                         ˿µϣ20070801գ

07.08.01, ӡĪŵϵĲӬ
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07.08.01, ǮȺҿ顷͡顷¼
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07.08.01, й걨һҽԺġˮս

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                        ĪŵϵĲӬ

                         ӡ

    λڼݺڻݱ߽ɳĮеĪŵǱ
ϵĺ֮һ76ʷ5ѩɽĺ
ûгˮںлˮе
ȴֺˮֻĺһС󣬱Ȼ
ˮĪŵˮŨȼߣǺˮ3Īŵ
ˮҲǿpHֵߴ10ˮpHֵֻ8

    ĪŵĺˮһԵ¡Ȫˮƣˮ
̼ᣬ߻ϣγ̼ƣںȪ۴سᾧ
γʯһ1941꣬500๫ɼĪŵĺ
ȡˮã⵼Īŵˮλ½10ף
ι״ʯһ¶ˮ棬һλð硣

    ͬʱҲһ磬мʮϰͷˮ
ϢûܹڼԺζ˸ߵˮ档ˮʳ
±ˮӬǶĪŵ֡±ˮӬˮΪ
ʳһʳ

    ڰ˵֮ǰĪŵŴԼ200ӡڰˣˮӬӼ
ҪʳĪŵ˵ĪŵӡڰʳӬ
ߡ˼ӬӼȥ˶ģĪŵ֮Ȼӡ
ȡġǳӬӼʳѷʵһǳǵ
ѡˮӬӼʺ֬ȻֻСÿһˮӬӼ
ȴߴ15󿨣ɹ״档ݵʱƷļ
ݵʾֵĹԱ˵ӡڰṩˮӬӼζ

    ӡڰѳĪŵϣȡǵģʯһ
οͣһȺȺӬӭǡһʼΪǾˮӬ
ˮӬˮΪʳΪʲô࣬ȥһֻͣ
ҵĲϣһֻͣҵֱϣҲ˼һһ
Сһֻͣҵ·ϣϸز쿴ŷֲˮ
ӬѪİ򵡣ҰԼֿ죬ȵϣ֪
ЩǰǺݺݵҧһڣͣĵط
˴ϵһֱϵȴڵ
һܺײŽʧܺڡ

    һţ򵣬һ̴ܹ
ƤѪҪΪţ¹ЩͲ鶯Щ
ţĹûκεֿţԺХ˿
ԼĶ³Ѹ˵ģڶ֮
ǰҪߺߵطһƪ˵Ӧø伢ɡţӸ
ᣬֹǺߺߣֱǰС

    Īŵϲ޲鶯棬˾ͳ˶İ
󡣵Ϊģڹ컯֮
ĵطԵÿЦˣɱȻżҲóѣ
ܺһѪҲֻĿڸֻдŻѪĿΪ
ѣѪʱܴº

    ҲһЩôģӦݣпٵİ
Ѫ֮ȫˣǵĻʵϣҲҿ϶ֱ
һֻǰҧڣһֻ
ûоʱѪ˳ߣ

    ĪŵϵĴֻܿѪΪôǿƶϣ
Ժİ̬ϰԶΪ𽥵ط仯
һ֡ǵķԽԽϸٶȻ
ԽԽ죬ӦԽԽݣλԽԽСʱ
ҲܴӰƳٵƻϡһж
ѪͬʱסºҪ֮Ȼѡ£
ǿܻԽԽӡ

    áӬ򵱾ǽףѧ϶˫Ŀ
Գֻʣǰһԣһ˻ƽ
ڽʷã򵡢ӬΪӦ
ַĽ֡ƣΪһ
һ㹱ס

2007.7.29.

й걨2007.8.1

(XYS20070801)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.freedns.us)(xys-reader.org)

ȶǴڹѧҵϵݽ

200767

һ 

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President 
Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, 
members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates: 

𾴵BokУRudenstineǰУεFaustУŵĸ
λԱ»ĸλ£λʦλҳλͬѧ

I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this: "Dad, I always 
told you I'd come back and get my degree."

һ仰ҵʮ꣬ڿ˵ˣ"ϰ֣Ǹ˵һ
õҵѧλģ"

I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor. I'll be changing my 
job next year  and it will be nice to finally have a college degree 
on my resume.

Ҫлѧʱ꣬ҾҪˣע
ָ΢˾ݣڿڼдһѧλǲ
 

I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route 
to your degrees. For my part, I'm just happy that the Crimson has 
called me "Harvard's most successful dropout." I guess that makes me 
valedictorian of my own special class  I did the best of everyone 
who failed. 

ΪĸλͬѧеˣõѧλɱҼ򵥶ˡ
У"ѧʷɹѧ"ʹʸ
һѧԡеʧá

But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer 
to drop out of business school. I'm a bad influence. That's why I was 
invited to speak at your graduation. If I had spoken at your 
orientation, fewer of you might be here today. 

ǣһҪѴңʹSteve Ballmerע΢ܾҲӹ
ѧԺѧˡˣǸŶӰˡΪʲôұ
ǵıҵݽѧӭʽݽôֵܹ
ҵҲٵöɡ

Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me. Academic life was 
fascinating. I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn't even signed 
up for. And dorm life was terrific. I lived up at Radcliffe, in 
Currier House. There were always lots of people in my dorm room late 
at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn't worry about 
getting up in the morning. That's how I came to be the leader of the 
anti-social group. We clung to each other as a way of validating our 
rejection of all those social people. 

˵ѧһηǷľУ԰Ȥҳȥ
ûѡ޵ĿΡĿҲܰRadcliffeңڵӡ
ÿҵкܶһֱҹŸ顣Ϊÿ˶֪
ҴӲǵڶʹұУ԰Щѧͷͷǻ
ճһһ־ܾѧ̬

Radcliffe was a great place to live. There were more women up there, 
and most of the guys were science-math types. That combination offered 
me the best odds, if you know what I mean. This is where I learned the 
sad lesson that improving your odds doesn't guarantee success. 

RadcliffeǸӵĺõطŮ࣬Ҵ
Ƶġ״ΪҴõĻᣬҵ˼ϧ
ǣѧб˵һΣ󣬲ͻɹ

One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I 
made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had 
begun making the world's first personal computers. I offered to sell 
them software. 

ڹĻ֮һ19751¡ʱҴ¥λ
Albuquerqueһҹ˾һ绰Ǽҹ˾Ѿϵһ
̨˵ԡǳ

I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm 
and hang up on me. Instead they said: "We're not quite ready, come see 
us in a month," which was a good thing, because we hadn't written the 
software yet. From that moment, I worked day and night on this little 
extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and 
the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft. 

ҺܵģǻᷢһסѧӶҶϵ绰
ȴ˵"ǻû׼ãһºǰɡ"ǸϢΪʱ
ûдءǴǸʱԼҹССĿ
ĿϹ⵼ѧĽԼͨ΢˾Ĳƽó̵
ʼ

What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of 
so much energy and intelligence. It could be exhilarating, intimidating, 
sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging. It was an amazing 
privilege C and though I left early, I was transformed by my years at 
Harvard, the friendships I made, and the ideas I worked on. 

ҶԹĻҪľйء
죬Ҳ˸еѹʱейԶսԡ
ڹһ˵Ȼ뿪ñȽ磬
ʶѡ﷢չһЩ뷨Զظıҡ

But taking a serious look back  I do have one big regret.

ǣػȷʵһź 

I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in 
the world C the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and 
opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.

뿪ʱ򣬸ûʶǶôĲƽȡڽ
ƸͻϵĲƽȴÿ£ʹǱھ֮С 

I learned a lot here at Harvard about new ideas in economics and 
politics. I got great exposure to the advances being made in the 
sciences.

ڹѧ˺ܶྭѧѧ˼롣Ҳ˽˺ܶѧϵ
չ

But humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries C but 
in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity. Whether 
through democracy, strong public education, quality health care, or 
broad economic opportunity C reducing inequity is the highest human 
achievement. 

ǣĽЩ֣Щڼ
಻ƽȵķֶ֡ͨΡƶȡȫĹϵ
ҽƱǹ㷺ľûᡪٲƽʼĳɾ͡

I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people 
cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country. And I 
knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable 
poverty and disease in developing countries. 

뿪У԰ʱ򣬸֪м޷
ܽĻᡣҲ֪չй޷ݵƶ
ͼ֮С

It took me decades to find out.

һ˼ʮЩ顣

You graduates came to Harvard at a different time. You know more 
about the world's inequities than the classes that came before. In 
your years here, I hope you've had a chance to think about how C in 
this age of accelerating technology C we can finally take on these 
inequities, and we can solve them. 

ĸλͬѧҲͬʱġǱǰѧ
˽ĲƽȡǵĹѧУϣѾ˼
һ⣬Ǿ¼ٷչʱӦֲ
ƽȣԼ⡣

Imagine, just for the sake of discussion, that you had a few hours 
a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a cause C and you 
wanted to spend that time and money where it would have the greatest 
impact in saving and improving lives. Where would you spend it? 

Ϊ۵ķ㣬һ£ÿڿԾһЩʱ䡢ÿ
ԾһЩǮϣЩʱͽǮõ͸
õĵطѡʲôط

For Melinda and for me, the challenge is the same: how can we do 
the most good for the greatest number with the resources we have. 

MelindaעǴĵӣ˵Ҳٵ⣺
ܽӵеԴӳá

During our discussions on this question, Melinda and I read an 
article about the millions of children who were dying every year in 
poor countries from diseases that we had long ago made harmless in 
this country. Measles, malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis B, yellow fever. 
One disease I had never even heard of, rotavirus, was killing half a 
million kids each year C none of them in the United States. 

۹УMelindaҶһƪ£˵ЩƶĹң
ÿĶͯЩѲļűס
͸סȲһǰҴδ˵״Щÿ굼
50ͯһҲûС

We were shocked. We had just assumed that if millions of children 
were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority 
to discover and deliver the medicines to save them. But it did not. 
For under a dollar, there were interventions that could save lives 
that just weren't being delivered. 

Ǳˡ룬ͯǿ
ԱȵģôӦҩΪͷȴ¡ʵˡ
Щ۸񻹲һԪľҩû͵ǵС

If you believe that every life has equal value, it's revolting to 
learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not. We 
said to ourselves: "This can't be true. But if it is true, it deserves 
to be the priority of our giving." 

ÿƽȵģô㷢ĳЩˣһ
Щˣе޷ܡǶԼ˵"鲻ˡ
ģôӦŬͷȴ¡"

So we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it. 
We asked: "How could the world let these children die?" 

ԣκ˶뵽ķʽʼʣ"ô
Щȥ"

The answer is simple, and harsh. The market did not reward saving 
the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidize it. So 
the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power 
in the market and no voice in the system. 

𰸺ܼ򵥣ҲѿгУȶͯһûĹ
ҲṩЩ֮ͯԻΪǵĸĸھ
ûʵû

But you and I have both.

ǣǺھʵܹ

We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can 
develop a more creative capitalism C if we can stretch the reach of 
market forces so that more people can make a profit, or at least make 
a living, serving people who are suffering from the worst inequities. 
We also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money 
in ways that better reflect the values of the people who pay the taxes. 

ǿгõΪ˷ܹƳһָдԵ
ʱƶȡǿԸıгø˿Ի󣬻
άôͿ԰ﵽЩڼ˲ƽȵ״ܿǡ
ǻȫʩѹҪǽ˰˵Ǯ˰˼
ֵ۵ĵط

If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways 
that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will 
have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the world. This 
task is open-ended. It can never be finished. But a conscious effort 
to answer this challenge will change the world. 

ܹҵһַȿ԰ﵽˣֿΪ˴
ΪμҴѡƱôǾҵһּԲƽȵĿɳķչ
·޵ġܱȫɣκԾؽ
ԣı硣

I am optimistic that we can do this, but I talk to skeptics who 
claim there is no hope. They say: "Inequity has been with us since the 
beginning, and will be with us till the end C because people just  
don't  care." I completely disagree. 

ϣֹ۵ġǣҲЩеĻߡ
˵"ƽȴ൮ĵһʹڣһҲڡ
Ϊں"ȫֹͬ۵㡣

I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.

ţⲻǲںǲ֪ô

All of us here in this Yard, at one time or another, have seen 
human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothing C not 
because we didn't care, but because we didn't know what to do. If we 
had known how to help, we would have acted. 

˿Ժˣʱ̣Ŀı
磬еġʲôҲû޶ԣΪǲ
֪ʲôô֪ЧģôǾͻȡж

The barrier to change is not too little caring; it is too much 
complexity.

ı谭Įʵ̫ӡ 

To turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a 
solution, and see the impact. But complexity blocks all three steps.

Ϊ˽תΪжҪҵ⣬ֽ취ķ
ĸʹЩ趼

Even with the advent of the Internet and 24-hour news, it is still 
a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problems. When an 
airplane crashes, officials immediately call a press conference. They 
promise to investigate, determine the cause, and prevent similar 
crashes in the future. 

ʹ˻24Сʱֱ̨ڣȻʮ
ѡһܷɻ׹ˣԱǻٿŷᣬǳŵе顢
ҵԭ򡢷ֹٴη¹ʡ

But if the officials were brutally honest, they would say: "Of all 
the people in the world who died today from preventable causes, one 
half of one percent of them were on this plane. We're determined to do 
everything possible to solve the problem that took the lives of the 
one half of one percent." 

ЩԱ˵滰Ǿͻ˵"ڽһ죬ȫп
Ա֮Уֻ0.5%οѡǾľһŬ
0.5%ԭ"

The bigger problem is not the plane crash, but the millions of 
preventable deaths.

ȻҪⲻοѣԤ¼ 

We don't read much about these deaths. The media covers what's new 
C and millions of people dying is nothing new. So it stays in the 
background, where it's easier to ignore. But even when we do see it or 
read about it, it's difficult to keep our eyes on the problem. It's 
hard to look at suffering if the situation is so complex that we don't 
know how to help. And so we look away. 

ǲûкܶ˽Щ¼ýǱţ˽Ҫ
ȥšû˱ôЩ¼ͺױӡһ棬
ʹȷʵĿ¼߿رҲѳעЩ¼
ܿʹģο˸ӣǸ֪ȥ
ˡǻὫתȥ

If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come 
to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution. 

ڣҲ˵һŻеڶ
ǾǴӸӵ¼ҵ취

Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our 
caring. If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or 
individual asks "How can I help?," then we can get action C and we 
can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted. But 
complexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who 
cares  and that makes it hard for their caring to matter. 

Ҫù䵽ʵǾͱҵ취һ
ĺͿɿĴ𰸣ôκ֯͸˷"ṩ"ʱ
ǾܲȡжǾܹ֤˷һȫ˵Ĺġ
ǣĸʹúҵȫÿһаĵ˶Чж
˵ĹѲʵЧ

Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four 
predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage 
approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the 
meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you 
already have  whether it's something sophisticated, like a drug, or 
something simpler, like a bednet. 

ӵҵ취ԷΪĸ裺ȷĿ꣬ҵ
Чķ¼ͬʱеļ
Ǹӵҩ򵥵ʡ

The AIDS epidemic offers an example. The broad goal, of course, is 
to end the disease. The highest-leverage approach is prevention. The 
ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with 
a single dose. So governments, drug companies, and foundations fund 
vaccine research. But their work is likely to take more than a decade, 
so in the meantime, we have to work with what we have in hand C and 
the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid 
risky behavior. 

̲һӡܵĿּ꣬Чķ
ԤļǷһ磬ֻҪעһΣͿߡԣ
ҩ˾Ӧоǣоܿʮ֮
ڶ޷ɡˣͬʱǱʹеļĿǰЧԤ
跨ǱЩΣյΪ

Pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again. This is the 
pattern. The crucial thing is to never stop thinking and working C 
and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th 
century C which is to surrender to complexity and quit. 

ҪʵµĿֿ꣬ԲµĲѭһģʽؼĶ
ԶҪֹͣ˼жǧٷϸűͷνϷ
ĴʱΪ̫ӣ˲ȡж

The final step C after seeing the problem and finding an approach 
C is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and 
failures so that others learn from your efforts. 

ڷҵ֮󣬾һ
ɹʧܾ鴫ȥ˾ͿԴŬջ

You have to have the statistics, of course. You have to be able to 
show that a program is vaccinating millions more children. You have to 
be able to show a decline in the number of children dying from these 
diseases. This is essential not just to improve the program, but also 
to help draw more investment from business and government. 

ȻһЩͳ֪֡ĿΪͯ
½硣Ҳ֪ͯ½˶١ЩǺܹ
ģڸĿЧҲڴ̽õİ

But if you want to inspire people to participate, you have to show 
more than numbers; you have to convey the human impact of the work C 
so people can feel what saving a life means to the families affected. 

ǣЩ뼤˲μĿͱó
ͳ֣չʾĿأ˾ͻеһ
Щеļͥζʲô

I remember going to Davos some years back and sitting on a global 
health panel that was discussing ways to save millions of lives. 
Millions! Think of the thrill of saving just one person's life C then 
multiply that by millions.  Yet this was the most boring panel I've 
ever been on C ever. So boring even I couldn't bear it. 

ǰȥʿ˹һȫ򽡿̳й
ȼģǼһɣһ˵Ѿ
εȼҪּٳϼ򱶡ǣҵǣҲ
ӹζ̳ζ޷ǿԼȥ

What made that experience especially striking was that I had just 
come from an event where we were introducing version 13 of some piece 
of software, and we had people jumping and shouting with excitement. I 
love getting people excited about software C but why can't we 
generate even more excitement for saving lives? 

Ǵξ֮Ϊ֮ǰǸոշһĵ13
ùڼϲΪе
ôΪʲôܹΪܹеӼأ

You can't get people excited unless you can help them see and feel 
the impact. And how you do that C is a complex question. 

ܹǿ߸ܵжӰ޷Ǽ
һ㣬һ򵥵¡

Still, I'm optimistic. Yes, inequity has been with us forever, but 
the new tools we have to cut through complexity have not been with us 
forever. They are new C they can help us make the most of our caring 
C and that's why the future can be different from the past. 

ͬǰһϣȻֹ۵ġĲƽʷ
һֱڣЩܹΪ¹ߣȴųֵġЩ¹
԰ǣͬķãΪʲôͬȥǲ
һġ

The defining and ongoing innovations of this age C biotechnology, 
the computer, the Internet C give us a chance we've never had before 
to end extreme poverty and end death from preventable disease. 

ʱʱ޿̲ӿֳµĸ¡＼
ǸһδйĻᣬȥսЩ˵ƶͷǶԼ

Sixty years ago, George Marshall came to this commencement and 
announced a plan to assist the nations of post-war Europe. He said: "I 
think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous 
complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by 
press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the 
street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation. It is virtually 
impossible at this distance to grasp at all the real significance of 
the situation." 

ʮǰΡЪҲطıҵϣһƻ
Щŷ޹ҵս衣˵"Ϊѵһ̫ӣ
ֽ͵̨ԴԴϵṩʵʹôϵͨ˼
жơʵϣ㴫ҪذƣǸܵġ
"

Thirty years after Marshall made his address, as my class 
graduated without me, technology was emerging that would make the 
world smaller, more open, more visible, less distant. 

Ъݽ֮ʮ꣬һѧҵȻҲС
ʱ¼ոտʼѿǽʹøСš׿


The emergence of low-cost personal computers gave rise to a 
powerful network that has transformed opportunities for learning and 
communicating. 

ͳɱĸ˵Եĳ֣ʹһǿĻлᵮΪѧϰ
ṩ˾޴Ļᡣ

The magical thing about this network is not just that it collapses 
distance and makes everyone your neighbor. It also dramatically 
increases the number of brilliant minds we can have working together 
on the same problem C and that scales up the rate of innovation to a 
staggering degree. 

֮룬ʹڡ
˻йͬ뷨ǾۼһĻᣬǿΪ˽ͬһ⣬
һͬʹӿ˸µḶ̌չٶȼֱ𾪡

At the same time, for every person in the world who has access to 
this technology, five people don't. That means many creative minds are 
left out of this discussion -- smart people with practical 
intelligence and relevant experience who don't have the technology to 
hone their talents or contribute their ideas to the world. 

ͬʱˣֻȫ˿ڵ֮һζţ
дԵǣûм뵽ǵЩʵʵĲ
ؾĴˣȴûмǣǵ츳뷨ȫ


We need as many people as possible to have access to this 
technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what 
human beings can do for one another. They are making it possible not 
just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, 
smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see 
approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the 
hunger, poverty, and desperation George Marshall spoke of 60 years ago. 

Ҫܵøлʹ¼ΪЩ¼
һཫ˿Ի¼ڴһֿܣ
ѧ˾Сˣܹڡܹҵ취
ܹŬЧȥıЩЪʮǰ˵⡪
ƶ;

Members of the Harvard Family: Here in the Yard is one of the 
great collections of intellectual talent in the world. 

һͥԺڳǣȫȺ
֮һ

What for?

ǿЩʲô

There is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, 
and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the 
lives of people here and around the world. But can we do more? Can 
Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who 
will never even hear its name? 

ʣʦУѡѧߣѾǵȫ
ǵǣǻܹʲôأûпܣ
ԽǵǻۣЩû""ֵˣ

Let me make a request of the deans and the professors C the 
intellectual leaders here at Harvard: As you hire new faculty, award 
tenure, review curriculum, and determine degree requirements, please 
ask yourselves: 

λԺͽڣһ󡪡ǹ䣬
ǹµʦְγ̡ѧλ䷢׼ʱ
Լµ⣺

Should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems?

˲Ƿڽ⣿

Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world's worst 
inequities? Should Harvard students learn about the depth of global 
poverty  the prevalence of world hunger  the scarcity of clean 
water the girls kept out of school  the children who die from 
diseases we can cure? 

ǷʦȥоصĲƽȣѧǷ
ȫЩ˵ƶѧʲôԵļġˮԴȱ
޷ѧŮͯڷǶԼĶͯѧûдѧ


Should the world's most privileged people learn about the lives of 
the world's least privileged? 

ЩϹԽǣûдЩѵѧ


These are not rhetorical questions C you will answer with your 
policies.

ЩⲢϵ޴ǡԼжشǡ

My mother, who was filled with pride the day I was admitted here 
C never stopped pressing me to do more for others. A few days before 
my wedding, she hosted a bridal event, at which she read aloud a 
letter about marriage that she had written to Melinda. My mother was 
very ill with cancer at the time, but she saw one more opportunity to 
deliver her message, and at the close of the letter she said: "From 
those to whom much is given, much is expected." 

ҵĸұѧ¼ȡһ죬еǳûֹͣ
ңȥΪ顣ҽǰ죬һҼ
ʽʽϣʶһڻţдMelinda
ġʱҵĸѾΪ֢Ϊһ
ĻᡣǷŵĽβд"Щǣ
ǵڴҲࡣ"

When you consider what those of us here in this Yard have been 
given C in talent, privilege, and opportunity C there is almost no 
limit to what the world has a right to expect from us. 

һɣԺЩˣʲô츳Ȩ
ô˵ȫǼ޵Ȩڴס

In line with the promise of this age, I want to exhort each of the 
graduates here to take on an issue C a complex problem, a deep 
inequity, and become a specialist on it. If you make it the focus of 
your career, that would be phenomenal. But you don't have to do that 
to make an impact. For a few hours every week, you can use the growing 
power of the Internet to get informed, find others with the same 
interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut through them. 

ͬʱһҲҪλҵͬѧһҸ棺
Ҫѡһ⣬һӵ⣬һй̵Ĳƽȵ⣬Ȼ
ҪרҡܹʹΪְҵĺģ
ôǾͻǳܳǣǲһҪȥЩ¡ÿֻü
СʱͿͨõϢҵ־ͬϵѣڣ
ҵǵ;

Don't let complexity stop you. Be activists. Take on the big 
inequities. It will be one of the great experiences of your lives. 

Ҫĸ谭ǰҪΪһжߡ
ĲƽΪΡΪҪľ֮һ

You graduates are coming of age in an amazing time. As you leave 
Harvard, you have technology that members of my class never had. You 
have awareness of global inequity, which we did not have. And with 
that awareness, you likely also have an informed conscience that will 
torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change 
with very little effort. You have more than we had; you must start 
sooner, and carry on longer. 

ĸλҵͬѧʱһʱ뿪
ʱӵеļһѧûеġѾ˽⵽
ϵĲƽȣʱ֪Щ˽֮ҪЩ
԰ڲˣͽܵĵǴֻһССŬͿ
ԸıЩǵǱӵиǱ뾡翪ʼ
ܳʱڼȥ

Knowing what you know, how could you not? 

֪֪һУôܲȡжأ

And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30 years from now 
and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy. I 
hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional 
accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the 
world's deepest inequities  on how well you treated people a world 
away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity. 

ϣ30ǻٻصԼ츳
һСϣǸʱԼı׼ǵרҵ
ɾͣΪı̵ĲƽŬԼ
ЩԶǧɽˮǺ漰ǣΨһĹͬͬ
Ϊࡣ

Good luck.

ףλͬѧˡ

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άӭѧܵһ⹫

άӭѧ,

ͬ䳣,,½,ĵȸλԺ͵֧ǵϵ,
ȫ200744Ժͨ˰޺㸦⻪ѧԺľ
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,־,ĺͬҶϵ,ǲ˽⵽ȫ⻪ְԱ
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20057,İ칫ﵱ,ֽ.

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,ѧҲǶԲ𱱾ѧ.

Ҳǻάѧΰ,Ҳųٳٲ򱱾ѧй
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һϻ:㸦ΪάӭǺ㸦,άӭȴΪ㸦άӭĵ
.˵˰.

ֻһϻ:ѧڹ.˵ٰ˰.
ĺͻ鱨֤Ѳ,Ϊй㾭Ź.

ٻһϻ:Ǳߵ֤ͨ.

޺㸦

2007731糿6

(XYS20070801)

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ڶҪûãTaxapad 2005Web of ScienceȣԹ
ʡDoryctinaeֵ2004ì569ƪ¼Ƚ
188ƪ©2000-2003׾ʹ37ƪֱصľУ

1.	Barbalho, S.M.; Penteado-Dias, A.M. 2000. Platydoryctes, a new 
Doryctinae genus from Brazil (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomological 
News, 111(1): 25-31.
2.	Barbalho, S.M.; Penteado-Dias, A.M. 2002. A new genus and 
species of Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with fused first and 
second metasomal terga. Entomological News, 113(3): 179-182.
3.	Belokobylskij, S.A. 2003. The species of the genus Spathius 
Nees, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) not included in the 
monograph by Nixon (1943). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw), 53(3): 347-488.
4.	Belokobylskij, S.A. 2002. Two new Oriental genera of 
Doryctinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from termite nests. Journal of 
Natural History, 36(8): 953-962.
5.	Belokobylskij, S.A. 2002. The genus Halycaea Cameron 
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) in the Oriental region. 
Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 76(1-16): 61-77.
6.	Belokobylskij, S.A. 2001. New taxa of the braconid subfamilies 
Doryctinae and Exothecinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from west 
Palearctic. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 80(2): 451-471, 543 
[Entomological Review, 81(7): 749-766]
7.	Belokobylskij, S.A. 2001. Two new Oriental-Australian genera 
of Dorycinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with immovably fused first 
three metasomal tergites. Russian Entomological Journal, 9(4)(2000): 
345-351
8.	Belokobylskij, S.A.; Konishi, K. 2001. New genera of 
Doryctinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Japan. Entomological Science, 
4(2): 129-138.
9.	Belokobylskij, S.A.; Ku, D.S. 2001. A new species of the genus 
Platyspathius Viereck (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Doryctinae) from Korea. 
Insecta Koreana, 18(1): 37-41.
10.	Belokobylskij, S.A.; Quicke, D.L.J. 2000. Seven new genera of 
the subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the old world. 
Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 9(1): 111-141.
11.	Belokobylskij, S.A.; Chen, X.X. 2002. Two new species of 
Aivalykus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from China and 
Indonesia, with a key to species. European Journal of Entomology, 99(1): 
73-78.
12.	Braet, Y.; Barbalho, S.M.; van Achterberg, C. 2003. 
Description of four new genera and nine new species of Doryctinae 
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from French Guyana. Zoologische Mededelingen 
Leiden, 77(5): 93-125.
13.	Braet, Y.; van Achterberg, C. 2001. New taxa of the subfamily 
Doryctinae Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from French Guiana and 
Brazil. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 75(7): 119-136.
14.	Braga, S.M.P.; Barbalho, S.M.; Penteado-Dias, A.M. 2002. 
Glaucia gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Brazil. 
Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 76(1-16): 79-82.
15.	Marsh, P.M. 2002. The Doryctinae of Costa Rica (excluding the 
genus Heterospilus). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 
70: 1-229.
16.	Moraal, L.G.; van Achterberg, C. 2001. Spathius curvicaudis 
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) new for the Netherlands; a parasitoid of the 
oak buprestid beetle, Agrilus biguttatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). 
Entomologische Berichten Amsterdam, 61(11): 165-168.
17.	Papp, J. 2003. Braconid wasps from the Cape Verde Islands 
(Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 2. Doryctinae, Braconinae, Hormiinae, 
Rogadinae, Gnamptodontinae, Homolobinae, Opiinae, Alysiinae, Cheloninae, 
Adeliinae and Microgastrinae. Faunistische Abhandlungen (Dresden), 24: 
137-167.
18.	Papp, J. 2003. Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Korea, XXI. 
Species of fifteen subfamilies. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum 
Hungaricae, 49(2): 115-152.
19.	van Achterberg, C. 2003 The West Palaearctic species of the 
genera Gildoria Hedqvist and Platyspathius Viereck, with keys to the 
species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae). Zoologische 
Mededelingen Leiden, 77(15): 267-290.
20.	van Achterberg, C.; Marsh, P.M. 2002 Revision of the genus 
Psenobolus Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae). Zoologische 
Mededelingen Leiden, 76(1): 1-25.

ͨĶЩ£Belokobylskij (2003)ǼNixon(1943)
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ģרұֲй౻©2004ǰר
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¼© Halycaea rubata Belokobylskij, 2002Heterospilus 
sicanus (Marshall1888)Mimipodoryctes korotyaevi (Belokobylskij, 
1996)Mimipodoryctes peregrinus (Belokobylskij1994)Ontsira antica 
(Wollaston, 1858)Polystenus rugosus Foester, 1862Rhaconotus 
aciculatus Ruthe, 1854Rhaconotus hexatermus Belokobylskij, 1988; 
Spathiostenus formosanus (Watanabe, 1934)Aivalykus nitidus 
Belokobylskij & Chen, 2002; Aivalykus bouceki Belokobylskij & Chen, 
2002ȡ

ңֻδᡶйͼ־2002йì
Fushunobracon orientalis Hong, 2002

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20070728 10:51 Դձ

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Զ
http://blog.nnsky.com/blog_view_140749.html 

ǳϣңԶѧٶʿڹ
ʱҾһԣĶġ˿ҲΪдƪ
ңԶĹȼʹҴϲ

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𾪵й״

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    2007-07-27籨

йĿǰķչ״140ǰΪơ19 60ڿʼ
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