                         ˿µϣ20071022գ

07.10.22, ˡйѧԺеҸӡ
07.10.22, Сߡѧѧ
07.10.22, Ϯʾڡ顶롷
07.10.22, Yushźΰ¼ſ
07.10.22, ػʱݣԷ¹㳡ѧ̳Լܭ[
07.10.22, LCMSMS˳Ŀѧһ˼
07.10.22, Ρ״ͷ조ҽѧ
07.10.22, ־λţƽⶾ
07.10.22, ɵ㡶ں
07.10.22, ҡԺӡ㡱
07.10.22, lw56102һ彡Դ˼·
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07.10.22, ѰڿѵLinchuang
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йѧԺеҸ

ߣ

Ҫ۵֣ĩβи¼ѡйѧԺϺ
ѧԺġʴ,ʼ2002424աһģһĻҲ
пԺֲ԰ġʴҵĵĿľͨλĻ
ͷԵķ¶йѧԺһЩожҸδЯ
ӣеİ֪

пԺĿʵ֪Ժܶûоѧ˵
пԺһܺõѡпԺܷչ죬õĵȻ˰˵Ǯô
κһʵйӦͨпԺʸȻ
һȺƵҸЯߣݵĿ1.2֮ڣڸֳӣ
ž޴ΪɵѹԴ˿2007428Ҹӵ뷢
չһиϸȻͶᱣϲбЯߵ
Ҫļ̨̬ȣ˲ΪĻõôЧִУ
ٶġܶࡰͷļһִϰ
ԵصԷ硣Ҳ֪ҸЯжeԭԵģԲС
ĿȻںܶУеѯ̳ôôߴ̽
ҲżҵĹһ

ҸεĴȾԣҽѧжۡѪҺ没Ĵʽһ
޷ѪҺԴĸӤˣǴСֻ
ҪҸδļʼΪ0Ҹôʻǻ
δ֮ǰ㡣Ҹѵõ˹㷺ӦãǴȾ
ܱ㼸пԺϺѧԺСЯ߱
ΪʲôͲЯ߱ǻڴȾĿЩΣյ
죬̲Ҳ飬ҸҲ֮ӡʱ
лҸתٹɣҸεĴȾԱŴð
ͬ

Ӹ¼һЩۣ

νҪָеeԭԣڸȻȾĿ
ܾʹЩνᴫȾԶeԵĲһҪȡҪƵģ
ҽҲпܵĴȾ;벡ע⣡ԣeΪԣ
κòٿС 

ۣһһ£ҸһЯЯûЧ
ƷпԺѧоǲ᲻֪һ㡣ˡβٿ
Сˣ̫пԺƶߵЩ쵼Щ
Ҹת档ڶܵĴȾ;ǡ˵ѪҺ
ԴĸӤǵãǾ˵ҸδЯ
ʵҺճдˣͲԲ˵ˡ

ĿʼʱᵽϺѧԺֲ԰ҵλҳ
ȷ˵迼ǴЯߣΪҲǡгˡпԺ
оֱӸܾҸЯߣѯʱί½
ЯߵĴȾԣ籱ֲһЩλиҽѧ֪
ʶǷȱЯߵĸιһ󲻽⣬Ĵ𸴵Ȼͻ
룬޷ľ罭ֲи˾˵Ȼ
Сιôģпо˶֪к
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ǰѯյλи˺ϰ߱ҽѧ֪ʶЯ
ĵ߿¾ֻͶˡ

ܽȨл񹲺͹ܷȨʹпԺţĲ
ĵλҲܷԼЩܽҸδЯѧӣֻҪרҵ
ߣǿƷºãȻʸпԺϺõĽԴô
пԺԲֵɰЩҸЯߵܽȨǼ̤ȨĿ
ΪȻ˵ֻпԺҸЯߣø˿
עҸδЯк;ҵеδҲǱĵĿ֮һ

 
65. ʱֻ͸סιȻ
ǻǾܾ¼ȡ˲ǣǿ2001ȫͨУ
׼(޶)ȷ涨Ըײ˲Ҹιܲ(ײԭЯ
ι߳)¼ȡȻѹ涨ײԭЯߵι
߳⣬ΪʲôѧУعҹ涨ҪĿ֮⣿
νҪָеeԭԣڸȻȾĿ
ʹЩνᴫȾԶeԵĲһҪȡҪƵģ
ҽҲпܵĴȾ;벡ע⣡ԣeΪԣ
κòٿС͸סܾ¼ȡ
ѧУΥйع涨Ϊᵽġ2001ȫͨУ
׼(޶)ҪԸ߿¼ȡƶ׼רΪо¼
ȡƶġͨߵѧУÿĸ߿¼ȡбϸɽ
ƶ׼׼ߵԺУл˶ʿ
ʿоʱɲͨУڸ߿¼ȡе׼ɲա2001ȫ
ͨУ׼(޶)ִС ע⣺ǡִС
ִСо¼ȡʱλɲա2001ȫͨ
У׼(޶)ݱλʵԿ״
ҪҪǿǵоλͨ߿λֻͬǸߵԺ
Уһлͬʵλ¼ȡ˵ȷ
һˣо׼ȫͨ߿׼ǲ
ֲգɸλȷ ȻҲ˵ԺУ¼ȡ
͸סιĿؼǿھ
ԺУרҵ֮ǰӦ˽λרҵԿ״Щ
ҪԺǲ¼ȡġ ˣ㼰׼о
ھ־ԸǰҪ˽Լ״һȷ֪ԼпӰ¼ȡ
ļʱԼ㱨λԺϵѯõλרҵ
մ࿼ͿԱֳԺϸ񣬵첻صĲʹ

(XYS20071022)

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ѧѧ

ߡС

ٶϼ飬гĽڷҲͦ˼

1.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Dechlorination of 
chlorophenols found in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents by advanced 
oxidation processes, Bioresource Technology, 96(2005) 897-906; (SCI
EI¼)
2.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Ozonation of pine kraft 
lignin in alkaline solution. Part 2: Surface active properties of the 
ozonated kraft lignins, Holzforschung, 58, 631-639, 2004;  (SCIEI
¼)
3.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Holzforschung, Ozonation of 
pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 1: Ozonation, 
characterization of kraft lignin and its ozonated preparations, 58, 
622-630, 2004; (SCIEI¼)
4.   Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Dechlorination and 
decolorization of chloro-organics in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents 
by advanced oxidation processes, Bioresource Technology,  94(2004) 
267-274; (SCIEI¼)

ƪµRui WangĵλDepartment of Wood and Paper 
Science, North Carolina State University, NC, USA and Mead-Westvaco 
Corp., Covington Mill, Covington, VA, USAͨ߶North Carolina 
State University Chen-Loung Chen

ˣϼԿѧ

1.	19974¡20059ϼḣǴѧѧϵ
ʦлϳɺͷӦѧҡ1994ŵ
George A. OlahڣҪ»͸ӻϳɣԵһ
߷ѧ5ƪڹרҵȨϣƽӰӸߴ8.227
ѧSCI͹EIͬʱ¼ڼ仹ʦ
ѧѧרҵо࣮

2.	2001Եһͬߵ綥ȨNature 
BiotechnologyϷ[19 371-374Apr. 2001]
ֲΪRui WangĵλUniversity of KentuckyAgronomy 
Department, ͨUniversity of Kentucky George J. Wagner
ʱRui WangѾȥColumbia University

3.	2004, 2005ԵһߵڡBioresource Technology
HolzforschungϸƪֽṤΪRui 
WangĵλNorth Carolina State UniversityDepartment of Wood and 
Paper ScienceMead-Westvaco Corp.ͨNorth Carolina State 
University Chen-Loung Chenڼ仹Mead-Westvaco Corp.ƸΪо
Ա

ݽܽϼ飬в֮˵


ϼȫģ˿ߣ

  У壬44꣬ʿ󣬽ڣ˶ʿʦʡ
רңιί-ҩԴѧصʵңΡ

19847±ҵʦѧѧϵѧѧʿѧλ19997±ҵ
ʦѧѧרҵоࣻ19974¡200312ѧϼ
Ǵѧ(University of Southern California)ѧϵлѧо
(Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute)
ʿѧλʦлϳɺͷӦѧҡ1994ŵ
George A. Olahڡ20041¡20059ϼḣǴѧѧϵ
лѧоGeorge A. Olahо²ʿPostdoctoral 
FellowоҪ»͸ӻϳɡ1997
ǰԴûо2ѧĿڶ
2ѧĿ8ѧڼ䣬ȡҪɼһ
ŵѧֱָ߰£лѧо
Եоͨʵо״ԭ̼ӵƲλ
ۣΪػѧϳƺͷӦṩۺʵݣȶ̼
ϵк̼ʵۿհףȽˮƽоɹ
LHI Kimbrough SymposiaԵһ߷ѧ5
ƪڹרҵȨϣƽӰӸߴ8.227ѧ
SCI͹EIͬʱ¼ȶ̼ӵķ
ʹתֲջͷŵʷӵġˢһϵ
ķʹѧ̡Ϊͳɱ硢塢鶯ѪҺɷ֡
øҩƷĿǰƷֲũṩһʵЧĵʷ
ͷŷֳɹԵһͬġ綥ȨNature 
BiotechnologyϡΪȫķ[19 371-374Apr. 2001]
俯SCIӰӣȫSCIİ¼3762ڿSCIչ¼
6000ڿУǰ20λNatureϵרҵȨԵѧ֮һ
ıNatureȹȨרҵĵƪ20Σ＼ѧ
ISBThe International Society of Biotechnology͢ũҵ
ԺֲѧᣨAmerican Society of Plant Biologists
＼ϢNCBINational Center for Biotechnology 
InformationȹȨרҵ߶ۣ֯վڹ
ܡֳɹ벢ȨררUS6730826
ͬзҺȫմ΢ﴦ֬ǿת
ӷΪļ״ʵִƽҵˮȫաȫѭŷš
üMead-Westvaco Corp.˾ʹãľЧ档ֳ
Եһ߷ϵѧڹȨѧBioresource Technology
͡HolzforschungϣľѧSCI͹EIͬʱ
¼ѧڼ䣬ΪѧѧʽԱȫƸ
NOS/ANIѧԴЭƸΪѧԴĿ鳤ɫ
NOS/ANIѧԴЭȫѧͨѶĿ鳤
Mead-Westvaco Corp.ƸΪоԱ

ڷ

1.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Dechlorination of 
chlorophenols found in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents by advanced 
oxidation processes, Bioresource Technology, 96(2005) 897-906; (SCI
EI¼)

2.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Ozonation of pine kraft 
lignin in alkaline solution. Part 2: Surface active properties of the 
ozonated kraft lignins, Holzforschung, 58, 631-639, 2004;  (SCIEI
¼)

3.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Holzforschung, Ozonation of 
pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 1: Ozonation, 
characterization of kraft lignin and its ozonated preparations, 58, 
622-630, 2004; (SCIEI¼)

Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Dechlorination and decolorization 
of chloro-organics in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents by advanced 
oxidation processes, Bioresource Technology,  94(2004) 267-274; (SCI
EI¼)

(XYS20071022)

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Ϯʾڡ顶롷

    żȻƵ顶롪ƸĽ
ų磩һأִַ˼ڣ֪һյ֮
мĽйصĲּҡѰ߼ѧ
ķչϺͨѧ2005һ棬2007ڶ棩һ顣
䣬һֲĵճûע

ĽΪѧṩ˴ۣ춨ִѧĻǴ
Ľ۵Ӱѧ磬Ҳڿѧ磬Զ˼
Ӱ졣ۣͨ쵼ʷΪΰ
ӰΪԶһԸⳡͳһ磬ṩ
һȫµۡۡۺͷۣ˼еĿѧ
򡣣ڡ롷Сչۡһڣ

    1860630գԴ󲻾ţѧеǳ
սУͺܵ͵رһ㡣ţΤ˹Samuel Wilberforce
1805-1873ԳơĵĶȮ˹裬游һ
ĸһӺӴжģôЦȻڿ
Ϊӵĺһɳܵ¡Դ˵Ļشж汾
һеĻǣңԸһԳﵱ游Ը
һźܸߵ츳;޴ӰȴЩܺӰֻΪ
ׯϵĿѧнм˵游ôҺԥضԣѡ
Գڡ롷С۵ϰһڣ



(XYS20071022)

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źΰ¼ſ

Yush

źΰ¼ſ(XYS20071021)ᵽ

Ȼǣźΰͬ˹ڡŦԼѧ
޹أҲδ¹ҽҩоڱУԡŦԼѧ
¡Ƴɹ˺ųơ״ġҽѧ߿Ƽɹ
ӵϵͳ

飬˽סԺҽѵġBrookdale University Hospital and 
Medical CenterȷΪŦԼѧ³ֽѧģState University 
of New York Health Science Center at BrooklynĸѧҽԺ֮һ
ˣ۶ӦΪ

ȻǰŦԼѧһҽԺסԺѵŦ
Լѧ޹ء

⣬źΰֱ2005꣨2000סԺѵִգ
Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Centerڡ2005ھ
ҽʦѧảڻ顱з桶Laparoscopic Sacrum Rectal Sinuses 
Implanted Tube Dialysis

http://www.google.com/search?q=cache%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceda.gov.cn%2Fnews%2Fonews.asp%3Fid%3D128
2005ھҽʦѧảڻճ̰
5. Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, New
York U.S.A. Haowei Zhang, M.D. 14201430
Laparoscopic Sacrum Rectal Sinuses Implanted Tube Dialysis

(XYS20071022)

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ʱݣԷ¹㳡ѧ̳Լܭ[

ػ

ʮ꣬٣񡱻Ķི˻٣ٵĶٵ٣
ѧѧ٣ϵĶະԩ٣ɧĶ뷨٣Թ۵Ķ٣
ĶӢ۵١һѻ׻ٻ󻰡񡱻ٻ
޼òƲսʤһûʵǿǿ󵽷н


һ롰ɹʿĶ飬ϵ˺ųơܲü
ʿ֮֮ѧ̳ĿΡĿʼղֻ֯һĻ
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ʿܭ[ų̽ϻ誵ӡ

ϻ誺ˣѧѧĿɽ棬塢͡оװ
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Ȼܡ񡱡ֱԲ䡱߳סء
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ܭ[ѧءΪ϶еֱˡ
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·ͷΪĻһݣǾа
ޣϣһλй֪ʶ֪ʶһߵĶ
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йҲԼСޡѾڶ׶ΡȦȦ֯綨
ΪǷҲգСҲգеǷǷǱĲۣ
ͱ֮ۡ

֮ܭ[ֻССޣСආƣҵ
ǻ޷ƵССޡЩСС޲ֹǶСƽɫɫα
ڡαרңڡרҡʱнĴҰ
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ѧҲգͳĻҲգΪǻ۵Ľᾧ߷㣬Ҫ
ĹֱɣͬҪκζʷ񻯡ػѧڽ
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֮ơ

ƭӵֶֻһôڵǻۣ񣬾ô
ΪĻ֪ʶǻۣôΪ׿Խж
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ġ⡢ءĻɹ׺ЦȤš
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ƭΪƵƵǻ۵Ļ𻨶ĸԸƭʩƭΪƭ
ֲ֧ġڡ

оȺڵ۾ѩġоִåå
Ļѩ۾Ļåľˣʤ
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ħĻԼڶĻļʣ
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ҵֶֹ֮ѰĿݣǶһֲ
𣿣֮ƽݺʱأҺȨʦºճ
ԸǰǿңȨԡ

------------------------------------------------------


ܭ[ϣٶȰٿƣ

ܭ[ɹ塣
1943ɹŰ죻
1949游ĸ̨ʡӣ
1962Ժһֱϻңķ洫
1965ҵ̨ѧѧϵ
1973굽ӣ
1983귵ر
ڴ½ʮ꣬йĻ֮˥ܡ徫֮ȱʧҵ
֮ѷ֮βϣ־Ϊ֮
͡޼ϵؾٰ޻ʵ֤жˡ
ΪִĻĳߣڱѧ⾭óѧȸУ
"йҵʥ֮""йҵĵĹ""йδҵ"
ϵнԵǰ̽ȱٵ¡Ĳ֮磬ᳫҵ
ᣬйĴͳľõִҵĹȥӶ;
ʥƷйҵҡͬʱػƽͳ̵ִ
ڽŵɣǻŵķͳ""ִ--
ΪҵҼпǻ۵еʶ֮ʿṩһ֮ЧĲ
򷽷
УƷ뼯ƪҰ
޵ɷ𡷡ֻΪʼʨġҵĵĻع顷
ȡ
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ľվѧӹТѧǡֱѵָ¼
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ĻйͳĻ̺Ĺ˼롢ûйĹĵĹ
ʥ֮ȣ
ҵ:̹ȼšһعͨͳ¡š˱
ȵȡ 

--------------------------------------------------

ܭ[ϣл

ҵѧԺԺ
̨ѧ
Ļļ
һľ
ܭ[̨ѧߣִĻĳߡ1962̨ϻ
ңķ洫ʮ̨塢й½
ţΪĻĸ֣ͻƹšС֮ޣʵ
ͷչǻ۵ĽԿסĽݲԡ֪ʶ
Ĺ䣬ǻ뼤籡ڱѧ⾭ó
ѧȸУġйҵʥ֮йҵĵĹϵн
õСҵǵ֧,ΪҵҼпͻ
ʵƿʶ֮ʿṩһ֮ЧĽ 

(XYS20071022)

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˳Ŀѧһ˼

LCMSMS

ϵй˶֪˶. ϵʶֵй˿֪ܶ򱻸
֮˳. ǻɶĸƵĳ, ɸƵʧ. 
˵ɵʯ. Ҳ֪˭һ˵, ǲǽй
. һǿ϶, 󲿷˶. 

ﺬдĸ, ÿһٿ˺200-400. ĸ? 
Ҫڶ̼---ʯ (). ĸƿԱ.
бȽϴĲ. Ժ͸ɲˮĲƳ. ʹƲ
. ЩǻĻѧ֪ʶ. 

Щֵǽһ˼. , һϹ㷺
ȽϴһԪ. غʯͷж, еֲֲ
ΪʳĶҲĸ. ҲԱȽױյ. ߸Ѫ֢һ
ֿɽʳʳļ. ڸʳкḻ, һ˲
Ҫ. , и,ͯͲбҪҽָ². ǵʳƷ
ȽϷḻ, ǲõȱ. Բ˳,Ҳõ. Ϊ
еĲ᲻еĸƶ.

, һ:  ˳, 򲤲˺Ͷֿû. 
ҪΪʲôԲ˺Ͷ. һṩҪӪ; Ϊ
(ó). ǰҪ, . кܶάA, , и. 
ΪԵ, ͸ƶױ. ǳԲʱζ, 
ҲάA. дĵ, ֬͸. Ϊеʺ֬, 
Ժó. ɲ䵰, ֬͸. ˺ͶһԻֿû, 
,ͬ, һС, ǲȫնĸ. 
ǿԴӱʳƷеõҪĸ, ͲǵĽ
Ӱ. Բ˺Ͷ. ֻЩΪ˳ٵ˲Żһ
ǵĽʳƷ, ҲһЧ.

ʵ, ʳƷ߲˻кܶ. ɿ, Ҷ, , ù
֭. ʳЩʳƷ, ͬʱȺ, ɸƺԪصռ
. ѵЩҲܺͶһ. 

˻, ѲÿˮһȥһЩ. ΪûҪ. Ҳ
һõȥʳƷеĲƻӪ. Ҳһкô. 
ûо.

˵Բ˳ýʯ, ǲԵ. оʯʳеĸƺ
 ûֱӹϵ. ܶҽô˵. ֻ˵Щҽˮƽֻи
ˮƽ. ҲӦԽһ. ƱɲƲ, ôʯ.

ǻ˼һһ. Ҫ, бҪЩ
ν߼ĸյĲƲƷ. ǲҪ. һĸƬ. 뻨
ǮĻ, ĥļǾ. Ҫ. ûĸ, ͳ˵
Ƭ.

ӪѧһźѵĿѧ. ΪʳƷĳɷֺܸ, ӹ, ˵Ľ
ֺͺܶй. óһ, Ҫܶо. ҺĽ
ǰĽҲе. ǰĽ˵иӦٳ, ΪĹ̥
. ½˵Ӧ, ΪĶ಻̥֬, 
Ӱ첢. , Ӫѧо, һҪб֤ȫ, 
ŪӦ. ǹڵӪѧоֻǷǳȵĽ׶. û
ʲôָ߱Ķ, һЩ˷һЩεġרո桱, 
Сʶ֮Ķ󵼴. ŪôҲ֪ôź. 

(XYS20071022)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

״ͷ조ҽѧ

ҽ

⣺

һйִҽѧҪǾѧҽȱҪѲȱ
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20071011սˡҽѧƴ һģ1
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ɣŲ񣬲ңܺꡣҪ˵й
ҽѧԺ㰲ҽԺҽѧٴʵзһЩ̽γ
ҽҩƷΪҽơ˯ҽѧרԸ֤Ϊ
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йԺԺʿйҽѧԺԺ˵ҽѧ
Ȼ˫ԣǿѧĵϡ־ҽѧΪҽҽѧС
ҽк֢ܶķԭԭ˼άԭơĿǰٴ
Ƶĸ߷ѪѹĲ򲡵ȶйϵҽ
Ҫڱֶ֢˯ϰȼƵͬʱоҽδ
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ҽҩֿƼ˾˾˼˵ҽѧٴЧ
Ϊּ

йҽѧԺѦ˵ҽѧأ׷ͬΡ
µִҽѧģʽΪҽѧģʽҽʱգ
ҽѧģʽҽѧǰհԡҪǿ̬˸о

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սѾΪвҹȺڽҪء

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DSM񲡵Ϻͳѧȫ飩Ȿӵһ浽Ѿ55ʷ
ˡThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is 
the document that is used in the United States and many other 
countries to classify mental illnesses. It has been more than 50 years 
since the American Psychiatric Association originally published DSM-I 
in 1952.  ˽һҪЩĹʴҪ˵
ЩѾǡ׼ˣҽǡ족Ǿͱ
й˶ˡ

2йġ psychotherapy˺ܶࡣȫй˶Ū
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ãȷУմõҩƵķʽͷһҩ
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personality disorder ΪǳڵɵģƸơ
仰˵ӦõķΧޡҩδչȣƱٽ
ĿռҲޡ

ֻҪҩҩ˾һҽѧҡԣ
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Somatoform Disordersֻжڣ⣬ſεҽ
ܿಡˡִҽѧԭǣһԼо
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졣ѪѹĲ򲡵ȲȫҩִҽѧҩЩ
зǳȷЧִҩƸѪѹͲƸѪѹ˵15
ꡣǧҪͼҩҽѧ⼸ֲҪԼˡ

5Ѧɽڣô֪ҽѧģʽǡ¡
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Ρ۲֪ҽ֯ʲôݹϵǹʷչķ
֯ǡȸҽ߹ԱҽǾͱƭԼˡ
ʵ֯еĹһģȽ
Ĺѧϰ˵ѧϰ˵ġҽ
ѧģʽǾɵģµġģʽйµģΪ
Ǿɵģǹªţϵҽҽġǰհԡҿ
ҽȫƭԡúöһҵĺ벿¡ʲôִѧ
ѧϰִѧ֪ʶ֪ʲôСҽѧģʽ
ˡҽûκιϵ

6й˭ŲĹִгֵһЩг
أԴΪϵĲƽ⡣л񹲺͹ҽҩѧ
Уˮƽ

7Ŀǰȫ綼ִѧһֿαйҪѧִѧȫ
֪ʶԣʮʮԺܲȥѧһ
ߣһҪִѧй˵⣬̸ʲô
ҽ̸ϡΪִѧչĳⶼǺ
һĲ֡ʲôִѧʲôִ
ѧͲҪԤ⡰չ

8ҷǳźؿִҽѧȨʿйԺԺʿ
ҽѧоҽǡμ
㡱ʻٷ𣿽Ѿ2007ˣë󶫣˰ѹ
ҽҽ˵ٻһȥˡǲ£Ҳ
£

˵ÿҽҪѧѧһҽ仰ԡÿһ
ҽҪѧþѧܳΪһҽΪѧٴֶΣѧ
ǡѧǾѧĻΣҽѧѧҽѧѧһĻΡ


ʲôִѧ

ϸպһHockд飬ʮҪĿѧо춨ִ
ѧĻRoger R. Hock. Forty studies that changed psychology. 
Explorations into the history of psychological research. Fourth edition. 
Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River New Jersey Ȿͨʮѧ
оĸѧԿѧʵΪݵķչ̡
ҪذѲоģĿйͨ˿۽磬оһʲô
ִѧ˽ִѧ֮㷺ôұһҽǸѧ
ִѧӡ˶Զע⣬ֻѧǾ
ѧѧ֪ʶѧİٱ֮ࡣ

ⱾʮоݷΪʮ֡

һ֡ѧΪBiology and human behavior

11967꣬һԻԣOne brain or two? Gazzaniga, 
MS(1967).The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217, 24-29.
о֣԰˵дѧĶǿ԰
ơڴһЩ߼ʶףռϵ壬
ȵⷽơµĹ۵ΪһˡҴҲ
ֵʱ򡣵һʱе˵ʱΪûȴ
ⷽϢԱԡء

21972꣬õöӴMore experience=bigger brain?
Rosenzweig, MR, et al. (1972). Brain changes in response to experience. 
Scientific American , 226, 22-29.
о֣󣬵һǿ˶䣬ѧϰ͸оӣζ
ᣩ̼ڶ鲻κ¡ǵһĴƤȵڶϸ
û࣬ϸͻȵڶ50עһͨ


31990꣬Are you a natural?
Bouchard T, et al. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: 
The Minnersota study of twins reared apart. Science, 150, 223-229.
о֣ԵӺmonozygotic twins˫̥̽бȽϡ1
ʹСֿڲͬļ֮ͥ£˵ĳ࣬
ԸصҲΪơ2һ˫̥ûһ˫
̥Ƚϣ˫̥֮ġͬԡܽӽûʲ
ôáŴ˼áض

41960꣬ӻ᲻ӴϵWatch out for the visual cliff!
Gibson EJ, et al. (1960). The visual cliff. Scientific American , 
202, 67-71
о֣6µຢӺ͸궯ߣһҪȥıԵ
ʱ򣬱紲ߣӾϢֹͣǰ
ұΪǺѧϰġСӴϵȥΪܼ
ûû뵽עǧҪΪ⼸仰ͼ
˶ĺӵı

ڶ֡оʶPerception and consciousness

51961꣬㿴ѾѧġWhat you see is what youve 
learned
Turnbull, CM(1961). Some observations regarding the experiences and 
behavior of the BaMbuti Pygmies. American Journal of psychology, 
74,304-308.

619531960꣬˯ΡTo sleep, no doubt to dream
Aserinsky, E, et al. (1953). Regularly occurring periods of eye 
mobility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science, 118, 273-274.
Dement, W.(1960). The effect of dream deprivation. Science, 131, 
1705-1707.
о֣ÿһ˶й̶εʱ䣨̣һϲΣ
ôһʱͻӳܽΪʲô˺ֹͣơ
ΪȾƿȡǳ˯ߣΣ˯ߡȾƵ˯ú㡣ֹͣ
Ⱦƣǳ˯ߣΣֲʱӳ˯ʱ̣ܲ


71977꣬˶Ե㲻ͬεʱ˲Ρ
һֱáǼUnromancing the dream
Hobson, JA, et al. (1977). The brain as a dream-state generator: An 
activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal 
of psychiatry, 134, 1335-1348.

81982꣬ãһǸе֧ʹԼܴﵽ
ĳΡActing a if you are hypnotized
Spanos, NP(1982). Hypnotic behavior: A cognitive, social, 
psychological perspective, Research Communications in Psychology, 
Psychiatry, and Behavior, 7, 199-213.


֡ѧϰ͵Learning and conditioning
91927꣬䡣Its not just about salivating dogs!
Pavlov, IP (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University 
Press
 
101920꣬ӦLittle emotional albert
Watson, JB, et al. (1920). Conditioned emotional responses. Journal of 
Experimental Psychology, 3, 1-14.

111948꣬ӵšKnock wood!
Skinner, BF (1948). Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of 
Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172.

121961꣬£丸ӡSee AggressionDo aggression!
Bandura, A, et al. (1961). Transmission of aggression through 
imitation of aggressive models,. Journal of abnormal and social 
Psychology, 63, 575-582.
о֣ԸķǺѧϰġкְֵĴҲ
Լĺӡ

Ĳ֪֡ͼIntelligence, cognition , and memory
131966꣬ʦѧIQɼڴWhat you expect is what you get
Rosenthal, R, et al. (1966)Teachers expectancies: Determinates of 
pupils IQ gains. Psychological Reports, 19, 115-118.

141946꣬ӡõġMaking a good impression
Asch, SE(1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of 
Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.

151948꣬˵ĿռĸȽϡMaps in your mind
Tolman, EC(1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 
55, 189-208.

161975꣬ôҪThanks for the memories!
Loftus, EF,(1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. 
Cognitive Psychology, 7, 560-572.


岿֡෢Human development 
171958꣬̾Discovering love
Harlow, HF(1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 
673-685.
о֣Ժӵĸ-ӤĹ۲ʵ飬Ӥĸ׵Ҫ
̳⣬ϣĸ׻Ͱȫġĸ׻ﲻ
Ϊ첻ôӤ̾Ҫ뿪

181954꣬͹ĸġOut of sight, but not out of 
mind
Piaget, J(1954). The development of object concept: The construction 
of reality in the child (pp.3-96). New York: Basic Books.

191975꣬ϴBorn first, born smarter?
Zajonc, RB, et al. (1975). Birth order and intellectual development. 
Psychological Review, 82, 74-88.

201976꣬Ժˣܵöһ㻹ǹܵһ㣿In control and 
glad of it
Langer, EJ, et al. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal 
responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional 
setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1919-198.


֡ͶEmotion and motivation
211966꣬Գ嶯A sexual motivation
Masters, WH, et al. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston: Little, 
Brown.
о֣һδĽǶԳ嶯̣о
ڼÿһ˵ģӦ÷ģԳ嶯̶һģ˷excitement
ƽ̨plateauԸ߳orgasmresolutionŮڸڵݲͬ

221971꣬沿ӦѾǡI can see it all 
over your face!
Ekman, P.et al. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and 
emotion. Journal of personality and social Psychology, 17, 124-129.

231967꣬仯ѹLife, change, and stress
Homes, TH, et al. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. 
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.
о֣
¼          	      ѹ
ɥż            		100  ѹ
			73
޷־		65
Լ˺   	53
			45
			40
ӣŮ		39
ȥ		37
ӳ뿪	29
ϱ		29
ѧ			26
쵼		23
			20
ζȼ		13ѹС

241959꣬ǿȷӵ̡Thoughts out of tune
Festinger, L, et al. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced 
compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.


߲֡Personality
251966꣬ԹԼԹˡAre you the master of your fate?
Rotter, JB. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus 
external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
о֣ˣһǴԹԼһǴԹˡΪҪ
ԼŬѧ׳ɹȰ˵˸ı⣬ԼױȰ˵
෴Ϊ˺绷صҪԴԼŬѧȰ˵
ı⣬ԼױȰ˵

261963꣬·̡How moral are you?
Kohlberg, L(1963). The development of childrens orientations toward 
a moral order: Sequence in the development of moral thought. Vita 
Humana, 6, 11-33.
о֣жԼΪԻı׼оΪ
֮ԱơûеģΪ˵ĵǴСһ
һġûԽӵһӽ꣬
±׼ﵽʱͻͼ߼ȵ͵ĵ±
׼һ׶ɼҳĳͷͽġԺʹڶ
ԼҪõǺãúֱ͡ˣ裩ϲ
ãļؼɣְ弶ͬԼеֵ
Ȩ͵±׼ͬ͵±׼

ۣйĹٳϣַ̰ΪйĹԱԶذԼ
ĵ±׼͵ڶ̣͵ƭϼһй
ġͯ󡱡

271959ǿ׻ĲRacing against your heart
Friedman, M, et al. (1959). Association of specific overt behavior 
pattern with blood and cardiovascular findings. Journal of the 
American Medical Association, 169, 1286-1296.

281988꣬廹Ǽ塣廹Ǽ壬ҲǾѧ
ѧһҪThe one; the many
Triandis, H, et al. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: 
Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of 
Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323-338.


ڰ˲֡ѧPsychopathology
291973꣬װס񲡷Ϊʲôܱ֣Whos crazy here, 
anyway?
Rosenhan, DL.(1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 
250-258.

301946꣬.£Sigmund Freud 1856-1939Ů
ĲͬʽΪҪYoure getting defensive again!
Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. New York: 
International Univeristies Press.

311967꣬ѧLearning to be depressed
Seligman, MEP, et al. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. 
Journal of experimental Psychology, 74, 1-9.

321962꣬˿ӵĻCrowding into the behavioral sink
Calhoun, JB(1962). Population density and social pathology. Scientific 
American, 206, 139-148.
о֣ȽϼķˡȽסһƽ50ƽӢߣ4.7ƽף
ķ˺;סķˡסıȽϿķ˷ɱɱ
Υ͵Ҫٵöࡣ


ھŲ֡Psychotherapy
331977꣬ƶЧChoosing your psychotherapist
Smith, ML, et al. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome 
studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752-760.

341961꣬ɹϵͳơRelaxing your fears away
Wolpe, J(1961). The systematic desensitization treatment of neuroses. 
Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 132, 180-203. 

351942꣬īͼinkblotķProjections of who you are
Rorschach, H. (1942). Psychodiagnostics: A diagnostic test based on 
perception. New York: Grune & Stratton.

361938꣬˵¡Picture this!
Murray, HA. (1938). Explorations in personality (pp. 531-545). New York: 
Oxford  University Press. 
о֣һеĹԴĸ棺1鼮͵Ӱ2 Χ˵
ʵ3 ˵飬4 ʶʶһ
˵µʱرˣ˵ˣԼԸ
ں


ʮ֡ѧSocial psychology
371934꣬һ˵ĺĲԶNot practicing what you preach
LaPiere, RT. (1934). Attitudes and actions. Social Forces, 13, 230-237. 

381955꣬˳ŴҵšThe power of conformity
Asch, SE.(1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193, 
31-35.

391968꣬Ϊ·ˣﻹǲæTo help or not to help
Darley, JM, et al. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: 
Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social 
Psychology, 8, 377-383.

401963꣬ӵ޶ȡObey at any cost
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal 
and Social Psychology, 67, 371-378.  

֮ĵй߽ģҽѧѧ֪ʶ
һѵʶй˵Ŀѧ֪ʶˮƽȽҲ̫Զˡ
19401980ѧΪЩоɱɽָ
ÿ˵ΪִѧʱйʲôйûжԵ
ķκιһйҲûжִѧѧĽ
ʲôס40ƪΪоûййĹ
ǽΨһܹ¾Ƿֱ׷ƴѧϰȽѧǧҪ˷
ʱȥʲôҽִйҲҪҽ·ˡΪҽ
ҽҩˮһ족ܳõҽѧֹ50ˣ
ֻһйҽѧִҽΪҽһ300ǰ
̭ˡйҽûб̭Ϊ1990ǰй쵼 
̫ˡ 
꣩


1
ҽѧƴ 
  2007.10.11  3  ҽר     ༭ 
: ˼ Ѧ Ų    ܺ  

йҽѧԺ㰲ҽԺ2090ʼҽѧ
ٴʵзһЩ̽γҽҩƷΪ
ҽơ˯ҽѧרԡ֤Ϊָ
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ȡҪʵоһ廯ٴһ廯Ҫ
齨ѧƶ飬ѧ˲ţ˲Էչռ䡣
ҽ齨רʵҺоҡٴҪͻص㣬֢
˯ϰҪҽƣƲϣҪ
ҽԼҪﷴƷִ
ҽѧġĦʳơֵȸַҪ໥ϡ
໥ٽ

ҽҩҽ˾˾
Ҫؿϵ
ҽѧһȹȫµҪչΪһ
ѧƣҪҽѧи֧ѧƾⷢչͬʱ
Ҫҽѧʹҽѧٴкͽѧרѧ
ĹͬŬ͸ҽٴĸң
ؼķչ໥Ӱ졣ĳЩķչ
ҪãĳЩֿ
໥ϵڲ໥Ӱ졣ˣҽѧоһҪ
ٴϵ

ҽҩ˽˾
ۺϿǿзݶӽ
磬ѧΪִѧչĳ
ᾭõתͣļӾ磬񼲲սѾΪ
вҹȺڽҪأˣչҽѧƵоӦã
ڷḻҹ񱣽ֶΣٽҽִķչ
ҽѧķչӦערǵͽ飬ҪۺϿ
ѧо˲ݶӽ⡣

йԺԺʿվҽѧоҽѧо

ҽѧжϵ
ѧཡϵֽҪʳ
ƽ̬ƽ̬ҽԹʶ
뼲ĹϵҽѧصϵҽеĽ
׷ƽأƽ͡ҽ۵һͻص
Ӧ˺һҲҽӡҽ
ӦҩġĦ̫ȭȡչҽ
ѧҪᴩٴңΪҽѧٴƹϵСÿһ
λٴҽӦѧܳΪһҽΪ˾Ȼ
˫ԡҪѼ״̬ı͵
δִҽѧоչΨһ·δ̣
ǿϵͳƣδ̡

йҽѧԺԺܺ
ϵ
չҽѧҪϵѧչѧƷչĹ
ϵҽѧѧҽѧĹϵҽѧҽ
ҵĹϵҽѧƽҪҽơͿеȸ棬
ҪͿΪҪݣҽѧоᴩҽԤ
ҽƺͿ̵ȥҪһǿŶӾ񣬽
һ֧߲ε˲Ŷ飬ͬʱעѧ˲裬Ҫ
йҽѧڹѧռҪλá

ִѧ
סҪ
Ҷѧڷйо
仯ԻӦԵӰ죬ҽеġ
˺һ˼벻ıϡҶҽѧ
ȸеʣֲİҽѧоӦؽٴʵ
Ҫ۲ָͶεĿ
ظо


йҽѧԺ㰲ҽԺҽѧĿǰе֯
WHO̫ͳҽѧٴʵָϡ֢ҽƹ淶
оáָ֤Ƶסۺ
֢ٴоҽձ絾ѧ
оͬ2򲡻Ǵл
Ӱ족ҽ̽ӦҽϵͳƷ֢֢
־֢ȡ
йҽѧԺ㰲ҽԺǡҽҩѧϻҽ
ѧרҵίԱᡱҿλǡйҽѧѧᡱĸ᳤
λҲ˯ҽѧϻԱλʴͳִ˯
ҽѧᡱۣĻ᳤λ 

(XYS20071022)

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λţƽⶾ

־

ҵĸ׺̳ȥ31ꡣΪȸʱһͨϰգһ
سʦѧУĴʡʦѧУֽԱԲʲô
ʦڵġ֮ࡣҵûǡʢ55ꡣ˵30
ǰˮƽԶԶڵļ֮һһӶûʱҲ
˵Ǻʮһֱڻһֱڷ߶һ⣺Ϊʲô
͵ǸǸԭʲô

ĲСǼԸλӷȥһµʱ䡣ĺڣ
С㼫ٶƣԽԽͣˮ޲ߣ
ϳҽԺĲϣ뿪ǡĲõڣҲ
иõİ취Ѿʹܸõư취19762£
ϵǣǺ첻Ӧеصز飬ᣬһ
취Ҳò

ʱ죬ҷȥƲ˵¡ǼԸλĸֿܡ̣
ĴȾѪʳ пܣ޷϶һֱȥҿ
һƪӹҩõĿ£ᵽţƽⶾƬ裩ۻƣ
ۻƵҪɷΪ飬ԵжΡƢļٵ
򰩱䡣 ŻȻ򡣼Ȼλ͡ţƽⶾеĹ
ϵҺܾܿҵȸλһҪԭ  ǰ
áţƽⶾ衱

֪ϰԱأҽ˵Ϊءţƽⶾ衱
ȥҩ׾ԸΣҲոһգ
˸λܱȻ˿ϻ˵ҵϰҲ
ࡰţƽⶾȴ齫ҹӡԴֻ
ϰ󸣴ãĵֿرǿҪ̵֪˺ܶ
˷ΰкܶҲû÷ΰҲζȴ
ڽС족ȥ9ºˡˮ鳬ꡱ
ίӦ¼ָӲȻǡ10ͣ
ˮȻҵҪ˱¾ ȫۻȻ
Ҳѿ顱Ŀ¡뵽˽֪Ķҩ˪飩
ƳɣҸ޷ţƽⶾǡ覡ˡ

Ѿȥôãͷûκȷ֤ݿ֤ţƽ
衱һǺȸġסȻִҽѧԭʵƲ⣬
ţƽⶾ衱Ȼ֮ȥӡɣŨζⶦ
ġţҩĿǰۻǲ𣬵۶𡣡𣬴𡱣ӽ
۲ԡţƽⶾ衱ҪԶ֮аۻƵҩһ
лݷӵƪ¶ˡţƽⶾ衱⣬ۻ
ҩСɢţ衢衢Ͻ𶧣ȵȣһ22֣
ίʵۡ綼⣬ⲻ̫ˣңÿÿ̶
ڶȫѽ

ע
١ӡҩñ˿20061026
ڡĴձ2006911աϺ걨2006912

(XYS20071022)

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ں

ߣɵ

ִʶǵԲУյؾɵĳһ
ʱ̵Ĺ켣ģⲻǿʱܽġӵŵʵ
ʵԼ֪õǲװӲСϹµʲô
ֻ֪֪˵һСӾһС
ôͬһֻ֪࣬

(XYS20071022)

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Ժӡ㡱



Ϊڸǡԭ桱뷨ԺΪ覴ãԺӡϳ桱ɷн
˵˼ԭ浱ԼԺȥ,Լ֤Լ
״ļϴԼ,Ȼû֣ԭûǩֻѺ
ûṩԭ֤ݣֱ۾˵Ϲ˷ƾ棬
ˡ㡱Ц

ԭ桱״бףʵԭһ4УѧУ
ÿ칤æСLUUXUN˰ʢ𺦱УȨ
Ҳί˴άȨ޶˷̰ˣԭ
ֻҪίʦάȨɡݴۣɡԭ桱
ӡ֤ӡԺġ룺ǡԭ
ԼԺȥ,Լ֤Լģô
ʶԺͥԱӦҪ״ױǩģҲǩ
ǲһӾܽС¡˾ԣ߱Ҫԭʵ˼
ʾȻÿ칤æԺֻ״ǩֻѺɣ
ΪС¶ǰԺʵڣԭ浱ˡ
δԵԣԺӲ۾Ϲ㣬Ūɳ׾

˲ԭ桱뷨ԺΪԵ覴ãؼ
Ժܹʹ֤ݺ֤Դ״
ʹԭӦύӦ֤ݲϸ֪κι˾֤ʵ
ǿ͹ʵһͨ°šԭ֤ȣ
֤ں󡱵˳Ϊһƾ²⣬ޱ߼ʵȥռ
зϵġԡ֤ݣҲ޴ռġԡ֤ݲ
ͥύ硣ԺصеȨ棬
ôֻׯϹµġ˾һĨȥ۵㡣

(XYS20071022)

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һ彡Դ˼·

lw56102

ܶ༲йأˮƽߣѹӴ󣬷ֵ
ԽԽءΪɵļʤѪѹ
򲡡Ѫ֬ѪܼʹȵȡͬʱԴҲĿǰźܶ
ҵһ⡣ΪԴսͻҲûпܣǺпܡ
ֵһǿʳһǿʵһҪԭ
ͨ˶ڵ֬ͷųԴͷ
ĴͳԴ˭֪һǿµԴ߽
ʧΪһֽԴ˼·

ҵǽÿеʩԴתܲ
еȵȡʵͶߵĽǶһܲ飺
ǮˣȻԼѾͶ˳һʲôҲûɣ
ЩɵʲôáװԴתԺͿԽ
ֲĻԱȻ뻨Ǯȥ˸ɿЩռʲôأ
ڵĿƼˮƽһת²ѡЩռ
һԴأԵܵʽҼһ£
ÿ˵Ļ200kcal10%أĻʼ㣬Լ
20kcal4.2J/cal=84kJһȵԼ3600kJ3600/84=42.86Ҳ˵43
˵һĻͿԲһȵ磬ƺܲ㣬ҪЩԴһ
ģȾġ

ڸܲϰװԴתܲͬʱԸֻ綯
ƿг硣һԵĳЩŶְϧԼ˵Ķ
ԡԼĺˮֻ߿ĵ綯·ɺг
͸Сܶ綯˵ÿٹĵһȶࡣҴԹһ£ս
ԼߵĻҪ󣬲ϰ벻̫Զ˵Ҫ

ǣͷһЩô罨˷Ϣ
Ϣϵĸ˷ܷտҹӺܶе
״ÿһ͸ͨɸ֮ǰ
Ҫ򳵵ȸһЩҲھ˶½ΧС
ˬ֮Щ˻򳵵ͷ

(XYS20071022)

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л޼˶Ժ˼άĲ䣬

Ѱ

֤ǺƣȻȻȻ˺˼άһʣûж
һȷеĶ壬޼˹ڴͳ˼ά֤ɫǶԺ˼άһ
ܺõעǣ֤Ǵͳ˼άľ䣬޼ĶѾ
ùˣﲻһ˼άࡣ

չ֮ǰҪΪʲôйҽΣȴҪ
ƹȥΪʶйҽΣγף봫ͳ˼άϢϢ
أйҽƸĸȱѧȡóɹƾһ
ȻƭԼǿ˲죬ǳƭҰϢڶ࣬
ܵκϢʱԷⳣϢıֵжϣ
Ӽ׵ֵԭܺƹ˵ˣԻɥʧ߼
жϸ֤ܣ˷ӽӴ
࣬Ѱһˣ̾ϢӲɽҲӿ

Ƶһɫ֤޼ģ˵ˡ

ƵڶɫϷʫԶӣԣЩϷ
Ǵ֮ãйֶϽ棬ǰë
ıѪ֮

ƵɫԼٴ棬˽ۣٱ֤ݣϺǼ
ߣ

ƵھʵһƪڻƵۣ飬ԣ׶Ϊ룬
ɶ졣ʦգϹ֮ˣԶȰ꣬˥
ʱ֮ˣٶ˥ߣʱҮ˽ʧ֮Ү᪲գϹ֮ˣ
֪ߣʳнڣгͣ
㣬꣬Ȱȥʱ֮˲ȻҲԾΪΪ
뷿侫Ժɢ棬֪ʱģ֣
޽ڣʰٶ˥Ҳ

һλǵ͵ѧ֮뵱ȻΪʽ
Գ꣬һѲ֤ʵġʵлƵۣѻƵɣ
˴ƵıʡʵأƵ֣бȻ
սմѪȣͲǺ񣬳ļʣȡѧ
ļʸһְ㡣Ϲ̣֮Ҫũҵʱ˸
ʳṹϷı仯ѣѧ߱׫ҽ飬ר˵ġ

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ƵԻϹߣֿأ
һٱأʱй֮ʱߣȫ
ʱȥףȫ֮䣬˴֮⣬
˸ǿҲˡʥߣ֮ͣ˷֮
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£˼֮ΪԵΪ岻֣ɢ
԰ߣأ£ǳֱ
ʱϹźͬڵʹٶмʱ

ģϹɶԡֿأ
ͲˡһλҪжжҪж飬ж飬Ī
ݾ͡Ͻˮˡ

پһһһѧ֪ʶ
ϣ֮ǹŪĺ֮ɼƲҵר

ѧʼһ侭֮ǣЩѧ͵Ҫԭ֭ԭζԭ
ִİ׻ʧϣٺ٣¶Щѧʵıʣ׻ȹĸ
ΪȷԼݲúƣɰ׻Щıֵ90%
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ƵĵɫǴѧѡĲΪ񾭼
ָ֮һΪ֮ϢϢأǾ¹ҵ֮
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һζ׷󹩸ӣְ׳ռݸλȫĲҡ㲻Ҫ
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˼άӰֻǿйĿѧˡ

˼άɫЧӦѾ˲ʱѧˣ
ЧӦӢһԵȵĴʣСHalo EffectӢеЧӦ
ȫͬйЧӦڹģȡйһרҵĳƺţ
κ˾ԵķȨйרңĻǼٵģϹָӳ
ֱ׳ģ񳯡

˼άߴɫǿʶëĵкʩǧ˶й
߲ǿҷԴҵѣëԶԣֱȴƫҪ˵ԭ
ִߵĴִ߱ë˼룬ߺã
֮ͬ 

˼άڰ˴ɫɽ֮ʯɽ֮ʯԹɻ˼
ȷҺãרȴõġ»飬۵
ǹ飬ëȴҳۣĵҳ
Ȼϵ˿ҲƵۣ˵ĵ̸ܶר
ĵ˽·ɹҲͼˣϰڽ
ģ¶ѵ֪Եȱ

˼άĵھŴɫƨƪ޹ؽҪĻǳԵĵ޹ؽҪ
£ǷΪ콲ҲϷϷϵһ
·ǾǴ˴飬ӵޱ˼롣רҳԴ
Σȫˣǵı棬ǣͲΰޱȡ
ˡ

һΪʮɫոк˼άΰᡢ
ȻǴȴΪںƵмģǵﳣΪ
ΪǶתģҽǲǽҪе˶ɲˣȻ
ֻΨһˣƣйѧĻˣĴ
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ˡҪСΰᣬ˴˻ľ磬ٺ
𣬾ΪŮкӵֽӴһ¾ͱŮ֮ᶼ
ëеһȣ˵ޣⶼ֮ӣΪǿŨ
鰮ġ

(XYS20071022)

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ڿѵLinchuang

Ѱ

LinchuangǰΨһһƪδظ£˵
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бҪظLinchuangҽҲϣһ

ͬLinchuangҽ1021յҲһҽһЩѹĵҽ
Ŀ󲿺ȳһ¡ǰһҽѧԺҵٸҽ
˵ҽ൱ڹļͥҽҳЦһ£Linchuangҽ
ƵĴ󣬱ҽԲͥҽᲢۣһҽ
ϵʱϸܣﲻ˵ˡ覲ȻδȫͬLinchuangҽ
Ĺ۵㣬ҽĽǶȫ˵ùȥˣͲϸˡ

һǿLinchuangҽĿ۵ֻҽĽǶȣҿ
޵ҽĽǶȣLinchuangҽĳҽԺҽһٰ
ְҽԺ߼ҽƼӽҽƼܶʱ
йҽˮƽԵúġҽԺҽѾС
ҲѰҽƼ۸֤ôȤҹҽʧµ۶
ޱȣұйҽѧ磬ҽѧԱǿҷС

Linchuangҽǿҳ꣬йѷ°ˣҵ۶
ɿһźڹ⣬ʱҪϵƣϣ
ϵļԲźǣϵǿҾ
ԸȴûṩϵʵLinchuangҽҲĳ̶ֳϸڶѰ
һøоѰԴ˿ѰʴӡѰĳ̶ֳ
ȦˣڶҽƽѣϵǷȱöԹڵҽԺȱ
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ҽĵȻûҪѰгҽ£ѰڲͬϽдĶ
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ߵĶߡΪҲΪйҽƽܹеҽƸĸصʵ
ҽƽʲôĻʲôΣʶг
ľϵﵹʩԸԶ˹Σ֮ǰҽϵͽޱȣ
¼˹ʱйýһߵΪҽԱ޸裬ҽƽ
泩һصʵý˴ڣϲѰߪ
ĭȻпԭȴˡ

ҵĿ˼ôҹҽƸĸҽƸĸڶĽ
黹ûа̨棬̨Ѿ˲ˣԺҪ
ˣԴ׼ġLinchuangҽҼȻعȴҵ
ͣԲ¹ʲеǣǷ˵档е
ֻпʱ֤ģͲˣLinchuangҽĵȴǶˣ
гֵּѰҪȥ٣Ȱѵϰ
ѪͷѰҪLinchuangҽְҲ˵ҽµ¡Ѱع
ЩʲôܻشģҾġȨƣҽҵԼѰ
Ӵùɷܿ¹ôϰѵҼʮ꣬
δرLinchuangҽ٣Ҳա

Linchuangҽڴһһ

1ҾŬ֮оݣǷоݣȴһ֪⣬
˽ҽ״Ŷпòǿҳ
ķ롣Ųɲҿģ㻹ȥϯաֻ
ĿıʶѣйβǷҽû߼ϵϵй
βҽҲҽܷ񵱺òû߼ϵҲҽ
˵ҽӦĿѰЦ㡣Ҽ٣á
࣬Ŀܽ϶࣬ˡ

2ҿɲǱ׼Ļͽһ£Ҫת
Ϊ洦̫˵˼˶
ԱˣͲҪ˿۰աҵˣ
ƽʵֻ֮ҪԭûáظףһǸ
һҵ㡰ϡˡƽȺص
ƫġ޻˵ΪѵĽҲμӵҵ
飬ҵеļڣû˷ۣϵͳΪԣ
б𣬲Ҫ̫С

3Ҳּ˵ĵزйҽѵԭ
ѧ̣ʹLinchuangҽ࣬һչ˴
ȻɣдϵȻԴиĽЩҪѰֻ
Ǿȥòãԭ¡мд˽ϵȱ£
Ϊдϣյĳַ˿˿ķҪ󣬾Ͳ
ˡ

4ǺѧʵĽ౾ˣұһϵ֮
ֽµд˵ǽ౾ȴҪʵ࣬ϣ㲻Ҫʱ
ͷΣ仰ǱˣΪҶѧԵ¾ͳԹ
Ҫһġ

5ͣǷǳмģûи
κεľָʾҲ̫Ϊұǳе£Ϊ˾á
Ϊ۵Ҫߣͬ˵СԿ䡱ȴַӦ෴£
ұ۵ķԭ򣬲ϲԹ۲Ҫű
˱Ѱʹ죬ѰͳԿͱˡѰԿ֮
һһָһĴм

Ѱһ߱ڶһӵͬȵȨ
ѧרΪĻ߾ͱȱ˶öһ㣬Ҫ˼
صҪгɳѰгڡѭ֤Ҫ壬Linchuangҽ
ѭ֤ҽѧ֪ˣѧҪ̤̤ʵʵҪһһʲô
ԶʧࡱĶѰΪƣ׻˵Ҫ
һģϲٲУLinchuangҽҲףѷһ
ƽ͡ñӴϾָֻţѰǲؽҲܵġ

ڴѰػҺѵһЩǺǣ·Ѱ
ȰûػˣôѰΪѰѰ
Ҫɲǡǫ͵̤ʵ档

ˣѰLinchuangҽṩٴαʾлܾϸ
չۻṩʵ֤ѰӸмԺ
Ҫ˰ա

(XYS20071022)

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Ϊʲô桱롰Ѱһ



1Ѱһ֣Ϊֵܡҵĸоȴ
һѰֺϵĲ𣬺ǶԿѧĿһ
ΪѧһҪģǶʵڵнͣҲ˵档
϶ĳЩ󡰿ߡҴѰ족ķǶ
Ĺ۲Ҳȷڡ뵱ȻĻ⣬νĽͲΪԼ
ġĿѡ

ʷ˶ѧϵζѧϵһӽ磬
ҪĶԼķѣҲѶ֪Щȡ
ȨΪյߣصѣЩûȨ
ģĪѰԼӰ

ѧĳ֣ʹȻйɿѭҶ׼ȷʶ
ṩ˿ܣѧ֤ݣ˱һΪζѧǫѷ
ǫѷ˿ѧһζѧһαװɿѧζѧһ
ĿѧᶯŸµ⡣ԣҵ·
Ѱ·

2ھѧĿ£ŵĶɴһáʰ˵
ʵۣ־Ͷܵĵ㾭ѧڴķϻ;ͬ
ģ˵úܼԼ˴ƪ֤ڻûߵ
еİաҸΪѰľѧʵĴһʹ˫غ
Ĺ۵㣬ҲڸشĻϵĲͬ

ͬһ濪רѦ׷˵پðպѶ
ɭľѧһѦ˵԰աѧѧߵݣҵ
ǵľѧܲһѧĿ֮£и㸣ѧģ۵ģ
ģģ۵ģϧܶ಻ŪζѧŪѧ
ˡԾѧھѧĹӦõġ֣
ƷĹӦһ֪һ⡣

⣬˵Ŀ²Լ˼ҿһϵר

3áҵĹ۵ͽ鲻Ȥȡζ֪Ѱķʽȴǡ
ǡ෴ʲôһ㶼ȤĹ۵ȴеȤ

ѰһҲϸҵԭҸȤĵ
ƿѧĹ۵ͽ飬ıԳдҽѧҽƷ
Ĺ޾ѧǺǣ˵ҶѰĹ۵뽨鲻Ȥ
ҪҶĹ۵ͽ鲻ȤҾͲںҪַͷˡ

ΪҶѰıȤȽ˷ѧо
ΪѡĿѧѰ˵ѡȻҲǿþѧֵ̽ģǶѰ
ΪƲ⣬ȱֵԼҲûʵһ
ˡ

Ѱıѡ۵뽨֮йأûйء
һϸҪĿѧң϶ҪųƫöԼ۵Ӱģ
򣬿ԳΪܳΪѧźǣб
ԼƫãԳľѧΪ漯žѧǺʵģȻ
˵Ĺ۵һ޿ȡ˵Ĺ۵㲻ѧͺñѧζѧϵҲ
һ޿ȡһЩȷķ棬ѧѧʼղǿѧ

4ѰһԼҿܲᷴڣԳ
ԼĹ۵ǻھѧͺñһҽѧĹĴԳԼķڿ
ѧǾзıҪˡҵķȻҲΪ˳Ϳ֮죬档

ѰľѧȻһѧѧƣ
ѧͨǾںƣںƵѧҲһôǾ
˼ôҪϵͳѵͿԶԭƵ

һѧӦһſѧԲǹžѧƵľǾѧ
Ҹƾǣѧζѧˣھѧνѧ
Ƿ˵cargo cultѧˣѧĿ֮µģܶҲcargo 
cultѧͽпѧʽûпѧʵʡ

ڶܱңѰʾһȡľѧǡ˼
ôҪϵͳѵҲΪ˼죬ͿԶ
ԭƵѧסνԭܱ֤ȷ
ۣԭƺܼ򵥣طӼɫɫ
⡣

5˵йҽġ̫ͣ͡ǻ֮
˵⻰ôһλʾ㼱Ūܶò̫ĸ
κϵۡɲǱϣýѰҪ
õģΪгŻԭ㻹ǵŰա

Ѱûб˼Ȼ֪ﲻ˵Ψ
һеЦѰۡĵһӦȻ뵽Ҫ
ģ۲Ҷ׫ĶҲŵĶһ
Ե˶پѧңά¡峣˾йǵλ
ѧһԴΪʿģѰıܷӦȻǰã
м٣ʹ棬Ҳвͬĳ򡣿ѰֻЦ

ʵʵ˵ҪǰȻʵ֮Ӧõŵ
ѧԣҽŵҽѧĸһʵ
޴ڣѰѵһһ

˵ѰҪѧѧģӦøҵҪʦҵ
ʦУҺѧǹѧֻǸޣ׻ȥ

6ΪʲôҪѰĹ۵һ޿ȡ
ƫá⣬Գƾѧ

Ļظ£ҵҪûκλظôйҽ
͵ˣǺǣԶҲҲ֤ݡɲҪͼøѧĪ
ĶԱң

˵гܳɽļ۸񶼺ģͲܳɽԭ
ȤûУֻҪ㲻ƭý׵ķȡƷȻǺ
ġFisherաStiglerľѧҡ֪һ㡱
ƺ֧۵㣬ǴˣѰˣѰŵѧ


7ѰȻΪӴ򱧲ƽѰ
ѵѰΪĳΪѰĻûиݣҾΪ￪ѣʵϣ
ҶûкøУҲһرĶУҿԷǳ˵
ھѧѧ˵ϣҵĻοĶ࣡ʮһǶġ

áѧԱȻ̲ˣҪȵĻĻõõ
Ļƽ뷴ŵṱȣĻһ
һūĻĻ

̷ţҴѰһ컰Ҳͬ⣬ŷ
Ҳͬ⡣ڽ̲֯ġϵͳţΪ̷
ڽ̣ΪǷŵİɣ

ж˹ϣѧĴͳŷ޴һǧĺڰ˼
רơרơרƣɱԣʹڣΪ֯
̻ᣬ谭Ҫ֮һƽǡǡڷԻ̵
Ϊ̵ĶġͽЩɹԼ
޳ܵĻ֮һɳƻһū£һҲûд

Ǻܻʹй൱ŷ͵ʱ򣬱Ȼ̻Ѱ
˰ɣ

ĻһһūĻĻѰ˵ģ
ϣó֤֤Ȼ̸

ۣˣѰȻԳҪѧֻҶѣ
ЩᳫѧѰᳫĴǡѧ
ܣ϶ʵһĸ

ĿеĿѧֻǿѧ

(XYS20071022)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

С缰Linchuang

xiaopin

1ӳĿ̷мٴ⣺ֲ5˿ڣҪ5
6ϷΪף3Զ˿ڱ5ףֻг3
˿Ƥ֯㡣һӦû˷磬ҽδ
ʡǮ˷Ǳڿɳɶ̣ȥһΪ
סҩûԭ¡ԸҩȨ

2ͬLinchuangڼ۸Կ϶Linchuangҽ
άC˷Ϻɿ֯˱ؿرǼ
֢ʱҩͬĻֹʹҩǽС׻һŴҩ
û©رǿأһ׷ҽĴٴ
ҲҪȷʵٴ˵

(XYS20071022)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

һ̾Ϣһ̾Ϣ

wendaosxl

ʵڶԲ𣬷ӣѾǰһƪ̸ҶѧĻ
̸⡣ˡһ̾Ϣνǡѧרҵ
ʿݷġ ѧһѹʺ̲סҪ˵䡣

ƪ²òдúܳϣ½⣡

Ϊһ̾ϢѧһѹʺʵҪ

һ̾Ϣҵ¡ѧȻãҹûϸ˼
Ҫֻǹƶѡ

ԭ±ȽϳƪҲһ

ùԷֳɼοûûϸ·
ԣпܳ

ûϸĶȥҪдˣΪ²
̽֡

һ

һֱӵԺͿݡ

ѧѵˣΪóѧѵǣ
ҲУֻҪӴоѧԼѧ߼ɣ
һ˵ԣ

ν˵ԣ˵ʱ߼˵ĻõĸӦ
Ӻںǰһ¡

νԵ̽ĻУ˵ʹ
Ǻ˵ˡ

ȻڱȽĺʽ̽УҴûҲܳΪԵݡ

ӵÿƪУǰһº߼һ¡

ӵĿ˿ķı׼УһֻҪǶ̽
¶ԣгֵ¡

һ̾Ϣġѧһѹʺ֮һϧеԲ

ҺӶһ̾ϢĿݣϧһ̾ϢԲӵĿݣ
Ϊȱ㹻ԡ

Բ𣬷ӣҲûһ̾ϢĹϵ˼ֻһ
ʵѡ

Ϊ˿ֵ̽ĵط

Ȼ˵ӵȷԣҲǰͽ᷽ӣǸʶ

˵ȷΨһԭֻһȷġ



һ̾Ϣáһѹʺѧİãѧ
Ҫ˵ѧǹʺľԭ򣬲ҪΪ໰˶Է
Էʧˣѧ˵Ψˡ

йÿ˵˵ǡͿ桱͡νѧ
췹ԵļһʱҲȥҲ

ǣ̽κʱΪҪΪ
ʵ޷ҪйҲҪʵΪݡ

ˣԵĻϷǿġѧϣȻ
ǺܺõѧƷ

磬³ѸڵģԻϷйԾ˼ķ
ĽܳƷø֡

ҹڿҵĿʱһȻ˵ѧ
ãǡͿ桱

ȻԺܿٶȿҵ£Լģһ£
¡ꡱֻҪ3֣

ҹƴˣô͵ƪظǡʺдһ
ƪǡͿ桱

˳㣬ƪ806ֵġѧһѹʺһСʱ
⣬ȷûˣҲŸظƪ¡

ǣҹƴˣҾһҪش

У̸һΪ޷֤ݣѧõģ
ѧѧϵ޶˹John Rawlsѧѧ˼Ӱ
ѧоߡ

оJohn Rawls

John RawlsһA THEORY OF JUSTICE о𣿻ߡ


ô֤ݣ

һȷʵ˵ġѧѧϵ޶˹
John Rawlsѧѧ˼Ӱѧоߡ
۵

ҹûоߡ A THEORY OF JUSTICE

дѧȻãʱһ뷨˵ѧûõһûA 
THEORY OF JUSTICEԭ

ˣΪ˵ѧûõˣӦһ֮д·ҡ

ΪҪA THEORY OF JUSTICEⱾѧJohn 
RawlsοӰߣϵˣ˼ԼΪ
׼ΪԼϵˣҪһʱ䡣



һ̾Ϣǰ£Ҷһ¹ơ

ǱҪģΪͬ˶вͬ顢֪ʶ״˼ά
ʣ˿оԣóͲóĵط
ͨµĹƣҿԸõغ̸

ҹƣ

1ѧϰȻѧͼĳרҵйѧѧϰѾҵĴѧ
ѧ˼ѧſΡ

2ûϵͳѧϰκΡ˼ѧοΣע⣬й
ѧУ˼ѧοΡע⣬οΣѧΣ֮
ѧ

3ûд˼ѧſѧκζ

4˼ѧſεĽʦˮƽߣֻհαϵЩ
νԭ

5˼ѧſοûĩûͨ

6ûشۣġѧҵĻְҵġ

26ƣκһƶˣôҶһ̾Ϣ
ѧĹ۵̬ȣʾ⡣



һ̾ϢġѧһѹʺĶ֣ϸҵġ
ѧȻãһģӷһ̾ϢƪǲȱԺͷ
й

{ }ڵǡѧһѹʺԭģ[ ]ǡѧȻã
ԭġ

ڡ֮ҵۣ{ }[ ]ֱַԡѧ
һѹʺ͡ѧȻã


һ

{Ѿǰһƪ̸ҶѧĻ̸⡣
wendaosxlνѧרҵʿݷġѧȻã
̲סҪ˵䡣}

˵{Ѿǰһƪ̸ҶѧĻ
̸⡣}ʱҹƣдһƪʱµţҵ
һʲô۶ˣҵĹ۵޿ɱ粵ȷԡ

ҶĹûҪ˵һ䣬ڴ
ǲԵģǶϤġֻ˽һƤëרҵ

Ҳ˱äĿ۷




{ҿйľνѧרҵʿǺͿν
ѧ췹Եļһwendaosxlǡǡӡ֤ҵĹ۵㣬֤
һԱwendaosxl˵һƪѧȻãɷ
µءһʲôСá˼ά֮ңͷ֮Ϳʵڿɳ
ΪйνѧҵĴ˵ɣҪ̸áȻӦ˵˭
áΪѧȻãôõĶȥϵ۶Իã
OãҽЩҽΪνҽʦã
һѹʺԼڹʺеϸءwendaosxl˵
ѧѧγ̵ȵȣԸйѧҳ档ʵαԶ
ѵйļѧûпѧ𣿣wendaosxlһ
־ϥǲҪ˵°ɣɲҪˣ
ļѧѧԺء}

1˵{ҿйľνѧרҵʿǺͿ
νѧ췹Եļһwendaosxlǡǡӡ֤ҵĹ۵㣬
֤ԼһԱ}ʱۣҲֽܣҲвֲܡ

1ȷʵв{νѧרҵʿǺͿνѧ췹
ļһ}緽ӡҶԵġѧĻˡ

2ǣ˵{йľνѧרҵʿǺͿν
ѧ췹Եļһ}Ҳͬ⡣

ȣûеейѧרҵʿ

ҵ100%ûΪ{ѧרҵʿ}ûнӵһ̾Ϣ
κε顣
û߼ĺʵĴɡ

Ȼҹûôһ{йľνѧרҵʿ}
ˣƾʲôж{йľνѧרҵʿ}{ǺͿ
νѧ췹Եļһ}أ

ôˣĹ{йľνѧרҵʿ}
Ǵҿж{Ϳνѧ
Եļһ}ɺڣ

һƪҵУûйľ
ôֻ˵˵ĻΥΨԭ򣬷Ψ
ʧȥˣ

Ϊ˱ѧ{Ϳ}ָժӦý{ҿ
ľνѧרҵʿǺͿνѧ췹Եļһ
wendaosxlǡǡӡ֤ҵĹ۵㣬֤ԼһԱ}
е{ҿйľ}ĳɡҽӴ˽⵽ѧרҵ
ʿйһЩܶࡱȽϱա

ǣҲģȷʵӴһЩܶѧרҵ
ʿ
׶أ˵

ǣҹƣ˵ľڴѧ˼ѧʦ
˿ϵļӽӴƽɫˡ

֮һôܲңҪѧרҵ
ѧˣѧרҵʿ

һƪУܰ{йľνѧרҵʿ}
ľ̺ͽôҪдˣʹдҲ
ԷΨӰµ߽

ΪʲôҪǽѧеΨ壬ԱγϽΨ˼ά
ʽһ̾Ϣϣֵر

2˵{wendaosxl˵һƪѧȻãɷн
µءһʲôСá˼ά֮ңͷ֮ͿʵڿɳΪ
йνѧҵĴ˵ɣҪ̸áȻӦ˵˭á
ΪѧȻãôõĶȥϵ۶ԻãO
ãҽЩҽΪνҽʦã
һѹʺԼڹʺеϸءwendaosxl˵ѧ
ѧγ̵ȵȣԸйѧҳ档ʵαԶ
йļѧûпѧ𣿣wendaosxlһ
־ϥǲҪ˵°ɣɲҪˣ
ļѧѧԺء}ʱҵĸоʲôأ

ǡǡ˼άĻңҸоΨʶ޷
ۡ

˵{wendaosxl˵һƪѧȻãɷнµ
һʲôСá˼ά֮ңͷ֮ͿʵڿɳΪй
νѧҵĴ}ʱ˺ܶඨԵĴʻ㣬˵{wendaosxl}{ʵ
ɳΪйνѧҵĴ}

{˼ά֮}ЩԵĴʻ㣬ҾͲ˵ˣҳϣðɡ

˵Ҳ{ѧ}{ѧҵĴ}ʶ
ңҲ֪˭{ѧ}ǲе뵱ȻеΨ
壿

֪ѧҡѧרҺѧ֮
˵һ޻˵
֪оˣѧҡ

仰˵Ųᱻ顣


˵{˵ɣҪ̸áȻӦ˵˭á}ʱǲ
˵wendaosxlû˵ѧ˭ã

ҶûɣǺã⼸ڡѧȻãеĻʲ
ô˼
[ٱܶ˲ϲë󶫣Ϊ˰ѹ񵳺ͽʯ򵹣ìܸ
ΪԼҺΡս;ЩķȷʵЧ

磬ÿü򵥵ġƽơ˹
ʻؼҹӣȻܵɡìܷжô
ѧо⣬簮˹̹ͲϸԵĻ
ͳԡֻǰѵѧ֪ʶоƬϣȻо΢
ϸԻͳʲôҪԡ]

֣ͨѵȷ˵ѧë󶫡˹
̹Ͳã

ûҾͻ
Ҫ˵û{˵˭}ôֻܻдĵ
ˡ

Ըţû֣

Ϊ˵λǱ̨ʣϧûʶģǣwendaosxl˵
˰ѧãһ̾ϢҲûиܵѧá

Ȼˣѧ˼άЩҵġϵͳоѧȴѧ
õ˵ȻǸоõġ


˵{˵ɣҪ̸áȻӦ˵˭á}ʱҪ
һ䣬ƾʲô{Ӧ˵˭}{Ȼ}

ƫ{}˵ѧھѧѧѧ˹ܡѧѧ
ѧҪӰãȻ˵{˭}ʲôɣ

ңѵ˵˭òɣ˵ʲôã
Ӧû˼ɣ

ԥ{Ӧ˵˭}֮ǰ{Ȼ}ʱ
ѾΨ
˵ʲô


˵{˵°ɣɲҪˣļѧѧ
Ժء}ʱû˼ǣ˿ѧԺû
ֵģǴģΪݿѧоû

ҲͬûĹ۵㣬һҵѧ˵Ǵģǣ
ʵǣѾڼǧϵĹ۵㣬ûΪ
Ӧܹˣ

Ϊǧܶйֹ

ˣڵǣΪʲôѧЧ֤ǽӴû
Ȼ

ʵӦĽһ¿ѧѾ֤
ûˡ
Щ֮˶񾭴Ұɣ

㲻ܴѧĽǶȥ⣬ܴѧǶȥЩ˷
Ĺȫֻÿѧ֪ʶȥЩ˷Ĺ

ҪˣѧɱۣǧۺѧȺš

Ҹ˵Ĺ۵ǣԾ㣬Щԭ֮һ
ΪԾ㣬ЩҪе

ʹѧ󲻿꣬Щ˻ǲʵû
ʵΪԵõİοͲú
ˣù˵ˣͿԶЩɺµ˲
Ŀˣɺµˣµ

ˣȻѧʵǴģǶڲ˵е
ãò˼Ŀ־壬˶Զ˵ƣֹԼ
¡

Դ۴ãӦÿݡ

Щȥ׵ѹǴһ£׵
û磬ǵõһ鰲οʲôɣ

ã˹Τġ½ʱ徫񡷡
˵˹ΤǾѧҵʱҹῴһ

ǣ˵˹?ΤѧҡѧҺѧҵʱҹ
ٿˡ

ĺܵġ

ȻҲ˹?ΤĹ۵ǴģΪȷʵ˵Ĺ۵
ɿ


˵{wendaosxl˵ѧѧγ̵ȵȣ
йѧҳ档ʵαԶѵйļѧûпѧ
}ʱҪ˵ôʲ׼˵ûϸҵ£Ψ


Ϊû˵ѧѧγ̡˵[Ƚ
3600ѧУ600ѧרŵѧϵѧѧʿ]

ȣ{ѧ}滻[600ѧ]Ϊ滻
ҵ֤ݵ

Σ˵[רŵѧϵѧѧʿ]{
ѧγ}
ģ[ѧϵ][ѧѧʿ]ĳɣвõĶ
{ѧγ}Ϊһ

Ϊѧйѧһֻǿһ{ѧγ}£

˵{wendaosxlһ־ϥǲ
Ҫ}ʱ˵˰ɣ

ʵ֤ѧãֱ׳ʱ򣬸{ϥǲ
Ҫ}أ

벻ͨƲʲô
ǲΪһرŵˣʲô飬ù
Լ׳ӣôΪġ

ðɣҸ600ѧרŵѧϵ֤ݵ
ݺͽۣ
ǣһֱʱ½ܽǮͻҵϴϺʵ
ãʵڣܽʵϲαˣûõĶǲ
ġ
ǣ˼Ȼ˺ܶѧϵ˵ѧá

Ҫҵ۵㣬ṩ֤Ӧñһֱû
½ܽǮͻҵϴϺܲʵãܲʵڣܲʵ
ϲα

֤֤ЩȻĽ۾Ҫģѧûã
ã˸ѧαģΪ˻ãɺ
Ļˡ




{wendaosxlνѧרҵʿ̸ѧҪʲ
ôѧȰѸŪ˵϶ĺͿ浱Ȼ
wendaosxl˵ֻͨڴѧѧһν˼ѧ̸
ѧߴңѧ翴ѧ˵ۺͼֵ
ȷʵѧоҪݡʱ۵㲻ν˼ѧĹ۵
׷һ䣬ۺͼֵΪʲôѧǿѧоĶ
wendaosxlֽôشأ}

1˵{wendaosxlνѧרҵʿ̸ѧ
ҪʲôѧȰѸŪ˵϶ĺ
Ϳ浱Ȼ}ʱ뷴һ䣺

еλ[ѧѧڵĹϿ
⣺ѧǶй۵㡢ۺ֪ʶϵǰͻԷ˼п
Ļַ˼ĻϣһЩӺֵۡۡۺ
ۡ]ʲô
ѵǶʲôѧ˵

ѧһдʽйһ¶ĲһҪ
ס

2˵{Ȼ}ʲô˼ƪ²Ҫ{}ֿ
ǷԵ˵ŴҶǳ{}

3˵{wendaosxl˵ֻͨڴѧѧһν˼
ѧ̸ѧߴңѧ翴ѧ˵
ۺͼֵȷʵѧоҪݡʱ۵㲻ν˼
ѧĹ۵}ʱҼֱҪġݺˣ

֪ݺ˼άģʽʲôΨ壡

ʮֵز˼طйһ

˵{wendaosxl˵ֻͨڴѧѧһν˼ѧ
̸ѧߴңѧ翴ѧ}

ȣΪ{ֻڴѧѧһν˼ѧ}Ȼ{̸
ѧ}

ͬڴѧֻѧһ㡶ѧѧ򡶸ߵѧҲ̸
ѧһΪѧ˼ѧͬʱдѧϵ
͹۵㡣
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1л񹲺͹ǰȥ󺰡ѧûãȡѧΣ
ѧʦǺͿ棡
2͹ҵͳȥ󺰡ѧûãȡ
ѧѧΣ
3ѧȥ:ȡѧУѵAmicus Plato, Amicus 
Aristotle, sed Magis Amicus VERITASΪPlatoAristotleѧң
4Ϲ̿֯ǰ󺰡ȡѧաΪѧ
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5Michigan State Universityȥ󺰡˷ӣ
ΪʲôPhilosophy DepartmentѧûãȡPhilosophy 
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