                         ˿µϣ20071204գ

07.12.04, ӡ׻۵Ц
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                        ׻۵Ц

                           ӡ

    һŰߣйʲô飨Һ
ΨһġǼǰ˿Ͷʱظһμ̵email
漰ĴһвҪá֮ຣ
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Ӵ²û壩һƪһƪҺͷӷ֡ѵǰ
ǰ󡷵Ĵֱ뿴ֵˣҲƴЩ
ֱҵȻûĵȥһߵŰ󣬶
Щÿһɾ֮˿̳ת
´ֱ֪ѧߡ˵¶˴ԣͶ࿴һۣŷ
ԭλǰᡱʲôûġѧҡҡһֳ
ˡѧòʿѧλרҵǷѧڹѧ﷢
רҵѧĶƪҸ߳һ
廪Ľڡڵרѧרҵжáķ
ѧңҪ¶ܹת˾Ļѻƪй
תƷˡΪ֤Ρ߱תʸ
ģץסһ仰¡

    ڡת򡱡һôһ仰

    ׵Ļ۷ǳأɢԶ֮⣬ƽÿƽ׵ĲҶ
ֻһ׻ۡȻУת׻۲Σߵ
档

    ע⵽˿ǹйũҵѧԺ＼ооԱʿ
ٵһƪ¡תİȫۡ¼
Ƶһ仰׵Ļ۷ǳأɢԶ׵5ףÿһƽ
ҶƬֻҵһ׻ۡ

    Ӷ߱ϵϸ΢𣨱Ҹ׼ȷָƽ϶
Ǿ仰Լʿٵ¡ڡѧԺԺҵһƪо׻
ҶƬϵɢģΪֻһƪо׻۵
ף϶ʿ˵ضƪģƪвޡ۷ǳأɢ
ԶΪֵ˵Ҳޡ׵5ףÿһƽ
ҶƬֻҵһ׻ۡһݣֻ45״ÿƽ8
׻һݣ455׵Ĳ϶ضǼʿӢ̫
⣬ӢģdensityֳӢﵥʶԭ˵
ܶȵԭᵽġ0.996ֲƵʵ1ۿ
㸡Ĵ֮Ц˵

    ȻתʱûСĶԭʼġҲûС
ݵһֵĲдݵģһӢĵļֿѧұ
ļٲϡ

    оԱ΢ܹӢģʿ΢һѧ
ѧʣǾͲֳôһȫѧĴЦˡ

    ʵ΢ܹӢģ΢һѧѧ
ȥƪΪתףԴʹáСС
ꡱôֻҪgoogleüؼcorn, pollen,heavyһͻᷢ
ơ׵Ļ۷ǳأɢԶ˵洦ɼҶ
ѧרҵվֵģ磺

    The primary reason for these low pollen concentrations is that 
corn pollen grains are fairly heavy, therefore most settle in the 
immediate vicinity of the cornfield. 

http://whybiotech.com/index.asp?id=1806

   Bt corn pollen is heavy and can only travel short distances. 

http://www.csiro.au/pubgenesite/faqs.htm

    Many factors contribute to keeping pollen density low. Corn pollen 
is relatively heavy, so it doesn't blow far;

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/feb02/corn0202.htm

    But because corn pollen is relatively heavy, only about 30 percent 
of it drifts farther than 8 meters (26 feet). 

http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/1999/6-14-1999/monarchbt.html

    ڡ֮⣬ƽÿƽ׵ĲҶֻһ׻ۡҸ
ǼôGuelphѧѧϵMark SearsڵΪôʳƷ׫
дıPreliminary Report on the Ecological Impact ofBT Corn Pollen 
on the Monarch Butterfly in Ontarioڸñĵ14ҳһָ
׵5״Ҷ׻۵ÿƽ06ƽ1.4
1.8

http://www.biotech-info.net/Searsreport.pdf

    ʵõƪУҲƵ˵ƪȻû5״
ݣᵽ8״ĻΪ01.2

    ᵽ2004оתƵģת׻
Σߵ׳޹ϵ

    ǲ˵ģʹ֪ѧߡ
˵ĿǣҲӦȥ̼Ǽʹвд£
ҲŻѻظǧ鼴ıġѧҡɱת
תʿݣΪоԱǶӢĶٲϣ
Ծ˷ʱһ¡²Ϊ



֪ѧ



ǰᵽӸ߱תʸô˵
ΪƤð䡰ѧ硱ĴˣҲΪ
۾˵Ϲƭ˲գۡô˵Ϊʿֱ֪
˺ŵĳ̶ȡ

ԣ

һգֻҪ鱾еĶͨ׶Ը
ͿˣˣһҡֻҪһרҵѵ
ĿԲܴôΪʲôʿڶת
ǳ򵥵пʱƵƵأ⵱ȻĿѧ
أҲĸйءһǣϲѵ;
˵ġԼļȶ۵ĶԶΪ棬Ȼǵ
ĶٷյĶ󡣶˵֪ڶյĹ
Уֲ٣粻Դ˾׽⡢©ٳᵽ
ķŮʿHGT־һپһ

2006317յġת򡱡 Уд

ֵĹƣҶת׻۵ﵽÿƽ
150ʱҲΣҰУҶմ׻
ֻÿƽ6 78׵Ļ۷ǳأɢԶ֮
⣬ƽÿƽ׵ĲҶֻһ׻ۡȻУת
׻۲Σߵ׳档ߵٵԭ򣬸ǹʹũҩ
ƻ̬

κ΢е㳣ʶˣԷ˵ġ׵Ļ۷ǳأ
ɢԶ֮⣬ƽÿƽ׵ĲҶֻһ׻ۡ
⡣һͨģ׵Ļ֮Сۼ
жأ˵׵Ļ۷ǳءǺֲĻ۱
ϵأ˵֮⣬ƽÿƽ׵ĲҶֻһ׻ۡ 
׸ݵ˭оأȻЩ⣬ǾԲ
𰸵ġ

׻˵ҲΣҲΡٵģҲ
Ȼ硣һƪУ˵Ժʿй
ƭһ·塣ԺʿĲʱССļ꣬
һѷޱȵıܹ۶ôӲʵαװơ
仰ﻻɡӡҲһá 20041217գ˿µ
еͷһʿٵд£Ϊתİȫ
ۡ¼д

19995£ζѧһоڡNature־Ϸ£
ת򿹳׵ĻƮһСӲϣҶƬι
ߵ44%׳ʵϣһʵڿѧû˵
Ϊʵɵģûṩʹûݡ¼Ҳ
˿ѧĽۣһ׵Ļ۷ǳأɢԶ׵5ףÿһ
ƽҶƬֻҵһ׻ۡ

Ȼӵġ׵Ļ۷ǳءǶλǳԼʿġ
¼Ҳ˿ѧĽۡ֡ʿٺҲйһλ
תֲרңҺͷһҲƴйȫƹת
ֲʿϷĩһƪ˵ʿǶݵˣ
תѧңũҵתﰲȫίԱԱǴ͹˾ϯ
ѧҺͶ£ҵ档ǿתף13
ɡϷĩ2004129գλר˳˼
õйѧ֮һ

ôλֿѧ˵ġѧĽۡԺδأֵǣ
Ǹڿѧû˵Դװףû˵
ǡѧĽۡʱССԴ
ǧ·顣ԭѧԺԺ2001109շһ
ƪ£ĿǡCorn pollen deposition on milkweeds in and near 
cornfieldsߣоĿľҪдԵȻ
ĻܶϡԱΪǸߵĽ͡ (The 
purpose was to obtain a representative picture of naturally occurring 
pollen densities to provide a perspective for laboratory and field 
studies of monarch larvae feeding on milkweed leaves with Bt corn 
pollen.)PNAS 9811919-11924ӣ
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/21/11919ˣƪ¿϶
Ǽֿѧҵ֪ʶԴ

ƪṩݣ۵ܶߣƽÿƽ
171ԽԶܶԽͣ0״631״35
2״144-5״8(ı2) ߷Ķƪ£Ҫҳֿ
ѧ˵Ǹ׵5ףÿһƽҶƬֻҵһ
׻ۡĳҲ⵽ôأϸǸTable 2
ҲŻȻıǡFrequency distribution of pollen density 
levels on milkweed leaves inside a cornfield and at different 
distances from the cornfield edgeԱиҪƵȣ
4-5סһһǡ0.996⼴4-5״ɼУ 
99.6%ܶ0-100֮䡣Ȼֿѧûж񣬰
0.996Ϊ۵ܶȣҰѡ0.996룬Ӷóˡÿһƽ
ҶƬֻҵһ׻ۡġѧĽۡν
׵Ļ۷ǳءܿ˼ժҪ˵ Pollen density 
was highest (average 170.6 grains per cm2) inside the cornfield and 
was progressively lower from the field edge outward, falling to 14.2 
grains per cm2 at 2 mǰĸʣPollen density was highest
һӣֱ롱ɡ׵Ļ۷ǳءʵϣdensityָ
ܶȡ(λеĻ)ָ

˵ǰһǿӦר׫дΪֻר
ſܾбҪѧ֪ʶĶԭʼģݵһֵĲд
ġȻתʱûСĶ
ԭʼġҲûСݵһֵĲдݵģһ
Ӣĵļֿѧұļٲϡ

ʵϣPNAS2004518ַһƪ׻۴ġ
ƪĵҪ֮һǣbtת׻ɵĻԶ31ף
ɷתке͵еˮƽbtڶء(We report that 
pollen-mediated gene flow up to 31 m from Bt maize caused low to 
moderate Bt toxin levels in kernels of non-Bt maize refuge plants. 
PNAS 1017526-7529http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/20/7526)
ƪ·ڼֿѧҺͷҸ׫д֮ǰȫ
ȫġоԱ΢ܹӢģʿ΢һѧ
ѧʣǾͲֳôһȫѧĴЦˡ

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϶ĵµʯ

HammerRed

϶̽ǷصͼƬУ»繫϶ĵƬΪ
˵ʵԣGoogle MoonӦλõģ˵Ŵϸ΢Ĳ
ȷʵƬвԵĲ֮һǣҹ϶ĵƬϳ
Google Moonûеġµʯӡ

̽ϯѧҡŷԶָƬǳϮֻ
صͬ˴ֿ˵ĸоȷһģһΪ˱ڽֳͣ
ƬĶԱȡȻܱ߻ͬĵʯӻǳ
ƬϣһֻһСӣ϶һƬϣ
ͬȴسӵʯӡһֿǵ
Ȳֻģĳһʯӣһֿܾǣ20052007꣬
һʯϡ 

϶𷢻صƬ·ֵʯײӣԺʿ˵Զ
϶ƬǶյģҿ˵NASA֮ĵģУ·ֵ
ʯײӻһ˷ܵ¡

˷ǰһǰҪע⣬ǾƬȷģûд

Ƭд𣿵Ȼпܣ

ƬǶɨ󷢻صپƴγɵġ
ƴӷ˴ôͬʯӾͿܳĲͬĵطγ
ʯӡ

ڡϺ̨վϣ۾ѾԴ˷
http://www.astron.sh.cn/cgi-bin/topic.cgi?forum=52&topic=92

ͬһص㴦϶ĵGoogle MoonƬͬҪô
ʯӣҪôһƴ˴

ųƴӴ󣬲ſ֤·ֵʯӡ

жһƴӴأΪ˼ͬò
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漴òγɵĹУƽƵòĸʼ㡣ҹ
϶Уƽе״òλպõʯӵĴλ

һ֤Ǿǣҹ϶άͼУûǸ·
ֵʯӡ

ˣԿҹ϶гֵνµʯӡǴƴ
γɵġķˡµʯӡ¼Ǻź
¡

Ŀǰ϶Ļϻͬһʵ⣬ҸԸ
ǴĴֵ֮ʹ֮ϵҵ
͹ҵĿѧˮƽǺѿ¼

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ߣ

ҲʶФڣФûκθ˶Թֲ֧Ͽɷ
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ԱҶФ֮Ƕ²˵ġ

Ф人Ժ߷һʤߺ˿˼ǩ
֪ʶӹФ߷ӰĹšҲǩź
ǣһԱûвʵӰ죬Фʤˡ
人ԺԳе˾֮ΪۣάФڵҴӴ˽
ФǸǰФڼ˱Ҫԣþա˰
л½ѷԩ죡

û뵽Ҹ߿ФˣĽ۾һ֡ˣ

ҲΪ֪Ķ滰Ǵű˾
һڣܵԷȾͬһߣ

ҲΪΪǩгҪȥʵ
ǩҪ˾ǴھȻվϷ˿ͨ
׼ԲǩҲߣҲ54˿֮ͨС

ڵĽФڱİˣ人İڲõĽ
ܿ췭Фڲ人ѼҪˣ۵人
ķ١

е˻ΪФڹڲҲΪΪһ
ϣڵʸҲˣ

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Ф߷Ȩ

ܽ
Ƽձ2007.12.4.

Ѷ 1130գи߼ԺФ߷񣨱ӣ
ַȨöߣάһо

2007528գеһмԺо˲ѡпԺԺ
ʿĻпƼѧͬҽѧԺЭҽԺФҪӡ
Ƽι˾ֹֺͣǸӰ죬
⳥ο10ԪФһоߡ

˽⣬2005114գ繫˾ķ̸ѧ
ܺͿѧٵķ̸ĿʱʾФ걨йѧԺԺʿѽ
˵ڶ֣ǿѧкܶ⣬пɡ
ͬʱŦԼѧʦЩ˾ʣôҲ
ѡйпԺԺʿһ۽ФϷ仡
ģҲһ£ϸû˵ԼԴޡ
ӻڷ̸оФѧĵʾɡ

иԺΪѧΧڵ飬Ӧѧ
ѧƽԺӦûԴС
ʱʹ硰󡱡ð䡱ԴޡȴбԵĴʻ㣬
ӦΪ񶨱Ϊɵ֮壬Ф˸е
нͣδ۵ķ룬ɶФȨֺ

ԺΪФΪпԺԺʿĺѡˣӦȡѧ缰ṫ
ڶѧˮ׼ۣ֮Դ˾һĳ
 

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ƫĶѧ



ҽ쿴Ĺڣйѧҡͷ
£Сʱ飬ǵ7-81967꣬ҵһС
ô2꣬СıˮˣҿǻŵҷۡŰ
ۺͰһͿСõ˴е֡ѣ˵ѷ
ĨϾͻõġҵҽԺҲ˵÷촯ġʵǸ
ƫôǸ󡱵רأյʲôǱܸ
ϸνġ֯١ЦǳԵĴͿ˳
Ҳѿ֯ǲǴҲյ󡱵ġǱܸϸƤ
أǲǻʲôʹϸ¡ɡǡĹר
أ˰޻ճɻϵ˿Ҳʹ˿ϣǲ޻ҲʹƤ
ϸֻƤأ조֪ǲҲȥʲô޻ʹ
ǱܸϸֻɡϻأĻҿҪҲҪ
Ϊάѧϣ󡱽ϸյ
Ǳܸϸоɹ͵͵Ӧҵϵ˼·

2007/12/4/ձ

(XYS20071204)

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˵ϸ

lismo
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4fcdd91201000bqk.html

1126дһϸĶƽƽݶ
ڵĲ֪ͣ黹ôƽ

ˡС֪ڿڵĲ֮ǰ֪ôһλѧߡ
˵ϸյɾСǱܸϸγ֯ٵ
о02ǰͷ걨˶רѻרȨ
оɹףйǼڹͬҵѧҲǹ֪
ġй黹治٣˵sarsŮ˵
μǣ˵绷еСӡǶڵ飬
ȱ˽⡣оеʧ͸ϽһйڵϢ
ʷģҲڵģǺǣûδġʷ¼һ
ĵģڵأҲܿΪʷδأô˵ˡ
򲻿˵ΪһжΪʷᱻĥС

20028£ϷԡԭλϸơĽ˵

20028£ɣ϶¡(ͼ)
http://tech.sina.com.cn/o/2002-08-20/0809133386.shtml ڻ˵
󣬵ǵĳɹȫɹˣϾûʲôˡ
ܵ³´л˥ϣһжܿơѾ5
ˣŵļǲٰдһ
˵Ļ͵ѧ߷׷׶νٿ¡ʾɵʱ
˵ûʲôǾܵģΪйߣӦ֪
һѧôܹʵضһǹ׶ۡǵģ
ѧģôܹôʰҾȼ֮

⣬˿Ҳռһϯ֮أΪ¼
http://www.xys.org/dajia/xurx.htmlҲ˿˳вͬ
һȥǾǣ˿˵Ƿʵ
ʵôǾҪ濼¼ıʵǾͿ˿
˵¡

ڵĲ122ķĿΪʲôߵ
ѧһ ԣҪᣬǸߵᡣΪ漰
ѧϡǵģɵĶٺ٣˵ȸ߶
ˣҲ˵ˣȸ߶˼Ҳġ
в飬ȷʵ漰ҵ˵⣬
Ȩ⣬ûҲʲô鶼һԸ壬ҵĸ


˵ʵôңǿ϶ޱ֧ڡȻ
ԡʵҪһ˵˵оһкտ
ѧоĹԡʵо
ҲҪһ¡ݷ
http://www.xys.org/xys/netters/Fang-Zhouzi/blog/xurongxiang4.txt
νרģ2006õרUS6,991,813
ͨںԭλϸ֯޸͹
Physiological tissue repair and functional organ regeneration by 
cultivation of regenerative stem cells in vivo and in situר˵
ǣƤ˿ĨϺз֬޴ҩܴ࣬ٽϸ֯
޸ձŶû򹤳̵ķƤϸ
̥ϸʲôϵ̾һĸ


뵽һ仰ȡ͡ᡱ˼Щ
ϸǸʲôеϸĳһҵҵߡ

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ߣչȻ



! 

෢йҽԺƃƭµ,ͱ
ǲ,óһڶ, ʵΪ!  

Ҳ㣺(1)һڵչ,¹ҳһNIH.
̳ѧĲ,Լѧɾ֪͡ʦ˵"
㿴⽲̨ûһ,Ȼڱѧһɢ,̨װ
ģҪġ" (2)µܾ? 
һλҽԺƵϽ,˵"ſβҲá"Ȼ
˸Ժεı,ԿΪ"Ƶһλ",
ǲ֪˼߳ܶ! 

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Ѱ

polikXYS20071203Ϊ¸ƽΪ񣬼ĺڣѧ
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ֲĽòҪҷ¸αѧһۿ̰
ǧ򣬹˾ֻʧǧѣҪpolikĽ飬̽ʮ
ЧӦаٱЧӦʧ𡣵¸ǧǧҪpolik˵
㡰סǺСǮ;ģﲻ±عף
ǧҽģStay where you areûҪһҪ
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ҿƵھɴһ

ߣ΢

һƪƵھʱ߿֤

˵

οĹŽڶ࣬Ϊ࣬൱Ĳֲڲο
г˵£

1  οߣڲοһһгл⡣

2  οף汾ڶ࣬ƪĿȷ磺Ƶھ
󴫡ϴӡﷱ¶ʷǡ顷
׻ͨ塷ע衷ȣֻ˵ڲοһһг

3  οĹżڳУ֮ߣеҲӰӡ
رǿߣڲοг

4  Ҳִ㱾ӰӡߣáնĿȫ顷Ԩ
棬人ѧ磬1997档磺׻ͨ塷ġ

ǰ

Ƶھҹִģһҽ飬ݶרҿ֤Լ
ڴսʱڡƵھϹ̫ʱǻҽѧѧ
ܽ֡Ҷѧҽѧѧҽѧѧҽѧѧ
ѧƶķ֡ȫ档

Ƶھҽ۵ȪԴѧ˵ڻͳһ
Եĵ䷶ѳΪѧϰҽıض֮顣[1]

ƵھơھһƵҹŴΪҪ
伮սʱڡ㼯˹ŴͶ뼲ٴ
ۻ춨ҽۻ

ƵھܵⱣʼʷ֮𡣡[2]

ھҹִҽѧܽ˴սغʱ
(Ԫǰ53)ҹҽƾҽѧۣͬʱʷҽҶ
ľѧ˵ĵһδܽᡣ

ھαΪƵۺ䳼᪲׹ҽ֮飬ֳơƵ
ࡷƣƳעھԺȷ

ھѲȷרΪⲿս
غʱڵƷ鲻ڹԪǰ3͡ھһĵ
־ҽѧķչµʷ׶Ρ

ھͻĳɾǣԳҽʵΪܽȽϵͳ
ҹҽصҽѧۺԭ򡣡ھݼΪ
ӻۡдƣġкϸļءر
ǻۺԭ򣬲ǹȥҽѧ۵ܽᣬָҹغҽ
ѧչΪҽۺѭ׼ԪԺҽĻۺ
ԭȻչķ沢ûԽھĹ淶ֱ
죬ҽٴʵкܴʵ壬ҽѧʿ
䡱Եʡ

ǧҽʵ֤ھһļֵߣΪ
ҽѧӣҵҽѧҺͿѧҵĸ߶ע⡣еĹ
֯ΪضĲο顣[3]

ƵھʵйŴҽѧİٿȫ飬ҿҲҽѧ
ٿȫ飬ҶҪ̡Ȿ齲ġỷԼ
ϺҽƱԭʵȣʮ͸Ȿ飬
һú٣ǸСѧһŲд[4]

йٿȫ顣йͳҽѧǺȨԡھĳ
͵ģһƵۡԻҽѧ
Ϊ顮ּһʱ֮ԣ׫һ֮֡
Ϊҽ㷺Ͽɡм˵ѧΪ
Ļдսڣں½[5]

Уܶ˵վסŵġ

1˵ڴսʱڣʲô˵ѧΪΣ
⡰ѧߡ˭޳ʲôʲôݿס𣿾


2ҽѧԴȪӦоˣԼ˵ϡ
ֶصѧʣȥһʱ߶㲻飿

3˵Ƶھػʵķ֮ĸʲôػʷٹҽ

4ƳעǡھǸײ⣬Ƿ
ϸ飿

5Լúٵ£˵ƵھʵйŴҽѧ
ٿȫ飬ҿҲҽѧİٿȫ飬ҶҪ̡Ļ
ʲôΪԼ

ݵۣԺ˵ڳʱ䷽棬ȫ˵
ЩݣģϸۡһЩ˵з첻壬
˵ԽԽؾԽΰĸо

ƵھҽԴȪۻҪĵλںܶ
ҽѡƵھеÿһ仰 ġ֪ЩԡƵھ
޳ߣǷŪЩġ˭дģǷܽÿ
ġĺʲô

ѧ̬ȣǲäĿš۹ҲãҲãйҲã
ҲãԵľţԵľͲţţҪָ
ȷǿѧ̬ȡԣŪ塶Ƶھȥ
ʱߣʮֱҪеϺͳﻥӡ֤Ҳ
пܡӦƾܶϡƾоȥ˵һʲôʱ顣
⣬ȷԴⱾ飬Ҫ塣

ƵھȻǹŴһ飬Ϳ϶ȥʲôʱ
ʲô˱ģûȷļأⱾĳ飬һЩصɫʡ
Կ϶ⲻǻƵʱƵۺ᪲˵ʴ˵ǴսҲãغҲ
ã֤˵

ﱾڽĺۼһƵھһ鱾Ҳʱĺۼ
ȡԿ죬񿼲컯ʯһͬܵó൱׼ȷ
ۡ

ѧԻ֪ڸǾؽӴﱾ
ͱ֤ΨĻԭھʶҪȷʶȥ͹
ڵԭȫͨġҪŪ塶ƵھĳʱߣҪ
졶Ƶھ֮صһϵסＰһйصϣԼ
ЩʱͨϽķܵóȷĽۡ

κοƼˮƽ͵ʱչˮƽĻȵϢϢ
أȻʱӡǽ⿪һŵԿףǡбй
ȻʹȻǿѧΪʲôܸݵͬλزⶨֶΣ֪
ʯľͨµ˿֪ϣƽ
ԭܶϴ̣ǸϵĺأУ
ͬλزⶨֶνкɵġݺưҲͬ
ĵ

ڴǰҲвѧߣݡƵھĳЩʱ
գ˺ܶ׿ԽĹģǽһѴĳ
ȷʱ߿ص֤ݡͬʱҲ˴
ΪĹƳԡƵھäĿݺ񻯣ʷضԴⱾ
ġ

Ƶھµʱӡ֤ϣԶܶϴ
ݵҪö࣬ŪȥȫܵġһЩףɢ
ˣϵзȽϣڿʼ벻ķ֡

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ĸڼ԰˹̹۵(1)



˿ߣ
дĴΪȤĶ߽ʷĿģҪʷѧߺ
격ʿġ˹̹йһİ棬ԭ꣬˽ʷ
һܺõĲοϡֻժȡһССƬϼԸ֮
ʵ֮ȻӦеΣҲˡδһһָ
ԭҳ롣

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۴ڣйѧĵִѧ
ǲֵһġԭжһ20ͳйڽִѧдȫ
ѧϰ׶Σܡۡϰ̫йѧҵ
˼вǵͬٹ̣20ͳй
Ķ˼볱׷ӿ֣ڿ͹γɡټľ棬
ЭĹٷѧδ֡ʱ£˹̹˸Խ͹
֡ۺһսڼķսΪѧңΰ
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֧֣ʹӮй֪ʶĺøкձء

ǣ1949ʤйӰ𽥼ǿ
޴Ӱƻġʲ׼ѧ˶Ҳڡѧϰ½
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һЩ˹̹£ӰȻܹۼ
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Ȼ̰͹ûֹͣжѾ£ҪֻǺ
ʵֱܵĸ֮ǰй԰˹̹ɢģ
Ҫѧ۵㣬ȻΪ˹̹˵ѧ˼ӵģ
ȫ֤Ψ壬κһֵһѧϵ

һ С﷢

1966걬ġ޲׼ĻйѵıԵйѧ
ҵͬδ⣬һ֪ѧұѧȨ⵽⣬
лɢԱ·ŵũ塣1973ʱй
ѧԺϽоΪ43ĸǰ1965꣬106
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ᡣָԷĹй˶԰˹̹۵ϵͳ
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1967ĩһѻѧʦΪ
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ѧеĳۣǰ˹̹Ĺۡ2£ѻпԺ
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ڱġۡգһΪȻѧʲ׼
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ĳԱѻ˺пԺоʮйߣ
ûһ˵ѧְϡ⣬һУʦڵʱ
ڱѧԺν̵ĿëϯŮĴ£Ҳһ
۵С飬ʱΪоԱѧԪѫС

19686£ѧϰࡱд˵һƪ£֮Ϊ۵Ŀ
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ͽڣ˵ѧģ˵о顣磬ƣ
ٲԭʲ׼ι۵̷ӳΪ㶨Ĺζ
ʱռᣬ¢ʱɳԽѧ
ѧļޡ߻ƹٲԭûеõʵֱ֤
ǿܹڹªˣʵϵ1965ʱѾкܶʵֱ֤֤
ٲԭȷԡ

ƪĵ޲׼...һܹεռȻѧ
ȫأʲ׼ѧҲ벻һոµĿѧۣؽѸ
طչȻѧչ¼Ԫһҹ

7³пԺίὫĳպյġĸС顱ͬʱ
Ļݱ棬ֱΪѧϰࡱпԺίпԺίڱ
׼ֽ֧ѧϰࡱĻΪ飬ȡþ顱Ա
ѧѧȻѧҲչƵ˶֮
ѧϰࡱѼϣ׫д۵£ͬʱѧϰ
ĳԱҲڲӡֱ1969°꣬԰˹̹۵
вŵõ߲ƶ֧֡1969827աձž
졷ʱơһϷһƪΪץС
ۣҪչȻѧоĶġҪǣⳡƵ
˶ʼõһйע֧֡ʱпԺһ
ԺѧίԱԺʿĳ²
δ

(XYS20071204)

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ϯ־պܡ

ߣYush

пԺֲϯоԱ־աҪ𡱣1+2+2.5+2.6
ĥȭơת£һЦ

־ѡ˲Ҫ־ֲ˭ - ȥҥҿɾͻ
2007-11-29 17:13:38

ҺαƭֽǾֲλûʲôϵҲǣ
λҺǵĶԹҲֻȦڲ֪мλ
 ٶȰɡһЩ̳͹ҡ֮һЩ
˾һǼʼαļһ˽
ˡ

˲Ҫ־ڸһЩ׶ǡǲȥ
˲Ҫ־Ѳαðģȷʵǣ鷳ɾʹ
ˡɾҪˡλ̹¡ɱģ
˵»˾ͳ׳ˡ׳աĳˡմ֢ˡ

ҿɲǿЦģϽȥҥɡ

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291107

http://bbs.huash.com/thread-348722-1-1.html
̳>>̳>>ϻ̳>>־
˲Ҫ־  2007-11-29 14:06

־ĸĺעˣ - 2ξ桷

2007-12-03 09:58:17

׼ȷжЩҵġĸ- йѧԺֲо
жϵĸ˵ͷϡϣûжϴ

ѾȰλһˡǵ2ηȰЩû١ߡϻ
ϾճˣϾҪڳˡϣ´η
3 ξ棬ͲǾ棬ˡʱҽҪЩ޼
˵ġѧɾ͡Լ꾡Ҳǻ

˲ÿ3-5ˣӦ֪ΡҷȰǸϽ
˵ֲѧԱ޳ܹĲǡԷ
ҵ䣬Ұǹҵ䣺DZFU@IBCAS.AC.CN

ԭԲʳԡ

־
031207

¼
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ɾ

2007-12-03 09:40:05
һ˵ģø־ϲ־һƬ10׵
ҶӶܳΪ֤֤͡
ôרң飩8ƪʽģһ¡־¿
ٻ־νͣ
ǹר顰־¿Ϊٻ8ƪģ
Yushעϸбˡ־ؿơ׻ܡ
http://www.xys-reader.org/blogs/yush/?p=6806

־ϷŪ־ѧʾ - Ǹɵģ2.5Σ

2007-12-03 13:09:31

ֲֵļλֳĬҾҪˡǸ
TMDԼȥ̣-ϻ̳ұҥҪ͵ѾĬ
ǸɵġҺĥȭ״

ϸǵ2.5飡
031307

˲ܸ־ 2007-12-3 12:05 ֻ
http://bbs.huash.com/thread-353259-1-1.html
ϷŪ־ѧʾ

־ֲҸ־ؿϵף - ͦרҵ2.6Σ

2007-12-03 13:28:19

ֲֵĻͦרҵǲ˵Ҳϸ
ûʲôڣǸоϸؿƷɿƣôѧ
ҵķԣĿֲⷢ·ϵͳӰ
йѧҵ󡣾ϾҪˡϽTMDԼȥ̣
-ϻ̳ұҥҪ͵ѾĬɵġҺĥȭ
״

ϸǵ2.6飡
031307

˲ܸ־
̳>>̳>>ϻ̳>>пԺֲѧίԱ

http://bbs.huash.com/thread-353283-1-1.html

1 2007-12-3 12:49 ֻ
ϯ㡱жࡰ˲أǡ˲
𡭡
YushעöԱˡйţֲѧҸ־ġ㡱2
http://www.xys-reader.org/blogs/yush/?p=6845 

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ϻģ

Nanfangyi11

ǰ,͸ʮֻSDC6ϸ,ģ.ǰʱ,
мֻΪֳɹ½,MRI(Ź),Ѿ,
Ƭ.

ַһֻ·ȶ,ͷ,Դһߵģʹ,
Ѿֳɹ,׼ȥMRI(Ź),ֻ,һЩƬ,ͬʱ
Ҳ¼.

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Χ۵ͬѧ˵,,ɱǹҵ"ϻ"ǿ,XX
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,һЦ.ǡϻ

(XYS20071204)

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ҲӦϯоԱ

ߣĿ

ϯоԱּ֮(XYS20071202)ڷҥ
˿ʵ½½ѧߺʹ½һˣʵ
ľͶԼģTMD뱾˺ݴϴ仨
ˮ÷ķΧ

Ųţ·ƽҲðСݣðɣҡԼ
ġϯоԱݴϴ仨ˮ
ķΧˡ

һɵһԼΪ˵ϡŴС˵ֻ
ϯоԱǰΨĶߡ

ǣĿšѡ뷽档

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־ϯҽ



־ͲӻôͰͣС֣ðϲֵͷ
ڴˣЩͬһֵеοʣˣ

ΪùигõĿֻʵжΪṫ
ҵһѲ񡪡Ѹ־Ͳļҽ̡

ڼҽ̣ıȡ˿ּ壩Ŵ׵ѵԭ
ֿǵ־ͲӵĽϲʵȽе־Ͳõ
ŲѴѵĲײĶȥ־Ͳԭе
ﲡ־Ͳպܻ׼ȷر
˼

ΪҽݣеǽݣҽʦҲǰ
ȨӭתأδӡǼװ򾻻־ģȨ־
У

ӻģdaxia55ڰٶ-־ɷҵ 
¼˼򵥻ش𣬲ת

ܽαƭ־ԱӦóеУѾΩй
²ҸϹķһǣݵˮƽαƭ
ũݡܴͬһˮƽйմӴ˻סӵļΪ


־
301107

ǵ־бȽͨ˳һΣﲡ˵ǺأҪУ
ڡСʽ롰ܽαƭ־ԱӦóеΡ
Ѿˡһ䲻ͨ˳ǵ־ѧӢĲ䷨
Ӣеʱ̬ˡΩй²ҡ֮ӣΪй
£־ΪԼ֪ʶȹԨϽһ£ɴ˿־
дǻǺĵù˵ģֻ޲д˽ġ
ݵˮƽͬ͡һˮƽǽ̿еı׼䡣 
ԸĲ£

ܽαƭ־ԱӦóеʱҸΩй
Ϲķһǣӵıˮƽαũݡ 
൱йմӴ˻סӵļΪ󣡡

йѧԺ־ֲֳʿˣѧԺԺ쵼й
ѧԺֲоƽʿȷָʾұˣʱҪ£
һҪȻѧίԱγԺʿ11³
͸ȷָʾҵʦĲԺʿҵѧǶ֧ҵ


Щ˶ǿ֤ġǱ˸ػشѡ

־
301107

˶ε־չʾֵԣԽ͵ëĵ˲٣ﲡ
ҲǺܶ࣬Ƶ־Ϊͨ˳һΣɴ˿ɼ־һüҽ̣
ʱգСѧĻǴϣصġ

ʱҪ¡ﲡûУػ׼ȷԣ
־ˣȫԹ쵼ȴ־
Ҳ̫쵼ˣ쵼ԭǡʱԷ¡ ֱ
Ӹ޸Ĺ֣

йѧԺ־ֲֳʿˡѧԺԺ쵼й
ѧԺֲоƽʿȷָʾңʱԷ 
һҪȻѧίԱγԺʿҲ11 
³͸ͬȷָʾҵʦĲԺʿҵѧǶ֧ 


Щǿ֤ġǱ˶ѸεĻش𡣡 

򵥻ظӣ־ֵǻ

2007-11-30 09:55:22

ӻܶ࣬ڰٶ-־ɣҲڷӵ˿
 طұ˵ۣ¼ұѾʮֵرıӷӡ

ѵͲͦ浶ǹ;᣿ô
ƵĸЩ͵飡ô޳ܵرݣֳĶЩ
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˿ʵ½½ѧߺʹ½һˣ 
ʵľͶԼģ뱾˺ݴķΧй
½Χڣ뷼ӵĻλѧ׶԰Լκ
λҲסıݿջԹʳϴɣǵͷ
곪KTV߷κλͻΧ뱾˵
ϲͨݴɨǵķΧ·Ѽʱͨ淼ӵκ
к٣

Ը˸ֵļһ͵ɣ ־Ҫ
ӵĻ϶ʮֵضġǣ־ҪôҶӵľ
ҽеǱʮԸ飡

־
301107

ڡҲڡ䣬ҲûôáҲ
ֵİǡһȻΣ־ʹԿڽˣ
͵̫ν״ˡλѧ
׶԰Լκλʵڸ㲻ڵ־˼άĸĸ
ǲеĸˣػɵ־ǷܷŸĿ֮Ĺϵ
Ҫá顱䣬ظԸǰʹ
䣬䡣 ԸĲ£

ӻܶ࣬ڰٶ-־ɡӵ˿Լ
ط˵ۣ¼ʮֱıӷӡ

ѵͲͦ浶ǹ;᣿ô
ƵĸЩ͵飡ô޳ܵرݣֳĶЩ
Ϊª

˿ʵ½½ѧߺʹ½һˡ 
ʵľͶԼǱ˺ݴĶ󡣽й
½κ뷼ӵĵλסıݿջԹʳϴɣǵ
ͷ곪KTVκηӵĻ뱾˵
˲ϲͨݴɨǵķΧ·Ѽʱͨ淼ӵ
 к٣

Ը˸ֵļһ͵ɣ ־Ҫ
ӵĻ϶ʮֵضģǣ־ҪôҶӵľ
ҽУǱʮԸ飡

ڼҽ̵ΪֹͲ־üͥҵˡ

лѰԱĽ𣡡

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㽭˹زӡװ޹˾

1. 껭ĳ,Ѿýǰе֤ݣӡˢõķ
֣ӹԼƬЭ飬ڱȫ˾ʦѾΪҳ߾зЧӦ
ʦ֤Ҹȫ˾ƬЭʵЧƬʱΪ2001ꡣ
˾ԸΪЩ֤ݽ˾

2 . ұı뻪ϻƬ¼ԺһѰЩ֤ݣ֤
Լס˱Ϣ˵̬ȣӲԻϻƬٷκۡ
ֻһ֤Լ˾껭ĳʱ䣬Լ֤ʱĸ֤ݡ
ڻϻƬٵ⣬ȫжϡ

3. 㽭˹زӡװ޹˾(˾ǰΪǽ)
һֱרŴ껭Լǽӡˢҵ2006깫˾ֵﵽ2600
ڽĳý忯ǵĹ껭Լ˾Ķ⹥ɴ
ɸӰԼĺԱ˽ַܱȨȨ


4. ڻϻƬ¼УܶϤԼϤ˶ұ˼
˾ܶİ
ڴ˸лңϣһƽ

-------

07122

ĳۡ㽭ϻ껭ΪҵϻܺУʼ2Ԫ
50Ԫһţǳ껭20022002겻ǻ꣬Ҳ
ǻ꣬Ϊβǻ껭ҪҡϻƬ2أ
㣬㽭ҵ쵹ˣ۸ңǾũ۸

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ԺŰҵ̬еĿŷʵ¼ѡ

 2007124գڶ10ʱԺŰ칫Ҿŷᣬ
ҵֽйҵ̬еĿȷش
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ᣬܵˣҲλ߼¡ϯ췢ĻйҵҰ
ﱣ˾˾׿ҵŰΡŷ˲Ң 
ףпܡ 2007-12-04 09:53:49
 


̨:

ʮߴǿĮʯĮٽ̬޸
ǹһȡʲôĴʩʵ ⣬һ£
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һ⣬ƺصϻƬ¼˹죬
˵ƬйطĽһƬм١
ҵֶ¼ʲôлл 2007-12-04 10:14:07 2007-12-04 
10:10:49
 


 

ףпˣ

ϻǲش 2007-12-04 10:32:08
 

Ң

ո⣬Ҳǽʮֹעһȵ⣬ÿ
Ҳ򿪵Բ鿴ⷽıǹҵѾע⵽컥Ϲ
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ΣĻ֣йСҵһֱڵѰһϻҰ
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Ŭ 2007-12-04 10:32:52
 

Ң

ʡƺڴɽϵʷڻϻֲ֮һʡ
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ص㱣ҰΪɽϵ෱ࡢҰԴḻ
ص㣬бҪһȷһҰֲı 
2007-12-04 10:52:08
 

Ң

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Ұ״ҶԸȻйص
ǽʱԹлڶҰﱣĹĺ֧֡ 
2007-12-04 10:58:16
 

Ϸбߣ

ҵǷͻϻƬԽһؼ蹫һȷ
˵Ļǹҵּֽͨķʽûȷ
ʱʲôʱƬٸ˵ڶ⣬˵
Ƭģͨʲô;ʲôķʽƬ棿
ʱҵǷյйصлл 2007-12-04 11:02:34
 

Ң

ҵֵҪְǸҰֲıԴͱĽ裬
Ϊ밴йطɷҪ󣬲ȱλҲԽλҪʵк
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͡ʡҵ1113չҰϻƬǾйط
֤ʡʡҵѧضԴڵ
ɡлл㣡 2007-12-04 11:05:03
 


 

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ȡЩʩʲôЧڶ︣ǲҲΪй
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ĻϻҲ֤һǹĻĻƬ
ȻһգĸŽܶԻյȨĽͣлл 
2007-12-04 11:17:35




Ң:

ڹҵְֵܣղѾͨ118ŷҲ
˵εܲĵϻƬеϻǲģ
ȫ˵Ұϻڵ״Ƭеϻǻ廹
Ǻʹҵ鶼һϣҰϻǵĹ滹ܹͷ
ȥҰϻԼҰﶼǹͬѣϣҰá 
2007-12-04 11:27:39
 

ˣ:

һ⣬˲ۺ̨ļߣһᡣ 
2007-12-04 11:30:24
 

̨̨:

ʱҵʮרҵֳһ죬Ǳſѧ
ľΪ鷶ΧĶΪѾ
൱ʱ䣬ǲǷƬαУµһѹ
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̡ʵǣ֪ƬǲҵΪѣлл 
2007-12-04 11:30:55
 

Ң:

лл̨ýĹע룬̨ͬһǳעҹ
Ұﱣ״2005ѡһè͸̨ͬʾ̨ͬ
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״ͨýٽҰﱣĽƬ
ϢҵֻݵͼʱϢлл 
2007-12-04 11:32:31
 

ףп:

ڼǵʣӢ˹ˮ֣֪ļû
е˹ԵһҲȥҲкܶ˹ˮֵƬ
֪ЩƬǼ٣ĵˮִ治ڡ 2007-12-04 
11:34:52
 

ˣ:

ŷᵽ˽ллλ 2007-12-04 11:38:42 

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ȥЩѧϵﵫ˼һ°աФ־һ仰
һս̫Ф־ľȨսҪФ־Ļѡ
ȨҪʵФ־ľһһĵ뷨ۣ
ûԵķϵĵ½ʣҵżɢգһʱ
ٻǵеһƣ

ۻľôôѾɹ˵ĵ뷨Ϊʲ
ôй˾ͷǵҪһѪȵѧϰأǶֺ
ѧרҡԵʰɣȻҲûԵļ顣

(XYS20071204)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ͬ"һʬ"ǳͷβҽ¹ʡ

ľ

۲漰ɻҽѧ⣬˼ȲҽѧҲɣ
ǱԼĸ̬ȡ

ΪФ־Ϳǩ֣͸ҽҽԺõ˻Ȩί
ͬͲȡҽƴʩȨͲһҽ¹ʵ⣬ǸȨ
ǷԵõϵ⡣ҽԺȨǿȨȫ
ƵȨһԺȥƣԭ"Ϳ֪
Ǿ"

ǹ""˹˽Ļ򡷣ǲܰ""
ϸߣֻÿʵԼ棬ſܱ֤ȫĵ¡
˻ֲ棬ȫ£Ȼȫĵ°ܻ

"һʬ"սȷ""жϣ"ͷβҽ
¹"Ф־޶⳥һкܶЧ£о޴յ
ǩ֣ԭܼ򵥣һǩֺͲǩֵĳɱͳˡ

Ƚ""ڶĻ£ţǼ⡣

(XYS20071204)

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common sense, """sl"

by Ҷ

Ϊ˿ĶߺѧŻ֧ߣϣ˿չҲϣ
ٹ䵽ʵѧ֮ͽһҪ򵹣
ĿСѧϣͬʱΪվƣΪԷһ㳣
ʶǲҪ׷ᣬպıľ

ߡͬѧѧ⣨http:
//www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia8/wangjian10.txt, Ө
Ӧhttp:
//www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia8/wangjian3.txtᵽ
ĵʦݴѧһɽ, һ8·ݵݴѧ
ϢŵĻ˭Ҳûа취Сߺܶ࣬顰
ߡͬѧһµӣ
http://www.xys.org/forum/db/2/230/223.html
չһЩܱϢ֪ձб㾭õġNRI
صһűȽģƬӱȽᣬ35ңʮȷ
NRIʵǡһˡ˿Ͷ壨http:
//www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia8/wangjian2.txtа
ģһˡûṩ֤ȴָݴѧʿNRIͶ塣

⣬׷ʸݴѧûμӸ߿ϴѧû˼
ʲôʱ30ϴѧҲûСص⣬common senseҸ
˵commen sense, ûʲôɻɵģùˡȻԻ
creditӨǸݴѧѧͷӦˣһû
ʲôָġȻ˵ѵ̬ȲǶѲʿ֤
Ҳ˵ˣʦҲ˵ˣǲţʲô취شһ
⣿кܶ໰ģ˵Ӱᡱҥֹ
ߡʵһܼ򵥵İ취ʵģֱһɽڻѧ
̡ôˣҵʵԣû취ش

˳һ˵һ˵򵥵飬Ҳбġ

ͬѧǰձġѧʿ⣨ԭļhttp:
//www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/education/misc/xueshuboshi.txt
ǳ֪ϢҲǳһ£һ飬Իҵcredit
ձ಩ʿγ̲ʿĲʿνѧʿѧѧѧѧ
ʿһݲͬרҵࡣרҵԵѧƵȲı롰ѧ
ʿСslͬѧ˵˽̫٣http:
//www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/education/misc/xueshuboshi2.txt
ʲôѧʿʵslͬѧõӢģ˵RONPAKU۲
fellowģͬѧᵽġĲʿģһѧʿ
ô⣬ͳοݴѧ΢ӵˡslͬ
ѧҲҪʱ嶯ˣһųɳɡ

˵ôЩˣ治Ըɸݴѧҵм֤ݿɱ
Ҿ10ԪѧŻ𰡡

(XYS20071204)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

slձ͸޹ҡѧʿһ˵

Ұ



ã

йձʿѧλ裬ΪѵĽͣձ
ʿѧλһ(XYS20071202)ûκ⣬гձĲѧ
ʡҳ䷭Ҳκ⡣

ձĲʿѧλȡ÷ʽֻ֣γ̲ʿĲʿʿγ̤
ˤˤϡѧѧλĤ˺ϸ񤷤ʤФʤʤ
ˤˤ벩ʿŤ򡰿γ̲ʿΤߤˤ벩ʿŤĲʿ
Ⱥӷ֤롣ⲹһ㣬γ̲ʿĲʿĲʿѧλ֤ǰһ
ԡס͡ҡ֣γ̲ʿ֤Ϊ****š
ʿΪ****š

ʿձһзѧλƺţʿ
ƺŨDձˤƤϡѧԤ뤹ΡͨƤѧλȤ
롣य뤹ѧ˹ϵߤФǡоФäꡢ
Ĥˤʤäߤ뤵롣ѧƤȤĤʻ
깦ƤȤäζϤǿǸѧ뱾Уйϵ
֪ѧһƺš

slxys20071203ܸJSPSҳ
http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-ronpaku/about.html˵Ҳǻһ
Ĺȥ˵ġȻ˹ȥˣΪʲôٶ໨һʱȥ
ҳء

The aim of JSPS's RONPAKU (Dissertation PhD) Program is to provide 
tutorial and financial support to promising young researchers in Asia 
who wish to obtain their PhD degrees from Japanese universities 
through the submission of a dissertation without going through a 
doctoral course. 

ƪһ͵JSPS RONPAKU ProgramǶϣձѧĲʿ
ѧλDissertation PhDѧĸָ;ϵĿ
sl˵͸޹ҡѧʿ

slѺԵҳ벿ĲʡߵҪҾͲ˵ˣ
ϣ˽ѿԼȥǿҳһ䣬ҳҲ
úɫǿ˵ģ

Please note: Being awarded a RONPAKU fellowship does not 
automatically guarantee the obtaining of a PhD degree. Each RONPAKU 
Fellow is responsible for making the necessary effort to succeed in 
his/her dissertation research.

΢һӢ벻ҪӦöףҾͲϻˡsl
ʸŵĻҲȥԿձ᲻͸һѧ
ʿĳƺš

(XYS20071204)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

˵ѧʿи

ߣsl

Ժʿ
http://www.xys.org/xys/netters/Fang-Zhouzi/science/yangxiongli8.txt

ѱָ80Ҳձѧϰʱձֲʿ
̲ʿĲʿѧʿγ̲ʿҪʸĴѧѧPh.D.
γ̲ܻáĲʿЩһоϵо
һʸձѧһѧλоĿоо
ԱѧʿЩձѧзõѧߡ
ˣѧʿ൱ʿұʿ׻áҲ
ѧʿγ̲ʿĲʿĲʿ

ձͼ,http://opac.ndl.go.jp/,ʾ,õľѧ
ʿ

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Ǻ           UT51-57-J999
ȥ          Ĥˮƽϸˤɫ鱨о
αʾ          []
ע          ʿ
ѧ          Դѧ
ѧ`          0042: Դѧ
淬          ҵ4
          Ѻ57219
ѧλ          ѧʿ
߱Ŀ          ,  Υ襦,楦
NDLC          UT51
־ID          000007514473
-------------------------------------------------------------------

ѧʿҲĵ,ӢĵдPh.DDoctor of Arts and Sciences.

ֲ˲ѧʿĶ,ҳнϸ˵֮,ձ
19ֲʿѧλ,Щطѧ
Ϊûвʿ,вʿˮƽ,ѧʿľ
,õǾԴѧѧʿ
ɼ"Ժʿ"ȷ

* ʿ (ҽѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Medicine
* ʿ (ҩѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Science
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Medical Dentistry
* ʿ (ҽѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Science
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Science
* ʿ (ũѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Agriculture
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Engineering
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Literature
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Linguistics
* ʿ (Ӧѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics
* ʿ (Ӫѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Business Administration)
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Political Science
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Economics
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Commercial Science
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of Philosophy in Sociology
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of TheologyԳ ThD
* ѧ (ٴҰʿ)ӢDoctor of PsychologyԳ PsyD
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢDoctor of EducationԳ EdD
* ʿ (ѧ)ӢLegum DoctorԳ LL.D.

http://oshiete1.goo.ne.jp/qa1618322.html

ĲʿĿ"ĤˮƽϸɫϢо",
ʲôѧƺʲôѧƵĽ?
ձѧоû?

һЩίԱרҵ,ȥһ,ʲôѧ,
ȡʲôҪɹ?Ĳʿ?

ίԱڡɭ֮ίԱ  徴    
ľϲ  ˮƷ

ձҲѧ,رձѹ,رԼʦϼܹ,
мܲסġ


ӵת¡Ȥ˲ο

http://oshiete1.goo.ne.jp/qa1618322.html

zozo-akaihana:"ʲôѧʿ?"
----------------------------------------------------------------
ѧʿȤʿ(ѧ)
ߣzozo-akaihana     ҽѧβʿŤʤҽѧʿѧä顢
ѧʿũѧä顢ũѧʿȤ狼䤹ɡѧäƤʤ
ˣ
----------------------------------------------------------------


λشձѧλƶ,ѧʿ轻ѧ,ٵ,
ձоýĻ
----------------------------------------------------------------
ƽɣǰϣѧλȤʿ28࣬ʿ19बƤ
ޤƽɣȤηˤѧʿʿʿθѧλ˵
ƤϴѧȻФרҰƤ򸶤뤳Ȥˤʤޤν
ƽɣȤˤϣβʿƽɣȤˤϣȤʤäƤ

ѧʿȤϡΤΤҤȤĤѧʵĤоФϡȤС
ϵϵѧʤˤҰ뤤оõޤ
οǤȡͬĻѧоơǤ⡢ձʷоձѧо
ʤ鲩ʿѧձоǥĻʤ鲩ʿѧˤʤ
äޤ
ͬоƤͬרҰǤĤݣĤޤꡢоݣ
ˤäƤϡʤרҰˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ
----------------------------------------------------------------

λشѧʿܶ,ӡʿֻһִա
----------------------------------------------------------------
ѧʿѧʵĤоˌ뤨벩ʿŤǤ

ӢǤPh.DǤDoctor of Arts and SciencesȤ뤨Ƥ
ޤ

ǤϽѧȤȤѧγ̤ǤϤʤޤ
ѧϵ&#12539;ϵΖˤȤ줺ѧʤФȤǣ
Ӣ뤬Department of Arts and SciencesȤʤޤ

ʤߤˤνѧϤˤѧԺܺĻоƤǣǤϤȤ
оݤѧϵǤ죬ѧϵǤѧоФȤǰޤ
ΤѧʿǲʿŤäˤयʤޤѧʿΧ
ĤƤǤ礦

ʤʿŤˤ⡸񡹤꣬񤬸ߤΤѧʿǣ빤ѧʿ
ҽѧʿϤޤ񤬸ߤʤȤߤʤƤޤѧʿϸߤ
ޤ

ʤʿȤӷձǣפ`åѤǤϤۤ
ɤPh.DȤʤޤǤΤҽѧʿǤѧʿǤӢPh.DȤ
ޤΤʿȤƤˤΤϤޤζޤ


ʵΤȤʿŤоߤȤƤΥѥݩ`ȳ̶ȤǤ꣬ƤǤϤʤ
֤äƤ뤫ʤȤʤޤ
----------------------------------------------------------------


λشܹȥطѧûвʿγ(ҽѧ),͸Ȼѧѧ
һѧʿѧλ(ûѧλǿһ)
----------------------------------------------------------------
ĤƵطѧ˲ʿγ̤Ϥʤäҽѧƣ
طѧⲩʿγҪ󤷤
ѧѧҩѧũѧ줾˲ʿγ̤뤳ȤϤ
ʤä
ǡѧ򣱤ĤˤޤȤ᤿ȻѧоƤʤ벩ʿγ̤ä
ογ̤դˤѧʿȺ֤Ȥˤʤä
ʤѧǤѧʿũѧǤѧʿ

򵥤ԤСʤޤʲʿš
----------------------------------------------------------------

λشΪѧʿΪPhDһթΪ
----------------------------------------------------------------
褦ѧȤѧȤˤȤ줺ˣ㤤Ұˤޤ
褦¤ˌѧλȤƣѧʿȤΤȤΤǰ
ʵʣȴѧλΖȤäƲȻʷҰȤϤ櫓ǣ
ȤУѧʤƤΤֱӌӦ벩ʿŤϤʤΤǣҰˤ
ũѧȤϵϤ뤱ɤäΥǤʤ? Ȥ褦ѧλȡ
ʤäꤷ櫓ǣΤϤޤѧʷҰǣȴΥƥ
`ǤϤɤƤ櫓ǣ
⤽⣬ȤХꥫβʿŤˤϣҽѧȤϱ𖘤ɣѧȤ
ũѧȤ֤Ϥʤ櫓ǤߤʣDoctor of Philosophyֱ뤹
ѧʿǤͣPhD Ԥޤǣ൱ѧλȤ
ѧʿʤʿ(ѧ)餳ѧλӢϤۤȤ Doctor of 
Philosophy ʽʤߤˣѧʿ Doctor of Engineeringѧ
ʿ Doctor of Science ȤϵγϣĤˤϥꥫ PhD 
׼Τ褦ҵˤʤǣձѧλȡä Doctor of Science 
ʽˤǤ PhD ̤Ȥ餯ˤ䤷ʤǤϤۤ
ȤթƤˤʤΤ⣮

ȤޤޤäȤʽͤϤϤȤƣ

격ʿγ̤äѧϣȴδѧȤΥʿŤʤȶ
Ϥʤᣬʿγ̤夬ϤˤäȤ״
꣬Τ20ۤǰ餤ѧʷҰQȤ򿴰˽ҤƲ
ʿγ̤ѧطѧͷˤǤ櫓ǣΤȤ
꤬ѧʿä櫓Ǥ飬Ȥѧλȡ
ȣ¤ݤϴѧǤѧʿȤȤäƤޤä
ǣ
ڤǤרŤΤϤäʤѧλϣۤȤѧʷҰ
ˤӤƤȤΤʵ̬ (ޤϵ餽
)ϼǤѧԺǤդĤιѧȤѧλ褦ˤƤ
ͣۤȤѧʷҰγϤϱǤ
----------------------------------------------------------------


λشеĴѧԺ蹫ʿΪѧʿ
----------------------------------------------------------------
רְѧԺǰǤרŴѧԺƶȤ¤ǳѧԺǤ
߲оĿĤȤ˲ɤʤ졢ôѧԺߤˤ 
MPHĤޤMaster of Public HealthĺơʿŤѧλ
Ƥ롣ޤDPH(Doctor of Public Healthĺơʿ)
Ph.D.(Doctor of Philosophyĺơѧʿ)뤹ѧԺ⤢롣
----------------------------------------------------------------

(XYS20071204)

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