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Ӣѧҡ2006518

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Chinese science
Faking it

May 18th 2006

From The Economist print edition
China is developing new rules to prevent scientific fraud

WHEN taking the fast train to technical prowess, it pays to check that 
the drivers are competent, the engine is running smoothly and the 
tracks are clear. Unfortunately, China's hunger for success in the 
sciences is such that some have been tempted to cut corners. Some 
independent researchers are sufficiently alarmed to have started the 
unofficial monitoring of possible frauds. The need for official reform 
is pressing.

Science is important to China. The country recently unveiled plans to 
increase its spending on research and development to 900 billion yuan 
($112 billion) by 2020. By that time, it wants 60% of economic growth 
to come from science and technology.

The latest blow to the country's image came on May 5th, when Jiaotong 
University uncovered a fraud committed by one of its top 
microelectronics researchers, Chen Jin. Dr Chen claimed to have 
developed the country's first home-grown microchip, capable of 
processing 200m instructions a second. It looked set to save China 
billions of dollars in imports and advance the country's own high-tech 
industries. But an investigation by the university found that Dr Chen 
had simply removed the marking from chips made by Motorola and 
replaced them with the logo of his company. No wonder the 
announcements were never followed by the sales they seemed to deserve.

Dr Chen is not alone; others have been accused of committing 
scientific fraud. On April 14th Sichuan University announced that it 
would investigate claims that its vice-president, Yuquan Wei, 
fabricated data in two publications on immunology. However, the 
following day the university cleared another senior researcher of any 
wrongdoing following claims that he, too, had faked data.

The researchers are the highest-profile additions to a growing list of 
scientists whose work has been questioned by China's unofficial 
science police. The most prolific of these watchdogs is Fang Zhouzi, a 
former biochemist who runs the New Threads website that has published 
hundreds of allegations of academic fraud. Although many of the claims 
are unsubstantiated, Dr Fang argues that the website will remain 
necessary until there is an official system for reporting, 
investigating and punishing academic misconduct.

Last week 120 Chinese scientists, mostly from American universities, 
called for just such a system in an open letter sent to officials, 
including China's science minister and the president of the Chinese 
Academy of Sciences. They fear that without a fair process that treats 
people as innocent until they are proven guilty, the reputation of 
Chinese scientists and Chinese science risks being damaged.

Dr Chen's fall from grace resembles that of South Korea's Hwang Woo-suk, 
the cloning researcher who turned from national hero to a pariah when 
his research was shown to be fraudulent. Like South Korea, China has 
feted its scientific stars, not just for their supposed laboratory 
achievements but also for the lustre they gave national pride. Both 
countries need to learn that, to prevent the fast train derailing, 
research standards are as essential as research know-how. 

(XYS20060519)

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йѧٷ

̿ѧԱ2006516

Robert Marquand
Yush룩

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World  >  Asia Pacific

Christian Science Monitor, from the May 16, 2006 edition

(Photograph) 		
CHEAT: In 2003, Chen Jin held up what was supposed to be a 
breakthrough Chinese chip - now exposed as a fraud.
AP/FILE

Research fraud rampant in China
A Chinese study found that 60 percent of PhD candidates admitted to 
plagiarism, bribery.
By Robert Marquand | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
BEIJING C The stunning revelation of fraud and fakery in the heart of 
China's R&D industry has vindicated a feisty set of scholars who are 
gaining traction in exposing a culture of fraud and corruption in 
China's colleges.

Just days ago authorities revealed that the Hanxin digital signal chip, 
a so-called "Chinese chip" designed to enhance home-grown computer 
technology, is not an original. Chen Jin, "father of the Chinese 
chip," evidently used a product from a foreign firm to win a lucrative 
bid in 2003 - ironically, to spearhead a much publicized patriotic 
national drive to create a Chinese super microchip.

For scientists and researchers in China, the Chen case, while 
embarrassing, is all too typical. Other fraud cases are coming to 
light that reveal a deeply ingrained habit of plagiarism, falsification, 
and corruption - widely recognized, but not widely policed or punished 
in Chinese universities.

It also arrives in the midst of growing concerns about the nature and 
character of native firms, of exports, and of the contributions to 
technology and scholarship by China around the world. What has been an 
irritating and somewhat comical issue about pirated DVDs - has now 
morphed into a fuller-scale complaint about high-tech intellectual 
property rights violations. The American Chamber of Commerce Tuesday 
issues a tough "white paper" on piracy violations and practices in 
China.

Last week nearly 120 Chinese scientists living in the US wrote an open 
letter of concern to Ministry of Science officials, arguing that 
standards of research in China have dipped to such lows, that the 
country's reputation is on the line. Ironically, the desire to boost 
China's research reputation, and the pressure that puts on scientists, 
is partly fueling the corner-cutting.

A recent Ministry of Science study of 180 PhD candidates in China 
found that 60 percent admitted plagiarizing, and the same percentage 
admitted paying bribes to get their work published.

"The actual situation might be worse than that, particularly in the 
area of social sciences," says Fang Zhouzi, a biochemist who splits 
his time between California and Beijing, and runs a website that has 
detailed more than 500 cases of serious academic fraud in China.

Mr. Fang is one of the feistiest whistle-blowers - wellknown and also 
feared in Chinese academic circles. Fang, whose real name is Fang 
Shi-min, is an Old Testament angel of vengeance when it comes to lying 
and cheating, and his work has led to a number of high-level fraud 
exposures and dismissals in the academic world.

His investigations have exposed:

?? Yang Jingan of Hefei Industry University, who was expelled from the 
communist party after Fang disclosed plagiarized essays from foreign 
academic journals;

?? Liu Hui, dean of the Medical School of Tsinghua University, who was 
dismissed after Fang found that Liu falsely claimed to have been 
director of medical research at New York University;

?? Yang Jie, dean of biology at Tongji University in Shanghai, who was 
dismissed after admitting to having a falsified rsum.

In the computer chip case, it was an assistant that exposed Mr. Chen. 
Evidently fearful of being implicated in what was proving a fruitless 
mission, the assistant posted on Jan. 17 an expos on the Xinhua 
bulletin board.

On May 12, Shanghai's Jiaotong University, where Chen is based, stated 
the Hanxin, or "Chinese heart chip," was a DSP 56800E, by Motorola. 
The University promptly fired Chen. The chip on display in Shanghai at 
the festive 2003 chip launch, attended by top officials, was a painted 
piece of metal, it was revealed.

Yet Fang and other fraud-busters say such public disgracings are the 
exception, not the rule. They argue that the culture of plagiarism 
continues mainly because corruption runs to the upper levels of the 
institutions of higher learning, and efforts to expose it are throttled.

Take the case of Wei Yuquan. Mr. Wei is vice president of Sichuan 
University as well as an immunologist and a member of the Chinese 
Academy of Sciences. A recent article by Mr. Wei describing an 
experiment to treat cancer cells was billed as groundbreaking. Yet 
when Si Lu Sheng, a relatively obscure older pathologist from central 
China, reviewed the article, something stuck in his craw. Mr. Si asked 
Mr. Wei for simple verification. But Wei refused to present basic 
evidence, discuss methods, or even present receipts for lab purchases 
of special white mice. Yet on the basis of the article, Wei received a 
$60,000 grant from China's National Life Science and Nature fund - big 
money for professors here, some of whom make only $350 a month.

Si was flabbergasted. Nearing retirement, and with little to lose, he 
started a small campaign to expose what he felt was cheating, he told 
the Monitor.

Wei visited Si several times to talk him out of his campaign. Si was 
offered a lucrative research project. But Si wasn't biting. So, a 
different kind of pressure was exerted - Si got harassing phone calls 
and his wife was pressured at her job. In the end, the university 
backed its vice president. But no substantive evidence of the veracity 
of the medical test has been forthcoming.

"I got involved to warn younger scholars of the harm of falsifying 
research," Si says. "The faking is obvious, everyone knows it. But no 
one dares to talk about it, since the university president declared 
the work was acceptable. When the senior leaders at the university 
ordered the discussion to be closed, it was."

So Si sent a set of letters and the case to Fang's website.

A Sichuan University spokesman contacted Monday said that, "There is 
no clear line between academic corruption and academic disputes. 
People who are fighting against corruption are not reliable and do so 
to make a name. We should let the leaders of the university decide."

"What we need is to actually punish those who commit fraud, to kick 
them out," says Tsinghua University engineering professor Zhou Nanyuan, 
who does research in the area of science fraud. "So far we only have 
an oral commitment to police this, from our university leaders. The 
problem is that many violators remain, even after they are exposed."

"The higher the position a cheater occupies, the easier for him to 
avoid investigation and punishment," Fang told the Monitor.

The increase in science-related fraud contributes to the exposure of 
corruption, since science tends to be a performance-driven discipline 
where verification is part of the accepted process, experts here say.

Still, Si says that serious science review mechanisms are lacking. The 
science magazine editors that first published the article were chosen 
by seniority rather than professional capability, Si says.

Party members loyal to the school have far greater say in the review 
process than a more knowledgeable, but less senior, figures. Since 
grants are state funds, few on the review boards are willing to stick 
their necks out and rebut serious scientific claims - especially for 
grant proposals that appear under titles like "national research."

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2006519

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it168ߵ飺ƴӲϵͳǡоڶ

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ԭ:
ϵеһ: ϵһϵͳ  
http://publish.it168.com/2006/0517/20060517008301.shtml
ϵе:׷2ٷϷǶз
http://publish.it168.com/2006/0518/20060518000201.shtml?positioncode=2254
׷3뵽ֵֵ7000: 
http://publish.it168.com/2006/0519/20060519006101.shtml?positioncode=2254

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ˣЩר˵Ӱȷʵܲãϰվͺܺãƭˣ
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ԪCELLϷƪ¡

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8402883&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_DocSum
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1638633&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_DocSum

еĵڶƪ CELL paper ֻһλߣɳΪ漣ֵúܡ

(XYS20060519)

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òѧ



ʱϵѧ١ң˵ѧá١
ֲ̫׵ΪȻйѧоĽǮȡ֮֮񡱣
ȻʱҲӦá֪񡱣ģйͨڣ
ʹǷרҵĸ߼֪ʶӿһ߿Ƽһ
ҲûμӡۡˣҲнд
רҵı绤ʹá١Ϊͨ׶Ķ࣬ǽ
˿¶ֳţЩҪѧ֤ӵߵ
񡢻¼õ̬ȾͿԶ϶١

˵ʵΪһйߣĳ̶ֳϣҿֵĳ
ŷı͵ڡְơʡѹµĲѶΪ֮
ϾǡȻѡ򣬾ӦöԹ
˰˵ĽǮԼĸҽѧĿйߣ
ǿ뵽о漰˵κ¼ķҿ
޷ƵΣպͶĮӡݳСڷġﵼ
ҩϾȵĸȾǽֵĹ˾ȴ޷ظʵ飬
˾˼ҩҩҲɻ׼
ġҩ˵챻ͣҩҪһ
С켰ٵͬǣֽĲ˾Ϊˡ
ҵ桱ڣȻʵͶ뼸Ȼֹͣ
ġﵼĿǳʲôĿģֵóƵġ
̸˾ڶκԺʿָأκԺʿǧָǰΪ˽˶Թ
淢Լһ룬ʹ˽˶ԹأκԺʿóԭʼѵ
ôİ칫ҲǰϳȺ𣿻ʵ顰¼ûб
ɣǵҪǡɡŶ߽Ƽʱո
µġԭʼ¼˶Ŀ

ǰ죬Ϻ½ֳƿ죬йѧȱ
еϲϰ죬Ĵѧãʵѷڣ
޳³˵ϺоٰԱҪ
Ĵ֣ϺǱϺ֮ҹһ
ѧĴ¼Ĵѧ쵼ǣȴڻٵ
άйоŻٵ治ˡ˵ĺã
ѧǿ֤˵ġû֤ݣơС֤ݣֲܳʾ֤ݵ
ģֻѧ֤ݡαѧԺʿġ⻷ڵġ
Եġ֤ίġ֤ýġ޷ȡ
ʾʾѧ֤ݡ쵼ǣȻʵԭʼ
¼ʵ˵ǽҪĲǵǰ;ǽҪ
Ĵѧʦ棬ԼǺġϤС863
973ԼȻѧоӻϰľѣκȫ
Ϊ973ϯѧңƹǧĿоѣΪѧУļߣ
쵼ǣЩ˰˵ѪǮôٵġڡ
ġһѧԻ췹ԵѧɣδΪҲ
ΪĴѧΪĴѧʦԱΪԼʵ°ɣ

(XYS20060519)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ԡκȫԺʿٵķ⡷һĵľ

Q

ġκȫԺʿٵķ⡷һģѧ֮ϳͣ
˫ͬͬʱΪһˣеһЩ⣬һԼ
۵㣬Ĺ۵Ӱ̫ˡ

αƷһͳĹ۵㣬κΪҲ
ۼҩﷸߣҽԺΪƻ
ǲʸģֻһ£ҽԺԼǷҩ
۵ģߡĿʱŻᴥۼҩ
Ϣ˵κΪʲɴ߻
۵ҲͺˡοסԺĿ֧Ϊѡѡ
ƷѣҩȣλѵȣʹҩѣҲҩܵ
ʹɵһ֡ҩʲܽסԺͳͳΪκһͷϣ
ԴΪ

߹۵㣬κй˺թƭ֮ɣ˵޷
ȷе֪Ϊͻų֮ɡҵΪ
κƵķ⣬̷ܴ335֮ҽ¹ǣ
شʧ͹Ϊɻ򽡿ġĿǰ
ʵ֧֣֤֧ʱһ

⣬Ϊһ˵ķǷΪܳеΡΡһ
ֻ֣ΥԵǿԼɹ涨̷ԭ
Ϊصһ֣ϸ򲻿ɾ͸ϡ
绷£һƪ£ϽӦһҪ

ϼдƪĶϣ˿Ͽõ¡

(XYS20060519)

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David Baltimore

Metestrus

20051027, MIT  Luk Van Parijs ƪгּ
ȫһͼƬ(figure).ֵһLuk Van ParijsDr. David 
BaltimoreĲʿ,ͬΪߵƪҲ,û
зMISCONDUCT. David,ŵǰ޹˵׳
,˵ѧɼһ.ԤκȫԺʿǿϴ"ԩ", 
Davidһ.˴ɲĵ.κԺʿǧѧDavid
ڶ.һֱץĿԽС,,Ͳ˵.

(XYS20060519)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

нһСһ

ĬĻ

Ҳרҵʿ޴жκȫµ١Ǵн¿
κȫ١κȫ£˭зȨнκȫ
ҪΪ߽ĻЦ Ϊʲôκȫ
أֻһֽͣκȫµȷ٣ڲվ
˵ɶн˵õСֻм
ֻ˾ڵܶ࣬κȫܲʵϣκȫ
ǣܹͬʱֻҲõֻû
ġһѧʵˣʵõ600ֻ10000ֻҲǲ
ֻ˵Ǹ нȰ㻹ǶκȫͨҪ
ĵæ 

ѧƭӣӦüлʹٷܽҲҪ˶
Զ֮

⣺ҸȤĻwww.yahoo.co.jp"κȫ"ɲҪû
λձ𾴵"˰֢ר"

(XYS20060519)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

һλظнС

noheadguy

ķֻ˵飬κԼĻظ˿
˼෴ķҵɻκȫ˵ȷ
˼Ϊβȷдôأ˼ǵ
˶СӦκȫ˵㣨˵ľ׼𣿣һ
ʲô

쿴̫ƽѵġ˿˾κ¼֮ۿӣ
(XYS20060518)ͬСѾԼӦˣʹ˴ס

(XYS20060519)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

Tenured, Tenure-track, Non-tenure-track, Ҳ̸¼

lakeshore

ͬⱱJJJ Tenured, Tenure-track,  Non-tenure-track 
professor󲿷ֵĲ, һؼҪָ. 

ѧ趨Non-tenure-trackȫǸѧʵ, ˵
ҽѧԺNON-TENURED CLINICAL-TRACK, RESEARCH-TRACK, ADJUNCT-TRACK
, ѧˮƽ, ҲҪǵڴѧĹʱ. 
ٴclinical track, Щ˹ʱ޷֤ѧ, ʺ
clinical track. ˵ǵѧˮƽûо. RESEARCH-TRACKĽ
, ܴһ˶ԼGRANTS, ԼPI (ϯ) 
CORRESPONDING AUTHORS (Ȩ), ֪һ˱TENURE 
TRACK PROFESSOR оѶ. RESEARCH TRACKΪνѧ
ˮƽûо, ΪGRANTѹСһЩ, ûǮʱ
νĴϰ, 5֪, ߵ
RESEARCH-TRACK-PROFESSORعļû, ڳƻ߰˼ƻе
PROFESSOR TENURE-TRACK  RESEARCH-TRACK .֪
˵عRESEARCH-TRACK TENURE-TRACKܶ. , 
NON-TENURE  TENUREǿԻת. һѧNON-TENURE PROFESSOR 
תһѧTENURE-TRACK Ƿǳ׵, ʹͬһѧ
NON-TENURE PROFESSOR Լпо, ֻҪת, ϵͬ, 
ҲǺ׵.ϵһһת. Ҫǿѧ. 

˽Ĵѧнڵһ, ϣܶԴҶѧ
˽. 

(XYS20060519)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ʡƼʡѧоԺй˵

ʡԺܽҺʡй쵼йý弰ز
ķϣӳʡԺչϴ⡣
ΪʵֽʡԺй㱨¡

һʡоԺĻ

ʡоԺǰΪʡо
198712³Ϊȫҵ 19959¾ʡί׼ڴ˻ϳ
ˡʡѧоԺ¼ơԺΪʡίֱҵ
λ൱ʵ֧תΪҵ˶
Ա70Ժܽ19557³ĻԺĿǰ
Ա10ˣдרѧԱΪ2ˣΪк͸Ա

ʡԺΪʵҵ֧ҵλ
ά֣ҵĴͶ룬ûиԺӦЧ棬ܽ
νĳǳˮûݣԴ˼ⵥλĺʧܣ
Ժһ1996ͱծ2000ծԽԽ
£õλܽƵƵйزź쵼дŷӳԸҪ
󲦿ʡίʡ쵼ԴԺʮӡٿרŻо
Ժ⣬ԺӦʵתƣתΪҵרʽ𡣿ܽ
ûаתƹҪչڻתƷúĴдţ
״ԴﵽҪ󲦸ѵĿġ

Ϊ˽⴬ԺתƾʹǿԴԺļලʡίפ
20043º4´֪ͨҪ󴬲Ժܲƣܽ
ɾܾơΪˣƼ20047ͣܽԺԺְ
ɹפչ˶ԸԺĲơפ󣬶֪ͨܽ
λѯܲϰ¶棬Ҳκ٣һֱĴ
Ʋָõλң֧ʹðͬʱһЩ
Աܽӵľ⡣ʡίפͼй˵飬
ʡί˻㱨

ܽĳǳˮ

ܽĳǳˮй촬ѧغйѧ
ַ̬ȣй촬רͨ꾡ķϷܽġ
ƽۡܽνĴʵҲʧܵġ

1987ܽĵһҴºδܴﵽָ꣬ˮһ
ֱδͶС

1990ܽڸҽľʿʹδܴﵽָ޷
УֻͣڰߣΪˮϾưɡ

19909ܽڽݽػ310ֵĻôԺʧܡ
촬ѧᴬѧѧίԱḱΪ׵7רɵר
ΪôͶӪһй촬ʷϺ¹ʡ
һ¹ʵҪԭڲܽΥѧļʡͨ
ַܾģҪȫʡҵΪ䣬Դֹϵ
ƭ

19903ܽԸоӱذȪǿ
Ź˾Ӫʽ˰ȪǴҵ˾ܽζ³ܾ
Ӧ似8δЩδ͸ۺŵ顢
׼͵ǼǣȫϵǷֻ1992½úЩ˱Ŵ͸ۺ
д쵼ýԱûʽӪ˹

1993ֽܽ佨ĵһҡºšиΪΣ˵ƽ
ϪڽƴװΪϪšôƴװ󣬴͸ۺžΪ
֤ϪźǰºšһδͶӪˣһֱͣ
ɳϪͷ

19967ܽ˼éֳʡ˼éˮ˿ģ
199619987ҿ͡2ҿʹһֱûӪ˹
Ŀǰѱϣڻ̲ϡһһ19985ֱջ٣Ŀǰ2һ
䱾˿֮µĳж;ӪܽϹĴ󸱷
ӳܽĴͺĴʵػػһ롣

Ƽܽ촬

Ժ18ˡ18йزŶԴԺ˴
Ͷ룬ܽٵѾ˹ʽ˷ѣҲһЩ
ҵľ޴ʧгѼ֤ܽġǳˮвͨġΪ
ˣΪٶԴйרһٷ񶨣ʵб֤вͨ
ֺ֧

(XYS20060519)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

йרĻظ



ãרҵļ£

1. ԭʹ"͸"⡣ʹ"͸"ҩʱʱв
ͨģΥҩҪ󣬵Υררʱһ㲻ԭ
ԴʹȣȻʹԭϳ⡣һҾְܲŵ˵û
д

2. ʹñͪ⡣ʹñͪлܼһ
㲻ҩѧƷУҩСͬĹ۵㣬
һʱΪһ㣬ԭжһרʱһ㲻
ڶԷбɣ---ҵֻûóȫֹ
ʹñ֤ͪݣð֤ͪĶԲǺǿ---

3. ΪϣǾ;ȡӮҾʱԶԷרû
ʵԡΪһ㣬ȻһҩƷвͪлܼΪڶ㣬
˾ӮĻһЩ

ڵĴרڣ޸ĵĵ桶ר˵ר
ֹרһ£ҲҪӦԱ
С

˵ʵҶʾ⣬ΪĹ˾Լ棬
ʧĽǮ;ܻܵżйǺѵõģ

(XYS20060519)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ޣϷܿķ̸δɾڵԭ壩

Ȩת޵blog
http://www.luoyonghao.net/blogs/laoluo/archives/2279.aspx

<ް> ƪϷܿķ̸֮ҷұÿˣ


һҪҪἰһѧУʦշеû
ἰĸѧУʦǸÿ໭һվڽ̨󽲿ε
񣬽̨дš¶֡

ȵԼҪɷҵĸÿɾһЩʵ
жݣڴӦ֮Ȼһδĵطˡ

ڳСʱķ̸Уֻ˵Ҿ
һܼǿˣȻ¸ң˵棬Һһ
ɻܿշµıǣƣ¸ң
Ǹɻ

ɲɷ֮ǰ˵Ǻ־ѽ.
־Ҫң˵һ飬ܰ޲ɷõ?˵԰ɣҶ
ͺܸȤˡ  ·Ҹʦ˵绰֮ǰ
ⱾܿǲǳʵģҶ˵Ŀ˵ˣû
ȤŮߣֻ谢жӣ˵㲻
˵һ־Ϊʲôַôã ʦ˵
־Ǻõġ

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

пѵͯͯ

ûʲôѵͯ꣬ͯҲûôȻǸʱû
˭ͯرõģʱܳϼ⡣


˵Сֶ԰ɣ

ԡ


ⶼûóԣôģ

ӦøŴеϵɣҲ̫ϲ˶


㿿˶ʮɣ

ԣҵغüδ䣬Сʱͺ֣ѧһʱ
ͳһˣ˶ˡʮͷʱȥ
һ˼ʮֻˡʮʱһƴ
߼¼5848أΪԭֹͣˡ


5848ôģ

ʵܼ򵥣ÿٺ֬ţֲ̣߲ͬˣԵ
ƣֻˮģˮ


ʲôСˮ󡱣

ˮˮ󣬲Ĵ֡ˮ󡱣֪˹ݵġˮ
󡱣һеĶڼһͣһЩ㡢
ȫÿһƴ档


ˣ

ȻУҪÿһסһܵʱСʱ
֪һٽĴܵͨܲİ׾Ҫ̱ˣԿʼ
ͷ߶١ŹڣҾͿһˣ
ں󣬾һСʱһףҲǱ׼ܵĶʮȦʼƻ
һ֮󣬻Ͼһһٶµ⡣


ʼô죬к

ҽ˵̫ȷʵкȻԼûá
ҽġʶҽ˵ʱҾնӳҲкģ
Уһû͸һгĺܣϥ˲
ѾܾܺҵܲˡϣЩʵ˻Ƕ̽
ҪԼ


㻹˶𣿻

Ҷ˶ĸоһһģȶϲʱ
ܽϲʱرʱһر֡һǴټʵģ
ʮˣϲԸеǰˣǣʮ
Ļ½




Ⱑ⻹ء˳˵һ£ҿܶʮˣ
ϲҽ˵󲹡ĶʵЩƭ˵ģȥڽָ
¶ʲôҩáһЩйͬҩԣ
øҽ̫ƭǮˡ


߶ʱΪʲôѧ㸸ĸ̬ôģ

ѧУǽ˾ѧˣûкرԭұȽ˵
һҸĸûѧϸ̫ѹΪҴСľдúã
ѧУĹȻӦõӦ֣ԼдĶҲ
ǾȣǾܳΪһң˵ϲѧҲ
ôҪ


ôĬȤӦȥддͯͯ

ͨϲӣ˵һ˲ϲСӣϲϲ
ˣûаĵı֡ҷ˺Ӻ͹ҶϲҾ
һаĵˣҲһֱͯģֻͨЩ


ʱѧûгԶĴ㣿

дѧڼ쿴ддܶ࣬Ҳڵط־Ϸ
һЩɢġʫ֮ġʮ˾ʱдһڴк򴲵Ķƪ
С˵Ͷջȥӱ˻ˡؿȻдò
ͷɶƬ


ʱջûзĸӣǾáջ񡷲ʶǾԼˮƽ
ҪŬ

ҵʱúжϣ֪ǲԼ⡣ûԼţ
ջ񡷲ʶҲûдľǲãջ񡷵жϺȷҸ
׿ҵ˸˵С̫ˣһдС˵͸ջͶӦ
ա֮ͶҾҶˣͰ˸ˡ


֮󻹼д

д˺ܾãԼûнµ֣ͲдС˵ˡ
дʫҲУʲôдˡ


һֱѧ˵ʫ˳԰ɣ

ǰʵдʫɢĺС˵Ҫ٣ϸѧ˵ʫ˳
Ҿ˵˵ҳҪһЩܶຢӻðèҲ
дС˵ʫ˾Ͳһˡʵǲ֪èҲдʫġ


Ϊʲô꿪ʼдˣŪ˸ͣ

ΪҷдԵ»ԡ


ڲдĶ

϶ǣԺܶ౿ҵĲ˵ֻ̬ϲ
ˣЩ˵Ϊ˻ȡ衣


ôظǣ

ûظҵһأҵĻԿǡ


Ǻǣҡءˣǲֻϲˣ

ȻǣʵҲϲ˵ģֻǿ˵дû˵ĺã
дһЩдһƪ޽ô޽
˼ˣʵǵ֮ġ


١ء㣬ǲΪ˻ȡ裿

ҶһѧУ͵͵ΣȺӲƴң
Ҫ١ǣǵñ衱ɣ費ҡʵ
ʱΪЩˣڲѳƹҵˣѳҵ˵
Ƕˡ


ƪҲˣǺĺܸˣܵһЩ̳ﱼ棬
˵Ƕˡ

ǰһ˵õúãɵĪ
سԼˡ


Լ

һֱԼҺСʱҾͼǸˣ
ùʵʱҲǸǲϳǲ
ܽؽ㲢ʮˣûʲôϵ


ΪʲôС;ԼǸأʲôԭ

ʵʼһǱȽϽģ۵Ҷٷ
ˣ־͹۵һԼԼǲ֪˿
ҲòԼ˵Ҳ٣СǸ


˵Ȼһ޳ɣҲǸ

ȻͬЩԳɰӢ۵ˡϴһŻվ̸ʱ
ң˵Щѧ֮ɹˣ纫ѧ֮ûʲô
ͣȻ顣˵һ˲ǷҪͷزǻá
ԺͷԺ˼룬ûСɹҲһţֻ꣬ĬĬţ
ƾˡЩţƵΪνĳɹҺ
ϲּҴ޽ǵȵȣǳ磬ҲԻ÷ǳ
Ƿ ɹˡ


˵һʲôо

һֱϲ飬СʱССʱҾͿʼ
ûͼˣʱЩӹС顱˶ôˣ
ҲˡҾԸ˼˻Ը⿴ֵ飬ڵȷʵ
ˣԼ˵ңԺ󿴵ûǰˡΪ
ջ˵ĶˣСʱûӰҲûгƬڶÿ
ӦĿʱˡ


Сʱϲ˭飿

ҵഺڵӰȽϴǰرˣ
ԺͿʼĪˣϣԹ͹񵳳
ز˫ر׼ȵȣҺͺܺˡ


ǰٳˡ

ǰٳ֮ǰˡǰ¸Ҳܼǿ˵ʵ
Σ¸ģǿδأЩʵǺܴ
ġ˵ԺԭŮСٺͱ˽˻飬Ǹ˻ĺ
ѣͲԭ¡ûϢǣΪһϵƵ飬
ʾԵʧ˵ҪŮˣҪ֮ƨ


ǿ

ƣǰҽȥΣҾͲϣһţ
ǲԵģػȫûбҪģҪļޣ
ԼҸʲôģҾͻܸˣþͻİһЩҪ
ļޣҲˡҵˣҲѽܣ
ҵѽ飬Ӧ˵Ƕ棬һǻܵġҾ
Ϊ˲˺˺ܶõĶڹҲһִ
ǿ̬ˣѳ⣬Ҳ
ʧȥġȻûô¸ңⷽҺǸɻҹ̫
࣬ԲȥΡǿ¸£ҷǳ¸ҡ


ڽ֮ǰʲô

ɹܶ๤ڹϸɹ飬Ҳ⴮ȥ
й׳ҩ


ҩ

ԣʱһС֪ҩƭ˵ġúܶԲ
Щҵҩˡ


һֱҽƾʲôҽԼҽô

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