨȺ
ơϾ£ͶⳡϵսУ
ҫЩ˱Ϊ±ǰͶպİꡣоᵽ
ŴϺˡŴϳۣѧ˶ʿҵһԭ
УȻŦԼֵиܲõĸн۴л
ڵذ̹¶ľҫͷϵ164¶ȫи
һҰ⿼밬̲壬Ӵ˷пԺ
רҵʿĻᣬȻѧ¾̹¶Ṥ

    ѧ޷Ͷ뵽ⳡսҫʱյ
Ǽļľߡ鼮ȣίת̲Ĺ¶ʱҲ
Цãľ﷢̣һ֧ɹ˪̹¶
зԡ´ѧϣǼûеãҲòױƷҫ಻
̾ﳤѧũ̫˽ˡ

    ҫϷԼǡü֡顢Ӣ顢
ԱάԱӡˢ˹ƹĲˡҫ
Ƹư֢Ͳв֢רң1990ҽԺݺȴûбȡȨ
λ쵼˼ϣȥרȻܾҫң
ؿרβв֢ҽԺ϶ƭӣһԭҽԺҩ
ҵģڳ˲вҽԺԺŮԭǵλܺڵģҲ
ƲвҽˡΪҲȥвˣЩ
ӵķ޶ԸѴѵǮƾƣΪʵ̫æˡ
һڵСһλĲ֢Ǯӡˢӡģܼ7ݻ
7ǧ顣ҫҪǮ˵7ǧ𣿹ڼ䣬ҫ
Ҫһļľ·͵ȥվվæվˬ
شӦ˾רһˡվ˸ӣ˾ųҿҩҲ
ˣҩֻ30ǮԸҸɻء

    ڸҫУҿİװֽһŵãϴ˺
һãڽʡˡҫңⲻ
ٰʡʡΪõЩǮȥûеطҵ
ǮҪõ̲˺Ͱ̹¶ϡˣҫȴִؾܾһ
ϵƭҲԸմǮΪĳЩҥĿʵ̨ǽ
㵽ݳշת绰Ը30ңҫҪ˵30
30Ҳա绰Ҫ10Ҳҫܾһʮ
Ϸר̵֣˰£ҵҫңŲһҪ2
Ǯҫֻýӡˢ߷ƱǮӡˢС

ߣΪʲôһֱԸȥרأҲǾ˰

ҫࣺΪüǮģһ˻ϣӦöΪ룬
Ϊ룡йȱٵĲǸҽԸȴ̫
ˡ

ҽġ

    ҫ໼иѪѹļȱѪοնȼ˫ʱ׵
θĸʱ䶷˱гķ֮סʳʱҪԶ
ʱһǹ⵹̰죬ǻصĵѪǡҫ
ϰñһ꣬ҵйҽƴѧǰרΪ쵼
ɲıҽҽԺǰﲿΡĸѪѹȸҫ
ö࣬ÿڽѹЧҩά֣ص200411
ڲȹҫҲסҽԺ㻤ΪԸ򣬴
ֻиҫ̲ŰġصĸѪѹʹù÷ȥ˯ž
ҫҲҹ޷˯ϰĲøҫ;ǰ

    ùż٣λʱԺؼҹڡֻŲ΢ܵ㣬
ҫڿæҪĵصСãʱ
ҿϰǾÿڸɣʱˮ

    λƽʱϼΪʡһĻʳһ㲻ʮǮͨ
̲ˡͷ׺пʱһ̳Ĳϣȴ
Ѽ⡢ȻˣϾֶŮصشТҫġҫñ
ķѼըýƣãָһ˺ᣬһ˵óԡ
˵ʾը𿾻ţǹʹϵǿ°ʣΪ
ҽѵ֪¿룬˵֪żһӦû
ϵɣҫҳԸմӳСӣҶ̣˵Ҷɫ
ȾİɣҶصĻˡҫ룬˵ѽ
ôû뵽㣿Ǵҳͷ׺ֳ
ٲˣʵˣҳԣ˵˷ˣڻ˳Բ
ء˵Ե̫θŻҪǮβ˷ѵǮࡣ˵
ģΪθչԡ

    ϰ˯ˣҫĸңγԺǰͻȻ
аװߣװǰĵ֢״һͷõʺ
λҽʦôᵽڲŷ֣ҫ˵ȷʵˣʱֻ
ǿڸɡ˯һֱΪ֢ƣȫˡ뿪ǰΪæµ
һ죬ҫ˵Լþƣҽѵ绰˺ú˯ȴ˵
УΪܻв˰ҹ绰ʱ޿ģܲӵġ

ߣүүһӰܴɣ

ҫࣺͷһʲôҲɲˡҵġʮ·дˣ
һˣһҪɡǰ֢ҵľҲȫˣ
1229ǽ52ˣҲܲʵڲҪ
ˣԺʵڲ롣

    ķǰͨ绰ϤñȷΪʲ߷ֻ״
ƤѴʡҽԺѪѹתʡҽԺ

ԭءй꡷־200523ڣ121ճ棩ʱɾģϵȫ


(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

¶٣ֲѧһȷϵ

ߣ·ƽ

·ƽڡ帱УġSCIġм١(XYS20051205)ָ:
ֲѧһģ2002ڶߵOikos1993һĵ
ABSTRACTͬͬOikosԭElmqvist, T. Carlsson, U. and 
Giles, B.EEricsonͷû巢ڡֲѧ
ȫģ֪߱Ƚ϶ߵȫġ

ֱѵõߵȫ,һͶ,һ͵
Ϯαʵ¼,αĸͶѧһڿֲ
ѧܷ,ʵϾսйȫѧҵǻۡΪ
ѧоߣ·ƽ̫ŭˣֻվν֮α
ս

ҴȫĵĽǶȽ¶塶ֲѧһȷϵ٣

A Elmqvist, T., Liu, D()., Carlsson, U. and Giles, B.E. 
1993. Anther-smut infection in Silene dioica: variation in flora 
morphology and patterns of spore deposition. Oikos 68:207-216.

BLiu, D(). and Ericson, L. 2002. Infection of the 
Anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum in population of Silene dioica: 
Variation in floral morphology, patterns of spore deposition and 
pathogen-pollinator mediated selection. Acta Botanica Sinica(ֲѧ)
44(1):88-96.

֤1任

AλߣElmqvist, T., Liu, D()., Carlsson, U. and 
Giles, B.E.

BжλߣLiu, D(). and Ericson, L.

֪ƪEricson֪֪飬EricsonΪͬαߣ粻֪飬
嵨Ϊ٣Ҫϵʦ汻ʲ壡

֤2ĵABSTRACT90%ͬ

ڡ帱УġSCIġм١((XYS20051205)һѲ

֤3BAINTRODUCTIONĻ侭޸ģв
ֶȫճ硰In this study,we measured variation in a number of 
floral traits in 14 populations of Silene dioica,with different 
disease incidenceһȫһ¡

֤4MATERIALֽ΢޸

A ڽPollinatorsߣʱT.Elmqvist.unpublδ
ע,Bɾע͡

֤5ʵ鷽B˲޸:

(1)Ķʵʱ,崦,¾һ:

AFour populations of Silene dioica were chosen for detailed 
field measurements in June 1990.

BFour populations of S.dioica were chosen for detailed field 
measurement in June 1998.

(2)Ķ˳

A˳:Study sites, Field survey,Field experiment, 
Greenhouse experiment, Nectar sampling, Temperature treatment.

B˳: Study sites, Field survey,Field experiment,Nectar 
sampling, Temperature treatment,Greenhouse experiment.


֤6ۼ۲־ĶԼʵݡʵʱ䡢ͼ˳
˸Ķ

Adisease,r=-0.744,P=0.003,r2=0.55; 

pop. Size(log-transformed)r=-0.369,P=0.13,r2=0.13.n=14

Bdisease,r=-0.749,P=0.003,r2=0.56; 

pop. Size(log-transformed)r=-0.459,P=0.1,r2=0.24.

ЦBͼ5LEGENDaspore number (b)pollen number,
ͼôҲҲpollen numberٿBFIG.3,Ȼ,ԭ
òϽ!Aһ˳No. of pollen per 
flower 103

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ѧҶ

 
йʱ2005127

꣱ĩһѰζѧ¼Ѹٴ
ѧ¼ͬǣαָءϮԡˣǣ걻й
ѧѡΪĽйʮ󡰽ܳ귨ѧҡܷѧҶС

Ȼ¼һδƽҶ뽭ͬһƪķֱ𵥶
ڲͬѧ¼һ

ָΪ

꣱£գɡһƪǡ
ѧίԱḱҶкѧϮԼʵ³ơԼ
ʵ³ڡ˿վϣѧ£տǣ
³ƣ人ѧѧҶѧ˺ġ֮
¼ơһУϮǰġ۹͹
͡۹͹ƪġ

磲꣹³ġѧҾϵд顱֮
һɳƣ˲飬һ鹲¡ҳǰԡǣ
˶߿Բĺ⣬ǰԵһ£ÿһ¶Ϯȡҵ
֡Ϯȡ֣ΪȵۻͶ͹ᴩȫ
һߡ

ⱾֻУҳȴٴҵгϮˣ
ҴǰԵһ¶ܷ֣ҸΪѾˡ˵

۹͹һģ¼ڣ걱ġ
ҡһ飬Ϊɡ۹͹һģͨ漴
ɲģֱڡ塱꣱£ۡ͡
꣸£վ

Ҷԡ͡һϸȤֶһ˶о
˵

гڳϮɵľӺͶ䣬߽˺ʵУ
ԵľӼûнעֻͣǸıʾ䡣

磬ڡ۹͹һУʷԻϣ⣩
˼ֵ̬ġǶԾơͷƵУҲǶƵ
Уͼƽһ壬һּȺϺȶơ

ڡһУдʷԻϾ
˼ֵ̬ģǶԾơͷƵУҲǶƵ
Уͼƽһ壬һּȺϺȶơ
ڣҳ

硶۹͹һ˶䣺͵Ļ;ǹΡС
Ǻƽº͡ƽ⡣ΡԱš׼
Ȩƽ˴˵棬ı񣻹УҲ
Ϊκθˡš׼˽óΪκθˡš׼ѹ
ˡš׼ĹߣƽºͼԱš׼ǿȨ
ĳͨ顢ЭԼ˴˵Ȥζͻ
ִҡڣҳ

ڡһд͡Ļ;ǹΡС
Ǻƽº͡ƽ⡣ζĸ׼š嶼
ȨȨ໥Լıζͨɵۺ
Э̣ͨĳԵĹͬ׼Ÿͻ͸
ìܡǰԣڣҳ

ݼָ߲֤Ϯ֮һУ֣һΣ
ֵĶУˡ롰һֱ֮⣬
ȫͬ

ɣҶڽܡй걨ɷʱʾ⡰һϵ
ûСһα༭ƣ飬
βɷáڲ˵飬Ϊڴ顱

ǡԼʵһĵġѧˡйѧʥ
ʾ϶Ϯʵ

Ҷ뽭˭˭

¼δƽ֮ʣעɣΪδߺö顱ѣ£
ָҶкͽƪĴͬ⡣

ṩչ˵顣߷֣Ҷзڣ
ڣڡѧϵġĸĿ꡷ڣ
ҳ룲꡶ѧڣڿǽġܷ˼άе
ڣҳΪͬһƪġ

йͼݽ׺˶ʱ˽⵽Ҷеĳڣ
ꣵ£գǣꣶ£ո壬ʱΪ
꣹£ա

ƪ³ĿҪ͹ؼв֮ͬ⣬ֵ
ӽṹļȫֵͬһǣҶзڡѧ
ģǸÿģƪ̸еĵһƪܵ
Ҫؼʺ±ŵѧĹ淶رݣûע
ͺͲοסƪĳҪؼʵ֮⣬
עͼοסڡѧϵõѧĹ
ʽעͣ

˽⵽ڹѧʿѧλʱ䵼ʦҶСӷ
ʱȺӦǽϮҶеġΪ˫
һλۡ

ҿδˡйѧԺϵ֧ԴԼĿ
ϮԼʦģѵĲʿѧλҪˣ

⣬ʡѧԺвҲԼķ
ΪǽдƪԺ󽻸ҶУϣָָ
ҶпһЩ޸ƪҲһɹ
ǣáһ˭ǰ˭󣿵ڶмƷܷ
Żݣ˷ֱ𵥶ôһȺ⣻
ڶ˶Զз֣Ҷ֡

۴ӺֽǶȿҶгϮֽ۶Ͳͨ
˵Ӳѱ߲ݣҶеôô

֧λѧ򱾱߱ʾԺյҶӳϮ
ġѧֱ𵥶ͬһƪѧĵйѧ
һӰ

߻ָ֣Ҷкͽֱ𵥶ͬһƪʱ
人ѧ뷨ιоġйվϷֱͬһƪ
ĹҶкͽ¡ġܷ˼άеϴڣ
ꣴ£գҶеġĸĿ꡷ϴڣ
ꣶ£ա

ĿǰҶڡйϵƪȻڣ㿪
ʱҳʾԲҪʵҳѾɾ˻߸ûд


ϤĿǰ人ѧѧԺڡͼϵδ
人ѧûж¼κιٷ͡Ҷ뽭
û˵ԭί

人ѧΣ

ǰ人ѧѧԺԺܳǱָԵ¼
ѧָΪ⡣

һ¼ѧ˳ʱ㷺ıۣ人ѧѧίԱܳ
¼ǣѧֻעͲ淶⡣һ
ûƽϢý弰ƽýһۡ

̸Ҷе˱ָԵ¶人ѧӰʱѧ߻˵
й걨ıЩؼϻûг䶨
ۡΪѾֵ÷зҶ人ѧѧί
Աḱμ鳤˵ʵΣ人ѧʵڷͬ
Сɡ

˵ˮʯ֮ʱʱиýܹ
ֹעһ¼ǷǷǣгֱۣԳΪƽй
ϷȨѧܵһ

˵˵һѧУ֮ڣκΪй
ѧĸУܲںԼѧܹϢڸѧ
ܡһѧ˰˽Ǯֵ֧ĹѧҪЩ
ϮѧΪĽʦڱֺ󻹻켣ĻǲǶԲ˰
ĽǮҲ˹ˡ

ڽΪעҶ¼̳ϣҲ人ѧɡ
ɳ͡ᡱѾ˽µļۣҶ
еѧǷ⣿人ѧα֤ԼѧλЩ
Ҫ人ѧйطٷӦ

ڡᡱϣ߷עʱΪ꣱£յ
ġҶС仰

Ƿֱǣ塱͡ΪһΪˣ
ʵûи֮ǰעԼУҪԼжϣ
ƣЦ󷽡δ֤ʵɣġҶСǷΪҶбˡ

ȻΪйʮ󡰽ܳ귨ѧҡΪһλųо
ܷ͡ѧңҶѡĬܶ˸е⡣

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ϺҩѧԺδ·ʵұ¼

¼ԭ

2005715գϺͨѧҩѧԺյǴ˼Ա
δ·ʵʻȥ

ȥʲôأ

ſȥǱߵʵңƸʿء

ɣû棬Ҳûᣬǡ

ܴɣ



715շżڼļδ·ʵڿһˡ2005713գδ·ʵ
ҿ鳤ʿҩѧԺżٵ֪ͨδ·ʵ714
ʽˡ յһ콫ƸͲĲʵҴϣ
״νһ绰֪ͨȺ֪ķʿˡ

ͻŴ˱ķʿУ쵼㱨£δõУ쵼Դµ
Ӧ

4󣬼2005719գյǵȷʹµһιͨҩѧԺȫ
ʦ

2󣬼2005721գϺͨѧ´ʽ֪ͨʿˣ
Ƹ

׳־δǲߣȻǿٱλռĹ
ٹ໤ǱȨ֮໥£ֽ˵ĹԺһ
յԵС

ûԵ޹ʵİҲûԵ޹ʵĺޡվڽĽǶȣȥع
еĲ¼ΨһĿǻһ֪
ȨʹǴпе뵽Щʲô

ĸԴҪ׷ݵһǰ863⿪ʼ

20049µһ죬ҩѧԺոԺҵʿҪ佫е863
ת뽻Աμ2004ȿоѵͳơĿԲԶΪ
ҩѧԺ쵼ǵʱڷ863ֶ֧֣
λˣʿһЩʱ䣬ЭֶԱ˳
Ŀת

200411£Ϊ׼12ÿ863չ㱨ʿҩѧԺ
λڰ㱨ݣڹһѧ߾ͬµѧ
ʽȻΪרҵյҲμˣڴҾĿУ
չһδࡢԴǼ̵ĿףΪԭΪ򵥵ѧ
Ϊλϯⲻǽ׼𣿷ܾ
ķʿûʶ½Ϊת۵㡣ΪҪٻ
йϵǱٻӣҲ
ͲԶˡ20𼴴ķʿȻһȱ

200411£ԺѹʿĿԭȵеλյ
Ǵǩһеλı¼200412£ԭУ쵼
ڳ£ʿԭеλݽƼ룬ݽҩѧ
ԺոԺһԴѹҩѧԺ쵼ĵδա
ĳϣԺ쵼ȴӪʿȱžܽ863ļ

ļУʿԶҪ863еλΪ
ΪһλԱΪĿܰΪɣڶ˽º͹
ϣʾԷ863Ѿû£ܾܡһ棬ֿ
ָ𷽲ʿšԸеλ𺦽档Ϊ˱ʾԸ
ĳ⣬20053£ʿ863л20ԪҩѧԺǮ
ҩѧԺ˻Ȼʾܾ863⡣ǷΪƣ
ΪֶΣһʿٿĪ硣

̬ķչԤڵģʽ˳Ľչţȱ
鷽ʿظеϵĽ

200412ʼյ᷽ʿоʹãа
2005ϺпίصĿ16ԪʹǮʵ
ԼͺĲģӰʵչ⣬ѧУ涨ӦõõĿ
Ҳѹ̡

200412ʼǺԺܸδ·ʵҷ⡣ע
δ·ʵÿƻĵķأ޺ͬϣȷ֧
Σ2004ķȷɽ֧Ƿļδ·ʵԴ˲
2005310ա315ա 330պ 410գܵƻ
ͣˮϵвʿʱбᾭ40Ԫί16
985II24.6ȫ֧ÿ3Ԫķ⣻ǶƵķ
ʿ򾭷ѲǷ⡣Ϊʹ-80ȱ䡢-20ȱĽ40Ԫ
оѹԼϸԼ޼۵ĿгɹȹҲƲʧʿ
αҩѧԺ쵼űܾձԱ󲻵ҵ
֮Եɣ쵼űҲƲԸί
Σ¹ΣԵƻģҪԴΪأ
ͣˮϵ磬ʹʵҵĹҲƲӹһ١

2005311գյǻոԺ͵͵ϵʿʵ
ҵĵ绰ʹ񷽿ʵҵ绰δͨǻԺȴ
񲻸ҳϴ¡112Ϻžֱ̨ѯϵʵ
ҵ绰64537078ԿͻҩѧԺ칫ң313ִУʱ
֤

2005311գҩѧԺµĸԺ༭ҩѧԺ
ύˣǺȻԭ˸Ժʿ


Ȼжζյ׽863޷
ʿҩѧԺģʿڿϵĲиŬȴɺܴ
ֻšڶȡóɹǽѴﵽ߷ʿĿ
ġǣȡĶԷ龭Ϸ迨ԱϹ
ϿŵȾٴӷչͬʱҲΪǵһ
ʿѧˮƽ´»

ʿѧˮƽ

ʿѧϵƱҵͶʱȫڰıĳ
ѧʦѧԺԺʿAڣ200XŴѧϯ1996
ʿѧλȻBԺʿ200xҽѧŵʵңֱ
ָ´²ʿУΪʵHoward Hughes Postdoctoral Fellows
֮һվʵҹꡣλԺʿԷʿĽϸߵľ
ۣAԺʿƼۣʿо
о֮һѧ֥Ӹѧʡѧͻʢٴѧ
̵20λʿУʿ֮һAԺʿ̵Ĳ
ʿΪһУĽڣѧױǴѧȣ


20029£ʿȫְعΪ鳤е863Ŀ200Ԫ
ҿоѣΪҹһܼƽ̨Ŀ

20041£ʽƸóʿǩԼ뽻󣬳Ϊ
ȫְʦ һϵеרĿ֤豸֤򡢵ԣ
200411£ʿ޵УһһʵҲʽͶ
ʹáʿĿҽԺԺʿϣ˽ҽ
ԺЭ飬ԺʿΪϯѧңʿΪЭ鳤ע
ԺʿڰѪоĳɾͣڹĿ

ķʿѧȻûиµĿܡǶ
ʽͶʹ6¼δ·ʵҽļƻ

2005430գǺԺĴ£ѧУ֯985
רƺƵĿδ·ʵңԷʿȻ985
ѧУչʵʩ裬רԱȴ
ǺԺȻίԱרĹϣǺ
ԺһİŵġȻΥѡרҹ
رܹ򡣳ĹӦǵ˿üĹΪȷĹԣ
ӦһƫĻƣرƶһϵһҪڡͨ
ЩϵԱ˳򣬲ܱίԱ
ΪԤϻƫ˽ףӶ֤Ŀ͹۹ԡΪ
ʿϵǺԺȴľ֯ߣα
֤ίԱأһٵܵ˾Ͳ
ˡ ͬΪίԱܵҲͲˡ

ǣίԱǶʵȡõʵɹƺأԷ
ʿ˺ʵҵ豸ŨȤʱһжÿ
ˡ⣬۵ĳ̨ҲѰζڷʿڽй㱨
ͬʱṤԱڼδ·ʵҵĵϴӡˡ
Ī߹ʱգδ򷽲ʿ˹
ֻǿͷƣʿûɹʿʼ
鳤ְ

˼ǣ˴Ŀ۱׼ʲôνġɹָ
ʲôǷͬͬԱɱȵԭЩ޴Ӷ֪
У⣬20041030գ豸ȫλȫλ
2005430գδ·ʵҽʽͶʹ6¡ʵ豸
вһʱҲǲʵĹΪһһ
ļЧܴżȻԣۺϼЧܿ͹۷ӳеʵ
ҩѧԺе·ѵҲҪ1958ҵġԾ˶Сһ
ڶʮꡱ־磿ҩѧԺ쵼Ըȵ200512·ʿͶ
ͬڣͼضԷʿĿжʽۣ
ĿĲԶ

ǺԺԸԳйٷЧӦľʱ
ȻѾõзʿ̵Ҫ֤ݡ

2005530磬λԺʿһλ973ϯѧңλпԺ
˼ƻѡͬԷʿĿгɹн׶Ե顣ר
ԷʿĽ׶Կгɹʾ˿϶γ˾
Ϊǹٷļ쵼ԴԲǡ

νζѧġϷȱ͹۹ԵʱĺϷ
ǹƨ磿

20055-20057£Ƿʿеƽһӡһкָ
ʱԼ˾׷ծƺڷĶϾҪ
ȥˡֹۡ2005714գʿԱ˼٣һ
ʵ̫ˣҪϢ

2005715գٵʱϢͻȻʿӵ
ǵĵ绰֮ҩѧԺƸˣʵұ⡣޷ϴĴ
·Ӧ⣿ϸ60ڵ70ڹõĴ̼
ۣͻȻ21͵İУϺͨѧܲ˵Ǽ¡

ʿȻܽоѧУ쵼Ѱ˵ʱ
2005719գϺͨѧ´ͻȻʽ֪ͨʿˣѽ
Ƹ

2005715գڷʿʿϵĽȫսʿ


2005719գյǾʹµһιͨҩѧԺȫʦ

2005721գϺͨѧ´ʽ䷢ʿٷ

ʲôʲô 

˵Ƿʿ˱⣿

͸˱֣ģֲĶ˶ĺúõġ

ʿΥУǣΥΥͶ̰ܻͬߣְأ
⣿

ûУڲ쵼Ļ

ԺһҪ쵼ģ򷽲ʿĽǵ
찡

ˡ

ǣ
20058£δ·ʵһ̨º±䱻ַùʣ֮ǰ
ڸñеԼʵɹܡ֮֡ 

110Ϻɳ

20059£Ϻĳ߶ԡδ·ʵұ١չ顣

20051116գվ˿ǳϺҩѧԺӴ̷
нǧ ŵ״ꡱڱ¸ڡ

http://xys.3322.org/xys/ebooks/others/education/report/jiaoda11.txt

עʿϵرϢȥδ·ʵΪʿʵ
ҡ

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

һίԱӺϻȡȻѧ

ߣͷ

һ

ͷйϷһѧ飬뱾еŮ˹ǰ˸Ҳ
һġͷȻѧĿ
ǵȻѧίԱѧ2005Ŀ
ϣооžͷ⡣Ǿйѧ
ԺϵƼʿȻѧѧԱѲʿȡ
Ȼѧ

Ƽѵķ

ͷڡĿƼڿݿ⣨άѶƼ£
˱ƼѺϷļƪ£¼1ͷͿʼˣ
ǷޡΪ£ֲһλȻʦϵɹ
ɣûȷе֤ݡ

һżȻط֣¼2ָƼΪ򸾣Ҷߺ
һƪӳϮðٶؼ֡Ƽ͡Ϯɲһ
ϣ

ѵĹȻԱ

ƼѺϷµλУѵĵλǱѧʿ
󣩣ôô֪ڹȻѧͬðٶѲ
ʿ֪ΪȻѧίԱѧĹԱҵ档

ô֪ѾǱѣ˵᲻ȷ
ѣΪȻίԱᲢû¶乤ԱǹԱĹ
һֿΪһ֤ݡ

ġƼֵĹȻѧ

ƼֵĹȻѧ𣬿ЩĿ漰
ȣ

1.ҹҵӰ죺ʵ֤17Ԫ2005

2.Źծģծĺ۾Ӱ켰ŹծģоȻ
ѧĿĿ2Ԫ׼ţ70303003

3.ڻΥﰸڻΥΪо
صڻ飩ȻѧĿĿ4Ԫ׼ţ
70441009Ŀ23μhttp://www.cyu.edu.cn/xsyj_kykt_xmtj.htm
ٶ98ݻ׼ԺĿҲɲ鵽

λٲòˣӱƼҪоӦΪ
ҵ棬ȻȻֵܷծڻĿĿĿֵ
λĿ2ΪʦѧĿ3Ϊҵѧ

ôһģȫĹһίĹԱɷѰ

ҵѧоվר
www.hsderc.cn/zhuanjia/lzy.htmȻдѣ¼3侭
ԿѾǱѧʿѣʵϸֻǹ
ڱڹȻѧίԱְ

Ϊ20059·ݽΪ˲Ŵӱθּ
ɲμ¼4ðٶȲ鸽¼4ı⣩ԿѾ
ǱѧʿѡǹҵѧѡǹȻѧ
ѧѡйѧԺƼϹѣ

塢ɱĽ

ѧڼ䳭ϮѡԱڼٹ˽ѣúûɣվֱ
ˣ¡

¼1

ƼѺϻ﷢б

1.ƶȱǨṹǨࣺʵ֤ойѧ20052ڣ
2.Ͷ߱빫˾Ȩṹһҵģͣƾ20048ڣ
3.ԾҵۺûƼḣӰойѧ20045ڣ
4.ľҵЧӦһ۷ܣۡ20024ڡ

¼2

:naiq(wps),:C.C

:һԳϮߣ˫˫ҵ
վ:ɽˮ(2004102223:38:21),վż
һйѧ̳ѧ¼ලϰΡȻ 
http://bbs.cenet.org.cn/dispbbs.asp?boardID=92504&ID=46537 
йѧԺʿƼѧ⻪ѧԺʿѡͶ߱빫˾
Ȩṹһҵģ͡ƾ20048ӳϮBurkart
PanunziShleiferĹ׸塶ҵFAMILYFIRMSNBERworkingPaper87
762002) 
߽Уѷڵһλ˵ԴĳеҪΡ 
֮Կ϶гϮɣΪҶShleiferĹڹ˾̫Ϥˣ
ASCG(˾һ1997)ҵ(2002)LLSV顱˾
оתƵȡ̱ʽĹסǣҪ˵ĵĳϮʽ
ȽرǾǣӢԭıȽϳдӡ47ҳҪİ־ô
λϮ߲ȫĳϮѹԭ£ҲԽ룩Ҳ
Ϊ˷ֹ˵Ϯ¿ͷֻʹԭĲͬľӣǴӵڶοʼ
еĶǳϮ˵ˡҲ˵λϮ˶ĵĹҲֻ
µĵһȻΣ350ңȫİԼ10000֣Ϯ99.965% 
ôǷΪShleiferȵأһ򲽣ߵ
99.965%ShleiferôӦעοװɣһοףź
ûShleiferȵġFAMILYFIRMSһ¡˼ǣ߶ShleiferܲϤ
ΪοнȫдΪSheiferȻϤˣ֪Shleiferͷ
ҲôſسϮˡ

¼3
 
У1974йԱѧʿ
 ѧϰ
1990.9--1994.6 人ѧϵ񾭼ѧѧʿѧλ
1994.9--1997.6 人ѧѧԺھѧרҵо񾭼ѧ˶ʿѧλ
1997.7--2000.7 人ѧѧԺʿо֤ȯͶʱȽо
񾭼ѧʿѧλ
2000.7--2001.1 ְϺзչозչսԹͷ
߻
2001.1--2002.7 ְڴ֤ȯ˾»鴦ҵչս
˾оȹ
2002.7--2004.6 ѧ⻪ѧԺӦþϵʿҪо˾
ʱгȿ
2004.8-- ҵѧо

¼48ʿʽϸ ʿֳͷһ
нڰ츱
ڵѧϰ˼ѾȷԼĹ˼·ͷ
߼ߣ׼һй˾й˾Ͽ⣬ͬʱǿ
زŵĹͨĿǰѿʼڰ֤֡֡֡
еȸڻϯƶһ£һ׼һнڷչ

308λʿС򵥵һˣ
еѹġ
ڶڼʦѧҹʤ裨ȫϯʡʡ
ڲʿʱĺʦΪѧʿи߼ѧҡ⻪
ѧԺӦþϵ޺㸦ڲʿվʱҲϷ˾ĸнƸ
룬Ҳӵ˹ԺصְʸȻѡ˹Ϊ
ṩĸλһ̨
ҿ˵һֱڶ飬ֻڽ뱱⻪ѧԺʿվ֮ǰ
ϺһкڵĴ֤ȯһ֮꣬£١
صĹг˵һҪĿΣܶ鶼Ǵ
ʼеѹܴ˵һ£Ҫѧϰ幤˼·
ҵ滮Ǿһ΢۵Ĳ棬ȫеĽǶ滮һ
۵Ĳ棬ʲô뷨Դ󵨵ԼϷӳ
ȫкܶطвʿ󣬵Ϊṩ̨ġȻӻ
ɱ˵ҲϿ϶ͱϺҪв࣬Ǯѡ
Ҫ˵ǶεģһǮҸʼվþ
ʤʵܡͬУĲʿһƸһλʤ
ѰѵֱӴ˹ѧڵĿκҲ
˵еĽڹĿǰģȽϲ
ȣԽԽзչĿռ䣬ͬԽľ飬
·ӹίʿһеĸĸﲽ
ڼӿ죬еĽڹҲһ¾ٴ롣

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ֵܼ

ߣ

־աԡ壨Ⱥ󣩣䲻һпܼ
ǰһҡڵϼ־գ˺ִţǲоǩ
֡ԡûģƺ־ֵܲࡣ
ɵһʦ̳ģһ·͵ĳҧʽ򷨡ǣиû
һաֺڡ·ȭҲ·ƺƸۡȽ
͡師һʶƾֻķˣץסж˿飬
õֵܵĻ˵ǡܡҹֵҲòȥŸ
ƨҳ˰ɣ廪Ĵʦ˰ɣɶһִ
ˣǻǹб仯·ʱʱŪ۹ƣнˣΪӪ
Ҳ군ȫʬ

    ־Ѿˣﲻ˵ʲôˣӦã־
ԡǿȥˣͺһȣ־޷ǾǶ࿴üۣ
ɵ»ûɾͱץˡɺλأͰѻƻʰˡ
廪ͰʦλƻڵĴͳȳҲ,
¶ˣҲ˵Ҳ˵أȫåһ·
------ѽ˺ãۣС-------

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

̶ѧλͨԵƸ

!
 
ʵ,ÿ˿,ǳ֧ѧ. Ҳǳ
ѧߵѧΪ. 
ŷӳҵĸУ-̶ѧһЩõ, ˿Ҳ
ͨԵƸ.
ݼ
ҵ, 뽫.

1, , ͬʱ̶ְѧ¼ѧ

̶ѧϢѧԺҳ.
http://cie.xtu.edu.cn/jsfc/jsfc.php

¼ѧҳ
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/eee/eee3/cv/elpwang.htm

2, , ͬʱ̶ְѧڲ˹ӴѧֿϷУ

̶ѧѧԺҳ.
http://web.xtu.edu.cn:8081/wlxy/professor/lijiangyu.htm

3, , ͬʱ̶ְѧݴѧ,Ǳѧ

̶ѧѧѧԺҳ.
http://web.xtu.edu.cn:8081/math/jssx/xsdw.htm

ѧҳ
http://www.pku.edu.cn/employment/rcyj/rsbweb/document/rs20020909/dpk/cjjs030314.htm

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

Ҳ̸ѧٵĹ淶

ߣ13

ЦڡΪʲôطԷӡ˵ڽ뷽֮
һĸ󷢱˳ƪʱԼǡ²ˡ
ɼЦԵǡ֮ˡ¼ǳ򵥣
˿һƪڽɵ£ڽɻغ𸴣ڻظϼһ
ＴӰйѧԺũ巢չоվ¹棬
ǲζڽֳˡоԱˣҲ㲻
ҲǷڽɿʼǰΨһһηԣڽ
ƿ鷢չزûκ۵ıҪˡ͵ſø
ֵıˡýĳЩ֪ʿĽ룬鷢ϷԵ
ı䡣ǡϷĩ¼пˡܾˡ۳ɽеõ
ⷽӣ跽ӡĽۣЦǴн˷
ڽǱȺʿͬˣôôЦ
ǡ²ˡҲЦ񣬲Խ޴ҵĴش

ЦġΪʲôطԷӡ˵ˡѧҲҪ
Ӧ淶ȷҵĹ۵Ǿ˫ֱʾͬΪ˱Ц
ᣬһǱһ¡ǶԻˡ

ѧܱӦΣΪⲻǸˣ
˽˵λ˵ġҿһᣬӦרŵĻѧ
ܽмලĽ۾оȨ͹˶ĳѧ
ĻɣӦýƽ飬
ʵӦĴ߻ѧһסйʲôأȥ
˿ɣֱѧΪġݡΪ廨ţ
ۻңû㿴ģֻ벻ġ漰еԺʿУԺ
ڡȵȡŰ϶ĸʵЩȱǺˡԺʿ
ԺʿУУøܻǸܡ˼Ϸ磨ϲ磿Ϊʲô
ܶйأԭ¾йѧ١Ĳ淶µġйѧ
٣ҽʤߡѧԺʤߣ
׼ȷӦ˵йһָ¹ΪߵڰסǷǵ״ģ˵
йѧٵĹ淶ؽ⣡

淶ѧ١Ӧ飬һ˽վ
˿ȴʮֲף

 ˿Ǹ١վϰô˵˿ǡ򡱼
վ˿ûκȨܴΪٵκˣ̸ָ
ϡ˿Ѿ¶İѧܵ¼ˣǵȴ
ˡҲΨһı仯ǶЩ⻷Ƶġҡԭȷġ
ǸٻŷУǴѧʿѧλķڰתڵġ
Ǹŷ޻Ǵѧʿѧλķѡ˿û
κΡնȨԡҲûʲô֯Խáٵֶβ
ܷǵɵȨȨҲܵõֵı
ءһ˽˵վʲô淶ѧ١úܿЦ


Ϊʲô 淶ѧ١Ӧ飬ȴ
˿أº˿ӵеǿṫйء˿
֧˿ˣǷ˿ˣòϵʵ
˿աλѧߺ󣬾ͻѧڵһöذըƲ
һˡְơ ġʱ򣬾ͻʹ߳ŭ
ƿô֪ʿ硰Ц񡱵ҪѾ˼˿ġչ˿
ıߡȵȣֵ֤һ㡣ҳϣĹӦ
˿һ˽վӦڹҶѧܽмලרŻ
˿ӵĹȻվѧٷ桰С֤һ
أֻܡС֤ԲЦ˵Ҫ󵨼衱
ҪԭĴٻȱʧɵġ˿һ
ҷܣɵվ۱ӦȨĻ¡̲ס
һ£һȨļලѧܵĻӦôѧ
أ

˿󡰹淶ѧ١Щˣ²ǡ淶ѧ١
˿ɡ

Ц˵Ļ߷ҩöҩȴûзڴϣںƤ
档ҲЦͲҪκô˵˼ˣ

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

˽˿ѧ

һ

˽˿ѧٵȨѧȨԴҹܷʮһ
Ȩһ涨л񹲺͹κιһغ͹ҹ
ԱͽȨԵǹһغ͹ҹԱ˽
˿ѧٵȨԴɡάʵĽͣǰԼ
ԸɵطԼȡ˳ɣͷָ
ݽ̸ͨý巢ָбѶFreedom of  speech, 
http://zh.wikipedia.org.ɰ۵ȨȨа
ѧȨѧʽаѧ١

ܷ涨Ȩп԰˺Ȩҹܷ
ʮ涨л񹲺͹ۡ桢ᡢ硢Сʾ
ɡ һ˵ΪȨȨָĶ
ýǱɵһ֣ʵзεĻԪϣ
֮һķ˹ܷѷйһΪԣ
ԭΪİ˾ȨڵĹ----
עûбֽбֽҲκγɵѡߡ 
ѷ£ 顤֪.1993(1325)

ۺĶ󲢲Ҳ͸ˡ
չȨںܶѶȣҲԷɵ壨
϶ԷǷ۵󻯣ַɣͨӼල
ɣȴ͸˵ɡһ㣬ѧпά
ͿˣָǶɵطǣܲΪ
ĳͷѹһ˱һܻӭ
ҪȺӣҵķӦ͵
ѹƱѹƸԤתԣFreedom of  speech, 
http://zh.wikipedia.org.

ͬʱɲӦʽϵơͨþۻԻ
ʽǽýбﲻӦ𡣱ִһ
ȨݡȨȨʹԼ19ɷ
ȨȨѰ󡢽ܺʹݸϢ˼ɣ۹磬
Ҳۿͷġдġӡˢġȡʽġͨѡκ
ý顣һҪΪᣬӦöԹ˼и
ȱýǱֽ־鼮ֲᡢӰӣ½
硣磬ǵѸ١ЧĴý顣

˽˿ѧ٣ʹȨҪʽľ
У϶١α ʱǷ׼ȷǿ۵⣻Ƿ
ػ˾زɣֻɷɹ涨Ȩȷϵȷ϶
ЧⲻǶþų⹫񷢱Կѧ
ɹȨԽԽֻɿɵвܴﵽȥαĿ
ģ»ֻиڽŻơΪѧֻ
ػ߹ѧΪ˽ˡûȨĿ
ȻǴģѧϣٷ䡢˽˻ƽȵġ

Ҳ˵ڲ衢̰й¶ܵѧΪ޹صΥ
Ϊǰ£ԿѧһѧΪֻʹ
ΪеľǷȷûѧȨڸ
ɷĵطǻ˼˼ݣ׷µ
 ɣ̳19867ºź9ºţͬʱ
ɲӦʽϵӣڴٵĹУǷͨý塢ѡý壬
ǷߵɣͨĿǰдЧʵ٣Ǳɵ
һֺܺõʽ

ʵͨѧʽҷαѧٷ鴦ȣиҪ
塣ѧһʵϵȨʱȨϡ벻
ѧϣܳΪһѧȨʱ˽˻ѧ
Խ϶ѧصӰ죬󡣴˵
һýУֻѧ˿ָļѧý
壬ֻôŴѧٵףǶ˶ˡֻ˵
ǵѧɣѧ֣ѧڵѧ
ѧɵķչضԶ

2005.12.7

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ӡ˿ѧܺдڵĿռ䣿 

ߣХ²

򿪡˿ԽԽĺϿ
Ҵһкܶѧ߲£µû˺ĳ档
һ￪ʼǵġ˶ȻЩȻЩ
ǣôİĿŵϾֻҪ˺
󵽴ܵĿռ䣿

Ƿӵġ˶û֣˺ġ档
һƬԵкöڱʷٵĿľڣЩ
ֻͣʲôûʵĿǷҪʣôҵҪ
ǷԷٵĿֺڣ

ʵɱĻ֮ǵ޳ܣҲЩ֪͵ġ
ꡱЩƭĵλЩȻǵѧ
ǡĺ廪ѧԻȻĽڣ
ҷ廪ȹرԼվlimitations¡٣
廪е֡
http://xys.freedns.us/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia6/liuhui18.txt
ʦѧ廹ĳУıţ˿Ĳ
ţԡ廪ʦƭ뱻ƭ˺ܺ˵Ĺϵô
ԽԽ褺ͻƸǣ褺ͻƸйͬĿôǵĹͬĿʲô
أĪҲŹͬϵŴ۸ӵġйʽ顢
ʡ棿ǵǾףΪЩӵĴ۴۵ĸӡֻ
һֻ۱һֻۣⶼҵĲ²⣬ʵָʵ֤ǵͶ
йд˽˶еİ

ǡѧܡռ䣡ˣȴûдţҲֻ
ǽЩ޳֮ͽһ£һ£ǸѣЩδ͵Ǹ
ǮȨԪһ㶼˲ţԣΪѧΪΪɱ
￴ҲƲǣȻѧסҷȰй
ѧȻ˼ҷӸǡˣֻҪľʹѽ
ҪñҲĲ²⣬뼺

ҷȰڵĳЩٲҪͼɱ˿վˣҲ
ںֹѧܡҲȡѧල˼ҷѸ
ˣһĲֶֺΪأĪҲ˷
Ĳ𣿣

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

һٵĸԴйѧ٣

ߣ

˿¶400йѧܰУĳϮԺ
ռһ࣬సңǻԭ֮ơ

Ϊʲô廪ࡰһѧʦط
ԱҷΪʲôйĽڸ޼ɵеģ
˷һľΪУΪʲôýѱڶٰ
ҷɹԲץʤץ --- Ϊй
٣

3Ͽɿйʵǹٵģ

1ڶ౻˿ý¶֤ȷУж
õӦеĳʹΪֹкϷʹһĳ
ǣЦЦָ°ٸ߷ ))

2йÿ궼Լַ˶ٶģѴ
ơʣͳʱϮԣе
ڡ˵йǹٵģֻҪǡ

3һйٵ֤ǣ˿Ϊ͹ȷؽ¶
ٵİйΣǹѧ٣
ģֺαҪһ¶ѧܵվ

йʵǹٵ(ȻձϹ
)йиˣֻܷɣһ ^_^

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ӵĲ

ߣ

ǸķαʿҸһλ֪ɷͬ
⡣ķαȫλģϵģµмˣ֮һ
αļٵľ䷴֮Сֽ׶ηαǻ⵽˳ģ뷽Ҳ
һ⵽˳ģ᲻һ˺ҾͲ֪ˣҲ
ڵֵزɡ

뷽αôһﲻ˵ģ֪
׺²£һ׵ΨηģӦ
׵ΨߣǲӦúµġ

Ӻ²⣬ǲҲӦü縺𱣻
һЩαʿİȫأ

˽ⷽͨķαվֽС˿
һӳҾ͸еر죬嶼ʮ졣֪˿һ
ϵĿϸͶʮι࣬Ȿ־Ѳ
ˣһѧ־ǰǿǱɫ
ӡһվֵʱ뵽
ˡ˿Ȿ־վڡ˿ǰ
һ¡ ֣Ϊ˿廹Ǹ壬վ
˿һ£˿ϲ

վǷα£ԼдģҲбдģ
ⶼһǾǷαҾһһһؿϵ¡
ӡķαУ־ʿݡ򸾵ļƾ
ڵļѧȵȵȵȣܶܶ࣬¶ԽҷУһЩ
ѧΪյġ

ӵĲҲ֪ммרҵЩӡ
ЩרзϿɵģзӲϿɵģɴ˿ɼӵר
Ҳмٵġ˵ĲۼģҹǷ
沩ͣαͣΪһûйطͺٵı


ӵ˲ҲԷαΪģҳ༭ȽңûΣȫ
ɫǸʱݵĲͣһϿҵǷӱ
˵ĲͣҪǱαеĲͨŪñȽƯÿһЩʹ
͸ٵҲڵҳӺÿ

Ҿڷ͵ǱȽϷ˵ص㣬Ϊû
ٳɷ档

ĽƶƣٵԽԽٵģҪ
ģỹҪķαʿģ
Ӧ˵ӵΪĶ֮һϣĲҲΪ
Ķ֮һ

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ˮӡӦԤ˻ҲԱ

ˮ

912գұܾ֡ȻֺµԱ
Ͻܡ֣ݾˡ75.8ˮʮѧֻᣬ
30ǰǳĴģˮ¼̷˼ڶý
׶ʹĿ¼˱ʹл˽
صʷ˽ϴķ죬һЩ˶ˮӽıҪԲ
ɡ

Ȼˮ˵һ¼Ĺ͹ڵķе
ر⡣Ϊˮʹ˼ʹǡǡ30ǰ75.8
¼ոշ֮󡣵ʱûκýĹȻ
ˮڲ˾޴ġ𡱡¼йˮˮ繤߿̹
ĵĳûΪϢûб˿ļСݵܽ
ʽѵӵԭҪ棻ͻǧһشˮ
Ԥ׼ȷͨѶ豸ûб֤й顢բʩ㣬תʧ飻ˮⰲȫ
׼ˮˮ˼ԣ˺󣬾̵ķ˼ܽᾭ
ѵҿʼȫΧڣеˮʩˮ⣬ǿȫ
ʶ½ˮⶼǿϸķ׼ҪӸϱĿΣյķ


˻᲻ʣȻ޽ˮӵܹôѣΪʲ
ôҪˮӣʵ𰸷ǳȷΪ˵֣֤棬Ǳ
뽨ҪˮӡӦÿˮĲֺͬʱҲǱԴ
ִԵˮԴԽԽߣûкˮЧ
ס൱ĺˮǾ޷ִľ޴ˮԴ
ķչʵѾ˵ִѾ벻Ҫˮӽ衣

⣬໹ûѧӦˮӼǺˮ
Ƕвݲȫͳƣʷÿ23㷢
һˮ֡رǻƺӶỴ뺣ڼ500ˮִ350Ρ1931꣬
ӴˮˮͰ7.5ˡ580ˮ387Ρ1939꣬Ӵ
ˮûӱ300ء800֡1915齭شֺ
齭ũ40꣬30010ˡ1932ɻ
֣б1£12޼ҿɹ飬2ˡ

1300䷢ˮ200Ρϸ͵1931꣬ɳϺ
ؽж౻ˮͣ人Ͱգûũ300꣬˿2800
ˣ14.5ˡ1932꣬ˮ150꣬1000
֣14.2ˡ1954꣬ˮˮλ29.73m1931
ˮλ2.8mȫסص̷人еİȫũԴ
300꣬˿18003.3ˡ

ƺӣʷص2000ڣڳ1500ΣҪĵ26Σ
ˮֲΧ25ƽƽ3ξڣ100һδĵ
1117꣬ƺӾˡ1642꣬ƺӾڣˮͿǣȫ
3734˱1933꣬ƺӾ541ƽ
˿3601.8ˡ1938꣬ƺӻ԰ڴڣﵽ89
ˡ

ͳֿɼЩʷϵĺˮֺÿһζڡ75.8
ӶɵΣȻЩģĺֺҹ
Ժԭ򣬾ΪǿʼĿĽˮ⡢ˮӣ
ѧۺֶοơԤˮֺȻȡˮ޴Ľͬ
ʱҲΪؿѧġԾ˲ʹġ75.8Ӵۡ
Ӧ˵75.8¼֣Ҳ˻ڵֵĶ
УĳЩʧɵ˻

ⳡ˻ΪڴȻǰʼǴģ
һġֻоηȻܴȻķḻ衣Ȼʵȴ
ˣʷǶԡ񡱵ľηҲûмϹǣʷ
ѾǣȻΪġη̬ȣͻκʷ
겻ϵĺֺһֱлĸ󻼡෴ֻѧ
ˮӵۺϷʽˮ֮ǲܹԤˮ֡ˣ
ܽᡰ75.8Ӿѵʱ򣬾Ϊ˻¹ʣͷ
ֵĻֿͷһˮӽ衣

رΪˮߣΪ˱ֹʧ˻ֵԤ
ΣһֶḺ̬ȡʧܽѵÿѧ̬ȶԴ
ȻȻΪ˱֤ҹ桢չִѧҪˮ
ˮˮ繤岻ݴǵΡѧչۣտѧĹɸ
ȻȫܹˮӽӦԤ˻ҲԱ⡱

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ˮɻȾҪѧĻӦ

ߣBiodegradation

ˮĻӦ̬ȺܳϿң壬ѧϰ

ҵķԵȷһЩĿѵ˻ɵϰߡԴ˴
ɻȾҲǾ˻ɣ㵣ɣĵĹ̡ǻ˫ը
ȻȾ˴ģˮȾľȣֻӦԷ
ǺܵĴ˴ȾӦԽɻڵ̬ĽӰ졣

˻ᣬεıȾ

˵˵Ⱦ˵ɡڱϵ֬ˮص㣬
ڵ࣬ˮУˮϡ͡ע⣬Ⱦֻ
Ⱦصڽ׵ĴȾĳӰ졣ж
ڵ࣬жٱˮϡͣԸеˮŨȼõ

ҹرˮ׼ֵΪ0.001ppmôϡ100ֱ
ŨҪ1000ˮ֪ɻˮжĿǰȾԼ
150kmŨҲѾϵͣԼжѾĽˡ

ڽ׵ıᷢڵáȥϿҪ΢
⣬ѧ⡢ˮٴܽˮ塢Լˮ
յȡ΢ｵñӦҪĽ;Ŀǰ¶ȵͣ
ԣڸŨȱϵＱ֮󣬺ܴܿӵг
ڵŨͷŵıͨۡŴɳ־õ̬Ӱ첢ݵˡȻ
POPsоΧҲûϸϡϣ
ĳá

ٴ̸ֽһΣٷ¹ʣһὨͶŴˮ
һҶֲȵ϶лȻɸѡ
ЧıͶŵȻͶ΢ܲãҲܶ
΢̬Ӱ죬ȨȡᣬҪһԭλ޸

űרڵȴⶳרӦ
иõĵӡ

ˮӵȻлǱܡԸ޶׽ЩȾȷ˵ף
ˮ򵥿С

±£ӹ֮Ըˡ

(XYS20051208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

һΪ˰޷˿վĹ˽˿վĶ̬ؿ
˿ʼбxys@yahoogroups.com

ʼбÿ췢һ˿վ¸µϣÿµ׷һÿ
Ŀ¼ʼбĶμ롰˿֮ѡ
ʼбxys_friends@yahoogroups.com

ù䶩ġù䣬ܿ޷յ
Ƽ䣺yahoo.com, hotmail.com, gmail.com

ġ˿ʼбĵ䷢һհż

xys-subscribe@yahoogroups.com 

塢ͣ˿ʼбͣ䷢һհż

xys-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com 

Ͷxinyusi@yahoo.comôıļͶ塣

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

