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Ӱ˿20021124ѵǹ½¶̻ԣ
Brainzhouѧصѧƴͷ˵Ϊ
ַ/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/wenshi/beidarenlei.txt

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ҵҰݺڹŴıзֵʷǱƷҪ
ԴҶ1956ǰκ͸ƶͳƺĳЩϢ
鷶Χ֮ĴӣǴἰıУб岿֣ժѡ
ġ

ȻǾһΪڰ£һ̻д͵͵
߻飬ҷ˵͵͵߻3521ǰ
ĳгֵİͬ磬̻һµĵ187-188ҳ
197ҳ209-211ҳ216ҳ222ҳ223ҳʹõİܹӦ
ܣԣղ ĵ237ҳ240ҳ243-244ҳ244ҳ
252ҳ252ҳҵ̻ͬһµĵ200ҳ201ҳ202ҳ
203-204ҳ208ҳ213-214ҳ221ҳ223ҳϵİܹ
Ȩղͬһ һҵֱڵ74ҳ74
ҳ76ҳ67-68ҳ68ҳ77-78ҳ68ҳ87ҳϡһ
еĳǵغ˶˲½İо֤
ʵһûжЩʹõԭʼκע̻ͣʹ
ö޷ֳЩԼҰõİЩǰ˵鲢¼
ġЩУмƪһҳɸҪ
ɲ֡

ֱйѧж֪ʶȨĴͳ
֪ʶƷձΪǹƲϤĶĳʱ
Ѿֽݶע͵ȻҪ
ԴעͿ֤ʵԶ׼֮⣬Ҳ֤
ЧԴһ⡣ΪԻ205060
ʵصĳЩ50Ρǵ
̻Щ嵽Լ8090Ұ鰸һʱ
һӡ󣬼Ƕͬһʱڡߣͼ֤ĳ۵
ʱ򣬲̻رѡԵЩδעͣun-referredİ
ɸѡͬʱųignoresһЩĹ۵İֻ
ЩеһӣǾͿ֪ɸѡܹ̻趨Ŀ
ʾķһȫȫͬڻƶȵԽϷʽ
ά˹˹Ϊ᲻ͬȺ֮һֽʽԶڲ̻֤
Ҫһ㣬߻ϵǣ澭⡣͵һַǳͬ
۵ķʽ֯ĳЩ棬е۷ʽѾ
ʵصõ֤ԡidiΪõˮţ
Ϊй־оУΪһũæڲͬĸϵ֮໥
ƶȻʽЩ֮ĳЩԴˮţضǹͬ
ӪġΪʲôĳЩ໥ѡԷ롰idiϵԭ
໥ΪڣΪ֮˽˹ϵҪѪԵϵ߻ϵ
ϵɺ?ŵ£Susanne KnodelĶйоľ
ʷз йѧᵽ57idiУ20ǻں
Ա߻ϵ104ҳ1963ĵУϣ浣Ң
عȪСidi 19ἰġidi
6ӽ֮һԼԱ֮߻ϵΪ94ҳ
ȪǡҲǲ̻ʵоĵطǸоֻ
idiϵھ֮ѪԵ֮䣬ڵ174ҳгȪİ
Agoеģ1989꣩ǰȫidiУûһ߻ϵΪ
ġطƺѾϣ浣Ңоɹ
ڲ180ҳ͵220ҳϣ浣Ңĵ114ҳ
21ҳǲ̻ǲ֪Ĺ۵ìܵ
ġʵоҲ߻ϵǣ浽෽棬һ
Թϵƺʹò̻֤Եø˵ˣpose complications

⣬ҲûдӴӱ༭ķԭӢ뱾õ
ƴ󡢲ľ䡢̫Ű1958꽨
ȴдΪ1985ꡪ168ҳԼֵӢķ루硰le pouvoir de Lhasa
ΪLhasa䡱107ҳ

ĽǣӦ˵̻˴ĹĶй
й־ʷϣ˺ܶʱʵоռԼ־
ݡΪֹӢϸһϰ׵
顣ܲҵǣúͱݵķʽ֤й
ĺܶ۵㡣ȱҲں̶ܴѧ۵ձ
巽ۡ

ƪԭΪӢģAsian Ethnicity ־2003£ľ
һڣ147-149ҳ

ߣƽѧѧϵ2005ʿ


¼2
ڡо20063ڣ169-171ҳ

һûи׺ɷᡪй塷
ߣ̻Էİ棬Asti HustvedtŦԼZone磬2001꣬
505ҳ

Chou Wah-Shan

̻һƪй壨ĦMosoĻĸɿԵ
ʱһҪ飨Mosoȡͨĺƴ
MosuoΪĦ˲ԼͬΪˣ̻ѧڼͥ
ձԵĴͳ۵㣬˵Ħ˵ΪͼͥѶĻ
ͼͥǺϡó˵ѧ֪ʷϵ
һһᡪûи׺ɷᡣ476ҳ

ҵһζ̻Ȿʱұһ仰ˣ
УһûҵκһʾĴʻ㡣20ҳ
һ³çĶԡĦ˵꣬Ҹҿ϶ǣ
һоĦֻҪסһ£֪NaruĦˣ
еadaaboʻʾֻǸ׵˼ڲ̻ﶼû
Ħ˵ճоʹõĹؼʡ
1993ȷдĦеadaǡסԼоصǴͳ
ģ1956ǰĦԱɫΪĽṹҵĵҪ
ʮϵĦˡеĵͬһ㣬ǾʻǱ
ʻ㣬ִԻĲλ̫̫˵ǵ
ĸ˵ʻ㡣˿˵adaaboڵ150
ʷˡ

AdaaboܻʹáAdaнǿԵĺ壬ʹָͥ
һ˵ĸǰʹãΪἤǿҵĲ졣෴abo򼸺û
ĺ壬ʹûʲôɡAdaabo˵ġgenitor
̻ͬذĦ˸׵ĽɫС併Ϊѧϵ
ʵϣĦĸ׾жصɫĦһ㲻Ըἰѯ
˵ĸףΪпΣĸϵȨղͥ
гմͳڼͥаҪԽɫĲǸףǸչ
Ůǵĸˡԭܼ򵥣һӲԼĺԻһ
ȷе˵ÿһ˶ĸ׼ֵͬܽһΪ
ףڼӦȥԼĶŮȻĦ˳ϣͳֻһ
˻ôΪǺŮĸĹϵѾ˾šĦ
Ҫʽʱ13ŮҪȥݷĸ׼ҡͬһ
糿ȥ֮ǰҪڼиݣʾȺĸм֮顣
˲ŮȥҪԼĸ׳ϯΪĸ
ʱϵ߲Զˡҵĵ70λѮĦУ
ֻ6λ֪Լĸף64λ֪ĸ˵ĹϵԶ
ȸ׵ĹϵΪܡĦ˶ԡסĸŶĽ⣬
һȷ߽ǹ淶ⶼԶԶѧ常׵ķ롣
˵ĦûбסĴʻ˵ǲȷġ

ҵĵڶѯǲ̻ĦԽϰߵĹ۵㡣̻Ħ˵
ͬ롰Ҫģʽnana ss hing  
gepi ss hingղ̻˵ǰָЩ͵͵ᡢκѪ
֪ˣ185ҳָˣ237ҳĹڲ
ĦԽϰߵķĵģʵϣ͵͵á͡
áǸµı⣨8º͵9£ȻĦ˵ճ̸
δ˵˵ͬׯ̣˳Ծǣе
˶˵δʻ㣬ֻ˵nana ss˵gepi ss
ҾԲںʹhingˣ֡˵Ħ˱ֳ
nana ss hing  gepi ss hingʱҵĴַ
Ħ˵ַʽֳɲͬĻ
˼ġԹţĦ˸ȿǵǼͥԡ
ͨͥլԽϵĦǼΪձġʵϣ
Ĵʻ縸סɷӡ顢ԼᡢԽ󰮵ȣԼ
ǰʹãΥɵģǿҵĲnana ss hing  
gepi ss hingĴʻΥĦ˵Ļ淶Ҳ߱
ĻĻݵ

һɻص̻ĺĹ۵㣬ĦǸûлͥ
ᡣڲE?R?LeachP?G?RivererĻ֮󣬲̻ԼĶ
壺ûѪԵϵԸ佨뾭õ˫Ŧ
double bondһ˫Ŧ޽֮ĳʱ䣬żסͬ
һ£ż໥ӵԵȨºͽĲƲ
ӵвֻרȨ434435ҳڲ̻ѹͬס໥
ľȨȨΪĦ˵õϿɵ
ƶȻԽϰҲͺȻرųڻ֮⡣һ棬Ħ˾
йͬסͬľѪ׹ϵļͥҲϾмͥʸ
Ϊ̻֤һͥԱʵġĦ˵
ͥԱͬʵģͬѪԵ453ҳ̻ɴ˵óۣ
⣬κһᶼʽ˽/ͥ
473ҳ

ܾѧѧһֱ໥ĻͥĶٶ
šE?R?Leachڡѧ˼London, 1961: 105ǣ
жڻձԶ嶼ͽ͵ġĳϻĻϵ
ͼͥʽձ黯ΪԵΨһ淶ȥ̽ͬ
ĶԺͶԣջ񡣾Ħ˲ϲ̻ڻ
ͥĶ壬ȴԼıʾͥĸʻ㣨a-wo, e-duҲ
ܺϰa-woe-duʾͥE-dua-woָһӼ
һԺ˺ͶĦ⹹Ҫͬլ
ʵϳΪÿһסĳԱալe-miĴζżңa-wo
e-duĴڡҽӴеĵ󶼼ΪĦ˵a-woe-du
ͬںġҡĸߵȻͬҪȥϸ̽
֮Ĳ죬ǽĦһûмͥųʵ
Ļ͹׼ձ黯ⲿǿڱˣһְȨΪⱾ
ġ

߼飺Dr Chou Wah-Shan1998꿪ʼоĦˣe-mailַ
wschou3@hotmail.com (ƪԭΪӢģAsian Anthropology 
־20032197-200ҳ)
ߣƽѧѧϵ2005ʿ 


̻԰ӢĶ
¼3

Koan Wellensָ԰ǰѲ̻һûи׺
ᡪй塷һð뱻Եԭ˶ձ
ϡһȽ˵Koam Wellensָȫʵǰԭ
İ̻Ӣеİһһգڲ̻ⱾǷ
صΪŶǻóԼĽۡϸĵĶ߻ע⵽
̻ʱЩ5060İһЩСС޶
8090ҵĵ󲢽˺˶Ƿ
˼Щ޶ʱӻɾİɣֻһֲ
سϮҲǸ̫ˡ

̻Եĵһƪԣղġƺ
ơעĸϵͥ顱̻ԵĵڶƪȨղ
ġʵ⽨ơעĸϵͥ顱
ƪͬڡἰĸϵƵ顷
磬1988棩һСرעǣⱾ
ἰĸϵƵ顷ȫͬĻй
ѧԺоʡʷоಢӡˢİ汾Ȼݻͬ
ݾ޷Koan Wellensṩҳ໥ˡ

һƪΪ191-341ҳмƣ-ղģ

ڶƪΪ1-190ҳмƣ-ղģ

̻Ӣ飬мƣ顣

Ϊ˱ߵıȽϣġӢĶȫһµĲ֣
вκαעԲͬĲֵ֣Ӻ߱ɫԱ
Ŀ

д֣ǵ顣

һ

-ղ 237ҳ2133У翪ɳʷʮ꣬
ʮͿʼҰעϳİעһΪɶ
ʷꡣĳʷͲɶһˣʷɶһֽ֧̣ɶ
˳ְʷ̺˹ȥ˼ǿʷԸԸͬעʷʱ
ѰҶ󣬼ɶԼ󰮣Ҳûбʾܾòɶ̺ȥ
ãʷҵɶ˽Ӵʷ͵ɶҹע
ˡһ£ɶµİעͺʷϾ˹ϵڶע
ߵɼǽύľģĳ죬ʷɼһͶ
һ˶ʷ˵ɼƯעɣʱʷΪɼƯ
ͶҲܸɣ߹ȥɼͷϵӣë˹ȥ
ɼҲϲʷʷעûӣһ仰Ҳδ˵
˵ŮԸҪѶأ˵Լ費ýע
˵ɼͬˡʷһýˡӣȥ˵
ɼСʷ˲źãҾҲʷɼ˰עӴ˾͵
ҹעˡ

 187-188ҳ Jishi (twenty-seven years old), a young man 
from Kaitci, begin his acia life at the age of eighteen. His first 
acia was Tsie, who was seven years older than he. One day during a 
conversation, he offered her a cigarette, and she snatched the entire 
pack. Knowing that Tsie was taking the initiative to express her 
desires, Jishi let her do it. Two days later, he saw her again. They 
exchanged belts and began to meet secretly. In less than a month, Tsie, 
who had begun to see another acia, abandoned Jishi. He then found a 
second acia. One day, while working in the fields, an old man was 
chatting with him: NadZi is beautiful. Go and ask her to be acia 
with you. He thought that NadZi was not only pretty but also very 
good at her job. Jishi approached her and took the scarf from her head. 
She did not react at ali, neither asking him to give it back nor 
trying to get it back by force. That night, he begin to visit her 
secretly.

ڶ

-ղ 240ҳ1215У庺ٰŮ23꣬˲źã
Ӧ֪꣬аעһһһʱעһ
ڰע    
ĸɶ̱㣩Ů24꣬ȻˣòƯֻ˵
֪аעʮʱעʮŸעһ

 197ҳ 1. Adga was a beautiful and hospitable 
twenty-three-years-old woman. According to the villagers, she had 
already had 102 acia, only one of which had lasted for more than a year. 
Her twenty-four-year-old sister, who was articulate and very pretty 
but had a limp, had had fifty acia, forty-nine of which were 
short-lived. 

ĸ

-ղ 243ҳ10244ҳ8У  1 ɹ߰尢壬
У73꣬ȼʱ߲µδľ
ɣûͶʦѧľͷ·ʮ塢ͿʼҰעһ
עΪ尢ĸΪĸʱĸҲʮ塢꣬Ư
ǰǮͬעһȺ·һ
һЬһ˫ʮ顣ڵʱĸҵĲͱаע϶࣬
ûҹĸעĴ㣬ͬʱֺͱİʷֳؽעʷ
ֳص塢ʱעҲ൱࣬Ҳͬעֻڷ
ҪʱȥעʱעӹʣǵĹϵ
֮áʷֳطˣעϵʼϡʷֳؽעͬʱҲ
ֱɶʱעֱɶʱаעͬӣİע
߷ʱȥֱɶҹעֹϵ˵һֱάֵһ
Ӣ1956ֱ꣩ɶͬӰע꣩⣬ʷֳؽ
ע󣬼ɴƯ·ϵİע
ڴͬʱ÷ֺͳɴùעҹ͹󡣺
ּ岹쳤òԼֺܺãʱ쳣͸ճ
һڴǺ콨һİעϵһλȥ
ʯ˰עʯгעֺӽע
˼Ͳȥˡţֺͱڽעһ꣬߹ֱ
ɶע죬߹ٳעһ࣬óֱע죬
ʩֱ·ʱע죬߲ʱͬŮӽ
һİעʱѿʮ꣬ʼҳڰעˣѡ
˱ıǵ顣ʱаעѻ磬ȡõͬ
ͬ˳ڵİעϵ˺󣬰ľĹǮǼһ룬
һ롣뵤Ⱥӣȫɰ幩ǵĹϵһֱֵһ
һ굤ǵ齨ڰע󣬳ŰʱֻҪ
㣬ȻŮӹ㽻ע磺ڰ￪ľֱ̳ɶ칤Уͬɶ
עͬľߺ׳ֱע졣ͬظʯֱע죬
ظֱ졣ﲻɶһ칤ʱעһ졣ͬ׳ע졣
׼޾ʱüŮֱͬ彻עʮ졣ͬߵ
ֱע죬ֱͬĸ׽עһ졣̰¼ʱ̵ͬ
Ůֳؽעһ̵꣬һŮӱҵ彻ע죬
̵һŮҲעһҹ֧尢ݣ
עһҹͬӺʱӺ˰ע
ʱʱһ֮á´尢ֱʱֱע졣
￴ʱ߲尢֮ע졣ӿˮʱͼɸע
һҹĴԴǰĲֱ̽ףֱͬע졣
ͬ氢עһ죬һ졣ͬ峵׽ע죬
尢콻ע죬˾ͨѽܣͬ彻
ע졣⣬ڿߣһע߲ɣϵߡ꣬
һŮ򰢳аעϵʼϡ

 209ҳ211ҳ  6. Gelo, a serf who was seventy-three 
years old in 1973, ӵʲôΪʲô
1956had been a Lamaist monk in his youth but had not been 
trained in the Tibetan temples. He was very talented and become a 
carpenter and a tailor without any training. He became sexually active 
at the age of fifteen. His first acia was Hlamu, who lived in his 
village. She was his age, and she was pretty. During their one-year 
relationship, Gelo gave her many gifts: a jacket, a scarf, a pair of 
shoes, and several dozen ancient yuan(1yuan equals 2bankai). Hlamu had 
other Na and Tibetan acia; and Gelo, during this same period, saw Buchi, 
another young woman from the village. Buchi also had several acia, and 
Gelo would only visit her once in a while, when he felt like it. Their 
relationship lasted about three years and ended when Buchi went insane. 
During this same three-year period, Gelo was an acia of Tsie, Buchis 
sister, who was already the open partner of someone else (that is, she 
was receiving conspicuous visits; see chapter 9); therefore, Gelo 
would only visit her when her dhu zi was not coming.
His relationship with Tsie continued sporadically until 1956 (
1963꣬޶Ϊ1956ʲô). After Buchi, he was 
attracted to Hlatso, a beautiful young woman from the same village. He 
paid her two visits and gave her two jackets. He also spent two nights 
with Hlatsos sister and gave her two ancient yuan. He then had an 
acia relationship with Nadgo, also from the same village, for about a 
year. Each time Gelo left to build a house, Nadgo gave him a sack of 
roasted-wheat flour. Nadgo died during a year of famine. Gelo then 
become an acia of her sister, Dashi. Several men were already visiting 
Dashi, and one of them was her dhu zi who only visited her a few times.
Then Gelo had a relationship that lasted for about one year with 
Iazon, one that lasted for several days with Wagwan Dema, one for one 
year with Chema, one for two days with her sister Dema, and one for 
two days with Poshi Dema. All of these women lived in his village. 
While working as a guardian in the Lamaist temple in Zebo, he had acia 
relationships that lasted anywhere from several days to a year. During 
this period, he was about thirty years old. He then established an 
open relationship with Dindgu, whose Tibetan partner had gone back to 
Tibet. This relationship, which produced two of Dindgus sons, lasted 
until her death. During their relationship, he would form new acia 
anytime he had the chance: he spent two nights with Tsie from Kaitci, 
at whose house he was working as a carpenter; he spent a week and a 
half with Dgema, who took the initiative while he was repairing the 
Lamaist room of Sonami. For more than a year, he was the acia of a 
serf owned by the aristocrat Chen bashi, whom he met while plowing the 
fields of her master. There were also two other serf women who took 
the initiative to be acia with him, one for several days and the other 
for just one night. Judgu, a girl from the same village, was his acia 
intermittently for about one year; and while he was working in the 
cornfields, he spent two nights with Duzhi from Zhebo.
One spring, while supervising the irrigation of his lignees 
fields, he spent a night with Gaozo. Tsiedgima, a woman from the 
Bukaeche lignee, came to his house to see relatives (through an 
adoption), and he spent four nights with her. He spent two nights with 
Nadgo, an aristocrat from Baozi, and he had an open relationship with 
Achen that lasted for approximately seven years (during that period, 
he also had liaisons with two open dhu mi), from which one daughter 
resulted.



-ղ 244ҳ918УײʯУʮ꣬
ȼͥɷũռʮܣּ⣬֮лǮʹ
áʯʮ𣬿ʼύŮעһΪ¶ҵʯ
ɳɳʶġɳʯ꣬˲еȣϵάִһꡣ
ʯ̫Զȥˡɳϲʯʯȥ߷ã
ʯ޸ʯʯԼﲻѣнãȢһ
ؼңȻвͣ鷳ܲ棬ϵжϡ˺
ʯύʱעݱ˵ڴͬĸŮ
ʱעʮʱͱŮ˳ڰעϵ
һӣϵһֱֵڡʯϳעڷҪʱֽ˲
ʱע֪ľʮ1961꣬ͬĸø齻ע
һŮ

 216ҳ  Dashi (a man who was fifty in 1963) ע
ʱΪ1963꣬©ߵĺβͣ from Gala was in charge of 
business affairs for his lignee, which before 1956 owned 10 dZia of 
land. The household was relatively well-off. He began his acia life 
when he was sixteen. His first acia was Shada from Gasa. They met each 
other when she stayed in his village for a few days. Their 
relationship lasted about one year. Eventually, he found that Shadas 
village was too far away for him to continue seeing her.
Since Shada loved him very much, she returned to ask him to 
continue their relationship after he stopped visiting her, and 
expressed her desire to cohabit with him. Dashi, however, felt that 
his ligee did not need another member, (ԭĵġﲻѡ
Ϊﲻȱ֡Ҳƽ) and because he had sisters, 
bringing a woman into the household would create discord and only 
cause problems for him. He therefore refused to see her again and had 
acia relationship with all sorts of women in his village and in the 
neighboring village who were about his age, he also had acia living in 
villages farther away: Lower Kaitci, Upper Kaitci, Naha, and so on. 
When he was twenty-three, he set up an open relationship with a Pumi 
woman who lived in his village and continued to see other women as 
usual when the opportunity arose. According to the villagers, he had 
had twelve acia. In 1961, he became acia with Nadgo, a woman who had 
the same genitor as he did.



-ղ 252ҳ2628У 3 ײʯУ
ɳ߸ɳʷУͬҰעôСӸ˼׷
ϡʯӵʷ׽סһ٣ˡ󾭰ɳͷ
ߴͷСӸ˼ԪǮҽҩѡ

 222ҳ 1. Dashi and Ishi were two young men, one from Jabu, 
the other from Ga-sa. One day, they went to Ragi to see the women. 
That night, seven boys from Ragi spotted them and began to chase them. 
Dashi, who was young, succeeded in escaping, but Ishi was caught and 
severely beaten. After this beating, Ishi filed a formal complaint 
with the chief of the village grouping (under the zhifus regime). 
The chief punished the boys from Ragi by making them pay for Ishis 
medical expenses and fining them 6 bankai.(̻ԭе6Ԫҽҩ
תķˣ)

߸

-ղ 252ҳ2123У 1˾һ𣬵
ɳȥҰעþͱɳߵСӸߣ˾˴˺Ͳȥˣ
ɳСӺ˾ƣԱע

 223ҳ 2. Getu and his uncle, both from Ragi, went to Gasa 
with the intention of visiting some women. A short while later, they 
were chased away by a group of local young men. After that, the uncle 
never returned, but Getu, because he invited the young men for a drink, 
was able to continue visiting his acia.

ڰ˸

-ղ 74 ҳ17У磬߸߸Уʮ꣩
ʱעˣڱ˼ƶӣ͸Ůעͺ١
һעǺڼŴͬһҹδڶעΪ
׶ϵһ꣬Ͷ뿪鲼һΪҿ
尢׳ͬҹ˫δĸΪҿ˴ľϵ꣬
δΪֱϵֱ꣬뿪
ΪľŮӹϵһ£ЬЬãʮ

 200ҳ 1. Gezo was a serf from a poor lignee. He had had 
six acia. The first was for only one night, and did not include a gift. 
The second lasted about a year. All in all, he gave this acia 3 bankai, 
and the girl gave him a pair of linen pants. He spent three nights 
with his third acia, and no gifts were exchanged. The same was true 
for his fourth acia relationship, which lasted six months. He gave 2 
bankai to his fifth acia, and this relationship also lasted about six 
months. To his last acia, whom he saw for one month, he gave thirty 
nails for her shoes.

ھŸ

-ղ 74 ҳ76УδεףУʮһ꣩Ҿ
Ƚϸԣʱעȫиʱעˡһ
ΪʯɳͬδڶΪҿ˴Ȼֱϵһ
£һΪҿ˴尢ֱͬӰ죬ͻһ
ֱ鲼һĸΪ밢ϵ죬͸
һЬӡȸһ˫鲼һΪĴʡǰ
ײɶϵ£Ьһ˫ɶ鲼һΪĴ
ĸϵһ°룬͸뿪7Ԫһ
Ϊ尢ϵһ£͸Ьһ˫ڰ˸Ϊƺ
ϵһ£Ͳһһ鲼һ


 201ҳ 2. Tsidi was from a relatively well-off lignee, and 
he gave gifts to almost all of his acia. To his first, whom he visited 
three nights in a row, he gave nothing. To the second one, whom he saw 
for about a month, he gave a scarf. He gave an embroidered scarf to 
the third woman, whom he saw for eight nights, and he received a pair 
of linen pants in return. He gave a jacket, a pair of shoes, and a 
pair of ribbons for lacing her legs to his fourth acia, whom he saw 
for one week. In refurn, she made him a pair of linen pants. To his 
fifth acia, whom he visited for about a month, ֪̻ʲôͰ
ԭеĶ¼ٵ1£he gave a pair of shoes, and she gave him 
a pair of linen pants. To the sixth one, whom he saw for one and a 
half months, he gave 5 pounds of butter and 7 bankai, and in return, 
he received a belt. To the seventh one, whom he saw for one month, he 
gave a pair of shoes. To the eighth one, whom he also saw for one month, 
he gave a jacket and a scarf, and she gave him a pair of linen pants.

ʮ

-ղ 76ҳ616У κһԸ֣Ȼʱ
 ΪȲңҲ㣬Ǹ˼
벻൱ձ飬ұΪġ

 202ҳ Either partner can break off the relationship at 
any time if he or she wishes to do so. Their custom states: You are 
not mine, and I dont belong to you. After you leave me, I will find 
another.

ʮһ

-ղ 67ҳ2968ҳ8Уʵ˹У33꣩
ڰעʱע˵ʮ꿪ʼҰעʱ
ˮϵӣһӵĸŮΪף
ҡһ죬ŮӴ壩˵Ҹעˣˣ
װ˵Ҵʮֲ꣬զע
˵ȥˡҺͲװͿһఢ
עǮûٶҪˡãҺһŮ
ɶúܺã塢˲ţҺ˰עҾ
ˮ´סǾصļдңҾ
סͲɶעҾҵӵĵطͦ㣬
еԺȣڴӦˣͬఢעںɶע
ڼ䣬ΪҾʵȵأ·һطֻҪϻᣬ
ҼʱעˣˣְעҾûʲôѡˣֻͼͬһ¾С
ȺҵİעУСˮɶˣһ£ʯˣ£
ҿ˴Ͱˣһҿ˴ͰͰ֮ãˣһ
ֱˣһ1957꣬ҴˮصʵͰˮǸ
עˡؼԺҵɲҿ˴尢һ
С꣬ϲͬ棬עҲϲΪ˲̫
ˣҲͼᣬˣһˣҲԣͬʱˣɲҲܶ
עֻý͡һŮ黹

 203ҳ204ҳ The following account by Lama (a 
thirty-three-year-old man from Zhongshi is a good example of these 
customs: I began my first acia relationship when I was fifteen. At 
that time, I was a serf in the zhifus residence on the island in 
Lake Lugu. Among the serfs, there were four women. Because I was very 
young, they often teased me. One day, Tsizo [one of the female serfs] 
said to me: Lima, would you like to have an acia to have a good time? 
Dgjaa thinks about you a lot! I answered: She is more than ten 
years older than I am. Besides, I dont know what to do to be her 
acia. Tsizo told me: All you have to do is join her at night.
In this way, I rashly became her acia for a little more than a year. 
Then she left me, because I was very poor and couldnt bring her any 
presents. A little while later, I secretly joined up with Tsie, 
another female serf. She was intelligent and pretty. Her house was on 
the lakeshore, facing the island. We often met each other at her house. 
After noticing our relationship, her mother was very nice to me and 
proposed that I move in with them. I thought it would make it easier 
to see her, since her house was so close to the zhifus residence, 
and besides, each time I went, I got something to eat, so I agreed. 
Our relationship lasted for about six years.
During that period, I frequently went back and forth between Loshu 
and Zhongshi. Each time I passed through a village, if the opportunity 
arose, I had a good time with other women. For this kind of encounter, 
I was not picky, I was only looking for someone to satisfy my desire 
of the moment: one month with Tsie in Little Loshu; three months with 
Eche in Dashi; one night with Gezo, Eches sister in Zhongke; and one 
night with Dgima in Yumi. I left Tsie from Loshu when I returned to 
Zhongshi.
After 1956, (̻˹ؼҵʱǰһ꣡) I worked in 
the cooperative with Sola. She is eight years younger than I am. She 
enjoyed having a good time with me and wanted to be my acia. But I 
didnt like her very much because she was not pretty. But since she 
was young, I accepted for the fun of it. Now, after the liberation[1956, 
the year of the Na regions succession to communism], as a cadre, I 
can no longer see a large number of acia at the same time, and I live 
from day to day with her. Our feelings about each other are lukewarm.

ʮ

-ղ 68ҳ3033У ʵ尢ʯŮ42꣩
Ϊ塰˲ų עĿŮӣ˽ܣ˲Ըϸ
䰢עָߴһҡעУ˾Ǯ˾
нɳܻͷͷظ𿨺Ͷصĺء
ˡ

 208ҳ 1. Dhashi (forty-three years old) ̻ƽ
˼ҳһ꣡was known in all of the surrounding villages for her 
great beauty. If I include only those whom her neighbors were able to 
recall, the number of her lovers was close to a hundred and include 
the zhifu, the mkan po, rich aristocrats, minor chiefs, peasants, 
serfs Han and Tibetan merchants, and Bai.

ʮ

-ղ 68 ҳ3338У ͬͰŮ38꣬1956
е飩˵ǡͷš޿ɷŮϵ˲ţݼ֪䰢ע
˽ƣİעһʮˣܵաλ÷
ְϵаעʮˡ˵İעһ˸Ϊӣ
ɽūʹͷաȺ˵ֻҪͰڼңÿŰݷ߾
ﲻ

 208ҳ  2. Gezo(thirty-eight years old)was considered a 
perfect beauty, from head to toe. The villagers believed that she had 
had more than 150 partners and claimed that when Gezo was at home, 
visitors never stopped showing up. Besides the Na villagers, she had 
even been with some Yi slave masters and peasants. 

ʮĸ

-ղ 77ҳ14У  5 ͬմУȻֱ
İעϵһʯУЦȻֱû
øһ°ɣ˵ֲҼҵˣ㿴ȥ
ʯȻֱͬҹմʯδ顣

 213ҳ214ҳ Sola has an acia relationship for three 
years with Dema, a woman from the village of Batci. One day, Dashi, 
another boy, spoke to Sola in a joking manner: Your acia Dema, she
s pretty cute. How about letting me have a good time with her!
Go ahead, if you want to. In any case, she doesnt belong to my 
Zidu.A short while later, Dashi spent two nights with Dema, and Sola 
knew about it but was indifferent.

ʮ

-ղ 68ҳ1422У ڼŴղŮ52꣩
߸עʱΪͬײɶɶϵʱʮ
꣬ɶʮɶҾȽϸԣ󣬵棬Ͷǿ
Ϊȡģɶ͸ʳҺʵ˹
ı΢ڲɶ£òָеԷ
Լȷи飬Ǿɶύעͬʱ
ܽעϵԲɶ˵̫ˣҼ
ĳԴ㹩ٲұעˡɶʮһʱ
նʮ꣬µһӸڶǵİעϵ۷׷ףΪ̸
Ϊʮһ

 221ҳ Dgama had had seven acia in her life. When she 
formed an acia relationship with Tsie, she was only seventeen years old, 
while he was fifty. Tsies lignee was relatively well-off, and he was 
very energetic. He often gave her grain, money, and other gifts. One 
day she said to him:You are very nice to me: almost all of my food 
and clothing come from you. From now on, I will not receive other men.
The year Tsie turned sixty-one, Dgama was twenty-eight and gave birth 
for the first time. Not without irony, the villagers nicknamed her son 
Sixty-one.

ʮ

-ղ 87ҳ1215У  11943꣬ҿ˴ʷ
У񣩵ʯŮע״߷ãôСӲΪʷ
δкύעĳҹʷڼ״ʱôʮ
ˣ뽫ʷߣʷ´Ͳˣ

 223ҳ3. An unannounced visit by Gelo to Dzjatso in Dashi 
provoked the anger of the villages young men. One night, when Gelo 
was chatting with Dzjatso, ten men entered without knocking and chased 
him away, warning:Next time, if you come back, we wont be so nice!

ʮ߸

-ղ 87ҳ1922У  21946ǰ󣬰ɶ
У߿¸עδкСӷ
һҹͬһʱСǰѷΧסŮӵͷ
ӽϣֽӵͷŮӽϣҴˡɶϴ󣬲ó
ʮԪ뿪СǴƺȣ˺󣬲ɶûܵơ

 223ҳ 4. Guma, a young man from the sipi stratum, went to 
see a woman in Zhoshi without any advanced warning to the men of the 
village. The men surrounded the house in the middle of the night while 
Guma was with the woman. They tied the feet of one of them to the head 
of the other and beat them. Guma realized that he had neglected the 
necessary protocol as far as the local men were concerned. The next 
day he brought 15 yuan and invited them for a drink. After this 
reconciliation, Guma was free to come and go as he pleased.

ʮ˴ԣ

-ղ 252 ҳ1320УĳЩУųص
ӽ뱾彻עҲסĳЩӣû
͸ôСϵҸŮעôСӳ֯
ԸʱЩ׽ס·ʱֽʹһ١ԭ򣬾˵
ҪҰעڲľסͳϰߣ
Ⱥ͸ôСӴкôҸŮעͲܸ棻û
кڱȥͰ˴ֻ֮ҪôСӺȣ
ϴ˻Ҵ˺ͿҸŮעˡ

 222ҳ In certain villages, through insults and violence, 
young men chase off a visitor who has come from far away and whose 
only tie to the village is the woman he wants. This phenomenon 
occurred with some frequency before 1960, mostly in DZyabu, Ga-sa, 
Hli-walo, Lalo, Aimilo,and Gala.
However, if the visitor made a friendly gesture in advance, a sign 
of respect to the men who lived in the womans village, he would be 
spared any trouble during his visit. After an argument or a fight, 
inviting the men for a drink was taken as a gesture of apology and a 
sign of respect and could reconcile everyone involved. The visitor 
could then recover his clothing, which would have been taken by force 
during the fight, and come back the next time without incident. 



໥յĸκζҲᱻ̻޼ɵض
еĵ鰸ԵΪе߿ߣǲ̻Щ
Ŷԭʼݵ۸ġǲ֪»֣߳ܶ

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֮޳֮ͽȴȻйĸߵѧڸѧ̳ⴵ
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𣿣

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ѧѧѧѧԺļ˵

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δԸԡѧѧѧѧԺļ˵Ūʵڿ
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ʵˣ˵ʲôôѧҵıҲͬ߼
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յġйѧԺԺʿ

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³񻹲ѧѧԺȫְڣҰй³
ѡΪȫЭίԱйѧԺԺʿǹҶ׿ԽѧˮƽΪ
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ЭίԱĺϷԣԺʿԺʿͶƱѡģ˵
ѵǶѧʶ֪Ժʿǵ

ģһ루ȻԸ

ڰУǰ廪ھʮУǰ˫˫衰һѧ
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ҲѧѧѧѧԺļ˵

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˲ûаʱ⹤Ǿͻشţأ߾ͻش˵ĳĳĳ
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ٳʲô֮㡱ǰѡ˾˲š
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й˶Ǯ

BIOS

Ժһ˵, ڱ½н1/3, 
Ǻ, ƺڵݺ.

֪, ڸУʦ붼Ҫּ֣ ʡȵȣ
űԺṩݣע⵽ʹ˽ʣҵ
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2090ĩر20057ýͲֵܵλ
վϳһЩѧѧѧԺյȼλԺʿۣЩ
ȫʵЩҪĳȨѧң
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1ѧѧѧԺС׷׿Խıƽ
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УǼֶԭ򣬲κȨ
ѹڹѵʱ,ڸĸ￪ŵĻУǵĽʦ̤
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ףԺɽνڶϵͳԭʼ»ùȻѧһȽ
ڡһǡеĹΪμ߻õĹȻѧһ
ԼԺʦڡۡ˹еܹܺ˾ıõȣ
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2ѧѧѧԺйѧˮƽάйѧŽ
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˲ųɳĽѧлעͷ˲ŵͬʱϾ
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ĹͬŬ£йѧҵؽ˷ѣõķչĸл
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˹١Ү³ʡڽֹԼУȫְУν̵Ĺ涨

˹ٴѧ
http://web.princeton.edu/sites/dof/publs/rpfac94/fchap4.htm#chap4k

7. A full-time Faculty member may not teach part-time or full-time on 
a continuing basis in another institution or hold a regular teaching 
post or assignment on a continuing basis on the Faculty of another 
institution. 

Ү³ѧ
http://www.yale.edu/provost/handbook/handbook_x__university_policies_concerni.html#T8

In addition to those instances of outside teaching that are discussed 
below, ladder faculty may not accept a concurrent ladder faculty 
appointment at another academic institution, even while on unpaid 
leave from Yale or the other institution.

ʡ
http://web.mit.edu/policies/4.3.html

Faculty who, as part of their external professional activities, engage 
in education and research activities that present a potential conflict 
of commitment, or who enter into formal or informal contracts or other 
arrangements to share work produced at MIT that could constrain their 
teaching and scholarly responsibilities, are expected to consult with 
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ߵУսҽ

dasdas8452

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һ ԹҩˣҽЧ֤

󲿷ּһԶƽϢ򡣱ʪԹؽףһֿ¶
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еӡοҩĶԡ

wy5858wy

еѵ۵㣨עҵ

1.ҩҩҩһĶãͬҩԴСͬѡ
νҩֶЦԶ˻ء

Ǻϡ˵ȫСҽҩĶԺͶ
̬ͬȺͷҽͨѧѧȿѧֶγֵ˽
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ЩкĳɷݣЩкɷĻģҽԴ
йожҽ鷽ȷ˶ãһ䡰ҩֶ
ˣ

2.ҩеĿضĶСʲô֮ģȥ
ʱ䳤˿¶ˡ

෱࣬ûͬԶĸ˾п˾غ
׶Ļùء̼ùص˵󣬲ױաй
졢޲þͺСִҽѧѵʶʹù
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ù׿صʹ൱Ľýȥʱ
߼Ĵʵò⣬ýȥϵСʱ
ɣԡɣõġáж󣿡

3.ǰҩȻҲһĸãԹŴҽʹҩʱ
вֹȽִҽǡͬǳǿһ㡣

ҩȻҲһĸá˵޵޷Ҳ޷
ĸãûΣʹú鷽ʱкֶãЩ
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4.ʲô֢ʲôҩҽҽġˣû±ҳҩ

û˵һǾë˭ûºúõҩ棿

5.˶ҩʶкܶ󿴷֧ҽˡ
Ϊҩͻʲôǿ塢ȵãʵǸ˽ҽ
ҩһЩʿ֮߰Ŀ
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ҩ
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֮ء˵֮Ҳʲôҽеɫִҽѧ
ѧӪѧҽѧѧȷ֧ѧά˵ĽоҲԶԶ
ߵйͳѧǰͷһ㣬ֻҪִҽѧûƹ
֮Ĺңǹڹ˾ͽָͳϾȫ
֤

6.ҩ⡣Ҫһ㣬ЩҩĶÿɵġ
ҩ֡Ƶȷ͹̱ȷͿܴ鷳
ҩ̱밴һĹ涨һ

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ͬƵķҲͬͷʹͬһλˣͬġ֢
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ҽĸߵȽȨ

:

ɵĽ, йطϳҽĺ, ҽǷαѧ
漤. гĽ, ǺҽĸߵȽȨ, 
ʵִҽѧת.

1 ҽԺУԺϵѧ, ̲ıд. ʵн̲
. Լҽݵ޳.

2 . רҵı. ʹִҽѧרҵ
.

3 ѧרҵת. ѧרҵ, УڻͬѧУ
רҵ. ԱѧѧҽȤΪҽľĹ.

4 ҽУִҽѧĽѧ.

5 ҽУִҽѧרҵ.

ccemd
Ϻͨѧ2004ʿ
email: ccemd@163.com

(XYS20060923)

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뿴пԺڴ



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