                         ˿µϣ20061107գ

06.11.07, 꽭񵼱Իҽ⣨δɾڰ棩
06.11.07, 塶ʱܿް桷ѧΪ޿ѧʯ
06.11.07, ֣ȡԡװáйҽѧѧԺһƪģĴ𸴡
06.11.07, ݡCanadaluϾѧӺнƸԺݡĴ𸴡
06.11.07, Ρٹ⡷
06.11.07, ³Ѹûĺӡ
06.11.07, JFFƼҪᶨƵȺ·ߡ
06.11.07, ѧ٣Ҵ򣬲Ĵ
06.11.07, ҡͣ¡
06.11.07, ĩ·ҽĿѧԾǡ桱
06.11.07, BrookεıԹ
06.11.07, ŻݡȰҽӦȡĽѵ
06.11.07, choiceϳҽǷϳͳĻ
06.11.07, 桶ҵҽ
06.11.07, 塶

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

꽭񵼱Իҽ⣨δɾڰ棩

ʵϰ ֣Ө  쿡

2006112ͨʼɷã7ڱֽϷʱɾڣδ
ɾڰ棩

ʣϹҽ۵±Ϊתأϵۡν
ҽⱾһѽ⡣Լûϵͳѧϰҽ
ôеĶΪʲôҽҽҪʲô

Ҳ֪˵ġûϵͳѧϰҽʲô˼ָû
ҽѧԺ飬ҽѧͽȻġⲢҶ
ҽ˽⣬Щ˵ҽҶҽ˽Ҫȴ
ҽ֧߶࣬ڶʷĻȤеҪٻҽ
ҽҽ̸֪֮ҽô£˽
ۻ˼뷽ˮҲûбҪȥϵͳѧϰˮ
ɣ

ҽĹŴҽѧһǸӻ⣬ѧѧ
šҽݡпѧ֮ǰγɵһϵ
ѧûʲôϵ˷ҪϿѧıǩǾαѧ
ҪСอ硢ѪҺ˸١֤ʩΡ

ʣΪĽ룬ʹúܶ±תغɾģڶ
أ򵥵˽˶ҽĹ۵㣬ܼ򵥵Ĳһ

ȣҽϵǿѧִѧ˼롢ۡϵ
룬Ӧó׵ط񶨡

ΣҩĵҽƷһЩƾ飬ֵھ򣬵Ҫ
ִҽѧЧԺͰȫԡ

ٴΣҽеЧɷֿԱִҽѧգΪִҽѧһ֡
ҽִҽѧȫͬϵǲ໥ϵġҪ
ûִ߽ҽѧƵͬʱǹҩҩ
ҩɷֵġҽϡ

ڵǰΪȵģǷԡҩûиáҪҩ˵
ر֪Ķáڶò򶾸ùҩ
ٲΪǴҩۡ

ʣУڴұȽϹעǡҽҩۡ˵ҽ
ۺܶǽھѧĻ֮ϣӦôô
ҽнǸ壬ֿۣͨ
ΪǿеҲαѧ

ҽĹŴҽѧһʡûо
ʶȻֻͳؽ壬һġۣӦ÷񶨡
෴أִҽѧҲ壬һֽڶԽʡľʶϵ
壬ǿѧۡ

νߡִҽѧĸҽ֪ʲôߡ
ִҽѧĸΪԼҽߡһ֪
ִֻֿͨҽѧ
ͨȷһ㡣

ǿСһֿѧۣһ˼룬ִҽѧͬǿ
ҪǿСܹ˵߽֡ҽʹ
˼룬һҲ

ʣڡҩΪжһֿʳõĲǷҩı׼ʲô
ҩʳĵıһЩʳҲܺ΢ؽ²أ
һЩҩըҲԳΪζմҩҪôأ

ʳҩǺģʳǸṩӪءά
ܵģ÷Χһ㲻иãҩʧ
ܵģʹ÷ΧҲиáʳİȫ׼Ҫҩ
ߡǹڶʳļѾһױ׼ʳе΢ؽ
ʺ˹ұ׼ǲӦۡʹõġҽȫʳҩ
Ϊһ̸һΪеʳﶼҩԡҩһְҩﵱʳ
ԡҪģЩҽҽԺҩʹõҩҪҩ
ݵʳԣ˵ɣȻΪΣգҲֻ
Ҹ档

ʣһ濴ҩҽҽ۱
αѧվסŵģôҩ֮ܳΪҩҩôǳԵ
νҩͱһϻʳƷôǲǾͲڡҩҪ
ʳأôôʳأ

ֻҪǱβĶͶԳ֮ΪҩǷβʲ
ôһ¡⣬һҩЧھģҽ
޹أȻҽվסţҲеҩЧġʳ
ҩʳҩͬĲδܡ壬Ϊδ֪
Ķãܶк

ʣ˵98ʱͷҽ£ôǴʲôʱʼ
עҽģһʲôĻԵʼһ˼
ǧۣ

ڸʱĶһЩѧҽѧĿ֮󣬾Ͳҽˡ
ԺϵﻯѧʿȻҽԲ
ܵĿѧҽѧרҵѵ

ʣΪҽѧôй֮ǰҪΪ
ùĻŲأ

𣺿ѧĻһ¡ҽûпѧֵĻֵٿ
֪ôҩģְ֧ҽĻŲͽ
ݱ

ʣǿ˵ҽھôûϵͳ
ѧϰҽͬʱһЩصİΪҩж
жҽʦαѧģôĳ̶ֳ˵Ҳ˾Ĵأ
ΪʵҲûⷽȫĵʵ鲻

ֻǽҩ첿šרҵҽѧоԱĵ顢ʵ
оҸ˵ľ飬ҲûбҪұȥⷽоҲ
ΪҩжԶ϶ҽαѧֻ˵ҩж
ҽֵܷģֻвִҽѧķп֪

ʣǿ˶⳴Լʱ98ʱ
ѷҽ뷨Ϊظô
ǶϵسƽýӦڷĹ۵
ģôϲΪԼģץסһأ

ҵѾˣûбҪٿҽԼʵϣ
ھ󲿷й˶ҽкܶҽҩϵ
ҽúܶ˽ܲˣǰһЩ֧߶ңýϡ϶ҵĹ
áǵأҽʵҵġ󡱣
Լġ󡱣ȥֳֺáһ˵¡Ƕ
ҽһģ1998ûмϹȥҲڡй걨
Ƽ淢һЩй¡ǰҽҪں⣬
ѧԱΪڹںܶѧҲø˹ע£
¡ҲԸѧ١αѧãøܹΪ
Ҷҽ

ʣڿĻźֲɷ˼λҽҩѧϽڣҽָ
ҽϣ⣺ȣѧҽͬ
ĲΪҽڿѧ簣ĽҲ
пѧ֪ʶܽ͵ģǲܷ档

ҽѧһſѧòѧĶβĻ
Ҳ˵ҽҲпѧ֪ʶܽ͵ģǲܷ
أ⣬ûʲôпѧ֪ʶܽ͵ģҺǰдһ
ƪ²˵

ʣڶд͵⡣ҽԴҽۡҽʦ
ƵȺܶ෽塣ѡ˽䶨ɰѧѧš
ҽȵĴӻ⡣㣬кλӦ

ǲǶ壬ָҽʡҪҽһ壬ܼ
ǺŴҽϵ

ʣ⣬ҽ֧ΪҽӦ֢ҩֻҪ֢ʧ
˵еϾͽдһ˵ҽҲ
ⷽ淢չƣв˿ԣѡֹȵҩ˵Ϊʲ
ôԵ⣬ôĳ̶ֳ˵ҽոշչҽĳ̶ȡͬ
˵

˵ҽ֧߸Ͳִҽѧִҽѧעҳ
Գ׵ƣ򵥵֢״Ϊ´󼪡ֻ֢״β
ûаѲκãʱǺΣյģڸ˲顢ơʱ
ΪȻ֪Ŀǰûа취򣬲Ųֻ֢
״

ʣôҽԽԽȣѡҽ

Ǹα⡣ҽ֧߶ϣҽĿǰΣ֮У
ҽԺִҽѧΪԽԽٵѡֻҽ

(XYS20061107)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ʱܿް桷ѧΪ޿ѧʯ

: 

ʱܿް桷Time Asia Magazine20061023շ
һƪҪķ£ΪAsia's Great Science Experiment(޵
ΰĿѧ顱) 
(http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501061030/story.html)Ϊ
˲š׳־ʹʽӿ룬޵,й޵ġС
㡯¼£ڲԶĽ쵼ȫµĿѧǣھ÷
ٷչǶԿѧչٶȺͶĿɼ׵Ĺ޿ѧ
ѧоԵЩѧѾΪһֺձ
ҳΪ谭ⳡѧʯ

ƪɺϡȳࣨHannah Beech׫дȻع޹ڹҵ
ǰȡõĻԻͿѧɾֽͣš̡ҩ֡㡯ĵ
ءչǧ굱УûĸȻ
йڵ10ͷҩδܽһֺľ޴ɱ
19ЩԭйĻҩڣΪֺ͵
ʱޣйӡȺǹҵͳǿʼչأ
ѧ˼ȡڽʱҲ˵ĹŪڿѧչ
ĲʼҡڿѧϿʼѡ
ĿƼµ֪ʶ㷺Ӧõ򣬽һΰĹҵȡ
ĿĿѧɾ͡60ʼ̫վǽƼ
ǵ ʹĳ̶ֳѾˡȽƼĴʡ
ŷ޺ͺϵձⳡѧһȡ÷˶ľ
óɹ

žõĿٷչ޹Ŭʧȥļʱ䡣
Ѳ޾ʥװƷ۵ĵԲΪʵֿѧ
޹ҵʷǰڿѧоͶ
ʽ磬1995200510䣬йڿѧо뿪(R&D)
Ͷռֵıʹ0.6%ӵ1.3%һй
2·ʽ20105ʱڣÿо뿪
294Ԫ ЩʽҪͶЩܹԶúЧ
ѧڣһʽ𻹽Ӧ֧˿Ƽо򹤳̺
׼ЩǮҲ֧Щԭչ˳ļ˿Ƽ⣬
ϸоũƷȡϺзʽ199498Ԫ
2004194Ԫͬʱо뿪ϵͶ
ûʲôߣЩʽͶ롣ڹȥ30ʱ
ڻѧ͹ѧоľ٣ռ
ֵı20030.05%

ھ޴ʽͶ֧£һḻѵصĿѧо
ԱһޡԴ80ǲѧй20
ѧԱصǵд󲿷ֶпѧѧλƼķչΪ޾
ôܴƶĹҿƼݣȫĸ߿Ƽ
ڷݶѴ19807%200125%ͬ31%½18%
޹ҵĿƼķռȫݶҲ199016%2004
25%дߡ

ȥոȥѧҡŵ¡˹(Richard 
Smalley)Ԥ⣬2010ʱ90%ϵӵPhD(ʿѧλ)ĿѧҺ
ʦޡʵϣĿǰȫ78%ڿѧ͹̿ѧPhDѧλ
Ĺȡãȡòʿѧλ1/3Ŀѧһ뿪 ر
עĿǣ޹ΪĿѧΪصعΪ
Щδо޴Ĵ췢ӡ˹𡤿(Sri Kumar)ȥ
մ֥Ӹصӡȵİ޶һƼͶ
(Biotech venture-capital fund)˵ֻҪЩʵǿ
Ĵҵͻ֣ᷢһϵԱˡڣЩ˿ʼؼˡ
Щ˲źܵѵһµĿƼ
ĸУԼоУԱռ81%ϡ

ǿž޶зʽͶ룬޹ȡһĿ
Ƽɹڹȥ5ʱйĹѧڴסϡԼĻ
еоȡõĳɹҲѾձͬС
ȫ750ҴͿҵУѾй˲Ʒзģ
Щзһ㶼ɻĹԱ֡ЩзѾȡ
ĿƼͻƣа΢˾ĦֻͼƬ
ݴͼ

¼Ҳʾ¼2000껮һΪ200أ
˾¼¿ѧ԰(Biopolis)ϣԴٽĿѧչ
缶Ŀѧ﹤أһЩĿԱ
ˣЩԴ˱л̬ȵˡ¼ѾһЩ綥
ĿѧңаŵҽѧߡŴѧϤᡤ
(Sydney Brenner)ԼоԺ֢оٴо±ʿ 
(Edison Liu)¼»оԺԺ(David Lane)
Ӣ֢оĴͷˣڰо2004Ӣ
ص(Dundee)ѧְ¼£Ŀǰ¼·Ӽϸ
ѧоԺԺ˵Ŷӵ(People are 
queuing up to come here now).

ڹȥ3ʱ¼԰ͽһģӴ
ѧоģ54רƷﵮаͿҩ۾
Ϳټ⡰ǵ䡱豸·ݣƼ԰Ѿʽ
ʹã7ҽѧоģͬʱ5000ѧ
ָӵĿѧо䱸˸µĸ߿Ƽ豸Լרʵ
ڵµļʩڣ¼ڸ԰ϸ⣬Ӧ
ư֢򲡵ȸּ¼ǲ˴Լ500Լ
ѧȥѧλ(Ҫǲʿѧλ)ΪÿλѧṩԼ38Ԫ
ֻ440˿ڵĹ˵ԼĿƼ˲Ѿ
ѧչҪ

޹ҿѧչһҪƶҵҵҵ
(Outsourcing)ӡȣÿڶһµƼջ
ӡ˵һܺõĿѧչԣ
ʽԼһıѧҡӡҵҩٴ
Щ˾ӡʵ͸׵ٴо
ӦԼĿлأӡŮ׸ٿ(Biocon)˾ܲ
÷Ф(Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw)˵˵ٽѧµ
;ѰҺʵĺ顣ٿƿڷȵȡشĳɾͣ
˾кԼһо뿪
KauffmanһΪ˽ԼзɱйҵѾ
ƻзʩʽתɱ͵޹ңҪйӡȡ

ҲָȻ޹ҵĿѧչֵǳޣȻ
ǸоôǾDr. Hwang ϺĻ2004
һµĿ¡̥ϸļʱ򣬲ӢȻ
Nature־ϷСоɹʱΪ޿ѧ
ĹҸľ޴ҫҲɾ޴ѹʵ֤
ѧٵĴͷˡѧٵĳʹ޿ѧҲеߡ
ĳźصΪѸ޵Ŀѧв޿ѧչ
˵ƵĴѧٽ谭ƼķչԸո
Ŀѧ˳Ĵ 

һӵ¹صйоĸ߼׿ѧLu Ke˵
ѧԵЩȻȡȻѧĳɾ͡Ҫ
ɼһһزϸذտѧΪ
޿ѧðΥĵ·磬37ְϺͨ
ѧĳ½ʹƭйαѷԼ֪ʶȨļоƬ
һпԺԺʿ180йѧҵĵ飬60%˳
ѧڿϷԼģͬ˳ԼϮ(had cribbed)
˵оɹһҹ֮ɰ̵йÿ춼ڷ
ԿѧͿѧҵòʵʡ

һ棬ڶ֪ʶȨıѧչʥ޹
ܵʴƻһѧ֪Լоɹһҵ
ͻᱻ(ripped off)˭ֲиڻѧ
оأ2004꣬׿ѧLiuһֿΪ϶һ㳬ǿͭ
Ļǣܿ޿κεطֵĻѾгϳ֡ԣ
ΪȫƶƼķչ߿Ƽǿĵ·йһνϳ·Ҫߡ

(XYS20061107)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ԡװáйҽѧѧԺһƪģ(XYS20061030)Ĵ

Ϊμѧ飬ٸΪǸǶʮʮŵĻظ

ͼ3A
ԼAAV-TRAILAAV-ISN-Tװ鲡
оWPREУ̡ת¼Ԫ鲡AAV-EGFP
ʵң߽öղAAV-EGFPȾϸСʹRT-PCR
ⲻWPRE,ͼ3AʾAAV-EGFPȾĶθ֯вⲻWPRE
Ľȷġ

ʵϣڱĵУһλרҲᵽ⣬
߾һʵ֤ʵAAV-EGFPвⲻWPREıݴ˻ش˸
רҵ⣬õרҵϿɡ 

⣬ߺͱʵҵоԱδAAV鲡Ⱦ
Соδ⵽WPREı

ͼ5B
ͼ5BղAAV-EGFPȾϸֻcaspase-3
caspase-8, ʵ鲡AAV-ISN-TȾϸ˱
caspase-3caspase-8⣬caspase-3caspase-8СƬδڣ
caspaseļ¡ 

ĸоԭʼ¼ͼ5Bʵʵ֤ʵ
ҵоԱҲظһȷԺظԾ壬ͼ5B
Ҳᵽġ180ȷת⡣ 

⣬ĹAAV-TRAILҩЧѧоίоٴǰҩѧ
ʵҽ֤ÿ϶ġȱĽŷԽ

ٴθлԱĵĹĺȤ

֣
2006117

Hepatology200542(6):1355-63.
Oral adeno-associated virus-sTRAIL gene therapy suppresses human hepatocellular 
carcinoma growth in mice

(XYS20061107)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

CanadaluϾѧӺнƸԺݡ(XYS20061105)Ĵ

Dear Dr. Fang:

쿪ʼ, ڶѴظ, һƪҺϾ
ѧ. ȥվһ, Canadalu д²ʧʵҶϴҲ
ƽ.  ебҪվʵĳ, Э, .

1.	йTitle:

㰴Canadaluṩַ: 


(http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cucssa/new_design/news_and_events/headline
/JWBio.htm)

ļ, Ҳװ׵д: "ƸΪϾѧҽѧ
ԺԺڸתResearch Scientist." ڸTakeϴְ
λĽְ仯, κ, ʹҺϴ뽯Уͨ. 
Canadaluṩַϵļȫ:

(JIE WANG, M. D., Ph.D) 

	һŰ½ŦԼҽѧԺ, һžҵʿѧλ. һ
žһһžȺſ˴ѧ͹ѧʿѵо. 
һžʮױǴѧҽѧԺѭ˥(ֲ)
͸. һžŶѧо. һž
оԺ(NIH)о. ƸΪϾѧҽѧԺԺ
תResearch Scientist. Associate Director, 
The Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular 
Research Foundation. ΪѧԱ, ѧԱ. Ҫ
Ѫҩҽео. Ѫҩо, , 
Ѫܼر˥ߺ͹״ĳо. ͬʱҽ
еرҸã˹ࣩͶƹĲ˥ҽ
ежо顣Ϊҩ﹫˾еҩĿι
. ѷרҵ, ժҪһƪ. ͬʱ, ӢձȨ
רҵ.Start-upҽе˾. һžŶ
ѧ뼼, žһҽԺϾѧ, 
Ͼҽƴѧ,ӱҽƴѧ,۽ѧȵȡƸΪӱҽƴѧ, 
Ͼѧ. 䱾˵ʵƽÿѵ1-2½ѧ, 
һžһžιGeneTech Biomedical IncĶ»Ա.й
½ɹƲҵ﹤ҩͻѧҩ, ۺ
ļԪͶй½ĺҵ.＼˾ֹһ
. һž걻йҿίƸΪҩίԱᡱί
ԱһžһžŰΪҪԱ֮һ벢ٳҩε衱
͡ƬFDA걨(IND)

Ҫָ, ڸ"Division of Cardiology", Ψһ
"Research Scientist", ҲԴCanadaluṩַϿ. һְڸ
ҽѧԺҽѧϵ൱õ, һ㶼ǴӽΪָԭϵ
涨ٴѧתε. κһȤʱ˶ȥ
ҵֺ͡Columbia Universityȥgoogleһ, Կҵ
Scientific credential. 

2.	ϴı

ϴδùн, ֪ н ֮˵Ӻζ. 

3.	Ż š

ҵϴҽѧԺ2004, Ӧò. ѴȥԺְλ, 
 ڱ4Ч. ҵʱη, һҵ˽ֻҪй
ϵĵλʵŶû鼴; ǼȻѴְ, ۴.

վĹǺ. Ҳϣܹһ֧Ŭ, 
ͬʱṩ׼ȷϢ.

Best regards!



(XYS20061107)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ٹ



ллٹ˿XYS20061106ִ
µĻӦȻ˺ĻӦоԸɣ
ҲһۿûиֵĲ𣬽һࡱ
ҶԺӦһĵӦ

ӦĵһǡԼ˵ 

ԼκζԻҪԼͻ̡˵
ģһʱųزߡӤȵȣ˵Ǹһ
ʱųֲˡմߵȵȣԴ˵ˡŲ˵ͬĵ
˵ԡʱָʱָ֣ԺΪࡣ
дĶѧý塱ѧҡ
ͨ˵ΪҵݽӴڴ⣬رڿʼԼ
ָǺġĻģйҪ֡
һԼһ˺뺺ֵֻܸеΡʵԼ
̵ҲʹáӢѧҡ
ķչһ࣬ʰǣҲģĵģ
ԼҲڲ롰ԼµĹأôԽú
֣ӦǡġɣͬǲǱ˵ˣ

ҾãǺΪԼ⿪ѡһʲôҪԼ
һʱ޷ҵһʵĴĳʱҪĳһ
ҪĸʱҪԼԼͨҪ
һֳɵġ֡ʣãȴû
£ѡԼΪ֡²Լ룬ʵǣ
ݽʱûʶͬĸҲûġԼ
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http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1259362182

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˵һоѧԽߵѡ񲹳ҽѧҽѧ
ԽǿҲ֪˭˭ĵ顣ͼķ
оߵı棬кܿܳ䣺һоѧ
Խߵɽ۲ش۵Խǿ֤ݵĻ
ô˵ģ
http://www.csicop.org/si/9607/china.html
http://www.csicop.org/si/9609/china.html
http://www.csicop.org/si/2001-01/medicine-wars.html
http://www.csicop.org/si/2001-11/alternative.html

ִҽѧΪҽǺܳ˵ñȷѧĻϲִѧ
ΪѧȻɶʥ͵ΰѧ˼룬ǲǶ
飿ΪνҽִҽѧǶҽĲӣִҽѧ
ϵϵͨʵҽǰѧʱԺǿĻ
ִҽѧĻʯִѧ֮ϣȻѧһص㼴ܽ
ȻɾԡڵϳҲڱ塣
ϵĵڷĳ䷢µĿѧĸ壬֤
һѧλƤѧǰȥһ̽Ƕ
ѧûɶϵǴαѧ²ĵϹһͨ弸αѧϿ
ʹҳӰ衣ѧҺͣ˵⽲ĺѧԲϰƭ
˳ӦͶˣ˵ѧ͵˵Ĳһ£
ô룿Ȼ˵Ϊ˵ѧ͸ú͵˲һ
ˣ׽ˡܲΪǶ츳ṹ
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ֵôҽȻǻˣʷϿķѪƷ
ʹʯƷкĤ֮Ķ㡣ִҽѧΪҽǲҽѧͿ
ѧʷı֡粻۵ļһ˵ʲôǺӱһд
ġʲôҽϸĿɲμ٤ɵġαѧ֡
е½ڣרŽδѧͳҽ

˵о۱˵ѧҲ񻰣ŵ
ȫûа취֮ĹϵʰĻ
߽Ϊ֪ƼȥĨɷѧѧڽ̵Ƿ
߹õַȸѧȡ˵ѧʵ͹Ŵ˵´
дһĻϵͳȻϸһʺ裬
Ȼѧһ׾ӵĻϵͳǡȫûа취
֮Ĺϵȫûа취ϣͬ˵
ͬ־Էǰٵѧѧϵվǵо
֪ѧǲáġһ㶼ûеġ˵ѧе
⣬ôԲѯӢоѧphilosophy of mindѧ
˵ЩʲôЩѧûжѧѧѧ
ѧרҵоףǲ⿪ǻ߼ġάٿȫ
һĽִͣ۲д̫ˡ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-body_problem

ԭΪѧ̫ں۶ϵαԶѧǰ㽲ɼԡ
ºܳһʱҶѧ׾֣֮ȴαֱ֮
صóΪʦҲʶԼ
Եĵ͹ȷʵαѧҡɽ͡¾Ȼ
ӵܣǿֹ۾ĸλ˲֮ཫΪزģ
ʱҲպϡսʦôҲֲ
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ϣҺΪһ֮Ҫȥ֤һѧ룬ѧ
ʦ۲ţҲ֤ɫ˭С
˵人˾Ԧļյ˳뻯ľ磬ȻF1·
δռ人ʦǶٱˡǿˣ
Ĺ˾ǣܰոعȥͬ
˶ף˭ףҪôǲȫҪôǳʦ

ЩáļһΪռ˵Ƹߵ㣬ʵǰԼ
СĽɫרҵʷоߣһ˵Ҫͷӱƴ
йͳĻ˽⣬ܵĽȡ衣˻֪߳ܵĻ
ԼĸŸҼ档ҵǳ⣬ôʦ
ӵ˼жʵʹϵʵ֤֪ʶεˣľ
Ҳᵱɴ˵еŵʥۣĲܷסˡѧĳ
һ͵ľФ˵ҽԸΪ˱ͺгҩ
ҩʲ£Ĺ̸䣬ѳαα
ҩжкһ嵥С˱ͺгԸΪţ

ѧⶫǳάظ˹̹˵ԼҪľͨ
Է֤ǵѧζѧĺ˵ƽ
νѧȷʵбҪԱӡļǿѧǲ֮
·άάظ˹̹Ludwig WittgensteinգKarl
Popperķס˹Imre LakatosءGilbert
RyleɶѷŵNelson Goodman¡Willard Van
Orman Quine˹ءڸErnest NagalԼ޶˹John
Rawls޲ءŵˣRobert Nozickάķ˹ʣDavid
ArmstrongϣϣHilary Putnam˹ڸThomas
NagelԼJohn Searleɵ¡άɭDanold Davidson
أDaniel DennettЩķѧԷǷĲ̽
߼Թĵ·˼ʵ̱˭ҪΪѧ
̸úŪ꣬ǣ˭϶ѧѧе̩ɽ
ѣֻأһⶼӭж⣬ǿѧĿѧǡ

Ϊӡһʮڷܲм顢˵滰ˡҶ䡰ʾ
塱ĳܻǴĺϧܵͬڶʵ
жĲٹ۵ǺܺͿģʱģǷǵı߽硣
˵Ȼѧǰ˭ûȨָ˵Ĺ۵ͼ裬Ǻͯ
ǿѧ̬ȣΪѧʿӦòȡִ
Ե̬ȥйͳĻľ衣ǴĻơз۵
ȨӾûָȨϣκһѧʶ
̸ʱӦαⲻɵȨҲʹҷ
Ϊ̫߸ķ֣ǿ鳬ɣʹ
˸е飬ĸĲʵ飬ȴСʧ
֮𡣳ӴΪѧ̬ȵԣ֪ǲĬϵ
ͳĶνйͳĻľ裬ҾӦ
ӡʷ顢ѧġ伮ȥҡĳЩҽ
йŴĻһ֧û飬ųɹҲʧΪԴϲƹⲻ
۵ص㣬ǵҽۺ޿ѧԣʵڸִ
ҽѧִҽӦҽϵͳ޳

ѧȷʵûͳһҲܳ䵱ҽԽ۵ı
Ǽۺѧ֮һԳŪѧķš
˭ҪôûûεسԼĶѧǺúÿ
Щ

RiemannΡηȤģRiemannΣСΣӳգ
HodgeۡԱʾ۸ȤģLieȺʾˣΡ
˸Ȥģ΢ˣˣMorseۣʾۣLieȺ
ʾۣChern-Weilۣȱָͬۡ۸Ȥģ
ˣۣChern-WeilָۣۡԿɻϵͳȤģRiemann
, ,ΣԲԶϵͳȤģΣMorseۡ
ԸΡΡ۸ȤģRiemann棬Σαۣ
棬ˣۣChern-WeilָۣۣԲģʽ
LieȺʾԳ۸Ȥģȫ

ûЩѧףͲҪ˵£ѧҶûƵġ

ܻΪִѧԼо˵Ķִ̣м
Ⱥ֢ɡִҽѧҽѧľܳǽڳ֤ݻϵĿѧΪ
޷ظ߸޷ƵЧ⵽ִܻ
ҽѧĲǣо˵ˣơǷȷѵ
˵˲𣿡鿽ʣʵǺͿҽ֮
ǹĴ£˭˭Ǳ˵ĴȲڼҵ̨

ܻ˵йѧѲˣ
ʹʶ̬еѧζ
ֱũһҶԽĿǸС˵ġûʲô
ѧѧ˵仰עǷô˵йҽ
Ѳˣʹʶ̬
ҽ̡ζֱ桯⡣Ҷ
Щ絳ĵѧķϻرмҪ۱磬ݣЩɻѽ
ǸȱѧˣȻĳЩҽߵ˷ܵ㣬㲻
Щ˵Ϊҽǲǿѧ϶ǿѧǷҽϵ
ͳȡҽǷѧΪôΪġҽǿѧ
ôóؿѧӣΪǸ󿪺˽кã̫
ˣ

ӳܻĴǿǸº͵ˣϧͿºҲɰ
ҿ˻ұеҽƣҼǵҽ
ʶĽǶϣǳԽִνִҽѧѧ۵ģ
ȻڲȫҲԶ޷ۣνѧ
ǧҽɾǲͬնģеҽġ桱
Ҳʾʲô˼ƣԷҽ˵ûǸ
ĵˡһԵʵǣִҽѧཡ̶ȴƣ
ӤʣʷϵĲ缲ҵΪǹ
õ滷Դֻһεġǧҽɾǲ
ͬն״ˡһϴСѵ·
ѧŵ㣡ҽڳȴɾΪǶִҽѧѧ
۵ĳԽţǿϤ߽Ϊҽܸӽԭ
ֳֻԽ޷ҽѧֵװ汾ġȥ
ѣǲʶĳЩ˵ģΪڽܸ̿ӽ
ԭֳֻԽ޷ִѧֵװ汾ġȥ
ѣԭˡǲǺѧ˭Ϊѧֵ
ʹˡνг桢ԭܶǸ̨
ѧ߼ȥ塢ԵĻãԶݵʮ
ĩ岼׸Gottlob FregeĹ1903ΡĦGeorge
MooreͲأBertrand Russell˶Կ͹ΨУ
ֵάҲѧɺţѧɣ߼ѧңԼʮ
ʼγɵķѧһʹѧڿ㣵Ķ
ĶΪϽ׿гЧ̽߼Ū̸ѧ
еС޹أشòƱݣʵС

˵ѧй˹硱ⲻǿѧĴǡǡǷѧ
ʿҽͽԵ˼ҵʵ˵ǻ
ûзּ鷽ķȻУܲɸֵЧãʵֶ¼
ЧԤ⣬òԵľʵʩ裬Ǻ÷ı־Ҳ1945
716״κĳɹˣμʶѧ
ִеҪáڴҲΪѧǴӴ˱ħĲ
磬̸ֻԵʵǾ֤ѧҶûƵ
ȷġ磬ͬвͬļ⣬ʶڽ̡ѧԼ
ѧʵظ磬͵пյ
ִĴɹֻԶڻС˵ҵıУ
С

ԡʱͿռ䶼Եġһ˵Ƴ硣ѧ
̵Ը۵Ҫ㣬˭Ҫֻһλѧ
ʦҲ⡣۱ʱͿռ¼ġ
ΪһȷѧʽѧۣҪȷ任е
غȷĹϵϵͳе巢ǵײ
еǲغģϵͳ˶ӵУײǰ
غġ˵ӱ״»еܶǲ
ģ⻰塣Ƶģ̺ʱչ۽ʾά
ռxyzһʱictiţcеĹ
٣ɿɷ˹ռУάλʸģx^2+y^2+z^2-(ct)^2ǳͨ
άռһάʱֻɿɷ˹ϵϵͶӰϵ任ʱ
ǶάλʸΨһȷĳһ¼ʱλã¼Ŀʱ
Ҳһȷܹͬɿɷ˹ռеһάʸ
Ц˻˵вͬΪǿ˵ʵûҪԼ
ۡ

ǺѧִҽѧѧӦòȺ۾ж
ҽЧЧԱֹ۵Ŀ϶̬ȡȤĿԲμCSICOPվ̸
ҽѧ¡ҽǷӦţϱǷʸţⶼ
ͶƱķʽȥᡣҽĿѧԣִֻҽѧרȥΪǲ
ϵͳִҽѧ֪ʶһ걸жͿɿԶۣ
ΪȨ֡ҽͽ̬ȥᣬִҽѧΪȨҲ
֮СһЩ˲ںѧЧֻǽĴᣬ
ôӳԶЧҽõĴʽ̵Ȼ߻
ħ֪׵ĵ

˵ѧǿѧߡѧ˵ͲѧҲ
ǷӹҽһΪ鱾ǿѧƾ
ѧоǲܹɳѧ۵ġȻҲ
ҪϵǣִȽĿѧʵ飬Ҳǿйҹ˼໥
д衢ĽˣڼѵûСֱС͡顯
ãЩ֪˵ġѧۡѵǿġѧ
ģ̳ĳɹҲ֪Ƿ֪Լ˵Щʲôڴ뷨ֻ
һ˶УǵݺܿǸȪԻǾһ˵

Ϳѧ۵ĲĳϿΪͿѧҵĲѧ
ʱʶ۵ĽǶȽȻѧΪѧΪҽǾ
ѧʵϣжһѧǷ߱˼ֻҪ
һ֤ݵĻߣʵָʵѧû;
ܹȻѧĻۡʮƳֱСԼ
ľ顣ƺƶѧ⡣һѧͬѧ
Ҫ꣬ͨͼѧúܿģҲࡣζͨ
ͻȻʶЩдҵʿĳɾͣ˿ֵ
˲ʱ𻨣ⱳʵ̺˶ѧеӲûЩʵ֧ţ
κеѤ󣬲ʵУҿȫű߼ʡһʵ飬
ƣԤڹ۲쵽ʲôǷȾ΢ź
ȡβɼⶼо߱뿼ǵ⡣һ
λֳʵ飬ϸҶסֻƬе֪
ݴǸͷϷЩŵ֪ʶ㣬綨ΡȾɫøõȣ
ȻֻۣеѧЩС𲽵̵棬ʵ鼼
Ȳɳ

ʽ任ĺ¼ȻĿѧ֪ʶȷʵԵĻ۹̡
縥ɭFreeman DysonѵܿThomas Kuhn
۵Ӱ죬˵רעڹıʵʵ͹۲⼼ķչ
ѧĽͬҪӰ뷨ǲƶѧǰ
ģҪи֤ȥԷḻϸҪõʵȥ֤ⶼ
ִѧΪһʵ鼼ǿѧҵĿұ죬ܶѧѧ
ȥ˼ǲǸ⡣вдС˵һֻӾ͵ĺ
ʱ֣лУҪһʵȥ
ȴеĵǵ˹վȫˣ漣ڿѧ̽
в֡ѧҡѧҺͻѧֵĹ£
ǿ⿭з˱ӵĽṹȻ˵һͨˣǸ
ĻѧңμһֻβߣҲɴӵĽ
ûеڶλĪ˹Maurits
EscherڶѧҺѧΪ仭ԡֻһ
ĻңδԿѧκʵʵĹסʹ治һ߼ŵ
ңҲ˲ĿѧҺ͹ʦ¿İ汾ֻһ
ʹ޾Զġֵܸġɲķʽչʾ
ʵڵ̽ɹôעɲ˿ѧҡȰ츳ͲŻ
ѧҺѧҶĽֱĿٷӦʵǼе
ĽпƺǸԽԵ


http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/tp4/top01.htmlһΣô
ЩObviously, the everyday use of the term "myth" derives its
meaning from our modern culture's tendency to put absolute trust in 
science. Yet ironically, our way of using this key term reveals that 
science itself shares some of the same characteristics as myths, such 
as ignorance of the boundary lines. And this raises the question as to 
whether or not the four basic thought forms might function as a cycle, 
whereby science itself, when taken to an extreme, becomes another form 
of myth. With this in mind, one of our main tasks in this course, if we 
are to become good philosophers in the present climate, will be to call 
into question the exclusive rights of the scientific world view over 
our minds.

ǸѧʿڿεҪô֪ڵ֮
ҪΪһѧңɿѧ۶ռĺϷԡ˵ʲô
ѧεƹִĻµ񻰺壬ѧԼı߽ں
֪ԲģҲᶵȦȦѧչ£ͻһ
񻰣άظ˹̹Ļ˵һǷѧεĺ˵ߡҲ̸ִѧ
һоƵĿϵͳѧкʵ֤̽
ߡǶԿѧһ˵ʵ޴ӽҲĥĳа
龰ԣѧҲܾеĿѧ֪ʶʱϽؽ
µ֤ݺ͸õۡڵǿѧµ˿ǡ
һֱһŸȣʳ͸ߵ̴Σ
˵͡

񻰺ڽ̵û񻰻ڽ̡ġָ
Ƕԣαȫ޹أǶ볣ʶ֮ܰ
ء¹˹˵ϵ۵˼ǳԽԵģɣ
Ҫôࡣŵһʱôһ£¹˹Ȼ
ظǸˣϵΪ׼˵That's a good
answer.ϻһ硣

ѧѧ񻰡ڽ̺Ϳѧ𶼸㲻ǾǸͿ
˵ǡơ綼֤Ƿȥ֤
ϣպ˹ֱ죬ʵͬ֡˹ΰߣ
شǾпѧ۵Ļͽڽѵ¹һܸ
ƣѧ۲ͳѧΪһ壬Ƿδĸ߿Ƽֻ
ƵбһֱдȥĻû׼ʲô˼

(XYS20061107)

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ҽĿѧԾǡ桱

ߣĩ·

ҽۣҽ֧ǣȥǼ䣬ҽǹ⡱
ȡҽȡͳĻȡҽ桱ǶʷĻ
֪⵱аһЩνҽңҽҩֵķ
ˡǵ߼˼άֵ֧ǸһһͿ

ڷҽУԷΪǵҪ۵ǣҽ
αѧĳЩҩЧģûϸ⣬ȫҽҪ˳
ҽƣع䣬Ϊҽѧ

ҿ˼˵ҽ۲ǿѧûзҽһĻ
ҽ֧ǣֻҽĻĻĿѧ
ǲġֻѧȥ۵Ƕɡ
˰ѾΪĻѧθɣӲҪ˵
ҽȽĿѧ磬ܰΰٲһᱻʹ⡣

ңνġȡҽҪĻǲҪҽۣ
Ϊѧָ¹ҽơͬϣҪ˰˵Ǯȥоҽ
ۣΪһĻо£粻Ҫ˰˵Ǯȥо
һҩϣÿѧİ취ȥѱ֤䰲ȫԺЧԡ
ôǡ桱ˣô񡢳ңҲƾʷ˰ɣ
ѧԣǷҲǡ桱أ

˵ҽмǧʷˡҲܹҽǿѧ
ҽʷأȻй㷺гǲǾǿ
ѧġʹҽʷһãͬǷѧ޹ءʹ
ġǶʷĻֻ֪ҪԻĿѧ֪ʶ˽⣬Ҳ֪ҽ
ǿѧԡ

ơҽǺ顱ࡱñʽá͸˼
άȻˡһһ⡣

˾ȵǣй걨ȻһƬȡҽȡ
ͳĻۡ£۵ûʲôֵģǻáϹҽ
Ȼҽѧ֯ϯҽѧʿ¡ȥ¡Ϲ
ҽ͡Ȼҽѧ֯ϯǸʲô⣬ҽѧʿĲ
ʿѧλǴõģδѵϣһǡϹҽѧ
ʿɡƭضǣȻܵϡй걨ȷʵ˹Ŀ
࿴ֻ塰һȡ(ĩ·http://blog.163.com/pkyourgod/ 
ϵѡ)

(XYS20061107)

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εıԹ

ߣBrook

Ȩ˵ҽٴ̿ٴʵ˽ڣ̿齲ҩ
ҩҲѧҽٴˮƽϵܵͣ
ȻҲǵΡ{ࣺҽ˼¼һ[M]ҽż
磬1997281}

Ȩ˵ʵѧо̲ģ͸רΪһ
ϵͳϧǣǿᣬѡ̫ۡۡȺɵ
ӲԱȸЩ˿Դ꾭ĸĪ⣬ԼҲȴҪ
װǻ⣬ʵûκʵüֵЩۼң
ЩܴġŷĶ

Կ϶˵ҽھʦͽУ
ҪҩԸͷҪѧ˸٣顢ԣ֪ν
ԣЩΪءۣ޷ǻƿ
裬ֻƾְãûκʵüֵ

ҽң70ٴ飬Ӧܱһ
׼۸߶ȣʵüֵĸˮƽĽ̿ԳΪ䣬ǣ
Ϊʲôǫòϱأʵڲ˼顣Ҹ˵ǣ۱ǩ
ʲôֻҪβ飬ظ飬ұѧϰԣһ
ף鵤ҩĽ̲ģÿ˼ˮüʳģ϶ֹ
һˡ𾴵̩ʱʣʱЩҽϾϵͳۣ
ѵѧУڿϣֻҽϵͳֳۣôѧʲô
ָʦͽ񲻸ԭ֭ԭζ˿úٴѽڣ⣬֪
˼ûУʵܽйɵĶۡкθ߼
ڼԼ𣬲Թˣ񲻸

(XYS20061107)

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ȰҽӦȡĽѵ

Ż

Źҫҽ˳ҽƣ۹ҽƽһ
ý飬ûеõйزŵ֧֣о۵ضûи
衣⵽ˡ𡱡˵ʹġһ棬ΪǹЩ
ڶԴȺͽ鷽滹дĽȰҲнѵ
ȡҽ˳ҪҽѧôӦ
оݵʵݡҽĲѧѾǳԣҪ֪
о33ҽˣе⣬ˡ߻
ĹԱҽеصĸ飬˽еһЩרҵ⡣Щ
꣬һЩƭҪҽصƭѾҽ񻰱õǷ
˰ԱܲܵһЩӰ졣ڴҶҽڵⲢ
Ƿǳ˽£ûоһ˼ɺۣͻȻ춯ص
飬Ȼǲ֮ȱԡرĿǰһЩýΪץסһЩ
ͽⷢӣ£һȾһţȻ̼Ⱥں
زţһЩӦ

⣬ҽһרҵ⣬˵һӦרҺרŻ
ߵ⣬һܹ⡣ѧ
⡢רҵǲͨġϿˮ繤̣ͨȫͶ
Ʊ𣿣ǰѾ˵˶ҽǲ˽ģһЩ
˽ȥܹóʲôõأԣټǩ
һܱʣûȷĴҽ˳
⣬һ̶ϻֶΣһĲ
Ӱ졣룬йزŷ֮Ժֲ̬ܿǩ
ʽйء룬ǩķʽҽ˳й
ǩӦô죿Ŀѧ⣬ӦרҵԱϸ
ĵ֤ǷȺȾߡ

߱޳ҽ˳ҽƻ˵ԿѧҽѧĿǰΪ
ҽΪҪܵĹҽƵģ侲˼֮󣬽鲻Ҫ֮Ҫ
ԣѭ򽥽ͿԸΥ

(XYS20061107)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

ϳҽǷϳͳĻ

choice

ã

ҽĸۼΪң۳תΪԴͳĻ
ۣΪǼǡġڱȽйĻ
ҽйͳĻĺĻҪɲֵᷨĻ̸
ҽһ˵ʹҽҪҲҽйͳĻƺ߼ϲ
෴ҽҲЩս󣬽
˾סСӲšԺʿ˵ͳĻ󲿷ɣѧ
Ե˾͹ôġּ֤ǿѧ
ȷظģôɾҲ֤ʵӼ롣Źҫҽ
ⲻ࣬ǹũĵһӾͱָëŹҫ
ĵòƿƼԱĽ飬ȴȱ١ĻʶҴ󵨲
֪ЩʹũȷգԴ󵨵Ҫϳԭеũ
ⷺе㡰ѧߡķ񣬵˾Ȼѧ
κȫܺȻڼȲǡxxѧҡҲǡxxѧߡ
ġѧδزǵ־ţȻѧԶ
ɽ˵ãĻۡо˳ĻĻս
Ե˵׼ȴǾԵġĻ㲻ʲôҵΪĻ
۴̥ʱͿʼڼĻƫΪӳ
µذҲϰˣֻĻҲٱӴˡ
ô˾Ȼƽȳ˳˵·ôף
ԪĻ壬١ƻвһЩڡԭʼʱڡ
ҰˡȻˮ翪Ͷӵ˵Լĺչ˾
úǸʵԶɽߴʦ˵ǾԵġҲ
⣬ǷҪ˵ı׼ǾԵġǻĻһ̸ô
СѧˡԶɽ˻Ұˣ

Ҿҽʵڸƭ˾ƭΪλҪһѧƷأ
ǣҽôɣҲôɣҪȻҲô
߰ҽҲӦһ㡰ѧϽ̬ȣҪҽʱ
ͳĻҲˣúͳĻһЩݣ
ôҪҪԼȸס򣬺ҽƭʲôʲأ

(XYS20061107)

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ҵҽ



νҽνҩѧҽҽѧ˵˵
ҲҽΣҿҲǲеģҲǱҩģҲ˽һ
ҽɡ

ǵҽʱҽʦҽҩĶ壬˵ҽǰҽ
ﲡƣҩǰҽ۱֤ʩõҩ˵ģҽ
ġҽҩҽҩһ˲ܶʲôҽҩ
˵ҽҩβܾˣʵϾٵӶϵġҽ
ҩǺ͡ҽҩķһ

ЩΪҽ绤Ļ֪ԼҪ绤ʲôɡһ
϶˵ȥĶôָȥأЩЧҲֻû
Ļѣ

(XYS20061107)

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ߣ



һֱԾеȤҵһѧǡǸ㾭
оģȻҾ;̽־⡣֮Ҳ֪
ˣ֪ྭоĻ

ҿʼʣ羿ǲһѧ⣿

羿ǲһѧ⣿ѵ粻ǿѧʺţԼ
ʮ꾭оĿѧǷǳп´ʣҹƼŶҹҽѧƼ
Խܵ⡣ҵʶ⣬ҿʼ¸ҵ
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ԸܵˡõĽþܵϢֻһΣ
ԡҲܹѧƽľԡ³߻ǷšѵԼ
оصľȻãܣ³߼š

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15³߾ԼԼ֪о磬˵ġһ״
оϡϻϣһУʵĸоģ
ʱоо봦

80 ³ѧҽѧѧУҵʼо硣տʼ꣬Ϊһ
ŵˣһֱѰҾټϰ壨ͷĳƺ˵д
רҵ˵дھһټҵʵʾĵ
ΪճУŵˣһ˵оĿʵˡ

ôټأʱõǵѧѧӰİ취Щ
һоĵѧԣͽˡ³ߵϰҪ³
ϰԼһ꣬³Ƥɢڵĵû״ĹԷֲ
ʵ͸һߡϰҪ³Խ³ֻӦ
ϰ塣ΪʵֶβɿԼʱҪýҪڷϸĽ
һǸĽʵֶκԣ³߾ûдġǣķչܲ
һ㡣

 

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ܸҵĵˮƽҿн˵òɡ

³ϰ֯˾ѧԡѧԵоƺڵ
һľ硣

ˣ³Ȼھо˷Сһϣ³߿Ļ
һʵ⡣ŮСѧϰҽģڶ³߾С
͡СҲһͷˮ³󣺡С룬һҪҸ
ˣСǳ⣺ɵôӦҳ͡һһ
³룬Ҫ󲻸ߣǸĺӡ

СڴѧʱҪõͬѧշƱҵҽѧԺ³ߵ
Сշͨ˵绰³ɺͣշ˵
ӵĲ°ɣҵĵ绰

շƴС³ƽڼҡ

ƽ60꣬ϽĽѧͿȫУġȿշƸľ
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ҽԺУˡƽ˵ǹڶʽȵľдˣ
̲ȣȾĻþı³ͷ³룬
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ѧ˵ĸоڴƤγɵģоڴ
ƤķֲǶӦ΢С״ƤСһо˷ܣ
˾ӦƤĸоСϸ˷ܴݣγĳ
ݵĸоȵĲ̣̲λĸо񾭽źŴƤ
Ӧϸϸܽ˷ܴڵƤϸAAϸִ
ڵBϸ˴ݣͿγԵĸоܾǶȾ
дþ񾭻ɡ³ʮͶ룬ȫ˻ƽڵ˼ͬ
ʱҲԼѧʱѧϰѧγеĹڴƤоͶС
ˣһͷСִСĹ״ˡ

ƽڣ絽ڴԻأĻþ
γɣ񾭵Ļɵĸо·߶Ǿ磬ʵʲõ
𣿡Сʵ

 ˵˵

뿪ƽڼң³ߵҡǵģϸˡ

ƤĸооγɴֻҪоƤһϸ
˷ܣض۸оôԸоľܲɿ
ѭĸдܾܿͲʲôʵʡȵİ˵ĸоԴ
˷ܵĴݹ̣İԴȲ
ֲظԣһֱǾɰеʵν
ĵѧѧѧԲأרŲ˾дֹ
λڸдʱ񾭷ŵ磬û⵽ŵټҲ˵ĸ
λûз¼¼ڴԸо

ڶϣ³߸ͽӵշ绰³Լҵһ
ͨʼ³߰ϲշҲв԰ˡ

һµ𴲣򿪵ԡ̫˼ˣշƴ5ǰͿǵĸ
ʵ鱨档

ʵ߼˼·ģ

1. ڣؾ·ʵʣͨ;
ݵġ

ôжϣ̵ЧͲܴݡ

2. ж϶֫г񾭺Ѫ֯ȻͰ
Ҳжˡڶ϶֫屣ѪҺѭԴ

ôжϾжĩ˵̵̣Ч

3. ʵжϾ֫Ȼ̵Ч˵ͨ
ѪЧܾܿѪܡ

һ񶨾

³ʦС˵֮ս޾Ȱܺʤսʤо
ʤܡ

Ϊ޾ֻںѧţս
࣬սԲ̫ǿȰܡоͬǿͨ
ÿоѣȡһкǿսȻĻ
ṩоѵĹԱž硣ĹԱУûҲ˵
ĻԴԴϰк˵ÿоʤ³
СⷬѹţûȥС˵˸׵ĻС
ͬѧ˵³ʳŲž羭硣ʵ³ֻǶԾ粻ͬ۵
3еһ֡

ġԴ̬ȵ

С³ÿ˯ǰύ̸š

СڿĴϣһŻ; ڶ˳Ծ緹
Կѧ̬ʵо硣³ҽңǵһ
ˣǵڶˣ˵ҲǵˡСľ3˵ķ
³øλϴܣСķ־ò޵辭羭Ӫ˽ʵ
ǱĻƭǮģơͨ硭
쾭󣺾·ߡ͹ۼ⡢켣
衭³ߵŭܵӣСЦŸ³ߣֲǵ
֣ʲô

С۾ҡͷԣһ٩٩̸ӣ
ʶô׵ģҾѧ˵ǵŲ
ҽѧŲзյġ

ͻȻСۣ㿴õĵѧ˵ͳһǧ꣬
ʱ¹۲ǹǺܲ׵ģĹ۲쵽Ƕڰ
ԵĹΧ̫תѧ˵ȴ⵽Ϊһ
ƣֱǰŹѧ˵飬ڼʱ䳤41֮á
5꣬³ŵһչѧ˵ޱ޼ûĵѧ˵
ͷ󱻻пɱ³ŵ32꣬٤۲֤ʵ
ѧ˵ܵĥʹݲС

³˵ûЩ˵¸׷ܲǽĺպ
ѧǣΪѧ̽᲼³ŵ٤ԽǷ˵滰
ⶼΪ̣Ϊʲô

Ȼ档С˼˵ʲô棿³һϲ㴲
һʡ

ڽ档ѧ˵Ϊ̵ϵ۴˺ṩݣ
κλϵ۵˼붯ҡ̻ͳιҵĵλоҲС
ʮ̻ͳιҵ档³૵ƤһϾ˯ˡ

塢

ڶ³߻˼ѧֺ⡣С˵
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죡³ŮԼýȥҡ³ߵǾѧңҵ
ƴѧľϵͨӢԹо³
ˡ³߼ǵǰȻ˾ɰȻܵ飬
Ȼ³߲ȫȻ¼ĸϸڣ˵ƭ
ϵͳ̣ƭֶƭһ㲻״ǹ
ʽǶѣȻͲ̡

ˣС˵᲻뾭йء

³һ¥һ룬ķŷоĹɡ
ѧⲻȫվѧķ³ҲΪѧ;
ƭ̵ĹʲôƼ***Ĺͬ
оǷ̣

ѧз񶨺Ϳ϶ɡ񶨾Ŀֻѧ֮Ȼ
ֻпѧ׷׷Ŀ꣬ͳΪնˡ϶
Ҫо磬ҪѧϵԱþ֧ϵĺɣ
ѧγ̣ɳΪ

һѧ϶ҽ֧֣жǿйŶԾ
ͬ¶ǿԱԾо顣

оԹҼĿйźп⾭ѹ
ȨĲţ󵽿еλͿеߡÿڶ棬
ĹԱҪƼԱҪѧѧﵽͳһг
ֵ涼յͿڷǳûʵѧµõľ֧
šƼźͿƼԱþ֮ǳν˫ա

߰ ³̧ͷС룬С
УšҪԼķһЩ֧³ߵķ
ڲС롣

ҵľ

СǱѧҽģҽѧԺ˶ʿСεںͿ
ƹ̷ǳϤҽѧ˼꣬ҽܹôǳĽ֪ʶ
³֪Ϊǹอ
ϵۣûбҪȥҾʵʵʡ

СϲҧĽ֣ۡܵý徭۵ľ󣬷
־ֹԸ֪ܲͬʶⲻͬǺҪԸ
ͳһڸԵеõĬϡ³߾;Ʒþĸ
ﵽĿĵ棬ЩֻҪ˵ǵ硢ͨͽ
бߵҲڽܡСͬѧһر꣬˵
ǣˣѾͨˣоôҾʡ
ʵأһթҵѧ·þľĿǰ
Ϊս״̬ϻǶвö֪

˵³ߺСһ³ļҡ³߽Լġ˵
󣬼еصСûбʾͬ⣬˵ʵһо
ĿҪѧȷĿŵͬĿȷҪ̵ר


ߡоҰ

³ߵ˵ĶԣһоĿҪѧȷĿŵͬ
ĿȷҪ̵רڿУԲ˵Ƿǳ
Ҫ˵רҵĹ̡ڿѧֻĽ죬ûĸרһͨз֧
ˣʵڿѧодš׼ɡ֤߼
󣬼ԿԽܵ¸ĺӦãһ㻹ǿԻġ
ĿпΪпĳ춨˻

³ߵ岻̶ѧߣΪ
оĳҲ춨Ļ³ֱӸܵľ繤һ˹ĵġû
Ծȫ϶Թ磬õİ취ǣһѨλЧӦ
˵۽ͣƲǾáҰľ
о³ƺûֱӿ

³ߵ˵˵Ұľоʹ»
չġѧҪоһڶԾǵڶҰ
ıҪ棬һָҽѧ֪ʶһ֪ˣΪ
ش֡ͬʱֿŶԾ֧ȣ̤
Բʧȥ˫յĻᡣǶԼδʶͳ
ԼԾ·֣ڡ·֡Ĺ£磺
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ϣȻ걨ѾԿѧƵĿ걨ڹ
ȻΪȻѧƲоǣѧоԱרҵ
㽫оƫ롣ȻίĵĲˡ³ԭ˽⵽
ȻĿǰϽĿѧϵηԹȻ
ίĵĿѧںѧĴԵм塣

³߰ٸʵ:壬һҰʲôأ

ʱͣ³ߺ۾ʵڲĽʥĿѧ
еĳª¶ֶ³ߵİְֽ³߽ԼԼ൱ڽ̸
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Աȫֺ֧ͷǰؿѧҡĿǰ쵼Ͳ쵼֧
ֺͺãǳԽȨѧ⣬ſѧҵĹΪ
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¶оѵĹںܵ©еλþѺ밵и
Żؿ10~20%õѡܶ൥λſɳչ˼·
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δȾ³-Լֶ.,ڿƼϵͳΪĩˣ
ۣͬ쾭нٱڵĿƼų⣬
ӻѺѵģ֮ͻνĳɾͣҲԿѧҵ

ˡŵ侭ִ

СԼĵʦ˵硣ʦרҵҽ˺ۣԾҲ
ССѧҽоʮ⣬ˣС뾭̸
Լ¡ʱҽѧ˺ġ
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ҽϰѡһЩضѨλˣСеҪػ
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о⣬˸ղ³ķǿƼƳ⣬ʹþ
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ʱ˳һԲԲĴϣкѽ³ߣϣ
ͣ»ָ˵ǿ뾭оһιأ
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ΣҲ˲ľоˡҲֻõǳ³
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šĸȷ

԰ϣ˵ǵũҵооƷ֡³ߺС
˵رóԣ֭ࡣףȥƤϵ·ҲرС
˵ʦĸˣСã³߰ɲС֪
óԣ˭˵ҵãҿСõ
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Ƥ壺Ƥ뾭ʲôϵ壿

ûйϵйϵ˹߶šף
˵˵³߼еʡָƤϵĻƣ80λѧ
Ҳо徭磬ƤϵĻ˵ֲﾭ磬˿Ϲϵ·
Ϊֲﾭ磬ΪǾоشֶ˵Զ׼ܻ

壬Ҳֲ֪ƤϵĻƹΪֲﾭ⣬˵
Сٸʵ׵ϰߣе塣

΢Ц⣺ãʵúã߼ѧǿ
Լ˼ָ״ṹɣҽضȻ
⣬ҽĺ峬˾ṹ˼ҽ
ģҴһйѧʷ١п֮
ΪСΪ硱[1]ҽоľṹľǲ
ͬĸһȷоҽ磬Ͳɹṹľ硣

С˵壬ף־ĸ͵½ֲﻨҲ
ɾ硣ضоľĸȷоĶͲȷ˵
𣿡С뿴ѯʵ˵ȥͷС롣Ӧ
ȷоҽĸ򣬾ͻὫľضҽĸ


[1]  йѧʷ١P 270 

ʮǸ

Ǵ³ҳԵũҵооƷϹȻӡ󣬵
ǶƤϵ·Ĺھһ³˼ǵϿ
ϣʦ˵ѧоɻоȷо
ȷ⡣оΪȫԵĴп⣬ǾȻû
˶оľѧĽ綨³߷˾еĺͱѧ
Ľ綨

1.ҽҪۣ·߲ͬ񾭣Ҫ֤

2.Ĺܣอ֫ڡ罫ϵ
һ塣൱ϵͳá

3.ĹܣѪеͨ˵Ͱٲ൱Ѫϵͳ
á

⼸㿴Ƥ·ǲɵġƤ·ǣǿᣬ˵
ھûн綨ѾΪһ𣬸ṹ󣬶װ
С䶯һʱֲﾭνֻᱻһʱɾͲˡ

³ߺܳԾԼܹȥ˼ѧ⡣ԼǰͺããĿ
ѧĴϣʧĴֻһζȰѧȱȷĵܵѧ
ı˰أ

һ緹ʱ³ȵʳãСһһڿγ
ΡŵС룬³߿ϵһϣǹͬλʾٵ
о³Ķһ飬µӡͬλｿ߾·ߣ³߷
˷ܣ޲־֤ݵϲѶڳ緹ˡС
ôҪΪҷϢĵһˣСԴ˺
ϢкηӦ³ڴš

ʮһ˵ˣ

³ִܹѧҽѧߣСִܵѧҽѧ
ߡ˽йͬѧ׶ΣǶֲйĻ
ڴѧҽķԷӰСһЩҽѧԱ֤˼
Ӱ³߶һЩమţ༳ȡԵ˼άŵ㡣ǽ
Ľѡ³ľʵ鲻˳ơ쿴ͬλ
ʾʾоеìܡ˵ʵôܿ磿
Լľ¶ȺѹʵȻʵ飬͸
ӰӡСˣŵ³ҲС֪³鲻ã;
£Ƶ³ǰ

С뿴³߸ı˵³ѽ³ߣһȫı档ͬ
λʾǾ硣СָűӰͼʣ֫
Ƥע｣ｽʲôȥɢ³ߴС룺
˵öԣǡ

֫ĩˣｵɢֻܱΪСȡɷ
ɢɢķ뾲һµģɢĶҲԾ
о潫ｵɢΪؾɢ֤ݲѽԭСڵ
ز졣³ߺС뿴СС˵ôˡС˵
˵òɣôѽ

һԴ죬Ҳ졣Ҳˣ³һʰһ
˵һǽϵĴӣѾ2ˡ

ԴӷǸͬλʾ籨󣬼³ҲΪԼľ
ʵѶĽԼʵΣûпĵS302ھ
жڻھⲿλļԭһֱԼԼΣý
ʦϢڿӲͷƤˡ

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ʦ˵꣬ͷǳ࣬ƽȻ˵ǰоѾк
õĿˣǵĽõܸۣھõļѾ
߻ĵʷֲҪϸ˶ʵ顣ʱ䲻ˣҪץ
㡣³ĵʦǰƿԵ˳³ߵ˼ͬλｵĽ
֤磬ʦǵĽֲܱԼ֤ԼʵԼ˽⣬
Ҳȥʦģ³ҵʦ֣ʦõ

ʮӵ

ʦǸܺˬıӣ³һͶ

³ߵĻӳĬˡӼĴ磬ۿҪõ˶ʿѧ
λˣϵĲոڵײ㣬³Сȴƶ
ʱӰȵҵһ㾭ġھͶԲ
ˣ³ߡ

˵ʱ䲻ˣϢɣ

³ڵȵӱҵһ羰ɽ塣³
˵ţҵооϵһøʦҳȥ޼ø
ѧϰͶʵ顣ڶľȡ⡣æ˰ꡣ
ûмøؾֲκμ󡣵Լļⷽȴ·֡
һоѧϰѧоȻҪڱҵѧλ⡣һ
ʵĽʵĻشĻشһģһ룬ҵ
ʦϣ˵ʦģͻбϲҵΣաҶʵ
˵Ȼҵͨˣõ˶ʿѧλҵһҲ
ˡ

˵Цţνܸл㡣

³ߣлң

ӣ˵ҵõ㣬һǶ
ƣ

³ߣͬˣҪŶ

˵пѧ֪ٿѧˡ٤ԲҲ̻
Эű٤Ǽ˿ѧʥʹ
³ⷬɽסӵ֣ڳϿѧĵ·ϣڵľ
ûԤϵġʥĿѧѾˡô죿

ô죿ʡ

³ߣ롭ѧ˳ⰹľоȦһԣ
³ҵĺֵܡͷҲйǺˡ룬ϰ70ˣ
ãõĽǻлȨģڵЭǲԵģһ
˳ҵĶûСҿһƪ£ߴӿ֤׺Ϳѧѧ
Ƕ˺ѾαѧֻԱȽίȽϸ΢

ҿ

ʮͱƾ촰

ڶ죬³ҵ֤ʷݱļƪ£һеδ
ĳ죬ĿѧоͨγʷĿ֤֤
ǹ˵Ʋ˵ֱӵʵֵ˵ѧ
˵к׺ۿԽʵҡȻǱѵ
ʶִʵѧѧоΪѧѧҪ
һ֧ŵġڽʵ֮ǰĵһҲӦǽе
ɡɷȳһҳ֮Ϊȡ顱Ȼ
ȡġӡαƷʣȥġĿٽȷϵġ顱
ֳɼ𣬿һûδʶƷ֣бζԴͷ
µͻƵ㡣һ仰ǽͽʵʱһҪȷ
ġġ顱룬ܶ顱
롰ǡ顱һҪӦоҺ
ٴɡ

ھѧ˵ԣǱһشжϣѧ˵еʮ
ǡ顱׺ġأ˵ǡӡǰ˵
ģͲýʵңѾʵҴ˼ʮˡ

Ӿѧ˵ݱĿ֤߷֣ͨеľֻݱжְ汾
֮һ汾󡣵ǾѧĻϺ
ϵûдĲ

³룬ѧĻϺ໥ϵ˼ȷ
ȷҽ˼дġ顱ڽ֯ѧġ
ΡĶȻжְ汾˵Ϊأȫǿ͹۵ġֵ
ǣʵҾȻз־ʵʵıֵľͨе
߰汾һ¡

ڣ֤ʵΪһޱȵĿĿһʮȥ
֤ʵһͷ磬ԻһӣҵþĲƷ
гϣνѽ磬ϵ׼㣬ļֵ
ޱߣ෴ѧȥΪ޷ͨΪ֤α
һԲļֶΣһǾûԴ˭ȥһ֤α
ǻ˵֤αѹڣҡ֤αһԲļֶΡ
֤ʵĿԴ赲Ʒౣ
Ʒ

³뵽ԼĿǰʵʦѧ쾭оģѧѹ
쾭硣һһоαоۣͿɳɾϵСɹ
ʱеʮֱһжΪʲôѧѾˣ˭Σо
ԣƥ𡱣ƥҪĳɡҵΡΪҲ
αѧҶαоҲΡ³һļйڼ
ĸԼԳΪԾС档

ϣԼС³ȥӾ˷ġ˵һλѧͬ
ѧGѧ˶ʿһѧڱҵѾǰˡѾ
ˡȥʱĵġ֪û೤ʱһ
ڡһֱæϵʱרעģҵϣ
һĽǶȣѲ֯á֪ʦĴίԱ˶ʿ
ίԱߵġ

³߻Ϊܵѧĵĥʹ࣬ûȴǰ
˶ʿʿڡһ·ͨйѧ磬ܽģ
ѧģġԲϣ

ʮġоǿٵĵ䷶

йѧ磬ܽģѧģġ
Բϣ

³߾ʹͨˣ黹Ǻòϴ򿪵ԣʱһ
ע⣺ٵķּѽʱû죬Ǿ汶
ɣԸΪԺͱԣٳ̶ȷΪԺͶԣǰ
Ϊ˲ƵƷ٣踺أʦֵķˣʦý
ûظ˵ʦֵ⣬ҪʵĻ
롱оʦҪʲôʲôԼĵʦ
٣ıȡ˽ʮ磬еִⶼϣ绹о
100ֻ֡Ϊƶ棬Ϊ˻ø߸ֵ
ر١ơг̶Ȼһ٣켸ƪ
Ķѣзٵģٵġ³ߵĵʦָˮƽ
ˡˮƽٵеѾӾȦ˳ˣ³˵ϾЦ
ˮ׼١

αѧоøļٿѧѩ
һԽԽ󡣲֪ѧ̵ܹʲôʱ

ʱС³ᣬ³߿֣ľʺ
ʲô򲻿Ľᶼܱ⡣ȥ𣿡СʡŶ
ĩȥһҪȥأ³ߴԼٵ
۵ġ

ʮ塢ĸ

̨³ˣµ³£ͷˮޣ
壬Ҿ߾ȹŶôذ³߿岻е㽹
꣺֪粻ڣΪ˱ҵòЭʦľġ
ڸܵʲôΪˡ³һʹ࣬尲οʵ
κ鶼һ˳ģСѧϰϿν˳Ҳ
ĥѣͲ̫ѹ˰ɣ壬̫ˣ
ȱĥѣһú˼ġ嵼ʦ˵ȥ뵼ʦ̸̸
ʵ³ߵֱʡ

С뼱æ˵ɣɣʦ촰ͱղȥɣ
³ߣ㲻Ҫдʦ£ѾͿˣ˼ͻ
ģαڶʹ³ߣǣþαѧоΣ
˷ѹҶǮ˷Ѷ

壺ҪҲҪЧçײǷЧأ
ûЧﲻĿĵĻ³۱Щʷһǰ
ǰٶȻġ

ȼһ֧̣˵˵ҿƼʼƻٵ
ˣҪĵȴһ졣ڵȴвҪɥʧĺ֪ʵ
֪ƼӺңԶܵõôͲûпƼӡ
ǵڡԾʳһֱϣʳĶΣһֱ
ˡ˭׷ˣûУһҲûУõٵ
ľͳ˱ϴ١ƼҲݡԾĸ䣬Ω
ֿò³߱ȻƵƷ

ʮɵð˶ʿίԱίԱ 5-1 =4

յʦָ⣬³һҽѧԺУһλоġ֤ʵ
X״ڡǰչ۲춯ѵģ˼Һ⡣
˷³߾ԼʵˡʵвãѾȷ
Xھߺķֲ³߰ʵ϶ղͿ
ʼдġһƪX׷ֲġһˡ
³߲ϸеģΪųĸо³߿ʼ׼ʿ顣

³߻صԼѧУҵܵʦĸ߶׼ͺڿ
ͬѧǶ⣬ر죬ֻС붮³ߵʹࡣС
³ڴŵĲǱҵ뿪ѧУµѧУȥʿԶ뾭硣

Уʦ⣬˳ͨ˴硣5ίԱУһ60
֣90ϡǲ³߲֪ͷֵʦ˭
ǷǳͷֵġʦڱԼֱͨԼĽ
ĻɣԭζԸ߷ֵ4ɵðίԱ³ʵΪ
³֪ԼľͽΪʦľ֤ݣҲΪʦýһ
оĻġ

ʮߡ³ߵĵʦ

˵³ߵĵʦպף70࣬ľݣԵ
۴ףȡŵѪͳͳκͳͷصҪ
ǿѧʱǽѧμӷԹרͳεĻʱĵ
ͨˡҿͨϵ͵²䣬Ŷһ١
ˣʱ20ңβȡȫ̬ͬȡĿʵ
ףþãҪʱҲܰȻź¼
ҲûѹһĸѧԶΣֽǳ˽˶һ
ݡձʮ겻䡣60оҵָо磬
40ꡣʱ쵼ǳȤҽ磬ϣԼĲ¸
磬䶯ȫ

ʼԶҽصԾоΪˣ߽ء
ʵںɨˣӰӶûпеľоͬ¶ܾɥǣ
ܵؾãܰ׻û쵼ҲûԼļཻ
Զʵң£д緢ֵģֺ
Լ޶ȵľ缣ʹĺ쵼϶ĸԭ
оͬתٴֻҪָоΪԼѾʵ
ұݵļɣͬʱõֹ򣬿дģ֯


ʵȫҪ֤ں͹ԱйĻּϣ
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ȥʵڲ⡣

70ҿƼŹȻΪоĿˣǮ൱о
ǿоûо硣ǣû뵽ȻҲ
Ľ룬Ⱳ뾭Եֲˡ

ķOŮʿǸŮԣĸȰɷԣ
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