                         ˿µϣ20060517գ

06.05.17, ӡϳҵݡ
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06.05.17, һλѧߡҿ˹ĳϮ¡
06.05.17, ١̡ҩרȨҪһ⡷

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                     ϳҵݡ

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    Ūǿѧϵ˵ѧоʵеǡ


2006.5.15.

й걨2006.5.17.

(XYS20060517)

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Chronicle of Higher Education, From the issue dated May 19, 2006

Plagued by Plagiarism

An endemic problem in Chinese higher education is, ironically, fueled 
by pressure to raise standards

By PAUL MOONEY

Beijing

Fang Shi-min, a molecular biologist, freelance writer, and 
self-appointed plagiarism buster, was poring over the online 
curriculum vitae of the new assistant dean of Tsinghua University's 
medical school last year after receiving an anonymous tip that the 
document included false information. He became suspicious when he 
noticed that one of the research papers it listed was about the 
molecular biology of HIV  a subject not related to the dean's 
specialty, which was surgery. Mr. Fang did a bit of research and 
discovered that the paper had actually been written by a Chinese 
scientist in the United States with the same family name and first 
initial as Liu Hui, the new assistant dean.

Mr. Fang posted his discovery  and his doubts about Mr. Liu's work 
experience  on his popular Web site, New Threads, which is dedicated 
to exposing academic corruption in China. Several months later, the 
university quietly dismissed Mr. Liu.

The incident is the latest in a series of high-profile cases of 
academic corruption that have embarrassed universities around China  
a trend that experts say is hurting the quality of higher education 
and threatening much-needed reforms of the nation's ailing university 
system.

Cheating is not new to China, but critics of the way the government is 
trying to modernize the country's higher-education system say these 
efforts are only exacerbating the problem.

The gravity of the issue was highlighted in March, when more than 100 
top scholars signed an open letter urging the government to fight 
academic corruption. Their plea was widely reported in the Chinese 
news media. That same month, China Newsweek,a prominent magazine (not 
related to the American newsweekly), ran a 12-page cover story, "The 
Abnormal Corruption of Higher Education," in which it described dozens 
of cases of plagiarism, Web sites advertising manuscripts for sale, 
and scholars paying journals to publish substandard papers.

Now, after years of relative neglect, government officials and 
university administrators show signs that they are ready to deal with 
the problem.

A few weeks before the scholars released their open letter, Ren Yuling, 
a senior official of the State Council, China's cabinet, described to 
a group of prominent political delegates a recent government survey of 
180 Ph.D. holders, in which 60 percent said they had paid to have 
their work published in academic journals. A similar percentage 
admitted having copied the work of other scholars. Mr. Ren told the 
group that endemic academic corruption was eroding public trust in 
academe.

Also in March, the Ministry of Education announced that it was 
establishing a committee to monitor academic corruption and to set up 
guidelines for the punishment of offenders. Soon after that, the 
Ministry of Science and Technology said it would create a database to 
keep a permanent record of violations.

Exposing Corruption

In the absence of government monitoring of plagiarism, online 
watchdogs have filled the void. Academic Criticism, one of the first 
Chinese-language Web sites dedicated to exposing and fighting 
corruption, is filled with postings by Chinese scholars concerned that 
rampant cheating undermines the development of academic and scientific 
research in their country. Many other scholars, including graduate 
students, have turned plagiarism-spotting into a hobby.

Mr. Fang, who uses the pen name Fang Zhouzi, is one of the 
better-known spotters among them. He says universities often drag 
their feet or take no action until someone has been exposed. The 
biologist, who was trained at Michigan State University, says his Web 
site carries daily reports of scientific misconduct, many of which are 
provided by leading scholars. He asserts that he has uncovered close 
to 500 cases of "scientific misconduct" over the past four years, but 
that most of them have been ignored by both the universities and the 
government. His Web site, http://www.xys.org, is blocked within China 
by the government, but mirror sites can be accessed there.

Liu Hui's dismissal from Tsinghua was "an exception," declares Mr. Fang, 
who says sources inside the university told him that administrators 
had been reluctant to take action after the assistant dean's 
plagiarism became known and did so only after colleagues had put 
pressure on them. Mr. Liu was fired four months after Mr. Fang first 
publicized the accusations on his Web site. By contrast, Mr. Fang says, 
an associate professor in Tsinghua's biology department listed seven 
nonexistent papers on his vita. He was not punished, says Mr. Fang, 
and was later promoted to full professor.

"Even when a case is exposed, the university will usually try to cover 
it up  particularly when the accused is a big shot  to protect the 
fame and gain of the university," says Mr. Fang. "Members of the 
Chinese Academy of Sciences are very powerful. They can bring a lot of 
funding for their universities, and therefore it's in the university's 
interest to protect them." Mr. Fang says his Web site has exposed 
about 20 members of the academy for plagiarism or misconduct. "None of 
them have been officially investigated or punished," he says.

He is pleased that the government has finally acknowledged that 
something needs to be done, and that the news media are more willing 
than before to report such cases. But he is not confident of success. 
Academic corruption is both a social and political problem, Mr. Fang 
notes, which means that China must undertake radical reforms in order 
to eliminate it. A democratic government, independent scientific and 
educational institutions, and a free press are all necessary, he says, 
to foster a climate of intellectual honesty.

History of Cheating

Scholarship in China, like that in many other countries, has a long 
history of cheating. During the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) scholars 
taking the rigorous imperial exam, to win coveted positions in the 
civil service, resorted to all sorts of tricks, including smuggling in 
miniature books and cheat sheets the size of a fingernail. At 
Beijing's old Imperial Academy, an exhibit on cheating once displayed 
the undershirt of one cheater covered in Chinese characters.

In 1964, Chairman Mao Zedong actually endorsed cheating during a 
speech in which he criticized the staid education system and its 
emphasis on exams. "At examinations whispering into each other's ears 
and taking other people's places ought to be allowed. If your answer 
is good and I copy it, then mine should be counted as good," he 
declared.

In recent years, Chinese students have resorted to the use of qiangshou, 
or "hired guns," to take many exams. Their services can be retained 
for just about any test in China, including the Test of English as a 
Foreign Language, the International English Language Testing System, 
and the Graduate Record Examination. One now-defunct Web site offered 
three options: a hired gun for 2,000 yuan (currently about $250), 
answers in advance for 4,000 yuan, or answers provided during the test 
for 1,200 yuan via a wireless device described as an imported 
"satellite receiver" no bigger than a thumbnail.

Chinese schools have not traditionally taught students to avoid 
plagiarism. High-school students, who spend much of their time 
memorizing, are not required to produce papers that require research. 
And once in college, they get little or no training in how to write a 
research paper.

Some professors even encourage students to engage in a sort of benign 
form of plagiarism. "Our teacher told us to copy," says a recent 
graduate of the Beijing University of Applied Technology, whose senior 
thesis contained some word-for-word plagiarism. "She said we don't 
know enough to express our own ideas."

Many academics worry that the government's recent push to create 
dozens of world-class universities is fueling a plagiarism epidemic. 
In China both graduate students and professors are required to publish 
several papers each year in what are known as "key journals." Critics 
of the government's reforms note that decisions about faculty members' 
salaries, promotions, and benefits are tied to publication in these 
journals rather than to the papers' actual content, a reality that 
leads to fast and dirty research. Some academics publish as many as a 
dozen papers a year.

In its article on academic corruption, China Newsweek noted that 
increasing pressure to publish has spawned an academic black market, 
in which professors pay to have their papers published in counterfeit 
journals. According to the magazine's calculations, China's recognized 
journals are capable of publishing 300,000 articles annually, while 
this year the country's academics are expected to produce some 530,000 
papers.

In a newspaper opinion piece, one academic wrote that the unrealistic 
expectations were reminiscent of China's Great Leap Forward of the 
late 1950s, when Chairman Mao called for a sharp rise in industrial 
production. The effort, which instead resulted in shoddy output, was a 
disaster.

"You can't have a campaign to increase the number of papers so a 
person can keep his position," says Tang Anguo, head of the Institute 
of Higher Education at East China Normal University, in Shanghai. "If 
you do this, the pressure on scholars will be too strong."

"Pressure can sometimes make you a better person," notes Mr. Tang. 
"But if there's too much, it can also break you."

RECENT ALLEGATIONS OF ACADEMIC FRAUD IN CHINA

Yang Jie, dean, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji 
University. Demoted in April as director of the school for falsifying 
details on his rsum, but kept on as a professor.

Liu Hui, assistant dean of the medical school, Tsinghua University. 
Was fired in March after it was discovered that he had taken credit 
for an academic paper he had not written and had lied on his rsum 
about working at New York University Medical Center.

Shen Luwei, associate professor of Chinese, Tianjin Foreign Studies 
University. Fired in January for plagiarizing 10 articles in a book.

Hu Xingrong, journalism professor, Shantou University. Resigned in 
2005 after being found to have plagiarized an article he had published 
in a Hong Kong journal.

Zhou Yezhong, law professor, Wuhan University. Accused in 2005 of 
copying the work of another scholar, Wang Tiancheng, without 
attribution. Mr. Wang's lawsuit against him is pending. The university 
has not taken any action.

Qiu Xiaoqing, professor of biomedicine, Sichuan University. Accused in 
2005 by an anticorruption Web site of publishing fake research in the 
November 2003 issue of the journal Nature Biotechnology. The 
university is investigating.

Huang Zongying, English professor, Peking University. Fired in 2004 
for plagiarizing two-thirds of a book on T.S. Eliot by a British 
scholar.

Wang Mingming, anthropology professor, Peking University. In 2002 a 
doctoral student accused him of plagiarizing parts of William A. 
Haviland's book Cultural Anthropology. The university subsequently 
removed Mr. Wang from most of his academic posts.

(XYS20060517)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

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ݣͯȲۣͷֱʵȽϣóвĽۣ
ԣĽ۶ǲɿģȻͯȾȻ֪ɿ
ݷΪ

ͯһͶͬʵó90ȫͬݼͬ
ݡͬʵ4~5ʵ۴ѧ
¡Уգ۴ѧ߲ͶѾѧȨĵ飬ͶߡȻ
ϤҲ˽ѧĹ˽˶ԹС档ʵˣ ﰢ
λרѧ飬Ͷִ߻Сˣͯٻ
ѧĹ٣۴ѧӦӦðͯʮ
н˷˰˵ĽǮǲҪ۴ѧѧѧ٣

(XYS20060517)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

½  ýйʵ[ֱ]ǵĻ



Ϻԭ΢ѧԺԺ½˸˰
ѪǮʧĴ졣ǸάܲݲΪ[ֱ]
ߣԴ˽Ҳ޿κΣ˾Բʵƾǵáй
нȻͬ֡١Ե۶ѧܵļල

2006-05-12 18:17:53ǿ̳ƶԳ½ٳɹΪ
ۺըĸţ֤˵ֹ̱͹ۡĴѧκ
ȫӡѧ١¼ǡͱ˽ý塢ۺը
˾ΥҼ͡ձٷý塰Ū
ٵۺըһͨ񣬴ֱظԤƼѧͼ
ҷɣ񹲺͹ʷʮֺĶ¼û˳
ԾȻͬġ١ĸйʵ ֱ
:2006-05-12 19:21:40)3594B (0/191/0)

ں̳ϣмҲ[ֱ]һǻرǻΪchenyߣ
Դ֮й֮͡Ϊκȫ𣿡
飬Ϊ͸ŧ,ұ!ʷ,ʷ
״γ.ѱ˵Ĳף áձ,
й 

Ȼعһ³½Ḷ́ͿԿýһֱڽ룬Ҳ
һ[ֱ]˵ġȻͬ

һ½ҲϽҷġ

2006 120ոոձϺоƬлشɹоŽճ¯
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Ϻͨѧơգͨ;ٱо
ϵоƬ١ԴˣУԸ߶ȹעѳרŵ鹤ίԱᡣ 
Ϻйزŵ麺о¼2006-01-26 21:05:51ر
ͨ;ٱġб˵ıȽϸ壬
2006117գǰϦһλؾٱ廪ѧBBSϷһ
ӡоĻ״йƼһͣʷֱΪй
ҵ罾ġоϵоƬˡ½ڸУؾٱʹ
½ںоƹȫŪ٣ƭȡԪITʱܿ
оĻ飩ֲ϶һ¼ҷ硣

¶ãϾ顣

Ҽ;ٰжԳ½¼飬СӾ硷
־˵ڱԡоٰеϵУӶ
ѵӻԾͶƱɿԴµĸ߶ȹע IT硷־Ҳ
˵ȻϺоƼ˾(¼ƺоƼ)ơ
оĻʵ࣬ⲢûеɡڽŽе
Ун58.6%ΪʵΪо1šûٵĽռ
3.6%û˵ٰģ˵ڳ½һĵ
Уֹһվھٰ顣˵һֱڽУֱ½
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ýһֱע̬Ľչ˲ٱ۷¡

ȻȥĲһһ鵽רлɿʮƪ
ıĺоҼר¼ƪɢվĻ֪ж١
оһС֣ԼýԳ½һʼйעбҲۡ
ýĲ룬½һڹĿ֮£۷˼ලá

2006-01-23 14:59:15ĿĺоĻĥ? Դ: IT
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2006220չʵվоһ¼2006
ICٵһǵ˼
2006225Ϸбۣоһ¼ҪһĴ
200622521;ñоһšٰ飺½
Ƴ
20060307 09:54 21;ñоٰˮʯ ع
˾
2006310ITʱܿоĻ顷
20060418 19:51 ˿Ƽо˾ֻоƬ ٵ

20060419 01:44 һƾձϺȱϯоƷ ٰ

20060420 14:55 IT168ұƬ֤ʵо5ɳϮоƬ
Ʒ

2006220ŹڹʵվϷġоһ
¼2006йICٵһǵ˼˵գš21
;ñڲѻȷϺоһʵϢ2006й
ICƵһ¼˱ȽȷĽΣٴʾ
ͬǣδٶðαѲƷļ̣ӵ
߿Ƽ⻷ġ֪רңȻרҵվϵġооƬ񹤴ĥ
ġӱϺоƼ޹˾漰Ұȫɾ
ʾ޴

ָ[ֱ]ָձĴѧ˵飬˵
ûзκĳСѧ١Բݣעǡ񡣳
йҿԿԳ½ĵ飬ϺԼ飬ǿƼ
Ϻ֯רҵ飻ĴѧĵڸУί
쵼ģȻҲ޲ɣκȫ˾ĴѧίίԱίǸ
УߵȨǲһģձýעǷӳ
⣬ȴܵ˭ڡ,й

[ֱ]ΪʲôԲ뷴ѧܵý֮ǣ˼

õĺ̳ϵӵȫģĳЩ˵ڶȡ塣

    ձͶƱκǷ,ǿѧ***?ҿǰ ͸ŧ,
Ҫȫɢ,ζ. cheny (42ֽ) 05/10 21:45 (27840)
    SB,ձǹٷĳ,йѧң˭ô
ƼѧԺйѧңʲôıʲô㲻.ɶ
ɶ,˶.й,˭ǲй????
    ͽйұ!ʷ,ʷ״γ.  cheny (186ֽ) 
05/10 23:19 (27851)

     й
    ǼҰ
    Ǽ˼롣
    żţ˼ǲȷ
     (87ֽ) 05/11 00:12 (27874)

    , ǰй
    ձ,й cheny (55ֽ) 05/11 00:18 (27877)

    xysкܶѧҲ
    ΪʦǣҪע󲻿Ŷ   (69ֽ) 05/11 00:35 
(27880) 

󲻵òٲһ䣬˵ЩȻеʦ
ģʹõԴͿԿΪʦҸеΣգ
ΪֵģܻΪǫǫӣ˵Щ˻
Ĳʿ˶ʿ

2006514ڼô֮FREDERICTON 

(XYS20060517)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ԪһۣƼߵĹţش˿

ӦҪȥ

ллᵽѶԹŵ6ɺʡ⼸
æרҵûʱһ꾡ĻظпʱٶдЩڴˣ
ҶԼؼ̸̸Ҹ˵Ŀۡ

1	ȫûҪɡ

İ6"ⲢлڶѧΪǿָ
ȻȨ֪Ƽùڻµоǣ
ӦָйѧΪ⣬רҵͼԣһҪ
һרɵίԱԵ飬жϺ;ȱʵ£
ͼ󵼹ڻýȥƫ̻֧֣й
ҥԵΪǲɽܵģֹ."

еһ䣬"ֹ"ᱻʿǿΪҪй
ý塣Ƭ⣬ӶһԹŵһĪеĹ
Լ߼Ϊʼδֹۣ
ҥԴһ

Ӣһ仰Do not putyour words in my mouth" , 
ᡣ

ʱ䳤ˣϰҪʲôԼԼɷܣ
ûҪʲôܣҪǷģ˶ѡй
УҪƺֻȨܡˣһ˵ҪܣΪ档
ʹҴ۽硣Ҳٲ˲ԭ֮һ

ͬʱǩԼɣȨйظ
Ҫʵ򡣵ǾҪԤɡȨ
дűⲻ磬ǽݿӵĹά
ϵظʱĽݿ˶дţҪĸԽݿյԱ仯
޴Ӱ졣άдЩ飬ѳΪٽִƽԵı
ҪʷסⲿֶԹŲʿɴȥָά
ʱɡ

⹫עĿѧ¶ԣԼܺԼҪ
Խ䡣ͬʱӦȷѧ÷ɺͺʵĹԼʹ 
˹ŵҪĿ֮һΪǴʹйһϵЧѧ
˵ĻƣйʵʩԺоŰ칫ҡ
Office of Research IntegrityǿֹΪ

ԸЭ̣ͬ죬˵ĿܲͬķӦ뷨
˵ʵܡҲӦ÷ʡԼԣ
һ仰ﲻױ⣬ Ǹѧϰ
̡Ժұдøϸģϣø׼ȷܡв⣬
ҽĵضԴ

Ѿþûдڵˣô䷽ȱС 
ȼ֮ڵ޸ĸʱһ 
Ӧһĳɣκͼ󵼹ڡýȥƫ̻֧֣
㷺ҥԵΪǲ׵Ϊʽܵġ
ı﷽ʽЩ⡣

ΣҸлеĽ飬ָţʵ
⹫ŵʿ֧ǵġԼӴҶԹŵĹ
յʼϲؼͬԵѧ˵һ¼⡣Ҳѧ
˺ܶµļ⣬ͼԲͬ۵㣬ĴеԼ½⡣ 

˵ǣԹŵۣ˹ɺɵľұۣ
治ǳڼַչĸлƶһչѡллǡ

йҪɣɺɣҵһšý
ڣӦȨ۵顣һ㣬ڽһŵ
ÿ˶ܵƽԴȷյõţҪġ
ĸ˵ĹѾ˵ˣڴһ顣

2	ýȨල

ֵָ ǿ֧ý͹ڶһش¼Ӷá
ȫͬý͹ȨලѧҵΪرڶѧ˵ļУ
ý͹ڼලȷɷӼá ĳЩйȨ߶ɺ
ɵĵĸ͹谭йԭ֮һʵʩɺ
ǰйΪҪͱģǿҵʣǿƣ
ǷֹЩٲ⣩

ָֻˣΪרҵͼԵ⣬һҪһר
ɵίԱԵ飬жϺ;ڿѧ˵ʵöϺͽۣҪ
ͨרҾܽͨ˵ӡ
ýıǹͨеĹⲻ˵ý岻ܱвܷԣ
ǿ⣬Ȩ;רίԱᡣ 

ԣҪ۵ѹͬʱҪϷģרҵĴв
ͼĸܸ棬ҲҪйҪһרҵĻƺͻ
ҪۣҪʵеģϷĴ ûȨίԱ
飬ۣܵóŷĽۣҲܸʵĴ

Ͼҵʵ ţҲǹǩڵ
ҪԸ֮һ

Ҫģű˶ѧ˵ĹעǴǹŵһ
ҪĹ۵㣬ڹܴķ죬ﵽҪĿģҸеο
ĸлҵͬʣǴŬǿƼߵΡ


3.  ˿ѧ١

⣬вûᵽ˿Ҳûжκα¼жϡ 
ʵϣź˿вһµĵطؼΪ
ŵѣҲָ㡣

ҵĸ˵ĹУѾԼĶ˿Ŀ Ϊһ
(watch-dog)һͬվ˿мලͽҷѧ˵ķȨ
йѧĲΪһá

ڿ϶˿Ͷɵ£ӹԣϷȺڴ٣
൱ľԺͲȷԣеӦķΡԣֻ
£ܵõԭʼ¼öѧƵרҶԸӵѧˣ
ʵĵ飬յжϺͽۡԣźڿƼ罨ȨĻ
ƣƶйЧعѧˡȻ۸Ԥ
á

˿Щ£ǷƽӳĳܶϣҲͬ⣬
ǶҵҶȡ䡣 Ҹл˿
Դ˹ŵĺҵŵۺͱǵʵ뷨󲿷ֶҲ
ԣ˹ţҸ˵ĹţҸ˵ļΪԼ
˿ϵĸǵԵжϡ

ֵһǣ˿ϵ£дĲೣȥ˿
ĶԿƼĵˣ˿ͬʱΪĻۺϿѧ
ƷҲһҼпʱȥ͡

ڴˣ꣬ܲͬ˿Ĳֹ۵ЩԵۣȫ
֧˿Ĵڣǿҷййصֶ˿̳̳
ͷ

˹ϣѧոףΪᳫۺԣ±
ǿжų⣬ԹżУȻ
ڼĸʮĵգд´ţҲдǧ

ҼţǵĹͬŬʹԵĹջÿһڰĽ
Ͳ͸顣

ϣɹйоŵԺʵıۣܹʹ
ǴҶǳҲйĽչ

˳ף죬

Ԫ

ʮա

(XYS20060517)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ԪΪʲôǽȨ

ߣJFF

ڸ˿ߵĹгƪȨ⣬֤֮Ǻ
Ȩɱ˿ĺԡܶѾԸĹ۵
ϽȫԴˣҾͲˡڶ⹫
йᳫȨҳ˿ѧҵ֮һһ
ʵ̸κߵˡ廪Ĵܼҳǽ
Ȩģ

2003˿ѧָء
Դıȡ廪ְ˸йѧҵĿܹܣȻҲ
˽ؾ¼ʹøʧְָ
û˵ǽܵκδ֡ݴˣƶϸһ϶Щָ
һɺԡ򣬳ǽܻܲǸλϰȻҲ
ôһ̯ӡǧĿоѡһһسˡ
ΪǡйѧܼȨң
һӳŵģһѧ˵žһҪ
Ǳӵ

֮ӸԳʵжǿԷƳĽۣǽ
ָǲڵġ

йĿѧҵ80%ʱɳǽܴܵģΪһ
ȫְ80%ʱסġԣҾöԳһͿ
ߵĲЩܼάȨʹһͨ˵˵Ҳ֮飬
οԸְйᳫȨҵ֮һأ
ݴǡ

ǽ¼ΪصѧܵĵͰ˿ġ˴ա
νѧ˽֪ʷ᲻ΪһصȨ¼ɣ
֪ģ̳Աй˶̳ϵһ
ָأԱָ˵ľ޴˺ܸ棬ǻǴ̷¡

˵Ҿ;󡣰鳣˽ڹڸȨҵ
ӦΪǽܵصȨֺʲôǣ
ûⷽϢԣţԴȷʵûʲô
ΪʲôأѵǸԵѧܷӣǻǲǣ
һ⡣ʶ˰ɡ

йȨҵصԶǧ֮Уʼ
£𣬴𡣡ӦЩʲôǱĳطʼ
ʹǴĿʼԼԺϷĵֶδٽ¼Ľ
𽥽һֻƣ磬ǾͿκ˾¼ Ϊһӿ
ʼֻƵĽ ˵öãBBCϵǸȣ
ˡ Ϊβ÷ߵ顪ǽ¼
Ϊһӿʼ˿ѧٺͺϷάȨֻƵĽ

֮ûȥάȨܿҪô˵
һͷϵȨʿҪô˵Ȩû𺦡Ȩû
ô˿ǰԳָؾȷģҪܴҲҪе
ӦΡ

һ仰Ϊܵʲôһ
һ¡һºҲڳɡסԼ˵Ļһѧ
˵žһҪǱӵ

(XYS20060517)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

̸Ƽ١͡ƶԭ

ߣ

ѧǸ͵⺺˿ʱ򣬷
Ĵʻһǡ١ԭűעһʣ
һר˵ģһǽƵֵġٶǰߴ
ǣ浽١Ȩ⣬漰ǷٵжԭǸ
ѧģȻǡĿơȷ̸̸ԼĿϣλ㹤
顣

˿һ⣬ѧͿѧһ㶼
ϸߣһ漰Ƶ֪ʶʱǱֵǶǡѧƻ
ϸƼ١һΪʲôиѧƵ
μأҲոƻЧ

Թڡ١⣬һֱڽ¶αѧͿѧ
еĸΪһΪΪסǽýһʣ
ְܲˡָ¶ʹðαӡƷͨ
ʱͳ˸ˡӢۡðαƷΣȷ̫ˣ
ʹԣȥǶǵĴٶ⣬Ƿ
򣬴û˻˵ġǵȻҲע⵽ˣðαƷʵ
Ѿ漰һΥɵķΪԣʼ첿Ҳգ
Ҳգֱ˾ؽ룬ҲӦĳʵ巨ݡ˳
ΪЩ鷸Ƶ˱绤˵鿪˵飬ȥɹ涨ʦҵʿ
ŶЩ˵˽ˣΪ֮ѣҪð´
ˣ

ϵʵǳ򵥣ȥǵϵֶΣ׼ͬҲ
ǣðαƷǴӷɵýǶȻµýǶ˵Ϊ
ҵʲôϷñ绤ɡ

ƼеġðαӡΪá١һʸȫΪ
һ֣˳ͷĺ壬ƺǾҪ漰һȨˡ
һ£ԼӵʿǴȨޡϡģ

ʵΪֹ˿վͷӵսǣսǱʾһ־⣩
һУԼѧ֪ʶЩƼٵɣԿƼ
иΪһֱ¶Ǵ𣡲ûгԼȨ޷Χû
ЩƼ鷸Ƶ֮춷ҲûȨʹȡû
˵ġ

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ѧµٿƼɹƭȡרʽΪҲԻֳΥ
£һΥ·ＸΡ׼ԿƼթƭ
ĳ˿ٴǺܺõ֤ǹҿƼթƭһթƭΪûʲô
ϵֶֻϵѡΪԡƼ֮Ϳ
̷ĳͷҹ̷ֳɵķЩƼأϧǣ
ǹҾٺͼٵͿѧʲ˵㣬û㹻ԸЩ
թƭĴǣûע⵽עⲻĴң

⣬Ҳע⵽Ƽеٻ򸯰Ϊиص㣬Ǿ
Ϊ˹עġȵ㡱˵޷Ǿ棬й
Ƿֲġ÷Բѧ̷ѧｲͽСﶯƼ
ͬ⡣ûĸΪٵĶֻΪıȡ㣬
˶СıȡְλְƣӦȡ֮صľ
棻󵽻ȡҡ˵ʽ֧֣ռк֧ЩƸȻ
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ͨթƭʵƭȡһĲͿƼеġ
ѧҡ鹹ʵ׫дĶ÷˻ȡռйʽթƭ
ΪϵĲ̷ͬ߱ҪķﹹĴҪ
ͬǣߵΣԶԶǰߣ¿ɳҲҪߡ
ںߣΪʲôôˣЩпѧҳƺŵȴҪΪ
绤أѵҿƼѡרͲǹҲƲͲ˰˵Ѫ
ѪɼǿƼĻʹڸƼṩˡºڡıӻ
ͨ·ﲻͬͨ·˽ѷƲú󣬾Բᵱڰ
ҹƼеķ߲ҪԼΪġϷԡ
һҪȺΪͬͬԩߵķʽžǱҪ漰ʣ
һ١һ򣬾Ҫ漰ǷȨ⡣ǰѾ˵
һʵĿΪӦý¶ƼеΪΪ
ְܲż˾صӸΪУڡ飬Ӧǹְ
ܲź˾صְȨΧ¶ͺÿҹȨܷ
طɶȷĹ涨ѾΥˣɻ蹫СŤ͡
˾صȨǡϷ򡱣ЩҪ󡰺Ϸ
ҪġϷ򡱡С¶ƼЩΥѧµΪ
¶ְܲŻ˾׷Ƽٵֶλȡʽ
թƭΪԼѧϷΪƼеΥ
׼ΥѧɣΥΪӦǳȨ
Χȥͷ¶ΪôΪʲôôȥؽҪʲôϷ
򡱣

йŴظУʵͳǺģѧΪ
ʽݡĹϵܱ磬ǶڶʹҹȨĽǶȶԡ
¶ͺǹĺϷȨһʹԼȨĹֺ
˵ȨȫȥʹɸȨķϵĹ
ֽ谭ʹԼĺϷȨֻ˵谭߱ˣ

ԿƼΥѧ¼ΥΪĽ¶ְܲ
˾ԹעΪӦгʹΪûκԽȨ֮Ӧ
øֺ֧Ԯ

ڶʻ㡪ٶҵȷ֪ƼǲôרŴ
㡣ϷѧеȷôĴʻ㣬Ǿǡƶ
presumption of innocencepraesumprioҲơٶ
ִϷеһԭĺΪκڷԺо֮ǰ
Ϊ䷸̷ɴ˲֮Ϲ򣬰
ޡ֤εȵȡƶԭִ۵Ļʯ֮һǶԷ⽨
ʽƶȵķ񶨡ҹ޸ĵϷȷһԭ

ƶԭȷʹƶȣ绤ƶȣ֤ݹһϵƶ
ӦĶ񡣸ƶҲִȨƶ˾֡ĽǶȽ
ΪضΪһָأȡ֤ұף
Ϊṩ޶ȵķԮע˼룡

ɺͽ¶ƼΪͬѧ֪ʶĻʶ
ú͸ȻĹߣǽǵϿɺӦöԴġ
˵Ƽɹһ¶򷢱йԡ
ƼɹȷӦúƹƱعϵһΧ
ԣǶɾԵ÷ǳбҪóɹ漰ùлʽ
Ʋ˶ɾ͸бҪ˵㷢һҩרΪ
ԼƵģǴɻûбҪҪҪ
Դ˷ȡӦȨҪʲɹҪɹ
ӦҲ˵ҪҩҪôҳ㷢ɹҩͲ
ǵɣЩɻͬпѧңͨߣ
ЩȨĳɹƼٷ֮춷ǴҪǿ
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2006-05-15

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ԪŲȵֻ
 
ʯ
 
˵ԪŲֻʵӦֻŶԡֻܶ˶
֪ԼˣĸУϾʦѧѽ
֪ 2000ȥǷ˳һͭƿԻһʧѧ
ͯѧѡڲ˵ƶûйңֻôһ˵Ѱɡ

2000꣬Ͼʦѧ-ҽѧѧʵҡ
http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2000-07/12/GB/07^18479^0^GMA3-109.htm
2001꣬廪ѧйġ˹ʵҡ
http://www.chinanews.com.cn/2001-03-22/26/80355.html

ժԡձhttp://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2000-07/12/GB/07^18479^0^GMA3-109.htm

ӣҽѧѧʵҡ
ʦ
ߡ졡졡ͨѸԱơ
Ͼ711յ硡ĳｨϾʦѧҮ
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ݻоڷѧͷѧһˮƽӣ
ҽѧѧʵҳҪչһЩش󼲲
ĻӦоΪҽѧѧרҵԱѵġ
 
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йġ˹ʵҡ
2001322 14:59

йġ˹ʵҡ廪ѧо
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[ȫ1820֣ýͬר岿ϵ绰68316616
棺68316637䣺ZhuanGao@mail.chinanews.com.cn] 

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ѧٵĽֻ֮


 2006-05-14

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ей̡

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;õһ;ñ׼ԭҩһ;"͸"档ʹ
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Υ˹ҷɣǷΥרķ롣ְܲû
һҷǱרǷΥ˵Ƿǵɰ1. 
ָķֻǶַ֮һ2 . Ϊҩлҵ3. 
ȨҪûΥݣ4. оٷԼдķĿûΥЩ˵
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ΪʡǮܳΪٷ֮ٵʹ÷2. ΥֻҪɹ涨Ӧ
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