                         ˿µϣ20071028գ

07.10.27ûи
07.10.28, ӡѧѧ＼ѧԺԺ
07.10.28, йѧԺԺʿѡžѧΪ
07.10.28, ΡƼĵǸ˵ʲô
07.10.28, ֻ޻ϻ оƬ١գҵֵı̬
07.10.28, Ф衶ҵֶԻϻƬġȻ̬Ƿȡ
07.10.28, Yushʡҵιؿ˹ڻϻƬµۡ
07.10.28, ΡǸҽѧʲô
07.10.28, ҩʲô㣿
07.10.28, ·Сѧй֪ʶս
07.10.28, ѰйҽϵΣ14󡢳ǡҽ
07.10.28, bangbu1996ҽΪʲôң
07.10.28, biochinaֵñʳƷҩƷල֣SFDAľٴ롷
07.10.28, ѧ
07.10.28, ѧõģһоƵӡ
07.10.28, g27946¶ϾģŮ乫Ȼ
07.10.28, ڹ湫˾ðƼձѧĿĿ˲μרܵ

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

                ѧѧ＼ѧԺԺ

                            ӡ

    ѡСߡ壬ѧϼᵽƪ
˹ڿϵѧĵʵɣЩĵо
רҵྶͥWang RuiڵоҲ
ΪȫͬߵġСߡϣ֤
ҵĲ֤

    ѧѧ＼ѧԺҳѧԺ쵼һĽܣΪ
ѧԺֹĸԺѧԺĿǰԺб˵Ժ
ѧԺѧԺվ2007927գѧѧ＼ѧԺԺ
ڡԺںȫʡ֪רҶѧڵѧԺ죬
ѧԺʦ̸

    ڼصܵķڿNature 
Biotechnologyϵһƪġļôܵģ

    ȶ̼ӵķʹתֲջͷŵ
ʷӵġˢһϵеķʹѧ̡Ϊ
ͳɱ硢塢鶯ѪҺɷ֡øҩƷĿǰƷֲ
ũṩһʵЧĵʷͷŷֳɹԵһͬ
ġ綥ȨNature BiotechnologyϡΪ
ȫķ[19 371-374Apr. 2001]俯SCIӰӣȫSCIİ
¼3762ڿSCIչ¼6000ڿУǰ20λNatureϵ
רҵȨԵѧ֮һıNatureȹȨרҵ
ĵƪ20Σ＼ѧISBThe International Society of 
Biotechnology͢ũҵоԺֲѧᣨAmerican 
Society of Plant Biologists＼ϢNCBINational 
Center for Biotechnology InformationȹȨרҵ߶ۣ
֯վڹܡֳɹ벢Ȩרר
US6730826

    ıΪSuppression of a P450 hydroxylase gene in plant 
trichome glands enhances natural-product-based aphid resistance
һƪ÷ѧо溦תֲģδõ˵
ˢ

߰˳ΪErming Wang, Rui Wang, Joseph DeParasis, John H. 
Loughrin1, Susheng Gan & George J. WagnerĵһErming Wang
ָԼרͬRui WangλŮԣҵѧ
ĿǰȻRui WangѧԺ

    ڼгġڷ4ƪģ

1.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Dechlorination of chlorophenols 
found in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents by advanced oxidation 
processes, Bioresource Technology, 96(2005) 897-906; (SCIEI¼)

2.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Ozonation of pine kraft lignin 
in alkaline solution. Part 2: Surface active properties of the 
ozonated kraft lignins, Holzforschung, 58, 631-639, 2004;  (SCIEI
¼)

3.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Holzforschung, Ozonation of 
pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 1: Ozonation, 
characterization of kraft lignin and its ozonated preparations, 58, 
622-630, 2004; (SCIEI¼)

4.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Dechlorination and 
decolorization of chloro-organics in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents 
by advanced oxidation processes, Bioresource Technology,  94(2004) 
267-274; (SCIEI¼)

     4ƪĵ߶һRui Wang, Chen-Loung Chena, Josef S. 
GratzlRui Wangǵһߣѧݽ
Chen-Loung ChenͨߡChenָеRui Wang
ѧ

    ɴ˿֪ἰȫǵͬߵģνѧ
ɹҲȫڱ˵ġⲻܲ˻
ʵԣ

    19974¡200312ѧϼḣǴѧ(University of 
Southern California)ѧϵлѧо(Donald P. and Katherine 
B. Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute)ʿѧλʦл
ϳɺͷӦѧҡ1994ŵGeorge A. Olahڡ20041
20059ϼḣǴѧѧϵлѧоGeorge A. 
Olahо²ʿPostdoctoral Fellowо

     ƴѧѧòʿѧλʦŵߣ
ƺһƪԼҲòҪͬߵġҸ
Olahʿһʼѯʣδյ𸴡һλʱOlahʵѧϰ
Ļ˻䣬1997-1998Olahʵҹо
ʿ󣬶Ƿѧߣ1998뿪ˡʿѧλҲ
ٵģٲϼݴѧġ

    ѧѧ＼ѧԺվļ顣ҳڽ
챻ɾgoogleٶȿԿɲ鵽

http://cache.baidu.com/c?word=&url=http%3A//www%2Eynni%2Eedu%2Ecn/hxsw/show%2Easp%3Fid%3D84&p=c064c54ad7c409e40fbe9b7f0e519c&user=baidu

񡪡ѧѧ＼ѧԺ

http://www.ynni.edu.cn/hxsw/show.asp?id=84

  У壬44꣬ʿ󣬽ڣ˶ʿʦʡרң
ιί-ҩԴѧصʵңΡ

19847±ҵʦѧѧϵѧѧʿѧλ19997±ҵ
ʦѧѧרҵоࣻ19974¡200312ѧϼḣ
Ǵѧ(University of Southern California)ѧϵлѧо
(Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute)
ʿѧλʦлϳɺͷӦѧҡ1994ŵ
George A. Olahڡ20041¡20059ϼḣǴѧѧϵ
лѧоGeorge A. Olahо²ʿPostdoctoral 
FellowоҪ»͸ӻϳɡ1997
ǰԴûо2ѧĿڶ
2ѧĿ8ѧڼ䣬ȡҪɼһ
ŵѧֱָ߰£лѧо
Եоͨʵо״ԭ̼ӵƲλ
ۣΪػѧϳƺͷӦṩۺʵݣȶ̼
ϵк̼ʵۿհףȽˮƽоɹ
LHI Kimbrough SymposiaԵһ߷ѧ5
ƪڹרҵȨϣƽӰӸߴ8.227ѧ
SCI͹EIͬʱ¼ȶ̼ӵķ
ʹתֲջͷŵʷӵġˢһϵ
ķʹѧ̡Ϊͳɱ硢塢鶯ѪҺɷ֡
øҩƷĿǰƷֲũṩһʵЧĵʷ
ͷŷֳɹԵһͬġ綥ȨNature 
BiotechnologyϡΪȫķ[19 371-374Apr. 2001]
俯SCIӰӣȫSCIİ¼3762ڿSCIչ¼
6000ڿУǰ20λNatureϵרҵȨԵѧ֮һ
ıNatureȹȨרҵĵƪ20Σ＼ѧ
ISBThe International Society of Biotechnology͢ũҵ
ԺֲѧᣨAmerican Society of Plant Biologists
＼ϢNCBINational Center for Biotechnology 
InformationȹȨרҵ߶ۣ֯վڹ
ܡֳɹ벢ȨררUS6730826
ͬзҺȫմ΢ﴦ֬ǿת
ӷΪļ״ʵִƽҵˮȫաȫѭŷš
üMead-Westvaco Corp.˾ʹãľЧ档ֳ
Եһ߷ϵѧڹȨѧBioresource Technology
͡HolzforschungϣľѧSCI͹EIͬʱ
¼ѧڼ䣬ΪѧѧʽԱȫƸ
NOS/ANIѧԴЭƸΪѧԴĿ鳤ɫ
NOS/ANIѧԴЭȫѧͨѶĿ鳤
Mead-Westvaco Corp.ƸΪоԱ

ڷ

1.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Dechlorination of chlorophenols 
found in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents by advanced oxidation 
processes, Bioresource Technology, 96(2005) 897-906; (SCIEI¼)

2.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Ozonation of pine kraft lignin 
in alkaline solution. Part 2: Surface active properties of the 
ozonated kraft lignins, Holzforschung, 58, 631-639, 2004;  (SCIEI
¼)

3.    Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Holzforschung, Ozonation of 
pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 1: Ozonation, 
characterization of kraft lignin and its ozonated preparations, 58, 
622-630, 2004; (SCIEI¼)
Rui Wang, C. Chen, J. S. Gratzl, Dechlorination and decolorization of 
chloro-organics in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents by advanced 
oxidation processes, Bioresource Technology,  94(2004) 267-274; (SCI
EI¼)

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

йѧԺԺʿѡžѧΪ

ã

2007йѧԺԺʿѡžġѧΪžڻ
Ժʿԡ׼ԺʿԾǿȡᣬһԺʿ飬ɽ
ѧĵѧ磡



1ȻNature£

2007йѧԺԺʿѡžгƣžԪ
ۡžϵ1ҳ18УȻʵǣ
ɹΪСҲ˵ййõĸͷַֻһ֤
һĿȻ

ΪžԪأۡϵ֮һ2002귢
ڡͨϵġֲƵоչһеġ
ۡ͡ʾͼͼ1ͼȫļ1ϵȻ2000Nature
ѧChisholm£ͼ1ͼȫļ2ž䡰ֱ
ľΪУȫļοûκú˵

˿ЦǣžͼмʾͷCO2ļͷˣɡ
CO2ѧ̬Լһߡ

˵ǵǣ˾ΪеġɹѾɱ˶˶
ãرоͬвˡαѧĶЧӦ

ͼ1 žʾͼNatureԭͼĶԱ

ͼ , , ž. 2002. ֲƵоչ. 
ͨ. 21(6): 83-90.

ͼ Chisholm, S. W. 2000. Oceanography - Stirring times in 
the Southern Ocean. NATURE 407: 685-687.

2ԡ׼ԺʿԾӵ޶ġء

10䷢Ϊ300ƪҰ顢
ѧᡢڵʱռ1/310ƽÿٷ1ƪġڸ㺣
ҰȡٵʵҷдµĿѧ˵漣 
ģ

䷢ģͲҵ𰸣˼ֱǡܡ
졢ءпԺ6ѧƼܣб2

١ ǺѧѧרңٲȻǴѧʡѧ
Leading Scientistӡ绯ʴܽ
ѧģ͡ɳӪΡؽ
ϡԪء ֲִʽṹȵ
˹۵ΪС

ڡ δܹκѧĵĸѧ
ԺʿҲĪֲϸ
ѧ뿴һ, , ž. 2002. ѧ
ﺣѧоеӦ. ѧ. 26(8): 44-47.漰
Ҫǹڡ͡﷢ġҵһ߼бо
ŴṹġǱרҵѧҶҹžҹ
¾޶֮Ȼҡ

3½ìܡ֪

žгơϵͳоӪΡ˺Ԫ
ۡʵǣ¾͹ϵͳԼ֮ìܡ
磺¡Examination of Silicate Limitation of Primary Production 
in Jiaozhou Bay, ChinaǳֲӪƼжϷ
ӪƵΨһ̽УƾĲݾͽ
ȫ򣺡ƸֲӪֻһԪءǿӲۣȫ
3ҲȷžνġԪ
ۡӡವоûнǵ󣬷
ѧȦ֪ĻңǼ䲻εģ 

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ƼĵǸ˵ʲô



ձƼĵǸ֪ĺʷѾ¼
йаһ塣˾ϵͳһ˿ɳܵİס
ǰ人ԺжФ߷ȨжӰߣ
ʷǰġڿϾ¥ԺжϾһλˤ·
ߵ̫ߣһƬߣм񡱷Ժ
ƼߣΪ˱ƼǸĺ

Ƽİߺ͵Ǹ˵⣺1йᲿ˾
ĸ֪ܺȱʧ2ýȱǲ

˵人ԺġڿΪ÷ԺġרϾ
СݳѾΪ÷ԺĳLOGOĻôмԺġ
ʵǸԼϵʷӡǡɱӦáʵΪݡ
ԺʵΪݡͳ˸÷Ժĳˡ

֤÷ԺɾΪʵʵΪݡ

1	Լδṩֵ֤֤ɼʱ
Էѹ棬ñʧʵ

ֻҪ΢һЩ˶ܸҷʵ֤ɼʱ
ϵǶԷѹ档ʲôԷѣԷѾԼѡϵĹ棬
ЩýԼΪԼĹ⣬й涼ǹͻԼѶģ
˵ԼѵĹ棬ǻձڵʵ
ң۴Ű滹Ǵ϶ֳʣѵ绰ѯ
ñ磬ñҲȷһ档ù沢ǳԱ磬治Էѵģ
ѵǹģѵǡɼʱΪáˡǵģ
õǡǳŵʽӢֻܹ5仰ȴֻг
Ӣˮƽ˶÷﷨絥󣩡 ӣ
Ѿָһ֤齫PRESIDENTSƴPRESIDENSSTATEƴSATE
ڶ֤齫STATEƴSATEЩ˵ùֲܳڡɼʱ
༭ñ˵ֱʡЩʵЩʵ֤
ǸùͻԷѵ

2	ʮݸߵȽǷ⡣Ϊ
ͷìܣһ˵֯Уһṩ֤ݸ֯
עʱ֤ݡ

ǿ֪е˼νе˼ǣġڵġ
ʵʵ顣ó˾硶鸳ʹ
ʹ룬Ϥʹ߳գgǹɡ

ġ顱͡С˵ǽеģʵġ
ǾͰٵġʵĻǲڵʵ飬
Сһܼ򵥵ĳʶʮݸߵȽˡǸ
ʵǸ͵ʵĶ󡣷
û˵õĺʮݸߵȽˡ
еĶʵؿ֤Ų￴澹ǿ
ҲǰˣֻеЩӲֽ壬ԱߴȥķҲ
աʵƬΪ֤ձ20041112˵ձ
ġʱפɼ£ͼڲϢϵ
ͳȫкͽйص֯ͻвѯ
ûв鵽νġʮݸߵȽˡ

ѵЩʵ˵νʲôУʵ

3	ڡɥʧ֪ɥΪ仰ǲָ


ֻҪӽԱ˵仰ıﾳоͿףҪָ
ˡȻΪҽԱҪעȫѵͲ
ȫΧֱѵ֪еµ֪
Ļ뿴ɣҪ˵йˣ˶֪Ǹٵģ
Ҫ

1 Ǻ ѧУ
2 ڱ ѧԺУ
3 ˱ 廪ѧУ
4  ѧУ
5 ƺ 㽭ѧУ
6 ʱ йѧѧУ
7 л ϺͨѧУ
8  ϾѧУ
9 ֣ ͨѧУ
10  пƼѧУ

ʵǲΪɥʧ֪ɥΪ

ĵĽۣһмԺоǴģ÷ԺûС
ʵΪݡУڶƼǸһйý
ǲҿɱаͷͱÿ
ˡ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ֻ޻ϻ оƬ١գҵֵı̬



ݹձ20071026ձ:

ũЯϻƬҵйعԱ֮󣬻
ϻƬܷʹˮʯ˳ڴ磬ҵŰ
Ρŷ˲Ңڽ˱ߵ绰ɷãҢ֤ʵ˹
ҵֽɳר鵽ƺؽר飬εǷԻϻƬ
٣Ңش˵ҵֻǶԱ治ϻ飬
һ֤ƬٲǹҵҪȷķΧûо
⡣ ƬҪƬȨ϶ûϻ׸ò
Ȼǹҵָùܵ¡ԽλҢ˵
ҵ:ֻ޻ϻ оƬ٣

Ϊ棬еãȻ.Ϊ籨˵ֵġϻ
ƬںܶʣǼ٣ͬĿֲ£ҼҵרԴ
""м٣Ȱף"ԴƬ٣
Ƭٿεĳ̶ȡ롰ϻƬרҽ
˾롣Ƚ϶ΪƬٵ⣬Ŀǰɾ˾
룬ɵרãΪʲôҪΪʡҵ
רҼüδʹŷƵġרҺ¥
㷹ȨͼƬ2007-10-25 21:40:45 Դ˲ԭɽ
ṩרҼƬλơ̱ͼƬʾ,
רһҺ¥Ƶ,㷹֮,žġǵĹҲȷʵ
ʹŷ*

˭ļþأҵֵרˣд
ڴҲƬ߽㱨һĿġ


Ӧֱ滪ϻƬα ڻϻƬαУ
áרҵʿúãܵ˻ɡᵽڻ
ܣ˸еñľɥŴӵķΧҲ
ˣûܹٷ֮ٵȷƬϵϻ滹Ǽ١ʵǿһ
ܹ˵ǵܹ̤ʵ۶Ի
ɻѳ塣ܹÿհףǫѷؼԼ
ȥжϣĵؽ͹ڵɻǳϿҵվһ
ߣôܴ˵ãΪµȨϷ
ҵۣ20071021 09:51:11 ԴϷҵ

ڴҵֽ뻪ϻ¼ Ƭֻ
ǷڣдҵֵĽʹ֮ˮʯ(20071024 07:26:54 
Դ¾ )

Ļϻ ٴſܻ 21߱ʾ
ʡС쵼һͬǰԼƬƬм
˵űĶѧҺӰѧרһһĴ𸴺
ȨĽܹۡڶʱڹҽ͵רҡ
2007-10-23츮籨


Ǵ˭Ҳû뵽ҵ־ȻԡҵֻǶԱ治
ϻ飬һ֤ƬٲǹҵҪȷ
ΧΪɣʾˡ

ΪҵŰ칫Ρŷ˲Ңóվ
סŵġ

һֻǶԱ治ϻ飬һ֤Ƭ
ǹҵҪȷķΧ

֪ЩϻƬΪڻϻ֤ݣ
ʡҵΪ֤óġΪʲôҵȴ˵Ƭٵļ
ҪȷķΧأ¶ǹٷϢҲδʡҵ
ҵַϣѵͿ֮

ҰϻѾĲɱƷˡƷһɵ֤ݣʡ
ҵ£չһ½ҰϻƬ͸ӻϻƬ
α֮硱20071019 Դ»Ƶ  л 

Ұϻ˵ƷˡƷһ˵֤ݣʡҵ
һ黪ϻƬƬߣƺȻΪ
ķ˷ܲʱƬȴϲĵ
ֽϻ򡮼١ϻһʱ䴫÷зգйר
ҺʡҵԱƬ ˵ԻӦһЩ˵˷
̱ҳ > Ӱ >  >20071018 03:31:59 ɻ
Ƭα˵ϻƬðĵ(ͼ)

ƬҪƬȨ϶Խλ

Ҫ˵ԽλΪŵʡҵһʼԽλˣ
ûǳ棬ܲ˾޴Ӱ죬µΪҵϼ
ֲܲܣ˵ҵֲûⷽרңӦ
˵ˮƽܸߵרҡڽɭֵĹܲʹð߿ƼӰ


ǹҵֶƬи˵ڿ
ҵֶΪʲôȥƬαҲи˵

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ҵֶԻϻƬġȻ̬Ƿȡ

Ф

ݱҵֶԱɵʡҵṩĻϻƬȡ˲
̬ȡȻ෴ۣӵΪǸУ
ΪǰܱʡΪҵֵס

ȣⲻһͨη羰գΪʡҵ֮һ
ύҵֵġѧŵĹ򣬿ѧߵݱǷ
Ͽѧ׼ġݵĿѧԹܵʱйȨα
̬ϵҹѧߵĻ⡣һܷ
̽»ĹңһƬαӦСһ

Σҵֵлرۼලɡҹලһ
ʽ۵ŸıΪûۼල
ǹŵְʡҵŶ۵ļලԼ
ĽۣɸΪǿʱ⽻ԼϼϼȴԴ˲ÿ
񣬲ȡ˻رܲԡûлϻƬĳ֣ûôɣ
ҵֻο𣿹ҵֵֻǸĲ²⣬
ղ²⵽ҵֶЩƬġΪĶ

ΪʡҵĻش𣬹ҵȥؿ컪ϻټ
ⲻǰȥûз㹻Ŀѧ֤֤Ұ
ĴڣôҵԼĿΪ׼¼λṩ
Ƭ֤Ϊ׼أʱƬ֤ݣǶƬʵԵķ񶨣ͬ¼
λӡԣҲ²οܻܿνļ֤ݣȻЩ֤
ݺΪ죩ȷҰϻĴڣ֤ʡҵе
ͬʱƽϢɣһϵе鷳ùͶʽһ
ʼҲûпһͷҰϻҲǺε¡ĳЩ
˵ɴñر˷ЩûʲôοϾ
Ұ̬

ʵҵֱȽϷϡǣƬϻϻα
Ľ棬ϲȡʩҰϻ̬֣Ǽ٣
˵ںδƬ˸ʡҵʹٿѧ֤ݲô
׳֡δƬߣͲǹҵֵˡ
˵ҵָϵ⣬⸴ӻˣҲ¸
ռ䡣

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ʡҵιؿ˹ڻϻƬµ

Yush

ʡҵιؿBLOG¡Ұ
ϻ龰ԭԻϻƬ¼˻Ӧԭڹ
º󷢱ۡѹرղۣ˿

˵ϻͷϵƬɵҶϻǰ
ͷԵø󡱡оƬڲͬ
Ⱥ;£ƬҶϻԴСλһֱ䣬ϻͷϡ
ˣĽȻŷҳѱɾ϶תأ
磺http://www.g-lens.com/page/album_detail.asp?album_id=1646

163828ĵһŻϻƬġ
Ӧ20ҡҲ⡣

ᵽƬоֲü֮ṩŷᲢ㷺
֮ýһҲɷļߡתƪµĻ̱
ߺ20071022յıйԱϻͼƬûټ
УҲᵽŷṩýͼƬֻǲüͼط˱
üͼƬɫ˵߷Ĳ¡ϻģ
ģֽģиṩˡ20071018ա̱һ汨ֲ
ʾͼṩˡԭͼݺͲüͼƬݡƬͺ
֪شСΪ834X570ͼƬ
http://www.xlogit.com/xysupload/2tiger.jpgǴԭʼƬֱӼõģ
ֻʵPSδšżúͼƬֱ
롣

ݳʽ1/ + 1/ = 1/ࡱԶ࣬ɵá
  ࡱָݡС/ = С/ࡱõࣨ
룩  С *  / С

Canon EOS 400Dֱ3888X2592CMOSߴΪ22.2mmX14.8mm
Ƭ㽹Ϊ35ףƬϻͷȣС = Լ160 / CMOSˮ
ƽֱ3888 * CMOS22.2סͷȣС0.3׼㣨ϻ
ͷ318343ףͷ273301ף
ࣩ0.3*35/(160/3888*22.2)11סͬ˵ϻͷ
Ҷ20ףӦˮƽ140أ㣬
0.2*35/(140/3888*22.2)9ס

ʵҲ⡣Ӧ
Ƭ֮һ163959ˡλԵͣ
΢ƫһ㡱Ƭ۾λķǳԡּЧ
ʮԡʵϣCanon EOS 400DָΪ13й
100ʱΪλƬȦF5.0й400㣬Ч
Ϊ5.2ףָ / Ȧ * sqrt(й/100) 10
Ҿ룬ܼ˵20ˡ

Ҫ廪ϻƬ٣ʵܼ򵥡Ҫ˵ġʷỹ
סھһϻͷûҶǵƬ򹫲һ
ֳʱԭϻͷҶƬ򹫲һϻƻ
ѹĴԼ10ƬͬƬҪ˵ʲôûȨ䷢
ԭʼͼƬߡ㣬ʺϽпѧȫԷ
ĵġ򡰽㡱ģоЩƬ
ƻصߵġԸ͡

Ϊһʼչע¼ѵġԸ͡
ҲǸѵġԸ͡



http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4f100ac001000daf.html
ؿ - BLOG
Ұϻ龰ԭ 2007-10-26 17:23:38

ͼƬṩϢ˵ϱߵҰ⾭Ʋ⻹
ԭ½˹۵㣬Ը

ҳڴȻ̬ӰذɽҰӰ
ΪƺҰϻƬרԱ֮һҶҰ
ϻƬݵʵŲɣоҵɡ

ԡ

ʱ̳163828㵽һҰϻƬ
ʾΪF5.01/40롢35mmΡͼƬĳĿ
񰵵޹⣬ȻϢҲݵıʼǱ
ӦҪоֲü֮ṩŷᲢ㷺š
ԭʼƬͼƬΪ㣬ʺϽпѧ

ǵһɷˣʱԼ5060
ңҸݾͷתϵ1.63556mmԼлĴСƶϣʱ
Ӧ20ңΪ˻йֳۣ֤
жȷġԼҰľһ뵱ʱ
ΣҶϵĲ׼ȷʾ⡣

16385123֮ڶΰ¿ţźһν̵
24mmɴƲʱĽԼӰǷȱȦҲ
f4.5ʹõȫԶعģʽƬﻢĳСܵ
֮⣬ǰǳ6֮ΰ¿ţ
һţҲûз仯

163959ˡһŻλԵͣ΢ƫһ㣬
ʾf4.0ڽ֮⣬Ϊģ۾λķǳԣ״
ͼƬּЧʮԣûзٺۼ
ĵھţĵţϹ49ֵԵڴˣ

ԡ

пԺֲרɵƬҶֻذɽһ
ֲݣȷ֦һҶƬͨ
֦ϵҶƬҪࣩܶѧԺѧԼУνڼ䣬ɼ
ı걾Ҷ20׺ϡοƬҶϻǰ
ҿͷԵø

źûȨ䷢ԭʼͼƬΪ
ġһũԸҲͼƬĺ
ʷỹףӦõõԼҫջҲڴ
һ죬и˿ʷƬ

http://hengguoliang.blshe.com/post/365/115785
Ĳ 
ϻģٵģֽģ
:  | 20071020 18:48 | Ŀ: һ

ԡ

죬ֻƬݣԭͼݺͲüͼ
ƬݽϸȶԡмԼɡ

ֽס𡣻ϻãٵģֽģ


http://img.blshe.com/resserver.php?blogId=365&resource=%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E8%B4%A8%E7%96%91%E6%8A%A5%E6%A0%B7.JPG&mode=medium
20071018ա̱һ汨ֲ

ԡ

http://img.blshe.com/resserver.php?blogId=365&resource=%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E8%A3%81%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BE%20.jpg&mode=medium
ԭͼûоü

http://img.blshe.com/resserver.php?blogId=365&resource=%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E8%A3%81%E5%89%AA%E5%9B%BE%20.jpg&mode=medium
ǴͼвüPHOTOSHOPͼƬŷṩý

http://img.blshe.com/resserver.php?blogId=365&resource=%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E8%A3%81%E5%B8%A6%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%B7%20.jpg&mode=medium
ԭͼұԭ

http://img.blshe.com/resserver.php?blogId=365&resource=%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E8%A3%81%E5%89%AA%E5%9B%BE%E5%B8%A6%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE.jpg&mode=medium
üPSͼԭʼңȶ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

Ǹҽѧʲô

ҽ

20071025ս¡Ǹҽѧʲô
ٿĵ12кҽҩѧֻڼ䣬ɷ˺ҽѧ᳤
ѧУҽѧУԲʿݽʿܣ1951꣬
䲼˹ҽҩ涨ҽҽλͬͬȴ
涨11ֹŵҽϵĴҩٴ飬4
ġȫ顷ҽѧšҽżҩŶԺҽԺ
ԺƼƣҲҪֻҪҽƻۣ
жۡ ҽƱֻ56ֺҩͺҽԺġιԼס
Ժõȸ豨

ҽȵıйʮɻ󡣿ߵҽÿ£
йĻĹҽҩһ조ҽȰҽĹɴ
϶һҹ֧ҽҪô״أ 

ҶҽȵĽ£

༲ƣһΪٰԼΪԲ
Ĺػ档ִҽѧˣᵽνġơ
ͬĽ档һǿѧĽ棬ڶǷǿѧĽ档֮
桱ʶá桱Ҫǿѧԡйҽڵ
һﱻˡйڸаҽڵڶ
ȡˣĻáй½ҽĴʹԭ
ǵڶݡҽҪڵһԲŻᱻѧϵõ
ܡ

̸̸ڶ档ǿѧĽҪ˵ػĻͳ
ͽǮȡڶҲҪԷֹҽᷨǲȷġ
ĿǰǲȷġҽȣǮڵڶ˺ܴáһ
Һ͵Ǯ˵һķˮƽͬʱҲҪ
ڵڶҪһĹ˵볬
һݵĸڶͻ⡣Ʒͱþ
health and wellness industry2006ﵽ911Ԫ2005
15%ЩǮǴӵһ桰硱ġҲ˵ҽ˵˵
Сûʲôð취ˣԼвٵǮ˺ܿԸ
ЩǮȥһġƷǰǮճĽ
ݵȷ档һ˵ڶͲ˵ĲƸȣĻ
ͳȡ

The Natural Marketing Institute (NMI) announced today that retail 
sales within the U.S. consumer packaged goods health and wellness 
industry reached $91.10 billion in 2006, representing growth of 15% 
over 2005. These findings are part of NMIs annual Health & Wellness 
Trends Database? (HWTD) research study, conducted in 2006 among 5,800+ 
U.S. households.

ִҽѧҽѵУҪѧϰؿѧɺԭ⣬м
˵ԭԶܶԲ˵Ĳȫûϣˡȫû
ϣĲҲҪ˵ٻа취ԡ ԣҽڵһﾡ
ȫ֮õİ취ǰѲתڶ档й˾סĵط
ҽ˵ڶѡβĹؽףֹʹҩֹסʹ
֢ȶǵڶġ͡

Ǯ˺Ըߵڶķû
ԼĻָй˵ʷĻĻԷḻڶ
ݡĵƹ㣬ҽҲ˵ڶĸѡ

½ҽҲǿԼڵڶãԲŴ̸̸ԼĻ
Եй˴Ӵͳϡ벻Ǵӿѧ벻

ΪǮԸǿڶķټĻǿ
ãҽһǵڶõѡ⣬ĽǮҲҪӹ
ԸֺҩáƲĿѧ˵㣬ҲҪ
һҵĽ̶ȡ޵ĸҺ͵˵Ľ̶ձƫ͡

۵FDAҽѧƷFDAָϲݰ
ǵڶ¡ԵڶĸֲƷз࣬ǰҽҩ
ֳǲֳһѧ޹ء¿ɼ˵ġFDA
ͬҽҩѧǶĿѧϵѧǳ¿ɼӽȥģԭӢ
еġ 

ĿǰΪֹȫеĹңй⣬ֻڵһ湤
ҽΪphysicianҽʦ˳֮Ϊtraditional medical 
doctorPhysicianƶִй;ҽƼƻִҽ
ѧҽѧԹҵͨˣҽ¹ʷ֤ͥˣΪִ
б죬ѧ죬Ա죬˼м˼ұ
ֵĴȾǩе뼲йصķļȵȡֻ
physicianPh.D.ʸеҵҽѧĿMDҲС
ЩһشιڶdoctorȾָҽʦκһ
ңܽphysicianУôٴѧ
ľˡִʦͲphysicianҲ֪Ǽ
İĴǵҽʦڰĴ㲻physician

ҽܲܽһ棬˵㡣ҽҪڵڶ
棬˵㡣һ־ذҽͿѧĹϵж
ˡҲ˵һǵڶġδʽڶĶ
Ҳԭⲻءɳһ档ʷϾûйҽΪ
Ļӭ̶ȸ߶Ϊѧһִҽѧ˽Ƚˣ
ųҽУ˳ȻذԼĲ˴ӵһתڶ
棬ԲԵڶ汨кܶڴҲӵڶѧ
ʲô

ĿǰܵģΪҽѧƿơй˳
ơĺƵƣƣƣĦƽЩ
ƹΪģơķ롣ģơصԭ򵥣Ӧ÷Χխ
Ҫڹ͹ؽڼ棻ѿĽģơҪ
ʹͼؽڽӲ֢״⡣ҰЩΪģơΪƵ
ЧܱԤڡһԱһʱʱȡ
ôӰƵЧ

ҩҲһ⡣ҩڵһ飬ѧΪ
ϣͨҪ1010ԪŪĳΪʲô
йһúͼƶĹǲܵģΪɹ
ǧ֮һûСҩڵڶ飬Ʒֻû
ͿãʵԸ涼á

ǸҽѧʲôҽҪѧϰҽ1Ҫѧ֡2
Ӫ˥𡣱磬Ϊֹûһҽѧ[᳤
˵ظ߼ߣ꺫һҽѧɽѧҽרŴѧԺ
]

йҽǧȥ50ҽŴ˽档
һ˵ҽĿѧԲɡðҽоԺΪѧ
Ժ˵ҽҽһѧҽĲöҽпѧ
ͶʺΣйҽѧԺҩɿڿַҽˮƽ
岻ùôҽҩѧᳫҽִ߲Ϊǣ
ҽ´ӪʵҵعΪӪֻÿ˵ѻ
ջιȥĴô౧ԹĹɨءǣ
ҽ֧Ȳ˲ùܵ¡

ЦʣèҪʲôһŲɫƬҽ
Ҫʲôѧ
꣩


Ǹҽѧʲô 
 2007.10.25  7  ۺ     ༭¾ 
: 
ΪͳҽѧĺҽڿƼĺй㷺Ⱥڻ
Ҳкܸߵ;õληչ͹ҽģ
Щɹҽҩչμлҽҩѧ
ҽѧٿĵ12кҽҩѧֻڼ䣬߲ɷ˺
ҽѧ᳤ѧУҽѧУԲʿ
ųжȵĹ
Ի᳤Ժظ߼ߣĿǰȫ糩ĵӾ硶
󳤽УйغҽҩֶдġԴӡ󳤽񡷷ӳ֮
ڵĺҽԺ500ԪңҲһ淴ӳ
˺ҽںܻӭĳ̶ȡ
ݽܣҽԴҽҩԹԪ2ǰԡھΪ
ҹҽҩ̴볯ʰ뵺ҽѧ
2000ѧʷҽҲݵصֲס
ʵȣԼصݣҽѧ͡ҩ
ڣҽԺѷչ130ң1.08ҽ1
1ҽ17000ˡ
һǳӴͳĻĹңԺҽȡųж
Ĺߡ1951꣬䲼˹ҽҩ涨
ҽĺҽҽλͬͬȴ
涨11ֹŵҽϵĴҩٴ飬
4ҹġȫ顷ҽѧšҽżĿǰ
ͳҩںг۶Ѵ10Ԫ˲ѳ硣
ͬʱҩŶԺҽԺԺƼƣҲ
ҪֻҪҽƻۣжۡ
ҽƱֻ56ֺҩͺҽԺġιԼסԺõ
豨
˻겡Բһ㿴ҽ˼ԲȾ
ҽͬʱҽĲ͵ˣҲ
źҽÿٳһ˲֮ҩšҽ
շѼ۸ȻԶһ˵񿴸ð֮Ĳÿҩ
1Ԫ֮Ϊ10000115ңһ㿴һ
10ĺҩҲҽշѱȽϸߵġ֮ҽҽ
շѲ࣬Ըҽ

Եְҵ
    ںҽλߣãأǿ
ʶҽҲͳ˾׷ְҵݽܣ
ѧҽıѧҽĻ࣬ѧҽѧԺ¼ȡ
ʱߴ1701еΪҽ3ꡣ
ݽ᳤ܣһĺҽѧԺѧ6꣬ҲҪѧϰֻ
ҽݣңҽ˶ʿʿҹҽѧ
ӺҽԺУҵ׾ҵȥҽԺ4ɳΪҽר
ҽʦ뿪ҽ˽ҪҿԣϸϷ
ÿҵʸ뵱ڣԽоÿ궼
身ҽоѡЩ꣬ѧйѧϰҽĺܶ࣬
Ϊڡ񱱾ҽҩѧȲҽԺУרſ˺
ѧࡣǻعйȡõҽѧòϣû
ںҽֻܵҩҵ᳤ְ˵Ϊܽ
ʱ䲻ͬγݲֻͬض˺ĺҽѧԺϿ
ѧ᳤˵ظ߼ߣ꺫һҽѧ
ɽѧҽרŴѧԺѧҪһѧѧϰ4ҵ
ܽѧٶ4꺫ҽɻ˶ʿѧλ
ִѧִսҽڵĴͳҽѧ
ǿ᳤˵ͳҽѧҪִҽѧ໥ѧϰ
໥ıչΪͳҽѧǲѧǾҽѧ
ִѧչĿǰ׶ΣԽĿѧԼں
ЩҪһ˼ֲиŬȥѧϡ
ϡϣôͳҽѧִҽѧһ𣬶ཡҵ
Ĺס 

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ҩʲô㣿





áҿһЩҽҩ£ΪȻϧʵ̫
Σ޻˵ڵҩĶҩгҩȻ֪ҩ
ףҩأң󲿷ҩҪҽģһЩ
С治ȥҽԺŶӡ

ǰʱ䣬Ҹ²õĶӣΪ˼ףͣ˳ĸ
飬ĳ˼̷ۣеءˮҲáҽ˵̷Ҫ
֮ˮȣߺСǲ衣ҪҩĻҪҽԺ
˵Сǲ¡ȻҴӺӻû͸үү̣ҩ
ϣʵҵͷˡ

ðպʹ֮࣬ȥκһҩʣǸгҩҩ
ҪġЩҩ󵨣ôҲðΪ֪ز
Ҫá

ҩгҩѾγ˾޴Ĳҵ˵ǵصƽ棯
ӹ棬ǲôҩѾǾ޴ơгҩ۸ֲ
͸޴衣Ҫ뷽Ⱥڣþ͹涨ÿҩ
идȨפҽ֪ȵʵֹʱ
ʵ֡

˵ô࣬ʵΪͨϰշɧѡҽҩѾ
޴Ⱥ壬Ҫ˶ǣ̸ףصԶ
ҽģ𣬲ҽĹԱĻǵ
ҽĹԱ̨ҲҪ20ɡ

Űɡ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ѧй֪ʶս

·С

Ȼ֣̫ҽϵУ⵽Ϯ֣Ȼ
ķӡ̫ҽ¹ƽɷӿѧµļƷ

ܺá϶мأѧ٣Ĵ׳ۼң
˶ԶӰټҷ⣬Ҳʷϲ֮һ
ҵȺֻȴпֱֳĦġ

к֮࣬һ⣺

ĿǰսǱҪ̬

ӵĿѧĵѪ˭أһλҽֻ
һλҽңλһҽžʹ˳

켫һʱҽ鼮᲻ǵĵѪ

΢ֵǣЩˣ۷ӦҽǲŶԣ
ȴûмֻЩҽǾ³ΪƷأ
˷ӵĿѧӪڽ赶

ٵôѪƷӾѾÿѧҽƽˣֹһ㣬
ҽʹ˳Ϊ

еѧй֪ʶսǰζ

̱ʽһĻ

ԤӦòþص鿴ˣԽԽпͷˡ

http://www.douban.com/group/topic/1983330/

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

йҽϵΣ14󡢳ǡҽ

Ѱ

ڶܷӰĹ顢Ρ̩կȣ
ҫΪĵϵһ𡣾˵̩Ĺĳû
кʵɳʹʱͻΪʥǲɻ
ʲô;ģҪҪȣõ˾Ϳ಻ԣһ
ҫʵȴһصľø

ΪǺôӿ֪Ȼ˭ƣ
Ψһ뵽ĽϵǴȻҪɢȣô
䡣㼣󣬴Ȼѡͼĳɷݣ
ߵĵλôǷиأȫ෴ʧȥ˾ϵ
ãʧȥĸ˿˶Լ۴
ƸĳܹϸͲ㼣Ȼִľ
ԸչƷľʵ֣ĳ
̶Աֲ֡йҽŵ¸һñӣ
ôȤôеѡ񣬲ԵιԺۣǾԸҥ
£ѡ

ҰѳУ˵Ҳǰ󣬳ǵļֵжϣ
ս޳ǵĲ٣иأ൱üֵͳһ
ĳˣ̿϶ƴϽŮ޳ǵĴ˵ѧĻ
Ӱ죬޳ǱǱϽŮ᲻ǿǿǱ
һʹδεĿ塣йǰ޳ǣڴҿľ
ʱڵĳǣԶʱĳݽṹ÷˾ש߽ṹ
Ҳ޵òϽŮˣʹޣש߽ṹҲ׿ˡ

ϣǿˣϲ֮·ز޳ǣسͿάϵ
ȥˡسİ󹤳ػ꣬ڷѧͳû
ŮˣʹΪ˱ֱܶӸɵЩޱȼֵĹ
ǵӶŮҲޣΪҲŵط̴ͳ׷
ᣬۻ֮ڶӶŮĿѧǲмһ˵ġ

ͳǣΪڶʷԡ̾Ϊֹĸ
Ȼʹ̾Ҳȶȸ
ϵһΪҲٹ⣬Ǻǳ˹ְֺһ
ʱҪһֻй˲ܴ漣ѵ漣
ڵڼֵ

ǵļֵþѧѧѧֵ̽Ҫһ
ȴܣҲûбҪǰ˵ʩҪһ
˵ֵĴӦãValue is in the hands of the usersʹõ
赲йũõʹòǴô˵
Ƕũõ˵Ǵ峯ٶɵ
¶ȥ޳ǡûãδ֮ǰȽ
ȻҲ޵ֳܿ˻˵Ϊʲôδܰ嵲
棬ΪǱģֲòѧ䡣

Ѿ˵˴ͳѧǺ֮ѧصǼ٣ʼ壬˷
ŵȣӹڶ಻Խūѧʡ̬
йǧάһԽУܱʷؽѵһһΣ
ѧͳܻͨ˺ƻԽȥԽеĻ
йеϲǰ˵쳯һͳԴС
ϺƵĽ̬ԽУ³Ѹͨ˵ý
Q쳯һͳģνģ쳯˶
ܶܣõݣܱű߾쳯ܱС
Ƿһ˴һˣͳһƾͼ֮£Դ
Сľ͹ĻߡŬͶһ
Ȩиıƣ쳯Ϲмһˣ
߾ʹѽģֱʧȥáе¶ر׼Ѱû
ǣ˵ĹߵĹң첻ûҪǵã
壬ѵġ

ȻڣȴҪһʵֵ;ǣ̶ȵӻ
ԣھϲǵѡ֣Ŭͳ
һ˾͵ݽҪʥһ仰԰ķϣϵۣ
ʹӲսһֱȥˡսСǿԿ϶
ͷ⣬ʲôأѧ뾭ùɵĳͻҲֵֻĲġ

ùɾҪ棬Ͻ壬˵һͽţѧҰŵԭ
ĩβѧιĺԵιĺʡ塢ǽˣ
ǶÿģԼʹǹΪӢ۵죬
һһģûиоϵĲʣʵȻΪ
ʲôйʷμǽԷЧң;췴ʮ˸
γʼ˸ߣ췴ˣҲͳֽϻ
峯ظͬһģʽЩڹʱ׷׷ˮΥѵĳŵˣ
Ǻ񣬲Ҫ˵ʲô壬˽ԭĵزȴҪѧƷ
ǧѧͳһƣͽı

ĺȱְҵרҵľ˲ţζʼ
ʱѼϼܣ̫ŪĳɶѣǾͲ˵ˣ
ܸ飬ԬҲֻǶڼ£üӻʷ
Ĳʸ񶼲ǲعһ¾ѧָʾľ
ԭ򣬼רְҸרԣľ߳ľ¼
˵ʮһٸ嶼ġ

ְҵ˵ĽΪӵãܽ
Ҫǿ⣬ְҵ˵ȱΪһѧ⣬һ
ǷԸӾùɵ⡣йҽв󣬵
޿䵽˳ǵľءйҽƵ⣬ҽ⣬й
⣬һҪҽְҵеĳǣҪ̩԰
еĴ⡣

ƹ˵ĹԱǲͣظԵιıǩʽߣҪƷ¸
УҪպҪƳɱҪ浽ҪΪֺרһԴ
šôûãȺڵ۾ǰ˵ǡѪģҽʱ
ýҽʱȺҪҽܣʱأȻٲ˴ܣԴһ
ǧǰδʼй˲ȱǣȱѪԣھȻҽ
ˣ˵ҽάĳǣôйԻٳǣ

ӵҽҽ²££һѰ˵ҽӦøߣ
ǾüЦһѰ˵иҽԣйҽǲ
ģҽпǾľһѰָʾɱˣ
áʹⲻϣѰǹˣ˾ҽĵ¸е
ӪΪ˵㹫ȻҲҶΪڡǾôϲ
ʽĳǣҶǰͬе˽⣬ҽҵѵ
⣬֪һ񶨵Ĵ𰸣ƽƽģֻҪͳѧ
ǣ󲿷ֵҽھùɵ֧¡Ȳ׷¸У
ҲǹⱰµ빤

ҽģʽоؽҽ˽Ͷ⣬жĵ
룬ʷϽʿΪǱоô۵ġһǵκƣһ
ǹ˼άʧ죬ƹ˵ģΪѵ¸Сڵйҽ
ϵŤļ۸ѹƵͶʶԱ֤йҽĿ
Ѹ߷࣬ǵĳɹƷǿʶΪкƹԱΪ֤
Ǿ仰Ⱥڵ۾

ʲôҽǺҽ׷ʽĺòãԣ»ʽĺòãѳԿ
׷͵еҽòã˿Ϊҩҽòãã
ãǻʣʷϵٶСеǣģ׷ʵ
ʵĻͻѰһһŴװĸҽҽʥ֡Լҽģ
Щ˾׷󲻸ʵ£ƵĴҽһͶ
ˣ˵ҽǺҽ!

ʱۡй˺Ϥʹû飬ĸȴҪС
ҿǰ˵˼һϸѧߣһ޴ľѧߣ
ҵǣѧӣѧΪ๤ҵԺ˼
ݱ飬ᡣǰȼ۽ϡͿĹڼֵ
ĸҪһĸ

Ҫѧ壬һ󣬴صļֵжڣ
һ˲شжȡԴһֱ٣һ
ԣ漰ֻ漰ıνϷıѧ
һǲֵжϵģΪͬˣֵжǲһģ
ɹŸĳ档صĸôǿ
Կ϶ΪȻߵķԣʽʽıŰ⣩
߼Ǣ˼νİ߼Ǣȱҹ
˶ף˼ʽıĻᣬҶҪףģ˼
ôԻǡҴð¿ķ굶ûУԸ֮
ۣѵԻĹͷաá

ľѧͽԴ˵Ҫأ˼ҪؼΪһ֣
ԴеļֵΪǹˣֱͶߴģ
ˣԲ𣬶ɰˣȱ̵ľѧȻȻ
оѧơʱۡȡòԣӦýСʱۡ

԰Ϊ϶Ҫֵ˵йó˳
ҼǵѻƬսǰûѻƬǰйĹóģʽôйм
˴㣬ν㣬˵ӡˢĶжʵüֵ
ûУ٣ǼֵжϣҪʹʼ˾Ϳȡ
йʵһֵжϣͻΪһְ
˭뵱ӡѽﲢô򵥣Ϊڣ
óģʽ߷ΪȻ

һᣬҪ۶ϼֵ죬ͱþѧľѧ˼
˲ǳѧһʶҪΣΪһˡ
Ͷ˵ʲôԱˣ๤ô˼ˣ뵱Ȼ
ϻشǣΪ๤һСʱ5ԪһСʱɰǧ
Ԫ๤˵ļ֮ͣûżȫɵľģ
Աϻͼ5Ԫĸֻ൱ֵЧ棬
أһСʱһǧԪȴԸͶǧԪĻرͶЧǶ
˵ܣ๤ˣͶʾ͵ҪлرԶһ
ԣֵˣΪֵйչ
нƸƼԱһޱȾ޴ĽΪԱˣ

ëʽɹԺǰƸĶٶɷ֣Ƹʵ
ļΪǴĲƸԶΪ˵ľԴ
ëʲôˣһһ۶йļҲ˵еѪ벻˵
йϵʧױȵģȻ˼ԨԴˡ

ǰ˼ܺ˼󵼣ΪʱҰ߻Ѳţ̵
󺣶άۣʵ޴˵ĽѡҰ˾
ѧԭǻᷢһ󣬼ƸĲԣʲôƸ
Ĳأȶǳӵо޴ңֻҪţﵹͲ
ĲƸʹѳƱŪգֻӡ˶Ӽѣ
ʼݼĴ󲿷ֲƸἫתϣ
ʧ΢΢Ȼѧϰöͬ־רĲƸƻ
ʧһЩ˶٣صŦԼһա

ＫǿڰƸļ⣬ҪΪҽףҲҪ
ΪΪҽ֧˸룬Ҫеľøǡǡ෴
ҽǺִҽƵĸԴŻı֤ȶǳ
ӵĲƸͳΪʱΪһشƸ
޵ͻᷢƸתƣɱ֧ЩʱΨһµľ䱿ˣ
Ǯ޷ӣ˲𣬲ޣ˷ѾԴǳ۲䱿ҽҲ
ĵ¡ҽĸᷢʲô£Ǿ㣬һӶҽ
ĹҽƸƿӡһǲҽڶ
ݲƸԭûбҪһۡ

ҽʹΪ˵ԴһȷҽͶʱ
ԣչԼУҪβȫԼ򵥵
ôβǻףԸĤףǾǴ鷳ˣҽͶ
ҪӣԤ󣨼ͶЧ棩ҲԶѡͶʳɱ
ҽԲҪҩѡ˵ƷʽȡͬȵЧ棬һ
Ӧ͸ˡǺҽȡͶʵ棬ͬ
ͬԴҽ»߽ȫָҵĵһƴˣǾ
鷳ˡֻڼֵھѧϽԱ֤Դĳ
̶ȣһ㣬ūףūūԱ
ůԻȡ棬ֻٲֵıᾡ˿ȡ棬
̫ʵȴԳ˵ҽǴκνǶȶԶ˵Դ

һᶼֿ˵ĳǿԷôܣΪ
Ϊѧߵ񣬳ǳְֵҵӵսԾ÷
ש߽ṹȡǰݽṹй˴ΪԴȱ
ҽǲòҽҲһݵĽṹڹȥʮķչ
УѾש߽ṹȡݣôһǷҪ
ש߽ṹмֽ   Ȼ  

ѡҽһͶʾߣߣΪǮ
ݳƷʽҽΪǰϧѵͶʶѰĻرǮԽ٣
ԽҪҽһʱѡǮݣǮپߣ
Ͷʾ߾һڵϢռ봦̣ᾭ𽥷չ
ǲͣؼͶЧ棬ʵĽеͶЧ棬߲Ҫʱ
أͶʾ߾Ҫʱ䡣

ΪеҽƾͿйм
ĶԱȣҲֱҲϵ۵ĳƾϵ
ģȫMDĲôϵ100ǰܸлδҵ
Ҫ˵ӵдѧѧλˡҽѧԺǶصĶгԣ
ͣؽҽͶʣʵҽҪибҵƾ
ΪҲˣҪдѧҵѧλΪҲ̫
ҽûдﵽϵţȻҪʱסԺҽѵר
ҽסԺҽͬfellowshipѵ

ʶϵԶйϵߵЧ棬ǾͿԷģʽ
ɷ֣ǰƽЧӦҪйҲٻһŴ
ִҽѧˮ׼ѰȲˣȺҲȲˣǻ俪ʼ
йҽ࣬Ⱥһʱ֮Ҳ߸ļί
ܵĹߣֻ÷йˣҽѸʧҽѰ
ĸϵظĸйԶִҽѧˮ׼

ʲôҽǵĸֽأҲ˵һѡʵ˲ţ
ʲôͺҽأģʽǿʶ¼㣺

1.	˲  ǷҵľӢ˲ţҵ˲
Դ𣿲ᣬԺʵۡ
2.	ѧ  ҽ͵м־ҽѧ֪ʶȤ
׷
3.	ѧѧλ֤ѧĵĻ  ҽ͵õᾫӢ
4.	ѧѽͶʶ  ҽҪͶʣȻҪ
ˣԽһؼҽҽȤ
5.	סԺҽƶͬƶȱ֤ҽˮƽ  ǺҽıҪ
6.	֤άҽˮƽ  Ҫҽ͵Ҫն֤м
뷴ϵҪ
7.	׼齫  һ㶼Ц˵Ѱ㿪ʲôЦҴͳ
뷨Ժļ𣬲鿴еҽƻĹ涨û˵׼齫Ѱ
ЦҵҽѧԺԺͬѧǰΪֵ齫˶
һǮйĸҽϵʹһ׼齫й
ҽǻĵ齫ҽסԺMental Institution
ǲ齫ģ룬Ϊƽͨ˶๤40%ʱ䣬ҽ
ͨ˶๤50~60%ʱ䣡ҽɱųɱ
Sunken Costղ˵ģΪʲôҽԾɼظ
λľҪһһҽϣһǵҽ
ϵ򲻺ľøԤѸɢҲҽϵĸЧ
֡ҽʱҽ棬ŷ޹йʱϵķ
ƣͲϾѧԭ

һȫ嵥שԺ󻹻ϸҽĽ
ϵתϲשģؿҪ۵ģȻǻӭһ¾ͽ
ϣҶζ

ܽһ£ȴǾѧϵ׸ְҵ
ֵͿӦáҽ糤ǣʹò׸ɾ
ľ޴˷ѡ棬нһ㶼󡣺ҽ󣬾
ҪʵĻѣҽˣҪвĵŻв
ļ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ҽΪʲôң

bangbu1996

˿λҽȾҽLinchuangҽXiaopin
ҵȤΪ۵ľС£ʵзǳشʵ塣

XiaopinĹ۵㣺˷ϺҪάCؿС׻
û©رǿأһ׷ҽĴС
ٴ LinchuangΪVitCûбҪҲδҪ
ԺĻӦгʾ׼֤ݡ

LinchuangĹ۵Ȼȷģ֮԰VitCν׻Xiaopin
ǡ֯ǡһģΪִҽ
ѧ̵ʶ֮һǣ֡ϡǲɿģѭ֤ҽѧ
ʵ˵һ㣬ϡֹǽ֮ڿԡ࿨֮ԤĹ
ʧػ֮˥̵ҩȵȾ޿ãѭ֤ҽѧ
ѿʵ߸Щϡ޿ƣLinchuangļ
VitCֻжʵԽ˿Ƿв
̶ֳȵġϡ棬㷺ٴƹӦûʮǧأ
˱ؿ˵ձʵΪִҽѧ
ʶ޹أйɫѡ

Xiaopin˵ֱ׳ȻΪ˵йʵٴ
ԡŵĸҽҲ˵һ㣬ʵ
޷ǣ1еҽôҵγˡ׻2ഫġ顱
,䲻١ȨҲˣ3ϡҲ˵Բ4
й˵Ҫʱ㲻˻5ޱȶӵҽƻҽ
Ϊҩиߵıϵ6ųвأ7йҽ
ձȱѭ֤˼루Ϊȷʵ൱ҽԼԼҲÿ
صģЩȫҽѧأǲĴڽй
¡

бȽϲ˵ҽѧǵҽأ
ûҳȴҽӴ΢ЦˡᣨAFSɳ
ҽƶӣǺйؾ߱ҽԺṩ豸Ϊѵƶ
ͯ͹¶ṩѽƯ˵ÿصģ
ãֻעͷ룬ڷĪֻͷ߰һ죬
ȫþΣȫ24СʱԺûмҳҪײɣ
ҲûиȾġ͵ġϵԶйҽǲ˼ģ
ͷߣУйƵ
³ԺͬйϣͬҽԺͬĲˣ
ôôأ

йҽҡΪʲôҽ͡ҡأȽ⣬һ
ʩҽʱҪ̫ҽѧأһʩеȴǴҽ˶Ѱɡ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ֵñʳƷҩƷල֣SFDAľٴ

biochina

ԱҪϰյıΪǳ˵ΪϰշǴҵĶӡ
Ǳֽ̨ǹԱաұԱ
ǡ

羭šࡱһ壬ȥģ⡣ԱҪ
ǷִеڲΧƻƽ½ࡱ
Щãɲ֪øʲôͬʵϢУ˸ݸ
˵ıжϡжSFDAЩȷ¡

SFDAվFDAԱãۺˣĿʼ߳
ţŲȥΣ

ͬ峤ֻţأ֪ģż
ô峤ȥһ֪μĺû
Ĳţ

ҪSFDAĿǰľٴ룬ڲţ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ѧ



񡶹ѧۿӡһ,ΪѧȻ,ͬ
Ŀ.ѧҽαѧ֮ӹɵġѧٷҲ
޷͡Ǵһص˶ѵѧĸܳó
ӶXYSĸķչУѧѧϵ˽ܣ
μǷǳȤ

ȻѧۺģΪ

Կ˵ʷ֪ʶۺᷢչ׾޴
ѧĴɡֿЦҿɱӣ˿
ɵǽͻϵѧκ˿ý
ͿѧȴпܽվıС
ǰɵڵ˿/ǵı⡣

ȴ򲻸ҹͬġκѧ˵ܵɶǺ飬
ܿЦ˼桢ΪѧûãΪʲôûá֤
Ĺ۵ǴģԽΪģ
ۣЩ㿴ǴĹ۵ôõ޸أ

˵XYSƷλ͵ΣδЩ졣ڻĿ
ƷƣֻҪ漰ǹϵֵĶôĪ
ʧأ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ѧõģһоƵ

ߣ

ѧǷ֮漤ңڰĴǶй滮о
һϵסլоⷽʦҪоŵѧ
ʹ̸̸ѧô£ʵýǶ֧һѧۡ

漰ѧ֪ʶȫԹоResearch鼮ûжר
ҵѧ顣ش˵ΪС﷭Ӱ죬עԭʣ
ָ֪

о飺Ŀǡռ䣺ܶȾסռڵ
ִĹϵԶȱٽռԭ֮һоͼ
ֿռΪϲʲôĻЩռ䣬ʲôӰ콻
Ϊ

оResearch proposalҪо(method)
ڱо򣬰оʵʩҲǱظ֤ݡоֶ
ƾҪǷۣmethodology,漰ѧʽphilosophical 
paradigmͨоΪоͶо࣬ѧʽƫ
һ࣬Ҳ˵Ҫоѡʵķʽѧоƫ
ԡӦҪɹѡķʽУʵ֤壨PositivismȻ
NaturalismۣinterpretivismѧPhenomenology
ۣCritical theoryʵ֤壨Postpositivism
Constructivism/ Constructionismṹ壨Structuralismṹ
壨PoststructuralismڹѧHermeneuticsִ
Modernismִ壨Postmodernism

ҿܶЩﶼϤˣΪЩʽֱӾѧ
ơÿʽ巽ݣ(ontology), ʶ
(epistemology), ֵ(axiology), ޴ѧ(rhetoric)ͷ
(methodology)ÿһʽһֻӦķۣӦķָ
оֶΣͿԱоֶεƹۻ

оƿͨѡʽۣȷͨҪ
⣺

1磿

ҲѡѧʽͨΪȷѧλѡʵ֤
PostpositivismΪʵ֤ԭΪreality˼ʵ
˴Ϊķ㣩Ա޽ӽȫ֪磨ɣǱ仯ġ
о߿Բ뱻оsubjective and   participatory
Ҳҵо⣬ΪͻûбȻĶӦϵӰ
֮ܶҲƵľס˫äա
õĽȻԣҲҪķʽǹʽ(Ȼ
в)

漰˵Ĵۣ仯Ԫʶۣɽӽ֪
ѧʽۣۣ룩

2ַڽҵо⣨research question?ѡ
Уʱѡ־Ethnographyʺѷ룬ѧ־˵
оضȺ໥þһʱɷ
չΪĻĿΪ͡ĻĹϵEthnographyö
оͬһԱõḻעⲻǸȷϢEthnography
õķмࣺ۲(observation)(intrviews)׷
document analysis͵飨surveys)

3ʲôֶνҪռݣ

Թ۲죨participant obserationͱо׷
document analysisװ֣Ӱӣ滭ȣо
ҪĽǽһĶΪ۲ݵĲ䡣

4Ҫʲô͵ݣ

ͬʱҪԺͶݡ

5ηݣ

ѡУ

ȷоķͷǰԴѧ
⡣Ҫ˵ǣѧʽۣһһӦĹϵ
Լеͽṹѧɡĳ巽ַܱ۲ã
ĳҲڶַʽ˵һѧɿ˵һЩֵ
ͷ۵ļϡ

ϿɼѧоĲǶ⣬кʵõĳɷ֡ѧ
õġ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

¶ϾģŮ乫Ȼ

ߣg27946

20071026µƪѡдġʿԷ
˵¶ϾģŮ乫Ȼҳ䣺
˷ӵȴûз1937꣬¶ǰ

Ҵû˵¶Ⱦ֮٣ҶԳ¶ӡҲ
ȻᡰȻ䡮ӵȴûз

֤һ£

(1) ģ¶˾֮Ӧ÷1937֮ǰ

(2) á¶ baiduһ£һƪǡ־硱
һƪ¡дʷ˵˽Ӧ㡷
http://www.xwtd.cn/echo/design/system/front/html/2007-5-14/200751410
5639.htm
岵ˡ1940꣬¶乫Ȼҳ
䣺˷˷ӵȴûз֡šʵ
˵ ҷһС󣺳¶1937823ճģ
ǡ19388¡µĲЧӰ죻

(3) ѳơ¶£ˡд
ġʿԷҪôû˵ʱ䣬Ҫô˵Ķ1940꣨
(2)е֤Ϊҥˣ

(4) ѵϣ¶Լ1930°굽1931֮Ѿ
Ϊޣ¶Ǵα193210£ұѺϾһģ
ǡϾģʱ19337ҡ˵ʱǳ¶
ġŮѡǴġ

(5) ¶ܵŴ٣侭ȥչ١ɳ¶Ϊ
йʼˡ˶䣬ȻȻڳʵ
šҸϢгֵɻɡľ
֮Ŀɿԡ

˿ý壬ѡظ˾֮
Դ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ȻѧίԱᡢƼձڹ湫˾ðƼձѧ
ĿĿ˲μרܵ 

ڣȻѧίԱͿƼձֱӵһЩƼ߷ӳ
ԡƼձ巢뺯չ2007NSFCRGCϿл
2006ȹȻѧĿĿרܡ˫־ʹ
Ϸ֣

һȻѧίԱδ֯ҲδίлȨκελ2007
NSFCRGCϿл2006ȹȻѧĿĿ˷
뺯ѧĿڡƼձϿǿѧ
ĿĿйϢƼձδ֯Ҳδκελκ˺
йȻѧĿĿ˵רܡ

Ȼѧ2007NSFC/RGCϿлĿĿǰд
Уս辭ϸĹƽڵ
˫רȷ˴šƼձ壬ջίʾ
ͨĿ嵥֪ͨѻǲμרܲȡ
áΪظ˿ѧĿϢ٣
ƭ

֡롱ԿǿѧĿĿйϢΪ
ɣȡ߶ѣӪΪĿģֺ˹ƼߵȨ棬
Ҳ˹ȻѧίԱͿƼձھڡ
˼Ӱ졣ǽ׷йصλԱεȨ

ġϣй߱αҪϢ󵼣
鴦ǷȨΪ

ȻѧίԱ᣺к˫·83ţ10008562327092
http://www.nsfc.gov.cn

Ƽձ磺и·15ţ10003851501308
http://www.stdaily.com

ȻѧίԱᡡƼձ

ʮ

(XYS20071028)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

һΪ˰޷˿վĹ˽˿վĶ̬ؿ
˿ʼбxys@yahoogroups.com

ʼбÿ췢һ˿վ¸µϣÿµ׷һÿ
Ŀ¼ʼбĶμ롰˿֮ѡ
ʼбxys_friends@yahoogroups.com

ù䶩ġù䣬ܿ޷յ
Ƽ䣺yahoo.com, hotmail.com, gmail.com

ġ˿ʼбĵ䷢һհż

xys-subscribe@yahoogroups.com 

塢ͣ˿ʼбͣ䷢һհż

xys-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com 

Ͷxinyusi@yahoo.comôıļͶ塣

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.freedns.us)(xys-reader.org)

