                         ˿µϣ20071215գ

07.12.15, ˿200712º
ţ졶⡷⽨ѴĲǡο
˿¶ǡүү·緼ҹܾúܾǰ
Ǭ½ϵߡݵ߲й˷ġ
̷͡桶̸֮ˮ롶ɡ



ԡԡԡ¡ԡԡ˿ԡԡԡ    
Σţסԣȣңţģӣ

 һڣ 
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˿ΪĻۺϿѧʷءѧơ
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ڰ棺󣮣磮
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Уӣѧ˾壮



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졡Խǧɽˮ
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ݵ߲ǡ졡Ҵʧ˰˵
й˷ġ졡ȴһʧԼ

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̷棺̸֮ˮ롶ɡ

Ѷסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

Eddie Cheng "China's Scientific & Academic Integrity Watch"
ͨBlogרӢĸ١˿¶ѧַܰΪ
http://fangzhouzi-xys.blogspot.com/

200711309ʱи߼ԺФtom
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ӵ˵𾪣ʮʧȴһ࣬
սڳ޵٣̰͵˳ǵĶʮҲ岻֮ƣ̰
߶ǵȡĿȥȡѽٵȷα
ϸƶʵֹڿ˼ƴ˰ǮִٻҪ
ϧΪɱ޹ǺѺͺ֪ѣͻȻ룬
ƴ˰λӹ̰֪ôҲᱻģҪ֪
ǻʵ۵ԶףԹүԾӡδֻܵ˰࣬ٳ
޿κεġһδȾȻ鵽ԼͷϣȻһʼ֪
ִɵʱûֹס׷ᣬ䲻ԸΪ͢
ţ˵ʵܲΪ֮ϴԩǸӹ԰ҵ
Σʮپϯçײ֮ˣԩƽ
֮ʱ˵Լ߸˿лδ˵²ˡȷ
ֻܰ࣬ȷ塣鰸ٴ
ȥְˮ֮ʱȴ˵һ仰˵һδȣǰ˸ʮ
δȣҲǵ塣δȲ⻰˼
װоǸ߹жİ˿ڴ˵ʹ˵⼱ȹϵĸ
ǵĿధһһ򿪣ʵһһʱʵ۾Ȼ˹Ƿ˯ˣ
Ҵδȳȥʧ彫˿ڴ丶֮һ桭һѻ
ˡ

ʲôʲôʵĴڣſġΰ¡Һ
һʵڵʣ֪һɻʱ滨͵һ
ֳʵͶֳʵͶȴڲ뵱ʱЩٸ
Ǹɻƭ͵˳Ц˭øʵĸ
ʵңһֱ⣬ҲһԶڵʡ

ѧıʺʹǽʾڵ࣬ڵ༴ڵı
̽Ǹһ̽ġʷ˵Ĵڣ
Ϊƣʵеֻ࣬ı
ΪࡣζԴ⣿Ҳ˹ԸһЩʾ
̽ļ͸ಢҸڳеԵĸӡն
˵ĲпᶼҪԣҸڳеȻǲ࣬ʵϣ
ԵҲǲڵģٿԽӽڵ࣬ʵ
ڡ


ѴĲǡο

                      ⽨

³Ѹе֮һѵľʤҲһ
ֱͲ̬ĴʣĽʷĳҾðѵľ
ʤһЩֵȥӵĿռ䡣

˹ҪΪ౾ܵľҪҪ⣬а
ȫҪҪҪʵֵҪƷǿԿ
Q裬һļڸ˴̹άһ͡ȻƬߣ
׶֮أļҵʣһ򲻿ѵĿӣֻס
ײ㣬ûȨӵԼϣ͸˵ȥ
ˡȻΪһ壬Ҳϣӵкͱһ
档Ȿ͵󣬵ȴûֿܣʹūҲ
ȣصΣһ棬е᱾ܣ˵
ǲܵģԼλ̫ͣ޷άԼ
˵ϡ£ѵľʤӦ˶ֻƭ
ʽþϵİο֧Լܻȥ

෴Ǽ谢һζؿڵʱỷУֻʹࡢ
ΣԼҪ˵
СĶ򲻹ôȥʲô
ô˴ۡϰʱô죿ʧܵʹУ¾
Լ԰ѲǴڡοϣ෴⻹һ
⻷µҪ

ˣѾ֮ԿЦɱɣڶӻҰο
˵ĴȫԼĴԼ֪
衢裬ȥСáһ棬ѵ
ʤ̫ƶԵû壨ҲǴ˵ͨԷ
ԼĶӣǶֵأѵһСĻĶӶ
˻ʲôô

ɼⲢڡοĺûֻһֶζѡؼ
־ʤʲôϣΪʲôáҲ˵þ
ʤĿʲôΪ˳ߵĿȻܵõҵͬ顢
ԭ𾴡𣬵Ź˿ʱáοݽ
ͣ˾Ǩ⹬̵ʱáο
ǧ֮֮ɧΰҵԽҲˡɷ
족ɽڣûաġοǧ⣬
Ϊ֮һ

οԴУҲǹ͵踺أ
ȴᡣǴ澳еѵͷԺͷʡľ澳Ƕ
ϴ³´лʹ߾񾳽ûᡣ

³Ѹ찢һԼġʤһе
ַĿĲУǰԵ㣨Ƿʶչʾ
Ķߺ֪ǣͬʱҪǲò˼
ʱ׸ôǲųοǾܡʤ
ǵӦøһЩټǿһЩҪҵ
ǻرܡ


˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס


үү·1960

                              ǡ

    ʮǰүүԹһ·ھһϡ
ܺãүү·

    Ĵɽ⣬βˡС
֮͸Сˡ

    үүϳţȥ翪ᣬҡһ߳ڣһ
·һǳһŵߡԴʮһƬӡ
ĶĹ»Ұ

    ÿ߹үүﶼŹġ

    Ұף˪Ĵḥ̂ҫ£ŹֵһҰף·
һȺǳȵˡүүĲݰЬҲ¹ѩ

    뵽°ɭɭĹͷүүؿҲ·һֻҹɣ
ӲмҪ׻𣬳ûڷӰ䣬ҹ̶ι䡣

    ڴصأһխС᫵·ȥ·δ
Ϳƻүү첽ɡ

    ȴͻȻԼǿصм䡣ʱ˻ţءء
ôķأڰƮơ

    ĶƮһ裺֯ڴ¿ܵû

    ǴүүƮ

    һסߵ衱үүСʱ򣬵һģүүϥϣ
ĳؿݳүүסֻ䣺֯
ڴ¿ܵû

    үүдʣһ߳صء

    ̧ͷֳԶģĵƻһһ
֦ӳС·ٶȥ

    үүݽʱһ˿һ˪
ûѩĲݰЬѩˮЬĽѲԼˣӲӲ
ľͷĲݿסȣ֪Ȥسȫ
¹±

    үүһް֯ĴֲĹӡʱˮѳĹʪ͸
ްӡүү˫ֳڰ߬ס䣬߬ʪֽʱʱ
ק䣬ýƤϵıĴֲ뿪ֲִƽʱɰֽ
ĥ壬ʱȴҩƵƤקֱճ
ȥˡ

    Щ軹ҪЩ·䣬
ûţ쿪ˣ֦û޼׵Щͷؽᡢҡҡ
׹һȺͷķӣȫүү˹

    ﻹмûǰεض𣬰سǸ
԰׵Ķָָ㣬·ҪŰ

    үү߬һѽµĻǻƺӹʵɳǿȭ
ɸţֻҪһģķѡ

    үүֱӣ߳صء

    ҹˣԶĵƻѲɼүүЩɰķԼ
ƮҡײС·ּ䡣

    ߵĿտҰѩȻھǼүү˫
ִӰȡ˦Ұߡʪ͸ĳĹӶӲүү
մʪް

    Ұĺ紵˷뺰һǸˣֻ
һˬڷθ֫

    үүһƬϤУӲԶˡϵÿ
ԽԽ࣬ԽϡΧ߹һϤķذ
ȥˡϵ֮

    үүһ£ڸϣӻ̶ͻ񣬵һ
̡

    үүϿ̴ӣȻүү̾¡

    үүǿͷүү걧ţȦл̿ٳ
ڵĺôֲڵİصĵӣѺݵүү
үүһɰ۵ƮѬǱۣۣ
үүüͷϸܵˮ顭


緼ҹ

                       

𿪰װȡΧȹϸ޲ģܱлޣмҡŮ˹
ڲϣͷɫС黨ϣӡĸ֡ҰҼҡ

Ů˵Ҹ˸жֻԼ˲Լ
ϲʲôҪʲôʲôʺԼ

Ů͸ɢɳңһ
һƵŮ˾ͺ˵̨һ̨ã˭Ҳۡ

Ų̊ĳӣ˺ֽƽڻڱϣץ˻
ϣ׼ڻ߿ĺӶĻ˵ض
ڵش֣۵Ůֱ˦ӣָͷ

ϹѽӻûԣءŮԼûϢ

Ľӣ˵ȴƵĶãоԽԽ㣬ÿ
ʮˣͳ԰ӡ

Ů˰ĸ˶ӣϵΧȹĴӡΧȹϣùճ
ϸ֫Ů˶žŤ̬˷㣬Լˣ
ΧȹҲ

ľŵʱˣ̫ܲʹڰУʮ
꣬ѵ̻øŻ͸ѩ̫͵סӵ
ͣ¥ϣŹȣϵı鷴ˣ
һƬƬʪۡ

Ů˰Ѱڹ̨ϣȡڽ⣬ѷȫƬȥ
ֻ¾⡣˵Ѫ֬ٳ塣ڷ⣬ԻͣԸ
ðɡ

Ů˵Ĳ죬͵͵Цʵӵĺóԣؼڡ˳
·Уͼʡ£ڻؽʣάƻˣû˽ͷ
лϣȿɣζιϸϸĥɷۺȵؽ
ζȻ

Ůսѣ⣬ˡˣһΣһ飬
С⣬һ飬ζͣٶһ飬뵽˵Ѫ֬˻
ˣ磬ˡˡ

б̣һڵϣһɳϣţп
ȽģùĵĵطεعŮ˵Ŀ
ǵطЩȡŮ˵أԺˣϽ۹ڰϣ˦
⣬ѹס磬ⶡѹסٶ磬һһһ
һ顣

˽ûϴ䣬ûȥŮ˵Ĳ˵˫ֽ汧ǰ
ſϣ۾ӹµµŮ˿

Ůʶ˵עӣ̬ˣɶѹס˴ֳĺ
Ů˵Ķͷϸ΢ĺ飬ͷҲ䵽ǡң˵
ʲôֲû

Цˣ˫ֲ㶵ӷؿ

Ů˰ˣȥȥȥĵȥ˸˹ȥ

˱䡱ˡɫеضס˼ҲţûȥģŪ
ûָ

Ůｽˮ棬žһʧ䣬ǲԼˣû
ˣôɵɵˣžֱ⣬
նˡ

Ů˽ס毺õӣҿ

̫Բһ¥£һ¥Ҳ񲻶ˡ

Ů˲ϣֻ˳ŮԵģŮھ
ţ˼һڰϣӵٶȾͿˣһСӲסƤڣ
һһӾ͵ˡ

ú¯Ӻ̵죬Ů˻ÿҺ
Ϳ㣬ӾҪˣڿˮ﷭˼Ů̳ѹѹ
ˣﳢ˳㡣¶˵΢Ц

˺ƣϲϲ˽ӽȥŮ
ˣǱ˵ˡ

Ů˰ںýӣȡޣϳ´׺ͣϸϸ磬Ȼ
˸ơ

˻Ÿ߽űİ뱭ƣۺضסŮ˵㣬ż
ζˡ˵仰ѱӴսӣŵȱǳᡣ

Ů˰һղĿӵݹȥ˼һ͹һ飬
һӾȥˡּһŽֵؾ׽š

ŮͻȻе޴룬ԼĶأ

˲ŵɳɣ˼û룬ǰĽӶ§ųԵģ
ιųԡڵֻԼ̻ʣ°ɣ᲻
˸еˡ

˰̽Ӷÿθڼá

Ů̾û죬̾ķʽʧҲ
̾ȥ¶ԼҪŮΪ룬֪Ůǵ
̾ϢֻһҲǵĳԡ

ȻûԼ͵˼ǾɣЩ鲻ǿ
ܲˣģǿҲûáŮ˱ЩЩ䵥Ͱ
ˡ

˳һ̽ӣޣһĽӣ
ת˵ǺóԣСķ꣬ûһĺá

ǼңһҷꡣŮ˵

˵㿴죬ҵ˼˵˭ҵĽҲûۼҵĺóԡ

ιιѻ˵ļ

ŮҪľ˳ȥ˲̸Щ
˿ӣģĲ˳Աǡ

ŮˣɲǴʮãһֻһΣҲ
á

ŮЩۿˮ֣Ĩ̸ʱ
һĨ˾Эˣ鵥ˣ޾ζǰͦ
ظ˾͵𰡡

ŮվΪ˵ľƿƣΪһ裬˰ȵ
ˮɽ

˶Ʊˣ豭ҲˣŮٵ裬һ§ȥ
˵ҲԱҲˣ۾飬°Ͷ˶

ŮѿˣϴЦ˵ųһ̵̣ܹġ
˵䲻ˣҲԸˡ

Űǻҳҹɣ

Ů˻л

ӣȥ׷ԼҸˣߵʱʹ˵緼
ҲˣʵҵܸҸİѽ

˵緼㲻ǲˣ㾭˵˵˼ȫŮ
˵ظϣҪϣҵĿꡣ

˵ŮǸ٣ȫصĻͨ쵼
ܺ绽꣬˼Ұˣ۵ҵȻȳɹһ롣

緼ã˵ҲûԼӡһûְҵŮӣٺ
ٰۣܸ˵ҵʲôأӶʮϴ
ӣҪ˵˴ƴҵˣӵҵá

ڴϣһ𣬻ʳɹûУָĶҵû
˵ɹȢ˸ŮˣƯŮˡ

ĵر֤緼ĺˣһҵɹˣϾͺ
飬ƾԲžۡ

Ů˿ˣˣ޹ֹ˾ˣôأ
ģͷء

鲻ң˵˾Ȩ֮ء

˼˵ĿطڶǸˣҲ֪
źãԼĶײǣֻҪҲͷ

ĩˣζ˵İۼҰˡ

һʮ꣡ҵɹˣ˾С˾
棬гӣŮݲ裬з룬С궼
Ա飬ǿὲҲдˣձƾǣʲôʱáһ
עλˡʲ̳꣬ﳣ͹ȥǣ
ôˡýָŵϵĶ˵ⲻ͵ģû
һǮЩȥТҵĸˡ

緼һᣬһΰ꣬Ҳ˴˵
ЩߣҲҪ緼˵˼Һˣ°ɡ

˼ң㻹˼˼ҵĲѽ㣬ˣǷģ
翴׼ˣǣ˸ϿңĻɱһֱ
ƭ㡣

ѾôЩˣںꡣ緼ĻȻᣬ־ܼᶨ

߻ħ˰µĺ˶˰ûǲڹ꣬
ŴȾͿˣɵŮѽôӿôѽ緼ûȰ
֪ԽȰ޵ԽϾû׼ͻȥȥһӣ緼
˵ˣǺˡֹסޣ˵Ҫкʵģ
ϣ

緼ҡͷôأЩŵܸԼʲô
𣬲ܣԼⱲǲᰮϱˡǣ
ʲôأ޷ǵЩǮˣԼҲѽһˣԼ
˾Ͳˣ˭Ů˭ȥˣнڲˡ

ȦסŮ˵ĺ緼ʲôأʱ䲻ˡ

ÿʮ˶ԽӣȻϴйһһΡŮú
ѵũŸ¶ʮҲε˩סŮ˵ĲӡʮУ
Ҳ˾ظ緼ܹ󣬿˼һʮҹ
һˡ

Ů˺Ｑ֣ңʲôѸǶ̣

˵ٱˣšĵ

ǡŮЩɻ

Ժ󻹻ǡ൱϶

ԺǶԶŮ׷ȥ

˶ˣ֧֧˵һĻ

Ů˵ʲôˣˣҵɹˣŵȴ
֡ҪԼȴãΪʲôͲ˵Ů˶Ǿ仰
ŮҪǼ¡

촽ȥŮ˵ᣬĶᡣ

˿һҲᣬգۣ¸һƬ
Ϊ¸ڵĹԽ࣬˾ԽЩʽߣɹҲߣҽ
ͱʲôģʱ㣬ʲôø

Ů˵Ǹˣ˾ͻָţĳŮ˵ļ˵
緼ʮ㶼ˣٸҼʱ䣬ٸһѡ

Ů쵼ģ˵ˡЩ£ֻ֪˽
Ůˣ˾˻飬ϷŹԼ˵ǰ
飬˵Ȼñҹ

ƺܳ֡

Щ˴δ֣Ͽ緼Ҳ§ϼ
˾˵ţƯɡ

СǲЩȻзˣÿҹҲǴ
ȥĸֿûȤء

긴һȥŮ˵ഺмʮأˣϵ
ˣҲûҪˡ룬Ǹʱ򣬼㲻ȥҹҲ԰
ˡΣҵŮˣǲģ緼ǲϣڷ
Ȼǵ˾ǷĲ¡

ΪʲôˣŮʡ

ܺóԡӦţʹžʾŮȥҡ

ǾٳԵɡ

ˣٳˡ˵ĶӲˡ

ŶǸ˳԰ɣ

˵ģġ¶һĻЦ

ǼŻؼҰɣ

Ůû͵˼

˼װˣüͷϵڳһҪߵļơ

Ů˽߼˫̯סţ˫ˮĴ۾ʲôС

˵عЦһ˵Ϸˣˣ
ʲôСƢ

ŮԥˣԼȥϴɣ²̫棬
˵ӣԼҲǰͰ͵صһ𣬲չԼѽ
Լˣҹѽ

Ů¸κνڣһȥŮᣬ
뱧ůһȴ̫ˣҪҲ
ҪˣҪǽһȷȷʵʵڵĽ

ףקȥزҲǣŮ˹ԹԵظƨɺ
ңҲؾͰŮ˷ŵˡ

Ůһ˵»ż⿴ˣغҵţ
ѹӵ˸һߣ¼һֱ̯ۣ¿㣻ֽ
˴ϵı˵ͷϣȻȡ´̺ãȡһ
һεͷͷһ룬ָ˵ͷ
󱧳һޱ

˵㷳ѽֲǶҹ

Ů˵˵ҲǼҳ㷹˵Ƕҹһ
һѽ

˰ϵڵذϣƿӾ꣬Ů˵ȵȣһû
ˮأŮ˱˵ˮƿ磬˹ƨǽſ˵
㰡µģҪѽ

ŮסЦˣ˹ȥЩϸڣ̳ˣ
ＱʱȻҪʱƵЩܰЩ

ԼˣڴϽŮ˵ŦۣŮ˵㶼˰ɣúÿ
㡣˵ѽҵѽ憪һ

ŮסˣٳɵʣǻҪ

̯˵ôܳأǴʮ᲻ģ
ʲôȥַ죿˴ߴ˵ɡ

Ůִ˵Ļ˳ϤˣͻȻˡ

Ĳͷˣ˵ô

Ů˲֪˵

˵ǲвˣסһҹһʲô𣬲
˵ٺܿ졣

Ů˴˵д˴δйĹִ

һ㶣ЦˣŮ˵ͷ˵ҲԸ
һҹϷ޵ʲôֻЩ˲µ뵽
ǲץºñǮһˣ鷳Ҳˡ

ŮŶ˦ͷЪ˹غˡΪҾϡסһ
ҹ˵Ҳˣ㶼ˡʮˣʮ˰
Һͺһ죬һ˵һˣԶˡ㣬
ڻƭĸѽ

Ů˵ĺ󱳣ĳĿ˵緼֪Ҫ
֣ʲôأгкȵģʲô㣬ֵǮ
˵ˣҲǸŮҲӦΪȥһ밡

ŮתһƳңְ˵·һԵӳȥ
زš

Ů˵ڴϣȭͷʹ˵ͷڿ޳ˣʱܹ
ʹʹؿһǣҲĪҸ

˵ãŮûӺˣѹʮˮ
˵ĺˮакίʮֲףҲеŮ
Щ˵κί

ţԿ״ˣǶӱˡ

ˣ

Ů˻ҵֽۣ˵Ӿݵ̫ˣǸжġ

ɲĵӻȲ

ǸѾˣ˵

·ϿǸСˣûͣ˵һ䡣

˵İְ֡Ů˱ع̶ܽӡ

Ǳ˵İְˡ

ô˵ֲáŮ˸ղɵð˳

ޣǴʮ˵겻ܿ޵ġ

קֽΪŮ˲˵ΪǸ˲ֵá

˵ӼҼҵĶʲôӦѧж㽻ѧѣ
棬ѹǮ

Ӷ£Ӧˡ

Ů̾һЩ飬Ҳǰˡ

Ů룬ԼʣʮѽŮЦ˵컻̨ɣ
Ҫˣȥ

ӻƵûһȺԱ˸߲ҵرϰհ
Ҫˣϰհˡ

Ů˴ú¯ţӡϵΧȹšƹܣɫ
һڵƹ£ó಻ͬɫϡۡơסŮ̾һ
ĵǣˣ꣬ˣ

ˣǱһߣðĭˮû¯ֱ֨֨죬
Ҳ˳Ů˸æǰ¯ţһͷˣ
ǸûоĴƤճֻ


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                              1

˳ԽԽܲŵ߶ƤһζˡˣҲ
ܲȡöԲߡͷһŤˣҪڴˣ
ֻһ߶߶Թ䣬÷ˣ´ͬʱׯ
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                              2
                              
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                            3
                            
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ʵҪǲʡµǮͿɽسˡ

ſھİְֱͦڶøһЩ첲
ǿɫԵúҫۡÿɵſڶһӣдšϽδ
ڡǽɵļȫǱѧд
Сѧİ˾ҪһɤӣӲܽɣеĺŤͷ
һ乿ģ汻סˣȾܣȻһЩӸ޶Եģ
Ȼƫͷ߽ɡ

Դ߹ˣ·Ҳ࣬ͷߵúһʱ
̧ͷһ£һ˿Ŀʳ
һˮİӭŶȥԴյģż̧۾Ҳֻ
￴̫רעˣһͷײĸ׵ϡ˰벽̧ͷĸ
ףҸ첲ϻź乿ЦһЦ˵裬ҪŻ˭أ

ҲŻ˭Ҿͼල㲻ɡİ˵
Ա

                            4

˵ĻֳԵǵĹƵ꣬ڸ㰲һݹҲ칫
ص˳Դ˲ͬԵͳԵôֲǰǰ
ǷծҪģǲôһɼලԱĸ
λʮ֣һԼ˵˻ǲ
ġ

򵥵ѵ˰죬ʵ֣仰һֹܿƳһЩ
ɹص߷棬һֳٽעСʱ
ͽˡ˳ලԱԭˣֶ
Ҫصලɣÿһֻ乿ͷͷϸԵĸλˡ

˳ֹܵˮ··ϴССоżɣȫкϷ֤գ
ʱδڣ⵽ٱĻֻҲֳ飬
ֻǷһգ˵ЩϰкӲĹϵ

һδϺ乿ߵˮ·˳һʱϰӭ˳
϶Цݣһֻӿڴͳһ̣һǰЩ
ϰѵ֪ĻලԱϢǳμ棬һԵñ
ֱϹϾԶ˳˵Ǵδйղһ
ֻּŷڱһŷһ۹ɨɵÿ䡣

ڻѧķѧʱ䣬˳ɣûзδˡ
˵ļɣһһһ̨̣ķ
Ա֡ǸȾһͷƷʮ˾ĹҲ֪˳ݣ
һۣС͡

˼Ұģ˳ֻߵ̨ǰָһ°̨˵
ﲻֹ̣ܳ˳̡

ǻëһͷƲӲӵͷ˵˭ѽ˼ҳ̸ʲô

˳Ѹ첲ϵĺ乿һ£˵ĻֵɼලԱ

ëһ£ƺû塣ʱϰ߹ˣǳë˵
ݲ裿Ŷ˳ͷǾ̡

˳ڰ˵̲ȫҲΪá

ϰǣǸ̵˹ȥˡ

˳쵼ͷתȥϰס˵
ȱ衣

ˣżһûһ顣˳˵ţƿ˶ԷԼ
ִֺֻ֡ţϻһ̣Ҫ
˳غϵ֮󣬶˳ǰˡ

һص˳һֻڴﻹһ̣֪ĸϰ͵
͵ڴʱһоҲûС¸˵ˣŻش˵
Ҫһֻͺˣʲôãֲˡ
˼򣬶˳治֪Ҫ˵ʲôźá

ʱ䣬˳ͼס˾żɵƺϰǡ桱
ĹϵҲ˽һšÿ硢ˮ·ˣһҲ
ͰСʱ쳣ɵǼǱǩ˹
Ӧ˵һڸ֮䴮һˣɢȶ
Ǯ׬֣ǵɽʵݶˡҪģܵ
ȨЩලԱûκδȨеϰͷԱ
ЦӭǾ裬òˡһζ˳ڴ
ּѧģְϰһ˵Ǽ˻
СӰɣϰȵķһ£æѶ˳Ƶһߣеؽһ
ϴȻڴһ̣˵ȥʣҪδ˾Ͳ
ϡϰŶ˳ļߵſڣЦе˵ϴ󣬶
˳˵עѽһȥ˳յʮ
̣õлҲƥǡףû
һǮ̽˼Ķ˳ͳ˼һˡл̫
õ˵ĵۻƥǡ

ڶ˳֩ɳߵſڣȻǰվһ
긾Ůվһ˲ϡ棬ϡ첲Ҳһֻ乿
첼ʯס۹⣬գ˼۾⸾ŮҲǼලԱ
ôѵûһ·ලԱ˵߸ලԱûŮ
ѽ

Ů˾İҲ˶˳ҵһ۾Ϳĺ乿
ѺõضЦһ¡

ǡ˳ʣһԼ첲ϵĺ乿

Ŷġİ˵ලҶӡ

˳Щ⣬ලӷŴ乿ⲻǺٻ˵


ҶˣܲסԼֻſڼලİ
˵򶡽˳һЦüЦ۵ʣʦʽѽ
ʲô

ҵȻʽģҸ㣬Ҫලӿԣ乿Ҵ
˳˵

ҵĻʹˣ׼Ҵġİ˵ģ
ҪҪලҶӡ

˳´һŮˣŮ˹ֵֹģҲ˵
߽˴ɡ

ʱѧѧ½ӿˮ·γһˮƵģеļ
ǰеľ͵ſڵСԴ·ϳֵһѧİ
͵ɴˣ·ɨɨȥûпԴѧ
ˮһֱûԴգһ۾۾һգԴʹǰ
ȥˡã·ϿˣûˣֻһƬտ⡣İɵˣ
ôûԴأѵƵߵǱȥˣ޲ó
֣ԽɹȥӾԽأֻ̧תһ
Ȧ۹һ£ز׽һӰ񣬶һǲ
Դгһ֮ǰͽɣô˵
ˡһɻİĽŵ׺شŷһ
سɣһԴԭǶ

Դ̧ͷİ˹һƵش
ȥſ˳ȥİæɲסŲת˹Ѿ
ܵ·ˡ׷ű׷ˣſϰܲ˵
µʲôӰҵѽ

ϰɳݲ裬˳Ҳеغİһ
ˣŶ˳˵Ļ㵱ලԱʲôãС
Ҳֹ

˳һ£ǰŮ˿ĭɽצʵ޷ܣ
վ˵ʲôʲôȨҴ󺰴У

Ҳʲô˵ලԱ̫ʧְˣİŤͷһȦ
ӴˣҲˣôСҲܹܣ

ֵ𣿡ϰİƳɡ

İźһҪȥٱ

                                 5

İڶĻ֣һβϴеĪĽţ
һԵЩӢηӡ

ڶ¥ûֳҵӣ¥ǾֳҵŹţֻ
һ丱ֳҵųš

ǾֳҾֳվſ˵

֣Ƶڰ칫ǰ̣Ůʻ̧ͷ˿վ
űߵŮˣŴΣʹȻ

ʲô£֣˹

ҾֳǾֳ𣿡İ˵

֣˺ܲˣñ˵ʹ˵ҲǾֳ
ֹĸֳ

ŶŶİ˵Ҿٱˮ·ǸලԱܲ
СӽҲʣǼС

֣һ£СҲûϣ˵֪ˡ

СôأҶӾǱɽ̻ˣǰǺܹԵģ
ԲԲ˯һ쵽˵ȥӲͻ
𣿡İһһţԽ˵Խӡ

֣һ֣ʾͷ칫ߣ˵
Ҫ̺ܽãȲҪֱġ

ڵĺѽǰһͷҪˣϰҲ
ңһˣʵѣҡ

ʲôѴȥͶߣĻ֣ǰ칫ĵط

úúãղҾٱˮ·̫ˣôСӽɣ
ԱʲôҲܣϣҪȥһ顣İߵűߣͷ˵

Ůˣ칫徲֣ԭͺƵ飬
ơϣίǵȥһɳ
һֻŷ⣬װǮһϰ࣬ͽӵǵ绰
ȥѴŷûؼңõĻҪתί֣֪ʵ
ǿϣ˼е򳤣һ־ʮʮ򣬿ʵòǮ
ѽܲǮһֱû֡ѹǰѧУ
Ļ֣˸ɳһǮûǺܾúܾǰˡǰЩ
죬Ϊ˺Сѧܵ೤Գκʦ
͵񣬾˵ͻ˽һǧǮҪǮֳܷ
ʵûס

ʱֻһһѷĶţ

ܾúܾǰ컹ģˮģׯڻǳڵģ⻹
ϵģӻèģǷǮҪģ껹ֻģҩ
ǿβģĵӰǲ㵼˯ģƬҪ·,
İְֻȷģ׳ջǲܵڵģåǲܵģ⻹
ǲܹͷģ˻黹ǲMMġ

֣֮󣬲ɿЦ

                               6
                               
˳ԶԶİģŮ˾ȻҲװģ
һֻ乿֣˸绰ίҪһü
ץס˰ѱһ¾Ͳµ϶ŮȥĻָ״
ˡ

İվ·ڵֵǰһֲǸ첲ϵĺ乿Եúܴ
ۣͷתתȥ۹ɨɨȥڵӣǿС߽
ɣͻָˣǸСһ˸ߡ

˳Щˣֱߵǰþ
˵ֲǼලԱ¡

𣿡İƫͷ˵

˳˵

İЦһ˵ĻֻǮ㵱ලԱ
Ͳලҳϰһݲ̡

Ҳܵ𣿡˳޵ģȹȥһơ

İ˵ҹܲ㣬ֻҶӡ

˳룬вŮӵذһۣѸ첲ϵĺ乿
һ£ҲǿһԼݣתͷ߽һɡ

Դ·߹ˣɢػţŲƣİ󲽵ӭ
ȥ˵ҸˮӶӼȡһ
ֻϣһִֻںһߵĶӵļϣһǰߡ

ҲˮԴնضŽµ·档

ǰ㲻ˮ𣿡İ˵

ǰǰڡԴ۹·ߵһۣһ
¡İֻ֪ʲôˣɱ
촽ҧסϵͻȻúܴŶӿ첽ǰߡ

裬ලң㲻̫𣿡Դ˵

ۣʲô취ֹܲסԼİ̾һǰ
ѽ

ǰܾúܾǰˣ衣

ôٲһЩ

û취ҪҲҾ;ûʲôˡ

Ҫúö飬гϢ軹Ҫء

û壬û壬ԴͻȻվסľ׮Ʋˣ㶵ؿǰ
ǽϵĹƣ૵˵û壬û塭

ʲô壿ɣİذˤڵϣü
ëһһģȥѽҲලˣ㰮ϾȥϣҲ
ûˣҸɴϰԶʧˡ
˳ǻ

ԴͷĬĬǰȥ

İŶıӰͻȻоԼĺӣԼһҲ
˼룬ǿƲΪᣬվ£о
Ԩ

                               7
                               
˳ֻˣԴӾƵ굹պʽϾɵŵǾͺˣ
ԭǵܵܶԴɳģжѿһ¾ˣ
ԽɳҪǮˣҲ©ر֪
˳ӵ绰ģ˵ܵһôҲ£
ѵ㲻֪ЩǸҵģȫѹ⣬ͳˣ
ǧԪһҲ١˳ϻؼңҺŲڣѼֽȫ
Ҳ˰ٶԪȻﻹһǧԪĶڴҲĿǰ
һʴǿˣȡѾ˵Ļӿ
ԶȡǮѹͲá˳ЩżȻԼеǮ
ܵ˵죬ǧ潱ץˣ
ȥղŽڵ绰ȷ˵ȵǮԻ
ģ϶ǷǮڣ˳˵һʾ޿

˳뵽ͷʹҲ벻Ǯȥ֣ϾĻֻǷ
ǮﳵȻ԰ſڣ˲ӣ֣°ˡԵ
˵֮󣬶˳СǧǮ

֣˶˳ۣƺ˵Щɡ˳Եõ㣬
˵ҵɳ㲻Ŵ绰ʡ֣ЦһЦ˵ô
ôɵܵ꣬ˣԡԡӦõȥ
ǲġ

˳֣ˣæ˵֣֣˽˽裬
Ԫ޹أҵܵܳͿԻǮˡ֣û˵ʲôͬ
ˡ

Դɳ֮˵ùҲɴ࣬ؼȡ
Ǯ˳ϣ˳һǧԪͷ棬ͷ˯ú
ȣ°ҹ˹оǵǮͷѽѽؽţǽʲô
ףеö˳һֱû˯á

ڶ죬˳Ǯ˿ڴ׼ˮ·һȦȵ֣
°ؼңٵһǮһ磬ֲڷǮĿڴ˾ù
ֵġʮң֣һ°صˣҵķȥ
һֱǵǮǮһһģһ磬һů
ĸоͻȻôôŻǮĻǷ򶼿һˣ
˼ȴһҲ

˳ĽŲͷˡ

ԭΪ֣绰ʣ˵컹Ǯ𣿿ȥˣ֣
һ绰ҲûС˳룬˼˰ɣĻֶǷأ
ǧ

                                 8
                                 
İŶӻصһʱĻҾ䣬ϵķˣҲ
ˣԴԲԣҲùʡԲȣԼ
µģӿǰˮϵ

İڷᣬ춼ˣ뵽ѧˡ
ʱˮ·ǰʱ׼Ѷ׽ûؼңʱ
ȴһҲоȫһ࣬Ҳ

ŵ춯һ˽ˣİóԴ
ˣܾûôԾؼʱؼҡæϵۣ
һᣬ۾ˣӺġ

ߵϣİԴڷǰĿֱֱضǽϵ
һۼһҲûκηӦİ϶Ƕˣæ
ŷķԭδûԣҲûԣֻõЩˮ
һȡֻˮȻҲûжһӡô˵Դ緹Ҳ
ǸԼһʲôҲûԡİؿһۣеӲˡ

ԴѾˣֻʣշظ
ϣ촽һһϵģİ߽һЩ˵û壬û
塭

ôСĺӣʲô廹ûʲô壿İǰ
ֻװˮܴƹƹҵطҺ档

ڶ磬İûеˮ·ȥԴԼֻˣֽ
ˣƮİ־ϲذժ˫Ŀһƨ
ûãһ˵ȥ

ʹ𣿲ҪɣİæĴƨϵ


û壬û塭Դ㱵ƿİ֣һ
򷿼䡣

İסˣ֪ˣӵĻ궪ˡ

翪ʼԴԼڷ﷢ܾѧ

                             9
                             
˳һ￴ŵĵǰϷһ
źֽϰǱһ£˵
ðɣ

ϴ͵ʲôҲûɣҲû顣ϰ˵

ⲻѽû飬ල˳˵

ϰҭһ£Եúܲ˵˵֪ලһֻ۱
һֻۺˣҲùôࡣ

˳Ҳˣ˵ңֻù¹졣ӿڴ
ͳһֻĻַСӣ׼¼ɵΥʵ

ϰһף˵ǾͼǰɣΪϺ乿Ϳ
ˣʲô񣿻ɰͽ㲻¸̫٣鷳ˣ
Ҳȥһҳĳ˭

˳˵ϰиǹֳָ˶ұȽӲ
֣ܾΪͷɣһֱûʲôɫдûԼ
̣ǵһҲѵõݹ˳ڱϼһʣת
˳ȥ

ϰſڣһ̵˵һֻ乿Ϊ
ˡ

磬˳ͽӵ֣ĵ绰֣ڵ绰˵϶ѽ
˷ӳܸϰĺ̺ò裬Υ󲻹ܲʡ˳һ
֪ϰȸ״ˣӲӲضһ䣺鼸̺ȼ裬
ˣ

϶ô̬ǲԵѽ֣˵Ҫעһ
Ӱ죬ල˼ң˼Ҳڼල㡣

˳֣˵ʲôҪµ绰ԷͻȻ˵ˣ϶
ǧԪôûң

Ƿ򣬶Ƿ㶼û뻹ңƾʲôҾҪ㣿
˳͵ؼ

϶ô˵ǷǹʵңĻѽ
Ƿҵ˽Ǯ¡

ҿһ£Ǯ˳ذѵ绰ˡ

һ̣˳֣ţãôԼŪôһ
룬ǴɵģʱܴƣȷʵԼͷȻת
һ룬ƵǩԪѾƵ궼Եˣٳٲѹûһ
ģԼŪôһɷ룬ǻ֮ƣŸ˭֪
ӵ£˳룬㱻ССڱ۹⡣

                                10

֣˵飬Ǹ˵ҪĻֳֵĳ糤˫
ˣŷһ̨С㣬һ׷꣬
ֵ֣ȫ֪ͼһ룬ͲܻʵȻǰ
ͷһϰֳ֮ͨ·᫲ƽ

ĩûȥɽиѴһݲ裬˼
֮󣬱ǵƵİԺʣƿŸǸ
ڸɿ˵֣֣Ҳǹѵˣһ˵
ġ֣м־˼ơ֣ǵ
KTV裬ǽС㣬ʮɢʱ֣ڴһ
ǮԤõǧԪ˵һС˼ЦЦһЦҲû

˵ίǵСѧͬһǲˮ̶
ģȻǺܾúܾǰˣڣֻҪ£
ܰ쵽ģԲκС

һϻǧԪȻھƵKTVܼƿǧԪķƱҲ
֪ʱܱ֣һϴȴ˯ţۻǮҪ뵽˳
ԼǧԪ˵õڶͻȴ񲻻컹ڵ绰Ʋ
̫ƻˣʹ˸Ʋߣ˵ܹܵؽɳʲôģ˭
֪أ֣ԼǺܹѵģƵʱҲһǮ
ʱȥ˵ǩǷԪⲻ˳Եģ
ֵĹ֧ΪǷ˼ǮЩŰɼලԱ
Ȼõ룿ǣ̫֪ôˡ

һϰ಻ã֣ӵ磬˵ǽڱ
ֵУصɹû㱨׼֣µ绰ڰ칫
˼ˡͻȻҪĻֵУԲһżȻ¼
ƣӦ˵Ƕ˵ˡȻ֣ͽӵ˵ĵ绰
˵һ֮ڻһüĿ

лѽл̫л̫л֣˵

õ£ܰͰҶ

ǣллѽǳл

֣һûôùعıֽ
ĻΪ˼ǿɹƸලԱͷ汨֣ᷭ
űֽ룬ʷҪոµһҳˡ

ԹʡšţҲˣ
֣ͻȻһЩһߣҪʦڣͶһĵȥ
ЩලԱôģҲʵظһ¼ලԱĹʱǻ㱨
ʱҲܶһЩԵʶ

ϽˣͷҲûȷߣžˮ·ȥˡ

                               11

ӵĻ궪ˣİ֪ӵĻ궪ɣҪҪû
жӣϻʲôأڶӵĻ궪ˣ


ԴڷﲻʱڴϺ˯ʱ
ǰźڣľ֣û塣һͣ
İװһ跹˷ڴ̨ϣڼʱǲԵģ
Ӿ͹ˡİ֪ѲЧˣһĺ˵
ͻﶼԵö࣬ľǰĻ꺰

İ³ǩһСʱг°ݷһ
šԼжѶӵĻ꺰ؼҡΪ˶ӣһӱ
ǿܸɣҫһĸ׵ĸǻۡ

ԣǰùԣһҪԹԵġ

û壬û塭

ҪãŲ塣

û壬û塭

İһ桢ֻɻһ㡢Ҫ԰Դ
꺰Ͼŵ㣬ںƲİһֻСᣬ
¹߳β֣ˮ·

ҹˮ·ԵЩ壬ſڵĵƹҲֵ棬
ֵϵ硣

İߵſڣҿ˿ͦõģ
ᣬһ桢ֻɣ򣬵ȼˣȻ㣬
У˰ݣֵ˸ͷżҵķ£ͻȻ
ɤӺؼҡŶؼŶؼҡ

ģֱţ͵ߣȻ͵

ؼҡ

ؼҡؼҡ

ؼҡ

ؼҡ

ʱ󺰣ʱİߺߣһ
ֻӣôˮ·

Щ˾ʹ߳ɻ󲻽ؿİȥıӰǿ
ǸŮˡĺֽǮһƮˮ·ĳ졣

ؼҡؼҡ

˳ӴܳһϳǸ󺰴еŮ˾İȻ
в֣йν֣Ǹ˼Ůˡ˳
ߵʲôͷһԭһֻװŶᣬ滹ֻ
ȼյһףǸŮµ

ʲôˣ˵̧ţһŰ˳ȥ

                              12

֣һˮ·Ϳ˳һɳ߽һɡ
ַֻڱ·ʱѼһһΡ⸱֣о
ܲãرȻŲǧԪЩ

֣ڵ绰ظĻǷǹʷ⣬
ǷԼ˽ǮȥģȫͬһǺˣ
Ҳû취ʲô취أ

֣룬߽˶˳ոճǼɣһ߽
һһ۾ͿĸС̡δ
˹˹Ȼ̣˳ලԱûת˳
һɡʱһҵſһ죬һţ˳˳
һȥû֣û뵽֣ʱ
֡˼֣߽˳ոճɣ˳
һȥ

ɸ֣Ծŵǰŵļȫʮĳѧ
˵ؽкáУмѧ̴Ȧ֣±ϰ
ˣæ˳վſںһڿĿʵ̫ǣ
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֣һ˵˰ɣʲôأල
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                           13

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                          14

ϣˮ·һɷ֣һ걻
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һŨʥͽϢǵϵ֮ҫ



Եģûϵ۵ϵֵ20
ͳŷԴνϵˡ¸νڱ
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ļ໤³ɳɯ÷Լʮ꣬һվ
μһսۣۺص20ɯ顣Ĺ£
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һȥݼ٣ƶϸμƻǰһ죬
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ϵۿʲôԽȴˡ

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һеĶħǵĸԭ

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Ϊıȶŷѧڽ̡
һѧڽ̵Դ㣬һѧڽ̵Ĺ޵
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ո׵ķʽǰԤѧϰϰ
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סԵʼ˼壬ĵ·
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Ѱһֻѧ˵ڵһѾԼС
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ԶʲôϢǮλ˵ϡȷʵ׵ġĺʵ
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ģѧϰϣġ˸߲Ҹɯµ˹ԭĵĸ
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ǧԪգζһӹţʲôָûС
˵Ҫతһӡɯ˻ǵĶָ

ȥˡɯ˺ܴı仯ν䡣޸
˰֮ӸףܿŮӳиҵҵϣɯ
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˾òƲܴشһ겻Ⱦ񼲣޷ϰࡣ
ɯ뵱ʱǧԪ

ʱɯһʱѾӡѧɹ漣
κŸ׵ͷ۲һΣʱ
֥ӸĹͬơƻɥ򣬴ӴȤԱ
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һĶǵսۣ伤ҳ̶൱ʱڵĳ֮ս
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ƴܲپţɯҵĿ죬ɯ¶ƣ
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Ūɳ׾ʵϾһѡ¹·άϣڡ֮ӡ
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໶ãԴȡ˶ϵ۵̷ﲻҮգȻƺҲҮ
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Ѱϵ۵ҵȥˡͼֻͥܳΪǰеϰ
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֮ϱԽӯԽ硣ڣһܾȫջ
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ĶͨһϵϾĿ飬зʵת䣬
ΪһϸĵϵߣʱҲѾǵϵһߡ

壩

ʵĿ꣬⣬ҵϵ

ڵ¹һͼ˶ķ񸸣Լľ
ķѾˣǲǣҵûأ
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ķ񸸵ļĻŷḻ壺

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ߵĴӡȹϵġ顷ҲԵĶ

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˵϶ǰڵϵۣԼѰٵϵ֤ۡϵۣ
˵ҪţǣŲһһʿò˶
ϵۡķǷϵʱ˵ⲻ¡ڡ桷
У20ͳĻı£ҲζѰ
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ϵۣرǣӡߵϵۡ

 Ҳ˵ֻѰңȴδѰáȷϵ۲һ
ڵĶôѰϵҲǷҡʹ
Ωһ;ҲʶƣӡȹѾ򵽣
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˵ġơôơһֹḶ́һ
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ϵȴԶǱ޵ľһ

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ո׾ʶԼҪѵռ
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֪ʶȻԣһòƽȴȫഺ»ȡ
ģһγһһЯọ̈̄
ϣŵкĺ⡣ñȴ
ȻĶȫѪ֮Сǵ֪ʶ
ĿɴڵϢѶһͻȻήһ
ɥʧˮֶɱ񡣺ڸ˵8ͯ80̳˵ͬĻ
ͬһ仰ںȴȫֻͬ˵ҳǣѵǾ
ΪҳǷô

ɣƣһԽڶ֮룬ΪΩĶ
ռĶֻëķΪֵ20ͳ
ִᡢִҵᣬѾʧˡ޴Ѱˣ
˵Ҿһ̫ˣûԼʱӦ
ͣʱŽ쾭¡Ϊϵ۵ƺִ
ˣΪϵ۵ëķһػ
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ȥ˵¹󵽴ӡȡӡ򵽵ʵף
ҲĻͳںеÿһشʱ̣ϣ
ȥϣΣľ֮ԴͷϣӡȡӡȻ򶫷ֻһ
żȻĻгֵ⣬վĻ
ԲģκһԽ󺽺ֻҪȷķǷԭ㣬ع


ĶԼӲϵĶʹϵͶһ߹
âᵽһ˿Ϣϣ˵ʵĿꡣӡ
ȹ֮˵ҵѧͽ׶νˡΪҵİ
Ҫӵˡ

ӵΪװ󣬿ʼһߡڣһҪ
԰ˣѾǧ࣬ҵ˷ݵͼʣµ飬
ǸǷˡ

СŦԼΪŦԼӵͼݣһ
ߵһ⳵˾ΪԱϲҿ
Ծɿܱͬʱдһ顣д
ΪддΪ˵һְҵңΪ
̣¼;еţڳʥ·ϵĵá
ϵд˭֪ء˵ûʲô˲дֻ
Ϊ˰ѼϴΪҾֻӡŪ
ʲôɫ



桷ڱġиǣ
֣ԭ20Ӣţѧѧάظ˹̹
һЩʷΪ֤Ҫ֤жάظ˹̹ҲϤղ
ķ˹ġѧԭάظ˹̹սһӣСѧʦ޵Ժ԰

ϲķֺȤζȻĿֻ֤Ҹеʮɨˡ
ҿԭ͵ǲάظ˹̹ҵĶ޹ϸ
ѡһѧʵΪʵеĳѧڣΪǶԡ桷
һֱ͡ֻһ鹹ëķͨ鹹
ʾйеһγȡһγȣ20ͳս֮
ŷбʶϵԻʷϵһ
ʱһеص㣬ʼմڣبŲ

ԣζѧĶڱϾһֲܲѰϵۡ
ܲ׷Ĵڡ׷˵ѧĴ
ʱ䲻ضʱȫʷĴڿռ䲻
סеط    


ݵ߲й˷

                            

ݵڶ໬Ϸ (Sliding Block Puzzle) Ϊеһ֡Ŀ
ǰձΪݵйġйƼݵйŵѧչѻ
ݵС뿴ӣ

http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper39/7146/690896.html
http://www.cstm.org.cn/conten_pages/temporary_con/museum_con.html

Сѧ꼶̰
http://www.ywxihua.com/article.asp?id=982

Ϊһ󣬻ݵϷʵԴŷй󣬺йʷ
˵ϣ˻ݵϷΪУ˵顶ɰ塢
ͻݵйŵϷѾɡݵй
˵ȴԳƻݵΪйŵϷʵЧԶ
Ӱ󣩡Ľ޵ϣϷ
ʷݵϷйķչʷݵй˵ʵϣ
Ϊй˵ʷֻжʮңӰȴ㣬ᵽ
ĽѧƾǽϻݵϷСĻͬкԺС̫
׵ʻݵߡй˵һؽ

ܻݵףǽӢ(1904-2006)1949
ѧǲߺдԡѧ˼άǲΪ1997³
档Ҷûпڡɰ塢ͻݵйŵ
Ϸһ

ݽӢڡѧ˼άǲһĵ9ڡݵʷ
˵塷С˵ʷˣǻݵߵʷû
ôϡǰ˵ıʼûз߻ݵļء
ʷֻмʮꡯԼ1943ĵһμߵġϸ
40ľĻԱоձ߻ݵ
սʿȺƹ㹤˵ݵߵֵ¿ڣ
1938ʡǹص¼СֽƬĻݵ

ĶԴϷļأҪöࡣŷ19ĩиֻ
Ϸ֡пǡƶʮ塱(fifteen puzzle) ߡL. E. Hordern
ڡSliding Piece Puzzlesһ˵

the 15 Puzzle was invented in America towards the end of
1878 by an unknown person. The resulting puzzle craze started in early
1879 and spread to Europe in the same year.ƶʮ塱1878
Ϸġʮ⡱1879ʼͬ
ȳϯŷޡ

1879꣬ѧ־American Journal of Methematics˶ԡ
ʮ塱ѧоĶģAmerican Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 2, No.
4. (Dec., 1879), pp. 397-404.֤ˣгʼλУǡһ
ܹƶĿλáڴˣҲеѧ֤־༭
ĺһλ

The "15" puzzle for the last few weeks has been prominently before
the American public, and may safely be said to have engaged the
attention of nine out of ten persons of both sexes and of all ages and
conditions of the community.

ƶʮϷ֮ŷ˸ָĻߡL. E. Hordern
һμҪĶԻϷʷܣҪǽ˳
270 ֻϷȫǻʷ۹ģŷ޻
뵽רġ

ע⵽ƶʮ塱ÿ鶼εģҵȴС򡰻ݵ
ݱĹУλͲȴСĳַǳؼ Hordern 
أλ H. WaltonĻϷ1894
רר516035

1901꣬Frank E. Mossר668386˲ȴСĻϷ

1909꣬L. W. Hardy˺ͻݵǳӽϷ1912
ר1017752

J. H. Fleming193 Ӣרר411515ĻϷ
ͺ˵Ļݵһģһˡ

˺󣬻ϷŷнһչȤĿҳ

http://home.comcast.net/~stegmann/sliding.htm

ҳԽ˴ĻϷᵽĵûᵽģЩ
˻רݺרš

ר룬ŷ־鼮Ҳǹ⡣ Sam Loyd
Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles, Tricks, and Conundrums1914) H. E.
DudeneyġAmusement in Mathematics1917)

ˣȷе֤ŷ19ĩ20ͳлϷ
Уġʮ⡱ݱ䵽ݵĳ֡1904ĽӢ
ᵽݵϷʷʱûʲôͷôܵ
ݵϷ30ĩйпġҽҲʵ
ǵ˵ʷֻмʮꡱ

мػݵݻ(1906-1965)ѧ̸
1952ꡣⱾҿˣû̸ʷ⡣г˽ܻݵϷ⣬
ϷһǡưҾߡƵĿ
LoydDudeneyжֹһǡƷľڡʮ
⡱

漸¼ԶŻܴġ̸Ϸݵ
1986꣩

19568ºŵġѧͨѶ־ϣڷС֪ʶĿˡ
ŲܡϷ19595ºź6ºŵġҲϷΪ
ֽϻ40ϺͺУ50ڣϺ
̯бֽӡƵġݵ߳ۡϺľߵҲ۹ľƵ
ݵߡ60ϺʮĳϺϳѡݵ
ߣûвܲٹֻ֣ǱĲɫƬΪ
19829ºšǰѧ־̸ͬ־дġݵ
19837ڡѧ־࿡ͬ־дġҹŴߡ
һģнˡݵߣ̸ڿսʱڣľо͹㷺
ߡ19849£ڱ깬ɡǰѧ־׸ִ
ֳĩұϾٰꡰݵʱɺᵶֵʱ
15롣198515գ̨ͯĿﲥˡСϷ
࿡ͬ־壬˻ݵĹʷ

ɼ˲ϣǶڻݵֻ˵ҹ
䴴һߡûʵݵ£ԡʣ
ŷΪ緶Χһߡ

1987꣬࿡ڡʯͻݵ˵Ϸһ
֮˻ݵʷָ£

ᵽ˱ѧľŹͼΪ磬Ϊ㣬ߣ
һ롱δġݺͼǳ˵Ļ÷߽˵
ԼͬʱעδǾݺͼĻϣһѧ
ϷžŹ˵ԼԪʱԪ̫ɼ˼
ѡžŹϷȴǵִŷޡԼ
ʮĩ꣬ŷڡžŹߵĻϣƶľӵʮ
顣нŰʾƶʮ塱ߴйݽɻݵҹ
Ϊ˹⡣

˵áȡžŹϷʷϴûгֹ
ûκ׼ػʵ֤ݡ˵Źͼݺͼʱһס
Ϊβ˵žŹأ߾ٲԪ
¸ߵƾڹⷢˡƶʮ塱ʵǰƾ
ˡžŹôһߣѡƶʮ塱Ӳؼ޽ӵŹͼ
ȥΣûȷʵݵĻϣΪݵй
ʵڹʡǰоٵʵǡǡ෴

࿡ǱЭίԱΣƹй
ŵѧߡ2002𣬱ЭйƼݾٰйŵѧ
չѻݵУʹ󴫲ˡ

ο

1. Ӣ. ѧǲ. 1949
2. ݻ. ѧ̸. 2. . 1952. 24-29.
3. Ż, ܴ. ̸Ϸݵ. , 1986.
4. ࿡, . ʯͻݵ˵Ϸ. ,
1987.
5. Ӣ. ѧ˼άǲ. ҵѧ, 1997.
6. . ɰ塢ͻݵйŵϷ. 
ѧ磬2004.
7. S. Loyd. Cyclopedia of Puzzles. New York: The Lamb Publishing
Company. 1914. 82.
8. H. E. Dudeney. Amusement in Mathematics. 1917, reprinted by
Dover Publication, Inc. 1970.
9. L. E. Hordern. Sliding Piece Puzzles. Oxford University Press,
1986.

͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס


̸֮ˮ롶ɡ

                            ̷桤

һ

ھôӿȡϯȫĻϣ
ȡֱѧƷ˵伣ʣ
ҪڳгϵĶţë̺ĳֵĳҪѰ
ټҪƾԵˡԵ˷ëǵļƽġ
ǻƵġܻƵġɡ˹ġ֮ˮ

ߺܿ췢ǵĹͬ㣺ıǳƪС˵С˵ĶȡԵ
λҷֱꡢꡢľꡢ꣬ǡ
ᣬں¡ͬˣ⣬ĲС˵̶ͬܵۼҵ䡣

ĲС˵໥Ҳиӽӽķ棬磺ƽƶǵ̳ϵ
߲ң˽Ǳңͺϣǵġǻܻ͡
ӳũũ˶Է񼫾ɫҡǻľħʵ
ɫʣΪũ屻ĸ۵йڣũ塢ͳ
һĿȫǶ赱ޣʧξԱʶˡƽ뷽Լ
еĶԷڵйѧһҡ޷ֵ꣬ڴʦܻ
ŨɫĬˡŵȳ֮ΪȺеȺ
ִԡһƵѧҲһģʵ׾ߵط
ɫũԷǳб߶աܻһ뷨һƧطΪ
йũʹһ

ɡ֮͡ˮϷңͺϣдУҷ
ӳǵ֪ʶӵļֵۺʽǰд֪ʶӣԹٳ
֪ʶΪ˹λ߶ǲѣһ˵Ǽʹ
Ҳûв䶯ЧӦǵıƺڴʦ
죬ˮ֮ʱ֮ͬ人ҵĳķ
ʹͬС˵Ժܸԣ
Դļ⣬öصľʽС˵βܽ
Ϊǡʤʧߣʧܵʤߡ˵׵ģ˵
߼᣻һЩʣ˷Ļû൱
ǻۣͻ޲ߡС˵Ŀƪβľɫдıʷǳ
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Ĺ£ܻ֮͡ˮʱȽϳǰߴӺʱĸ
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һžžʮʮյ֮ĩǻ͡ɡһǻ
״ȫ飬һ︩ʰǣʹá@sars come
ǹֵֹģⷽ棬ܻ֮͡ˮܴͳ

ܵۼĳ̶ȶԣܻ롶ɡ˼󣬿
Ϊֵɽ󡱣ǻ֮͡ˮ룬ƺ
ǡߡߡйͬʹõһ˳д

ӵԵϵڵйأ˵ĶҵƷ
ܱΪߡмĶҵƷһǡֵɽ󡱡ǻ
д¿ν˼ɣܻ൱漰˹֮Ҫ
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ʮԺң󶼰дΪƷĿ㣬λ
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ıƪС˵Ϸ֮ʣϸҲζģҰ
²ֻѶԡɡ֮͡ˮĸһΪ졣

ũ֪ʶģѧγɵĴͳѧģ³Ѹ
ź塷ͨũ֪ʶӵ˶˼й
ôôӡɡ֮͡ˮУ֪ܿʶľ
òأǵ̬ʱᾰأ
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ȡ˼ȣӦһ

Ծĵġ͡÷Ĺ¡Ǳߺ͵С˵Ȼ¾˵
ߵȻؿˡϽֹһᣬʳضһ飬ܹ񫣬
ٶһ飻ʱ߲žԼĹªţԭ֮ˮ2001
ˣҷ죬ʱڶѧʿԴ൱п
Сˣڱֻ࣬עΪʰۡβˡ
Ȼ̫½ֵġɡ˹һȽϣ˵ּ
ڡ֮ˮӵĸ߼鲻Խɸ룬
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֮ˮ˹شΪرļͥױҽԺҽ
ƽйĻˡܵĿӡӡԭ˾Ǩ
ԨסŸն¡顢ѩ̷ۡͬΪ°
ءˡĴ֮Ωˣɣĸ
ĥ·ɽСҽشΪΪƽ羴ף
ȻͬʱҲɸΪشǷֵã

ϴѧ󣬳شΪ͵ʱѧһµļ飬
ΪεഺͺһǴũ飬߷¶
۸ĸ⣻дĸԺоҵ
У칫ҹǹٳ΢Ǳ
ǬٶϣΨΨŵŵͬ໥¼ɡһгشΪӦ
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ͣ˺ҧˡͬߣסݲļ
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ѧʣ˱ԵˡԴشԹ޻ڣΪܸ˼Ѭ
֡ӵӣԼռΪӦ׷
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ԭҪصĴۣ˰

ȻΣȴһգŮ
ϰͽ쵼ֵӶΪסͲ¥룬ĸ
ȴûסϺõ׶԰ȴۣͬѧȺ
רעٷƶðϴӵͬ¶Сȴ˴
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شΪļֵۿʼҡˡȻãҲãҲãֻһ
˵һ˵Ǿˣܸɵˣˡע˸񣬼
ԭҲһ˵һ˵ܵˣʱˡ
֤ޱȣѡ˵ɡѡӱܣȻ
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ĵͲһͻأİĶһСı
ˮˣŻˣϽҽԺС˾ҽԺĻʿ
ҽշԱδҾ¹򣬿Ԯֺͨڡæ
ȴһ⵽ĮľֱܾݵĶСڵ绰æ˵һ仰
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˵Ŀռ䣬ֻʵ̵Ĵڣֱֻ治ܶܣΨһܹ
Чϵѡ񡱣룬ˣҲһ˵õ
ʤߣʤߣʱ沢ûʲôڵȴ
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εŰͽֺöСΪڿһӣ͵ضԼ
һǿذЮְԼȥ˼ţȻȴһĶӡ
һȥǻģֱȻǹ׼̫Ѩ
ǹˣǹ꣬ʬȥšһεĸ
ϣְһĨԼ˼ߣŲż
ˣ󷲳ԻʲĶߣ˭Ϊ֮Ȼ£

һ˹˵ĹͷԹõĳشΪ飬ʱתο
һλ߲ʦʱʱΪıָԽŴһ֮ϴ
Ů߾Ȯ֮ͣں˸顣
СϴӵСƵεشΪǲмΪģӽʷ
йݣΪ̵õ˵ʶͻġ

ϵͳʧͱ׼⵹ʱشΪ
롣شΪʶǹؼʱ̣ˮһʦ
ϢһʲƸҪúãûбȽĸܻµˡߴ
ϴ绰ܣǾݵıΪҵ˼
˹ָջսʦϲȻʹأǰ
һڣ˫־ͳڵˡ֫ŵ˼ͷ˳ĵֱ
죬ְͷţؽ˼죬͵
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ʹרɱܱͷѣΪʱĳ
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һĿ꣬ȻֱСȴСȻԴСر
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׵Ĺǰ֪䲻ΪΪֱ֮ʵ֮ˣϵػŶ
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ףңĶӣվļΪֱܵĳƪĶ
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ŷ֤֪ʶӳ˻ˣѡ񣻷֣֮ѵ
ëȻ

һϣɡ롶֮ˮ֮



ҶɡʹһΪǽ顣

飬ϢƵٴ֮һĻרƣйĽ鴫ͳԴԶ
ëʱ˴ͳȻ󣬵Ƿ켫Ӱѵ
նһϵйĵС˵ǵʮǵմ
ŭкӵС˵ʫͳͳ֣֮Ŷ·źɷ
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콵

ͷϰֻ׼˸Ϸë˼ȴھݵĴľ
ζؿƿ÷ͬ־ÿؿһƬ̨ӰƬ
ơĵɱɺޡЦ

ڻͷЩ飬к˼ֵôС֣غǡ
Узϥǡܲڣĸҳķ
ʱ˶ôµѣ

ǬϢʱᣬгãΪʵΪʱ
С֮ƽĴ󼫲ƣҲûϹ峣֮һ
ҫ֮޿ݾܽг᣿ٴ֮ɾһ
ԴȪȶǴĳǱʣҲ
ϢĿź˼۵ɱ󣬽ֹڶ˼ֻ޺
йңң絽֪ԶԶ磬
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鱨ƶɵĶֻԼҲ֪Լ
ȴƭԼƺҪӵ
ƭǲʱšʱʲôţ
ȫ뿪һȺֻ˽ˡϸϢƣɷ
յᣬʵϢȱȫϢ衣е壬ö֮
Ը񡢾˼Ʊתƫִڽѳɡ塱ʾ
ڸչʱǰ;ֻ׶༪١

һԣ˲ƣòʧֻ棻
ҰϣԼĴ鵥أǮѣһҹ
ֱߴֶΪṩ̻Ȩ޳棬
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ṹ֮С

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ΩԨȥǡѣģΩơɡѡ⵱Ȼ
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չǰĸһ̨ԡϤĽ̻ʹãļ
į˼ı̵ʽʹͶȻԶȴܽ
ߣҲ̵ѧ㺺УҰռչ
ϵŮд֣ǡɡϵȦ൱Ӱ
죬ͬĦëԼ  ʦΪˣͬԽ
Խࡣһ棬ͬ½ŵĸгʶ̸
˿ʼۡҺҵİ֮á̵ľ˷ḻ
ʵ

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ӡľУ˹ѧͷѧռ˺ܴĿռ䡣̲û
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˵Ħרҵѧ߰ɣģһͷĦг
˵Ǹͨɣ˵ĻһЩרѧҲ˵
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黳вӵսʿ̬治أĦһλ
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ĻꡣһķߣΪѱūԴΪͬ
ı걾µǣ־Լĵģ޷㽫
ĦһЩ͸ֽѧƽӹͷ˼
Ħִע˼䣻ʶ˼룬ʶ
ĸоʱĦԮ֣Ϊɼ֪
ô졷ˣѴĦͬзǸʽսʿϵ
Ҳ뵽ëķġ桷˹

ʦС˵еǰͨһŨ˶
͵й֪ʶӵˡʦʱʮ
ѪܵؽĵӰ죬Ҳܶ˹ϣ򡢳ѩ
˹նޡ˹ݶɿˡٵľ衣ͬʱ
йͳĻ֡ʿΪΡĵ黳Ϊ
ˣѡѡ˸ڸʤΪ߹٣
鲻꣬ȴĪɡӡ͸ĹѺܾĥѣ
ǵӲǶ𣬲䣬Ϊ˻ޣ
һΰĸף뵽նᯡ롷Щͽ
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ңȶ˹ʮµ˵й֮޲Ҳ߲ܲ
ǵʹıˡ

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ؼաȻ䣬ʼһᶨʡֹۡ˼
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˼һʲôһȺаĺӣɱȷ˹ͽ
Ҫˣ֣ˣر֪ʶӣˣ
ӶģпȮ壻ջ󣬶˵Ӳ
ֵʶ㣬µѲɵõʱʵ㣬Ȩ
㣬õĴƷ³Ѹһ߶۶˹Ϊ
ɳʵĶ˹ֵһԶһΪΪ
ɱͷһߵңǾ˵ĸ߹ϡ
ëԡ궯ϰҪܵͣзԣ´ӡļ⣬
ʦﾪϰ⣬֪ʶˡ
ļʶඥ

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ҲӰ쵽ˡλڡǵ䡱ĸҽԺһ
ʱһķʽȥˣһ¶ķʽˣһҵ


ʦһλǴߣȫáĽ
ĿʼݡС˵дĦ̡ëԼʶʶΪʦ
еĳ

鲻ԽһӰƬĽβʣԸ⣬Ժ
ռǣҪǰȥĵطʱͷ࿴һ
ۡԶǣǣͦ˵ҰǡǼ
ѳְҲĴۣ˵ⳡս޻ʱЩ
Ӣ۳ߵ¾

ɡ˻سɡɾ꣬
ܵһӵϡ˸񡢵塢١֪ĸ߹󣻷ּ
زԳϡΪƵ˵ߣΪ˵Ŀɹ֮ûЩ
˻ֻʬ⣬ҷʹʳݡҹɫҲǮ
ڡۿ֡˵ġֵ

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֮ˮӳʵҪʵöֻ֪࣬ʶʾ
ͽ̬ܵȣ߸еͬ

ģ

֮ˮ͡ɡǴǰһˡ߷С˵
㣺شΪһ꣬Ħһ꣬Ӧͬʱ֪ʶ
ӣС˵ʱҲܽӽԽ͵ĺҶǰҪдĩ
꣬дͳġǵ䡱ʱڣչĿռ价ҲΪ
ǴУָΪɳ人λҲᷴ
С˵ǿƽϵͳġҵʿҲԹ
⡣ϣкͻ룬ҪС˵ĹΪһӦ
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ͻ߽ò쳤̾ѼͷѾͷͷû͡
ιʣλҵʹǱµﲻͬһ̨
гݳ

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ȶ߻֮ᷢ֡ˮ͡ɡ˹мȼաѪ
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ļʶ黳

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ΪŲë󶫷ĸɣ޷޵İƣ֤ɽ
ǧɫ֧Ԯȫ࡭ûʵĿںţׯϵʹ
ʥġ˭뵽ݱΰ̫ë󶫺
սѡӰֱ֮һĶǵĻ׷ɱһߴ
Ƭʱйܵһöĺ˵ըĸƤ
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ܵɡͷԿʼ侲ĺг˼ߣĦëӡ
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˹ҲĻ˹ѧҮˣһпԵֵ顣
ӵнһ˶öϢܶ˼ʶǶʶֱ
ıʣγԼļֵۣڹߡ

֮ˮĳشΪĸʱֻǡСûдĦ˼
̡ǰʮѪꡣʱ˰ķʹй˶ǰ;
ֵֹۣΪʵִָտɴһŰһ¶ʮйɳص
йΪʤԼйŮŻձŮŻھϢڴ
ѧУ԰ȵףУǴ̬ķӳŽл
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شΪмһɹǣǵʱĺѧΪٷƣ
ƥ𡱵ʹУΩˣũĸոʱѧ
شΪͬѧѺһԾλδǹ絽ȫظȥ
飬Ҹָ˽ǵ̸Сϣ˯
ݴԵַóΰۣΪһ۴ҹ
Ưʮֻʱдֵĵ鱨棬ĸԺȻ
ʯ󺣣ȴҲð˴¡Ǽ飬Ҳꡣ

Σ֮ˮ͡ɡд֪ʶӵķֻ͡ɻ
ɡִֵˣ֮ˮȴûС֮ˮش
ΪͬѧһȺ룬ޣȸˣһ
żˣǧټƸд칫˾ԾҲһŽڣ
һ߸дɫ飻شΪμӵĴѧͬѧۻᣬȫɡ١̡
ĻɳֱԲؽǱ򡱺⾭ǵĻ
⡣ڡɡġͬʣǡ³Ѹģ꡷
ɢˣеĸееǰǡճ
ӣβȤ԰жӣСӽˡɵйĴʦ
ëӵѧԱںǻ䡰̡˵
С˵֪ʶӣ˴ĦǾ޽е⣬ȫ
ʱ׷룬ѡ塣

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µĳشΪӱ˹ˣò˹ˣһʵ
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֮ˮĳشΪ͡ɡĴĦȣشΪڵ֪ʶӣ
ᣬĦνĲݸ֪ʶӣ˵Ҫھ
磺شΪ鲻ܸ࣬Ӱظһλͳ
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ŴʷĻ˵ĵ°еµǵֻԼ
淶˵ΪʽĿӦܹ޶ȵģһ
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ĳƾһСʱһ֧һ֧̣һ仰Ҳ˵
ΪڿƲ԰ΡشΪڸ׵ļصµߵĽ³˵ģ
ֱʵĵȴʹΣһգЩ˶
ܵѹ֪ʶӣһŰĵ³߸УشΪһû˶Գܸ
Ļͬջ˫£ѡ˹˵
Сͬ׷Ѱռ塪硰޵Ͷ뵽޵Ϊ
ȥ׷׷Ѱļֵ졢׺˵
η塣ϣʫƣҵԶֱǶ˹Ļ
ǴĦƽĹŲݸײžĿ
ʹĸɡ

߿ԿɡëӺ֮͡ˮĳشΪо˵
֮˵ëӵĹչдһ֮ˮ
ǳشΪĹ¡شΪľΣëӲҲˣֻëڰ
ʮĩĳʧԼشΪճеλ쵼
ͬµļѹԼ˼䵽ʱ䡣ëӷ˾׫д
ģشΪԼĿɹ˶Ƕ
ͣĳɹ֮У˼ȵߡ

شΪ˵Ϊ˶ӣҵвжΣӲ
ûбӲĵˡʵûʫĿռ䣬ֻʵ̵Ĵڣ
ֱֻ治ܶܣΨһܹЧϵѡ£
ǧ£ʵҲǲˣһڶж˶
ȥһۼҲСë˵ǶǷˣҪʳ˼̻
Ҫźӣһóһʱ侫񹤿
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ҪеˣΪĹȥӡЩ£ġ
ȻˣЩնļֵ뻹кãǲӢͬ

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ëӣ˵ܱ߶ëӡëѾ֮ĳ̶ˡ
ΪëӺͳشΪ֪δ֪ʶеĲѧ
ĺ޳֮ͽɻΪһ̸֮УºԽԽӶأ


壩

ƣض㣬ϺϺ
ܡ߼ԡ֮ˮ͡ɡбȶԡ

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յĸ߹٣ֻ֮ˮ쾡µд˳شΪ񵽹ٵƴ̣
ڡɡһǸ߹١

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ʵѧˡ١й˵ļֵۣ˵޳
ţżһԾΪˣȻǲ¡ϰ
աƽ񣬾뷷䡢ȴǡ񡱵ķ롣
ܼ򵥣йǡٱλٹ̵Ĺȣ޲й
ȼ֣֮ԴĶ٣ȡȨĴС͵ȼĸߵͣ
ʢȨƳݵ壬ٹβƵʷͳȻʹ
Աҽʦڼһ֪ʶӲְͬҵѡ˶
ԣشΪͳʿ˹٣ִ֪ʶ
ԱС˵ɼ൱вŸֱȽ֪ʶӹԱ
ǰá˵ĳشΪشΪ
ˣ߽סҪЦڲõĽشΪίԱ
ﲻڶ󲻿ԡλ˳

رֵһ˵ǣڽչٳСϲٷš
ڰ̡ѳΪɹˡݵͷɥżĸ߹
׷ʮụ̈ĺȺʵܿɹһʮʿ
Ůٿ̸֮ۼ޵ĳҪǡɽ
ˡˡȻֳϣջѡˡɽˡˡ
ݳһʼ׹¡

ʳ̵ľǼ֮ҹȨĽ
ƶ߲ɼãȡ᣿һŮ䡰һֺܿɹ
С̣һǹ»ʻȵȡϺʵ桱
»䲻ȴҲɸ˵ռ䡪ȨĻɫششΪ
ԣû뵽ɫش̶ֳȣֱһ޼ʡλ
ϣ˵Ŀʵ̫пˣֻ趯һͷͿԵõϰ򼸰Ǯ
ʱҪֹˮô˱Ͼ񰡣
ɫ棬̺ǲһˡȢʹǱھֿܰ
ڵأķƽǰʹʹ񣺶
̡ΪݵʱԸһλƽ⡢
ζͶİ£ꣻȻ˹ʹ˼ӹٽĻ
뷨ͲͬˡϿɹϼ۸ߣΪʣ߽Կס
壬ĵǾɵġ

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κνͣͽѿǡ֮ززߴ۾
ЬӸõֵƽͬնھ棬
ŵģ硣

֮ˮ͡ɡиԵŮȺ壬ԱȶԣҲȤ

֮ˮ˳ٵĪƺôӹ׶⣬شΪ
ӶŮ١Ůöܡ
żĳ֮Ծ֮ơС֮ȡķ
ȣְҵŮԣҲ֪ʶӣǵĹͬصɷĹ»
ʦͨذǱɷġȨƵˡ
Ͷʡȡرй飺١Ȩ
һеȵȣǵľ˷ܵ˼άֻԼСͥϺ
ӷ棬̰ٿĶ޶ãڵĿţ塢
ṫƽмһˣΪȻԵֵΪռĿꡣ

С˵Ҫɫ֮һʱС˰صֻ
רעԼӣûȤŶӳһϵе⣬
СƳԼɷȴʣʹԼڻ
Ժ޷̧ͷʼɷѣʹɷͷڡ塱
ϳɹ֮·;УҪɫǴǸ߲Σɡظɲ
һΪˡˡ̫̫̫̫Ȩ
סĿ뵽ϣġͽĹ¡λ
̫šŻ԰һĿꡣӳ
Ľй˵ľ״ò

ɡ֮ͬˮŮǽȻͬǲ׸Եġ
ɡŮԣʦǰȻûгȴһ²ĥ
֮ӡһλĸߣһλߣһΰĸף
ҲһŷǷڶԳܿ˵ӡУʦ佼
ؼලͶһλƯĻŮԱ͸һؼ
Ƭ裬һоڲУɣٺĸŮɿܺ
ĳײʦ̣ɷ־ͬϣĭ妣
ϧϧīûչḻ·̣ڻ˵һ
һǷҸõ˶ٶõԼҪ
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ǲͬһʱǶǡһūŮԣʦŮ
ˡŮǡꡰĳԱĴʦСӽҲײ
͵Ů֮

ɡĽ֮͡ˮСȴǺƵŮԣ
ǶǸ߸ǧ𣬶пɰ֮й嵨֮٣ϣ
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漯ŵȨǶвҵĻͥǶעǰ飬Ҳ
תƸʧءСҲǿ꣬ҲйѪ
ӵ̸˵ʷվѡŵԵλʮ
ͷ˴ϣҷԴӦ֣Ȩ
ļƣС˵д˵óʱͳ֡ʱ˵˳ݵһץ
Ķ̣ɷѰ»װ֪ΪԼǶȿ
飻ڹҿпϣ˳ᢣƽ
һܵ͵ġߡ֪ԳڹٳϷ
縨һӺ㡣߲޷̵˵֡Լ
òҲҪǧټ˹ϺӵŮӡƼ
ԼԸгĵй򡰷ǵ䡱
ΣʱͦʹУø϶
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ӣԼǺ꾫̽ӣǷǽΪΪ
Ӿ̡ĵˡǣǽһǳ
µŮˡ

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ͬ飬пԭֻΪıǾʽƵı׶ɣ
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Ǹ򽻵˵ƾжȨġش
ΪΪʦԺͬһʦĻشΪıߣζ
Ͷã뾺ֹУȻˣΪ
ܹݣȵȡ˵شΪȨ֮·ϵĹն ʦĹ
͡ţ˼ʵԭģԭֻһװΣ
һ˵Ϊ棬ԲֶΡɴ˿ɼ͡ɡ
ʦһΣ˼ȫͬ

֮ˮ͡ɡڷӳ֪ʶӵµĳٺ˸Ķ
ȫһ¡˵֮ˮȱĳ֡ɫĻȴġ֪ʶ
෽ȡɡḻࡣÿƲıī
һͲشΪԴѧͬѿ￪ƽ̸ԼĿ˼·ȴ
ɫԡΪУĹҽëҽŴͰĲ͹ͷ
ҳشӪҵִգǵͷԶҽԾڱϺ
ѣȻǽѧߣӶúܺãܾ£µͷȥˣ
һС˶ԱŷŪ߰˸СǶǮ
볣˲ûʲôͬҵĹעͰڳˣר־ǿ
ίǡʡίζԺĲʿоЩûѧ
ҽҲӲϿεоõ˲ʿѧλҽоԺƱ
ǿ꣬Ҳηη˳İ칫ңְ⣬мʮ
һ˱ѹأЩ˶֪ʶӣôԹԵıѹţȻû˴
ʱҾЩ˸ήϸȥҲֻţ
üȥʯͷôһдһرԭ
һ¼Ҿְλܣһξ͡
裬߶ȥũҽũõҽº;տҽ
ӮְȺڵĽڳޣಡ磬شΪ׼
ݲݴ£ϡձżȻִ¼ҪǱ
Ѷһٰʮȵת䣬¡ؼ˳ˮ۵ذѴ
ΪԼ֮ȥũԼһ֮ᣬʵ
Ϊȷѡ񡣴ıϲ磬ѵǲ˼֮ô

߶С˵ȶԣζѧ֮߱ȶԳ񱣬
˻λҲԼͬ¶Լľż ڡ֮ˮ
ҳдԭ游ġ֮ˮ⡭ ڡɡ
ķϣСʫƭ㡷Ǳǵ

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