                         ˿µϣ20071220գ

07.12.20, ӡôɡġ
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07.12.20, ̫ѧ
07.12.20, ˣҮ³ѧStearnsָ𱱴ѧԳɷ
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07.12.20, JJZβһ;

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                    ôɡ

                        ӡ

    ɡϻг̨巭ӢѧƷ
ӰʱӢеĴֿڡϼ
ݳڴ½ĳصĳС͹ĵӢյơ
˵Ƭɻɹ²˳˿Ϻɳײˡ
ȵƱӢʱеġɡ˵Ļ
ʵ˻ɣΪûͼĸЦƷ

    ѷ֣࿯ڹѧڿϵģ
Ӣı⡢ؼʡժҪУץʵɡɻѧҺ
ɺѾơơܶȡɿγ̡ȵ
еġɡҲӢֿڡӢֿӢ
ǲ˴֮áýõĽɴʣ򲻵Ҫᵽʱ
ҲáFʡ4ĸʡȡйѧڿ
Ȼ֣õĪ˹
ѧҡѧҵע⣬˹Циѧҵ
ԭԭһеӢһŰѡɡ
ӢֿڡȻЩ볬ơ˵ĵˣӢ
һ㲻ȫšŵĻ롣

    ơ˵гֻЦķ룬ֻǸЦ
ҲôɡͲǸЦˡдѧ
ˣӦܹߵȽһӢˮƽģСְ
ӢҲǱؿģӢˮƽ˵£רҵҲҪ
ڻ룬ұ׽ŪҲԼӢ
ΪʲôҸӢ˰ѰѹؾͰļĳȥˣѧ
ڿô᲻壬˵ĻԭⲻصǳЦ
ȻҪһЩαȽϵ͵ڿҲепԺƼ
ġȫ뼶רҵѧڿ

    ٷӳ⡣һ棬ĵʵѧ
ʺܲûдĵֻΪְơý
ֻȥӦһ£ճ֪
ҲֳЦһ棬ѧڿѳ׬
ǮߣֻҪ߽ѣõҲյǲ󣬸
塣

    Ȼдĳ˶ϷĳĲֶΣҲô
ɡˡ

2007.12.12.

(XYS20071220)

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ʲôѧݡһķ

ߣ

ͨӦһˣƶΪҵۡԭڣָ
ۣȻˣƶķʽش˵٣ȻǸӣ
㻹´˵ӵĳЦںͷӣߺ
ˣۡ

ΪܿСƪǿѧ׳ҩԶˡ
һϸ⣬ο˶˵Ǻʱдµģܵ͵ľ
ı֣𣿲ҶһƪҲһЩ˵ͬе桪
Ƿζкܶ˾ƺĵĺһ򵥵صһƪ
еļ㡣

һ¼ǱС塰󡱵Ǿ䡰ʲôѧ
ݡ仰Сܿͬ¡ĦС˵ġ仰
Ⲣûʲô⣬Ҳ룬Сģ仰ǳС
ЧӦٻߴӲӴѧһȺмͻȻһѧģ
϶ἤһ㲻һĶ

Ϊ仰пһ¡ϾӵСΪ
֮ߣһԻ׾ӣԻԶСˣԻطףԻ˰Ѻɳ
ҿйˡ֮ſڿӴͳĹңܹǱĬʶ
֤ݵҪԣ϶л塣

Ȼʱƣҷ鲢áС屾
ذ仰һͷ÷ҿСд¡ʲô
ѧݡ⼸ֵʱ˼Ҫʲô֤ݣƺҪһ
ֶġѧӡ䣺ƣЩnerdֻɵɵʡѧ
ݡ ֪ɶݡڽ̺Google 
blogԿʲôѧݡ֣޷һһо٣
ֻüȽϵ͵ģ

ҿԱߵķǷǣǷǣйЭʲôѧݣ

ͷĦѧȽϺã߿Ǳ8
ѧеΨһһֵˡţΰ칫ҿ
˵ôпѧݡ

ĦУҸ˵Ҿٹ500̫꣬𡣡
˶ܿں˵˵ĦеķӦһǣʲôѧ
ݣ˵ҾϳԷͲóˡҲ˵
ʲôѧݣ֮仰Ǿ䡰ѾҲ߯ˡһ
Խκһ仰ĺ棬һ֦ӳǽһԽκһ
ʫĺ档



ȻҾÿѧȷʵȤҲǲԿЦС
дĶңҿ֤£дĹ
ڡĦСġʲôѧݡĶӶġ˳˵һ䣬
СblogɭһҵͼƬǷ֪ɭһҵȺ
һƻöƬFuturamaFuturama֪СΪ
ѧйصЦжáô

ȥ̫ܲȤһһ£νġʲôѧ
ݡӦôáС屾Ϊ仰ħˡ
ѧ˵ʲô鶼ҪгʽһĿѧˡ

ʵȻΪ֤ҲǷֲεġ˵һӣ
ôҲ㣬Ϊƽ˵20ӣôҾ
Ҫʾ֤ݣϾĳθޡ˵ڼʵ˳º˾۱䣬
ôҾҪʾϸĿѧ֤ݣΪº˾۱һͬѰš
൱ȷסСǸӣû˻᲻
εزͣѯʡʲôѧݡ

һЩ˿̾Ҫ˵СˡҲΪ
ɣⲻص㣨˳˵һ䣬ӵɲζҲ
ӵڱɣ֮»һЩĶҵ
˼ǣɣǲ磬С岻ᷴ
ЦЩ¥ݶǴ20Ĵȥ̫Ű壬Ҳᷴ
νֲһȺ̨ɨߦȼװࡣ˵һΣ
Ϊдһ˽ڵЦ˵û˻
СַȻСڶԴѧ̬ϡʹǾ
ʲôѧݡʱǡǡֵͬɨߦȵϡ

ǵģԿѧЦҲԿֵЦΪʲôС忪
Цĳ̶ȸϲȡЦѧĳ̶ȣҾãһƲǣС
˽ֵĳ̶ʤ˽ѧĳ̶ȡЩ˽֮Ȼ
ף췭ȥ˵ɨߦȵϣ൱޴ǵ㲻
ѧʱҲá٩һ¿ѧԵúܸ

¡˹ġʺ硷һᵽһô
ЦСЦ

һЩطԿѧп֪ȻڣΪڶгʹ
ı֡Ȼν׶ÿյѶһλ༭һСЦأݱ
ֽһĿɿڴʵ֮һӢȻ̫ŵ
תʱλ༭÷Ųһעͣ[ѵ𣿱]
һʾ֮һӢ˿ɯʿдأûб༭
Ĭؼװ֪˭

Сλʡѵ̫ŵתı༭ƺЩ֮


ѧ֮ԳΪǿɿķеҪԭ֮һѰ
͹۵֤ݣܲ⡢Ͳ԰׵ĵ٩ͬʱѰ֤ݲ
֤֤ݵķҲÿѧԽΪǡѧ򣬱
ʶڿԲֵ֪ڴ
ģ֪ʵһᵼʧСŪ
磬ܱվھĸӹ


1ǿѧ׳ҩԶˡļ򵥷

Сƪĵļÿһζ⣬ϣһԿѧ֪
ѧĵͷʽͲʹáΨѧ塱ˡһЩĨڵ
ַܾ䣨νѧѧƵġ֡νǿԭ۵ȵȣ
ͲظˡֻһЩ㡣磬С˵˵ڽƱ磬
ΪҺȶˡѵʱ֪ҲԼĶ˵ġҲ
֪ǷӦ仰ΪСдʱܿܺˡ
ģСǰһЩΪˡȷʵԼĶ˵
ġвһǼٵģǷζСʵϳ
ϲԲĶ˵ģһС˵һӿѧ
ˣôôࡱҲӲ֤һ㡣

ΣһԵĻ

С廹˵˭˭жĿݶȡ
ܺãǿûжСƪֵ֣Լ
һЩ֣ҼֱҪƸжˡǷζšΡ
ڡׯ԰˵ġƽȣһЩ˱˸ƽһ
Щһƪ˵ͻȻ𡰿ݶȡǲеɫĬ

ȤǣСͨƪڽ̡ˡ˽ڽ̡˵
˽ڽ̣ûʲôȻ˽
̡˼ȴͻȻðһ䡰ԿѧĽǶʥǲ
˵˵𡱡ߡԭּͽǷǳǳ
Ĳء

2ʺ硷˶ԿѧİƫǺС֢״ر
صļΣ

ѧԼĴҲв֪ĶܡȻ
һЩ˶Կѧȴǡǡ෴Ӣ̩ʿһλרBernard 
LevinʱᷢһЩҵԴǷԿѧ19961011գдһƪ
£ĿǡϵۡҺ͵˹ʿǡѧҲ֪Ҳ
֪֪Ҳ֪滹һ׿ʻ
ǵĿͨϵָκοѧҶἤҵؿ飬
֪ǲ֪ʲôǿѧҪһ֡ǡǡȥ
Ķ1994729յרϣBernard LevinЦ˿˵ĸ
Ϊ ڽһڿࡰ߹Ŀѧ
ƶ绰۵ɡ֮ͻȻ

ܳԿ𣿵ٵʱܰĴ

ֶʵڲֵüԻӦǽŴѧұѧAlan Cottrell
ʿڼ±༭лӦ䡣

£Bernard LevinʡܳԿ𣿡ҹÿҪԵ500, 
000,000, 000,000, 000,000, 000,001ˡʵġ

֪飬һ£ڴ֮ͥҫԿѧ
֪ʵڲñκα༭̡һЩطԿѧп֪Ȼ
ڣΪڶгʹı֡Ȼν׶ÿյѶһλ༭
һСЦأݱֽһĿɿڴʵ֮һӢ
Ȼ̫ŵתʱλ༭÷Ųһעͣ
[ѵ𣿱]һʾ֮һӢ˿ɯʿ
дأûб༭Ĭؼװ֪˭Խܿ
ҫԿѧ֪ԼƲѧĹ۵Ѿ˵ܶˣ
Melvyn BraggӢֵصۼ֮һһ
ڿѧҵ顶վھ˵ļϡһλ

ȻһЩ˷ǳ˵ǶԿѧһ֪·Ǹ
߼ȻֻԵ޴ǳΪӢ֪ʶĳ¸
ͳ٣Ϊе֪ʶرǿѧǡա

(XYS20071220)

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ѧ

̫

ôһЦ˵񵱼ʱһ񵽹
վڹ̨һء
ָǽϵ˵Ϊ̬
̨Ǳߵش˵ޣΪġҲ
񣿡

һֻгûо壬ֻм塢ûиĻ
Ҳֻܷ¡

ڵᣬڷͬ顣ѧѧû
˵ãÿ˶˵һʵʱԼ
ϿѧĽ£ÿѧװԼ档Ǿͷ·
ҶӸߺддҵд

ֻͣڹĵĳ棬һжãҶãǿ
󣬺ܺг

ǣĳЩ˵ܲҵǣѧҪﻯģҪ
嵽һ¡һϵġʱһȤ鷢ˣ
Ŷ֮ͷ뻣ʩβáҶ֮ߣʧ
ǣɫҶǺҲ÷Ҳ

˿Ĵ﷽ӣǿѧ
һﻯ;һЩˣȥװ棬
ʱߣʧǣɫ

Ȼ̨ǱߵֳɵĿԤ˵ǵģޣ
пѧͿѧġҲпѧ

(XYS20071220)

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ˣҮ³ѧStearnsָ𱱴ѧԳɷ

룺Ent 

2007＾ڱѧ

ĵʱΪһַأһ
Ǻ޳ܵšܼƾѧΪԶҵĿγв

ǰЩʱûоǣһλȥʵظǵ£
üЩͬѧʵظǶϮЩ֣Ǳʾл 

ЩΪҷǳգΪ֮ʦϵҲΪ
һЩڱ󡢹й飬ЩҶԸġ 

˺֮ĹϵΪΪ˵һʦŬһʱ
׼ýڣֻʱǵд꾡ķЩࡣ
󣬵ĵ500ƪµϸڵʱʲôоһ
Ϊѧ˼⣬ѧ˵رԼĹ۵㣬ѧԼ
ԣԼһУҲΪǣǵ뷨
룬Ƕܹ˼ǵжĻҲøá
Ժ·ǵе˻ΪҪλ쵼ϣܹ²ž
Ϊ޵޲ŵ쵼ܴĿѣѾ̫ˡ㲻쵼Ҳ
ϣ˶ǵдһЩмֵĶʲô
ƭĻһġ 

̵ѧӱ͵Ի˼ʱҸеƭͬ
ӡһԼΪʲôҪЩƭҵϿأ˵Ķݣ̫
ֵáбõö 

˲ǣѾΪйΪģʽһ֡йӹ֪ʶȨ
˵ӡҵ鳹ͷβΥ˹ʰȨЭ飬ʹʧ룬ҶԽֱӵ͵
ԣȻȴԴ˰֮ءٱ磬ֻԼһԪڽͷ͵DVD
ЩƬڱҪ϶ʮԪǵʧĴȫǱ
͵ߵģÿ꼸ʮڡΪƷǱڵĽвòٻأ
ѾǳˡֽϿصһίԱᱻַָȨ
ôش𣿡㶫ǻҿ÷ٵı
ѾΪص⡣ÿҵ˵ÿԼǧȥΪΪ
ʡΪϧΥ (עcut corners ָĳΪ롣)
̰¹ȥײ֮ŦĶѡɥ 

йƺѾʧĵ·˵ʩˡ˵˶Ų֪
ɡ(ֱǾţһʱ벻ԭô˵ˡ) ʵȺ
ĻһթͱѵУ޷棬˻ɭʽ
ÿÿΪСսնҰǲű˷Ķ
ûС˭ûȥͼظһŵĽֵ÷ǹ򣻶û
Ͳо֤ſɹ֪ʶҲûпѧûпѧͲм
ûмͲȲչˮƽĳҲͲ˶
õ 

ǽԽΪĳͷΪоԣͻֱӿ
ûѧλΪԱԣͻᶪ롣֪ǿܲţΪλ
鷭ľԼֳѧҽְȴȻн֮
λнˮȻڱ𴦲ˡԣ˵ְҵĿԾ
˻һŷȻ 

ڱ֮ԣһʵ˵ںԱΪ
ȻǶԴΪ̣ʱδͷڹȥܿ
ΪǲԸʩԳͷԾôⱡ 

ǵһЩϿεʱҸܵ˼ϲáͷԣ
κεطѷɫǵ˶¸ң󲿷˶Ŭ
˶ܳʵЩ൱ȻȥʱǸӵġôǰ;
ΪҪײܳɹʮġЩ˼ˣЩ
ĵĻƭˣ˺ûҪģԼ 

To my students in Beijing, Fall 2007: 
While grading papers today I encountered two more cases of plagiarism.
One was sophisticated but serious. The other was so blatant that it
was almost unbelievable. That makes a total of three students who
have failed my courses because of plagiarism. 

If I had not warned you and given you the opportunity honestly to
correct your essays, there would have been several more. I thank those of
you who were honest and showed me what you had copied. 

Plagiarism disturbs me greatly, both because it corrodes my relationship
with you as my students, and because it tells me things about China and
Beida that neither you nor I want to hear. 

It corrodes my relationship with you because I work hard to be a good
teacher, I take time to prepare good lectures, and I spend many hours
providing detailed feedback on essays. It is hard work. You cannot
imagine what it is like to correct the details of the 500th essay until
you have done it yourself. I do that to help you
learn to think more clearly, to express yourself convincingly, and to
develop your intellectual power, your ability to understand the world.
I also do it because I value you, I value your ideas, and I think the world
will be a better place when you can all think clearly and behave
intelligently. Later in life, some of you will be leaders with important
positions. I want you to be competent and honest,
for I have seen too often what terrible things can happen when
leaders are incompetent and dishonest. Leadership aside, I want all of you
to be able to create value in your lives, whatever you end up doing,
and you cannot do that if you deceive. 

When a student whom I am teaching steals words and ideas from an
author without acknowledgment, I feel cheated, dragged down into the mud.
I ask myself, why should I teach people who knowingly deceive me?
Life is too short for such things. There are better things to do. 

Disturbingly, plagiarism fits into a larger pattern of behavior in China.
China ignores international intellectual property rights. Beida sees
nothing wrong in copying my textbook, for example, in complete violation
of international copyright agreements, causing me to lose income,
stealing from me quite directly. No one in China seems to care.
I can buy DVDs in stores and on the street for about one US dollar.
They cost $20-30 outside China; the artists who produced them are
losing enormous amounts of stolen income, billions of dollars each year.
China has become notorious for producing defective products that have to
be recalled because the pose health threats to consumers. A recent cartoon in an
American newspaper shows the Central Committee reacting to an accusation that
they have violated human rights. The response? "Wait until they see what
we put in their toothpaste next!" Corruption is a serious problem in a booming
economy. For example, in the mining industry, about 5000 miners die each year
and mine owners cut corners in violation of the law. The social fabric breaks
when workers die because owners are greedy. The Mandate of Heaven is lost. 

China appears to have lost her way. Confucius said, do not
do to others what you do not want them to do to you. He also said, a
gentleman is honest. Honesty and reciprocity are the basis of trust and
community. We cannot get along in a world filled with deceit and defection;
such a world becomes a Hobbesian war of all against all, nasty and brutal.
We cannot do science if we cannot trust what others publish. There is no
reason to try to replicate a result if it cannot be trusted. It
would not be worth the effort. Without replication there can be no shared
knowledge that is tested and trustworthy - that is, no science. Without
science, there can be no technology. And without technology, there can be
no steady increase in productivity, economic growth, and a better life for all. 

The penalties for plagiarism that you will encounter later in life are very
serious. If you do it as a graduate student, you can be expelled from
university, and you will not get your degree. If you do it as a faculty
member, you can lose your job. I know you may not believe that, for
the sociology professor at Beida who translated an entire book into Chinese
and published it with his name on it only lost his administrative positions
but kept his professorship and salary. But things are not like that elsewhere.
When plagiarism is detected in the United States, it can end the
career of the person who did it. That is also true in Europe. 

The fact that I have encountered this much plagiarism at Beida tells me
something about the behavior of other professors and administrators here.
They must tolerate a lot of it, and when they detect it, they cover it up
without serious punishment, probably because they do not want to lose face.
If they did punish it, it would not be this frequent. 

I have greatly enjoyed teaching some of you. I have encountered young minds
here that are as good as any in the world. Many of you are brave, most
of you work very hard, most of you are honest, and some of you are brilliant.
But I am leaving with very mixed feelings. It is quite sad that so many
promising young Chinese think it is necessary to cheat to succeed. They
damage themselves even more than the people from whom they steal and the
people whom they deceive with stolen words. 

Sincerely, Steve Stearns 

(XYS20071220)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ѧвӦŪ١ϺʿϮİ

ֱ
20071219

һЩ̵˵ڵؼٻ⣬ּİС֡

ǰڵزʿʹѧڣϮߺͬºģ
ݼһģһ¼ڱؼڵѧۣЩ򷢳ʣ
ΪδѧںͲʿҪգԱ˵£ѧΪλɲ
ԷǷʹѧȡйأ

Եȥ9£Ѱҹڵ󾭼ϵϣһ
ƪIEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineersߵ
ʦѧ)վصĻģĿʶϸĸĺȷ
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Աԭġߺһֺ󣬾IEEEͶߣߵͬ¡ȫ
ͦȥййطദ
ѧ粻֮硣

ȥ12ʥڼ䣬յһλߵĵʺ͵绰
ͨѧĲʿҵΪϮһǵǸԼӢ
ʦȴҪӢģҪʴ˲Ż²ߣԱ
¡ʵϣڵشѧĲʿģӢ׫дɵ


յ´ţᵽѧյ֪ͨй
ȡʿѧλڵʦֻʧΣֹͣ
оʸ꣬ҪԭߵǸʵϣҺͬδյ
κʽĵǸ

ȻѾйͶߣ¼Ӧһ䣬ѽĴ
֪IEEEѧɵ飬֪ǵйط
ȴһֱӣ϶ϡ

9£һġ顱IEEEĵ֤ʵûվص
ǳϮģȻȫ̸3ߵ֮һĲʿ
ֹͶ3ꡣ̵ǣòʿѲѧ繤ѵ˸߹١
˽Ͷȫû塣ʿĵʦߡȴ븺κ


ߴIEEEվϤȥһڼ䣬ûỹǸں
˺Ķƪ£ԱߵͶš治֪£
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ѧУѧ߹ͬоͷģ涼ҪΪ˸Ρķ
ǰ()ҪǩļȨѧ繫£Ҫ
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(XYS20071220)

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(XYS20071220)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

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ӳиҵǿԵģͬʱһƪӦ⣬Ϊ漰
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(XYS20071220)

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ʱʾƺҵϻл

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¬٣ʡҵҰվվϻӶӳ

(XYS20071220)

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Ǻҩ

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ҩðҩ ԺжǼҩᵽĽҽԺҼҲ
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(XYS20071220)

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ɡаסҩ˵



ҪҪҽ⣬Ҳֹһӣ᲻һĪһ
ǣҲûֳʵĽۡǴУǴһֶ
ÿͻȻ⣬ǰĳжаסһʣ
ǰҩȻδţ֮԰Ϊḻ룬
ԼѨλǳʶЩЩǿأһζҩ˱ǻĹ
˹ԾţͯҩΪǰģԻЩ
Ϊǡ

˻δ⣬ÿʱⲻһʾȻ֪һһ
ٶһµĽ⡰аסһζҩ˽Խ࣬Խ
вʸУеӦãθӿ״˵ʵζҩ
ð֪ͬʱҲԶԶ˰

а׵ı٣˪˪爤׈˪
ӣ˵ǰе㲻ԣǴ׻ˣȻ
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ڷ֮䣬԰˵ȫǶԸһս

ڰƽľЩ롣֮סҩɫأ
һһٶ֮ðҵһζҩDDлơڡ
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ɡµȵȡöķҩҲţȽ
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һȨݣ˵ݡݸĿأԷҩ漰ˡݡ޵32
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ӡǧҽǷǳġеи
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ȫǾĻۣɵƵĳϦ֮ճ
ĥŵ֮ƺ̫Ŀѧԭ
ѧ˼άĹüжȷ˵ͻΣ
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Ľ죬Ҳʱûоǡķ㣬Ҫ
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⣬ΪֱӾöֲҩǾܼ
֮ʱˮ̡壬ȻﵱȻţ
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(XYS20071220)

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ҿƵھɴ6

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ֵעǣԡӱһֺе˵ǻΪ
дʼ䣬ɡ1972ɽȸɽĳ֤ȷ
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ȵֹ¼¼¼ǳдḶ́岡
ǳϸ˾ĸ˵ҲǺӣͣΪʲôûѧ
ࡶƵھĽ;ǣǼûѧҲûࡶƵھ
ѧġдҽ飬ˡƵ⾭ȵ⾭Ծ
ⲻǿܵģӦǱȻġ



(XYS20071220)

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ʵ֤Ҳܷ񶨡ָ١



ġйƼĿڲƤ顷ĿһƪЦ
СƷʲôָأ˵973Ŀ֮࣬Ҳʲô
ֺʲץڿ̣Ӱֹ
ȨһΪһִĹְԱ򹫹Ҫ
ֳŪѿҲȻͲҪȥְԱ
غʿڹ8꣬㳣ʶӦеġˣĸЦ
СƷҲǷָУҪ֤ʵޱҪ
˵ĸоĺֻνʵ٣ҪָĴ͸
ûеˣΪʿԼͺȥ£
Ҫ˷졣Ҳ̣Ϸʵ٣Ҫָ
ܺãԼʵһ£һٳС֤һ
ԭֵҲ֤ԼȱƣⲻǳԸ

ܹǸЦСƷµһ˼ȷģ
ǻȷģ˵ܶоѴûڿбϣĿ
ܵˡȻҲϸʵ֤Եõ֤ǿΪй⣬
оûȫܻͬеġ˵Ϊϸʵ֤
֤Ķû壬ĻͳΪѧרˡοһ
⣬дСƷҲǹΪҲǾṫ
ְԻ衰ʵ٣ҪָĴס죬Ǻе


˵ʲô١˵׼ȷЩ
٣ʵ֤ٵȻãҲܷ񶨡ָ١ָ١
ΪЧͼֵܿڷָٻָٵĳ֣³
ʵ֤ٵοǰֵ߱ģ򱳡

ʿҪһȥһƪЦķСƷȻ󣬵Ҳ
˵˵ĺ޵Чʵ䷴дˡ1953˳
ǽһԻٻ

µعϵģҲԹ¶ģô
¾Ǹѿġ⵹湻ģȴֲʵ˵
ٽҲûãԲضţ١룬ĸ¿
˿϶Уôǡţ١Ҫ˵ţ١ƺ񵹸
ʸ˵ĻһƪЦķСƷҲǶţ٣
νȫжϼ֤Ϊ1953ƺˡ1953˵
Ƿڿ˺ʿ˸񣬵˼ұϾˣҲ޶ڹ
ʿҪѹתΪ˽ϣǣ˼ҵĸף
͵ǲģοڱ߿ʱӱĳЩѧ
֮ҪߵĶࡣǺʿһʱͿˣֻԱڶ
ˣĳλﱻӵĽҶ߳ŭֻӦһȻ
ҪǺʿĬв£Ϊ

ʿǸѧңǹԵĿѧңҾӦ
ĬУҪŵģŸ˸

(XYS20071220)

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ʿյ𣬼רȺ̬

1953

д桱ΩΩФѽǹѪ
ͷȴ类ίί֡԰ѵ߷ŷţʡƷһ
רظǿ顱Сεεǰƣ
ҡСˣδרѵáʤٲͲ
ǡͲɾҪȳˣʹ˱ڶ
á㡱ɽʦ̫ͣڻˣǡ20ؿۡ档

ݶ꣬ȤԡжϲXYSɡԺƷλʹ޵ѧ
縡ꡢ¡þɡЩ볣ʶ߼ͨĵ
;˵ֻ׾ѧù˵˵лʵ֤
٣ɶϲðǷգˡʡԺĹ˾е
ǶǻԺŶĻ֤

򵱽רߣͷƬƽͷ󡢵ȼ
УСˡƸԺʿԺգҼ
XXXƻ򹤳̵ԴΣ们ȴҲйɫģܿ
ѧ١רңޡͻĵģ˶ԱֵԱı
Ƚǡйʲô£Ǯ١̡רҵĻȫˣ
һҪͨ¶ӰߡרὨ޿ɺǣΧ
񡱡ص㹤̡ڹͣѼÿѧȨ쵼
ߵģװơ޸˸ˡƣܰƿ׵
ҲǹҶӣ縺 񡣸ʲôרҵûϵҪʵݣѵ
ӡȤ͡塱ģģױ
ޣǱĺͻؿۣǱȨơ

רرæ˾180죬÷5RMBæ֮޷
󡢷ǮרƢҲرǺһ壬
ʹùʲôҲԶõݵλرгɾ͸УҲ
Ҫأǡнûһ࣬ǧ

רߣΪͨרҵڵ½ڶҵ֮ˡԣ
ʡӦǹڵĸ̾50һϴȾ
Ȼ֮⣬ۿѲѧбˡ϶ĵƴ
ȫġ֡ȨݵģΣ֡ˣ
ЩרעġȻרҵ⣬ǱѧҲ١ȺΣ
סҲʱСİ𡱵ģΡϡ֮ĳǿ
ʡ Щ95 ģֻյ
ģİõأ渺𡱵أпϵġŹо
֡Сϻ򿴲顣

ǳʶ˵𣡲ˣ㻹ǽ㣿
ġ

(XYS20071220)

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ҿ̫أʲôǶ˸

ߣforex

紵ս޹ģϿ̫ءʵ̲ס䡣
ġ˸񡱡ȿڶ˸˵

1 ظEnlightenҶԶ˸ʶʶ̶ˣ
һ̫רһڲġ

2ظƽ˼һûж˸˽ѵһ
˸ˡ

3̫أΪ̫˻ôͣʵ£
ͷԼ򵥣Ŀȱ֪֮Ҫǣ˽
ȱθУԴԺ̫ʱ򻹻֤һûж
˸Һε˵ȣһֵϵԽбȻ


λٿӦûñȽ֣ġ˸񡱵Ǹʲ
ôأζ壩Ǹʲôжϱûж˸ģʹѾ
һױ׼Դ̫صһϵ϶̫ûж˸ô˼ֻ
ظһۣ;ݴжϱûж˸񣬻ߡҶԶ˸
ʶʶ̶ˡǷǳϽġ

ҵľ飬ĳ˺ĳ߿ǿĳ
ôı֮ԼĶ˸񣬶Һܲ
ľ˵ûԼУʹһ˻ȱλ
Բο˵԰סҶͶܷܲúأһΪϣ
õӵϿɣһΪϣõѵķҪյģ
ղǷһ˵㣬ŪǵҪϿɲŸˣֻ˵
ڷӻǶġ

һۺ˼Һε˵̫أȣһ
ϵԽбȻ仰ǽ̫ءͷԼ򵥣Ŀ
˽ȱθУһûж˸֮˵ġҲ
Ȼ ϵԽС ǽ̫һ˶ԻǶеġͷԼ򵥣
Ŀûж˸񡱵˶Եġǽ̫һˣô˵
ϵԽвȡ̫Ƿɵƣ˸̫ҲǶġ
еġͷԼ򵥣Ŀûж˸񡱵˶Ȼһ
ֵϵԽУô˵Ҳ֮еһԱ

ܵĹϵҿԴжΪܱӵС
˸񡱣ҡͷԲ򵥣ĿⲻȻܲ
ϵԽСϧͷԲ򵥣Ŀⲻ С˸񡱵
ܻҪ·ѧĴҥԴҲò˵ġͷԣ
Ŀ⣬˸浽ĸ⡣

̫ص˵۽˼룬̸˸񡱣ΪǺġϧһ۽
˼룬Ŀѧ˼㲻ˡѧѵˣӦעôʣ
ʹÿʵӶ֤Ҷһ¡ܺϲ
һЩĸĻ˵ķλٿһ
ѧȥĹ۵: 

ͬҲһԣѧĽǶȣҵΪ˵
Ҳδɣʱֻáһ滻硰˼С
Ŀꡱ֮˵ѡƵأΪѧҲһѧЩ
ĿѧǧټƹĴѧѧԳơѧߡˣ
̫ࣩ֮ݽѧѧ岻԰ΰˣ
ûġѧǱѧѧҲһֲ
ӵѧ

λдúңҡҵǣȰѰѡ͡˼
СĿꡱЩȻ˵Ҳһ֡Ϊ
߻ҪС˼С͡ĿꡱģѾ͡
ˣƵĻİ취δóѧҲ
һѧۣȻһҧ̫ݽѧѧ塣˼
ֵģΪݽѧѧǡˡ

ѧǧټƹĴѧѧΪѧʵ֤;ȷ
صѧ߱ġ߱ʵ֤;ȷĿѧӦ
߱صѧӡѧѧϽӦ
һ𡣿ѧȲϣõѧϿɣҲѧʲô
ԽУǸѧϣõѧϿɡ仰˵ѧġ˸
ǶѧģѧС˸񡱵ġ

(XYS20071220)

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ɭĴѧɱʹƲϽ

Ѱ

ɭΪйѧɱʵ֮һȻһΪ
ɭĴѧɱʹƲϽ

ݵԴϵȱݣҲ֤ʵ֤αĹƣΪһȻ
󣬲ͬҷĹһ̶ͨģǰù֯
ݣ˵Ŀǰ궼ɱʵĸ߷ȺӤ׶ɱ
ĿԺܵͣ˵ɱ˿ƽˮƽɱ
ѧ1824꣬һ
εɱҪƽˮƽҪ֤ǵʵƽˮƽһ
ֲͬѰţҪвͬѰ֤ݡ

йкܴĻ뾭ϵԣһϵɱ
ǹ֧ʵֵģйͻûУйܻ
ͨ¥ɹɱġйԶŮ
ԵɱʣйŮɱʸԡɱķ뱣
ҿԽΪʲôйѧ벩ɱʵƽˮƽ˵
ΪԽλߣиľԴȵȣԸΣȺ
ĽԵù⣬Ը𰸿ҲԸһĹ
ơ

1990-2001ɱڸεķֲ(ÿɱ
)˽ȺεķգڹͬʵǱҪģ
Ⱥдһ

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
 5-14	0.08	0.07	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.06	0.08	0.07
15-24	1.32	1.31	1.30	1.35	1.38	1.33	1.20	1.14	1.11	1.03	1.04	0.99
25-34	1.52	1.52	1.45	1.51	1.54	1.54	1.45	1.43	1.38	1.35	1.28	1.28
35-44	1.53	1.47	1.51	1.51	1.53	1.52	1.55	1.53	1.54	1.44	1.46	1.47
45-54	1.48	1.55	1.47	1.45	1.44	1.46	1.49	1.47	1.48	1.42	1.46	1.52
55-64	1.60	1.54	1.48	1.46	1.34	1.33	1.37	1.35	1.31	1.24	1.23	1.31
65-74	1.79	1.69	1.65	1.63	1.53	1.58	1.50	1.44	1.41	1.36	1.26	1.33
75-84	2.49	2.35	2.28	2.23	2.13	2.07	2.00	1.93	1.97	1.83	1.77	1.74
85+	2.22	2.40	2.19	2.28	2.30	2.16	2.02	2.08	2.10	1.92	1.94	1.75
65+	2.05	1.97	1.91	1.90	1.81	1.81	1.73	1.68	1.69	1.59	1.53	1.53
	1.24	1.22	1.20	1.21	1.20	1.19	1.16	1.14	1.13	1.07	1.07	1.08

ʮɱͣ꣨1524꣩ˮƽ
1999˿ƽԤرǽеĸ
Ԥʩйأ֤ѧܳɹԤġʾɭĹ
ǿܵģݣҾֿԳֲкܴĲȷ
ԣҪֱ֤ݡڸɱʲһ£˿ڵ
ͶƽˮƽнϴӰ죬仯ᵼɱʵߡ

ֲԼԿ϶ڵȺڴѧɱ
ʣ෴ҪرĹעɭòžڲ
ɱɱȺỷǺܺģҲСȨɱ
ȺĽǶȽбȽϣ̫Сͳѧϵ鷳δؾ
壬ȺԤϽԲɱĹעǲʵģûбҪġ
òҪȥıᡰӢеľӢ۵뷨Ϊ
ԼٲɱǻЦġ

ɭѧȺġʡǲʵģҲ֪
ѧǷСʡ֪ѧû
ϲ鵽Ķָ˵ʵ
ǴĸһαƸɱӦ
ʡôѧȥĲġʡֱǸЦ
Ӧ5µ׶조ʡ࣬Ϊǻǲ
ɱģ

ɱʱҪѧҪ뵱Ȼ

(XYS20071220)

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̸Ҫݡ
qfqsܹͬ "Ҫ"

ߣһwww.365hope.com


Ҫߣ׫дԭ뱾Ĳǹغ̡ڡѧҪ
ԣҪݡУҵ̬ȷģѧҪԣҪݡǰߣ
飻ںߣвͬȻ֮¡ڽ⣬
йԼ绪ȦʼģҲǺ飬Ͼѹ
""qfqsܹ֮ͬ"Ҫ"ָ"Щν""
ǻ""ʷ˶໵"Դ֤ʥ"еֲ"
½ڣҲ顣Ϊ
qfqsԭĵı⣬нһ֮Ҫλȶ

ڡѧҪԣҪݡУҶֿ̬ȣȻָ
˵ڽԵġ

Ѱһ־ϵĳּл߱ӻԭ̫
ӣΪ漰˵У˵ǼΪӵ⣬˺
ÿѧ֮ԼȫͣΪڱäĿġǷ
ҲǸֵжϵ⡣߶ԣСԶ
׼Ѱں̶ܴʹ˰һЩաѹ
Ӷĳ̬ڼҲûʲôãΪ
Υѧġ⣬Ը⿴ҽ˸Ѱ
һõľУջʹõɱɱȫ
Ǹ˵˽£ǹΪʲôǷǵǿ˼"ſѧ"˼
"ڽ"ţأһԸѣͬڹȥһʱ
ŷʱ"ˮ"Ĺ˽׼Ϳ""һ 

Ը˵ڽֿ̬ȣϿĽ壬Ҳ
ԭ֮˼롣ɫɫ˰ո֮ҪʥԴƪһ
ٶֽ ̻н̻ԼĽ͡·ԼĽ͡Ӷ
ԼĽ͡ĪΪġΪͳΪų켺
ʱգٸ1962-65ڶδ֮Ҳĵһ˶
ߡˣ"δ" 

Ҳ˵Ǿѧ϶ڽС磬ʥг
Ŵ˵Ϊìܡصԡ谭ᷢչ˼
롭֮"װŪ"ƺû˻Դ˸ϵ
ͬⲢȻΪǶŷĳڽ̸費ݡѹ
ϺԵɣοִҲ᱿׾ᶮ"߶֮"
"յȫ"֮ڽ̱äĿΪ 

ȥŷ˶Ӧö֪һŷڽѾ
׻ˣѾΪ˸˵˽ˡȥòμݵ˺٣
Ҵ֮ˡϴܶҲǷǻͽʽ
Ļ仯û̫˰һ£˼ٵĿߡ 

ʵϣйٷڽҲ˺ܴĿݶȣйڵҲ
ԭ򣩣Ĭڽڽиڽ̻ֵ
δγ֮գ֮ϿǴǰδеѹˣѰ
־оͲѧ۶Ϊһصˡ 

ȻˣΪʲôǶ"ˮ"ǵһ˵
һôأ

(XYS20071220)

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ԶɽׯӰ

zeroyear

ˡ꡶ׯӰ塷ָֺ̫̽Ϊԡ
оԶɽķ»ץסҪ㡣˼̫ص±ϷŰķ
ҲǶԡׯӰ塷ⱾֻǶԶɽΪ
٩磬̫ؽáɳɹɶݳϹԶɽִԣ
Ϊ˿۵ı̫ϷŰʵǺܵλģҲ
ǡǡȤ˵̫ϷŰϷŰûȫԶɽоļֵ
Զɽαܾ̫ط·ҪأںԶɽ
Ѿʹȴƺûش⡣һԶɽ
еһ֣

׾ׯӰ塷ٳ֤ݣ֤1911ս֮ǰׯ
ӵķרư岻ܱκ˹񷢡Ϊׯӵķרư壬
Լ꼰ׯӡ˾ܺܶׯӵķר
壬֪Ĵ۸ģʼ˾ׯѧ塣ǷׯѧĹ
ͨвŪһǧ߰ꡣ

Ҫʵ⣬һǰԶɽ֡ܡ߼ׯӵķרư
Ȼܱκ˹񷢡ôԶɽ֪һ
رרƵġ֡䱻أҲ˵Զɽƾʲô
ׯǱׯأΪȻգ²ֶΣѡׯӡ
Ǵư

ׯӵķרư֤αҲ˵ׯӸûзר
壬ûרƵġ֡йʷأҲ˵
ôܱׯûзרưأ˵Զɽ޵
ģ¾ׯӸ޷רţԶɽҲǲӦģ
ƣ̫ػԶɽʲôϣԶɽĻشǡ
ׯӰ塷ȼҪػش⣬ȥݶⱾ
Ȥ

(XYS20071220)

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´ҹҲ˽

steven

´ҹ˵

ˡһ𡱵ĻǹõȥΡ
Ļ쵱ͻ㵽״ڶĲ𡱣㻹ܻ˳
ǹӶΪ㲻ڹѧУУ԰̵꣩Ϸǹ
㲻Ǿ죬ֲFBIʲôĺϷװִԱ¥˾
ҲгǹȨֻ˽صķΧѲ飩Ļ

ûô򵥣´ҹܲ뵱Ȼĺ˵ͬݶ Carry 
Concealed Weapon (CCW) permit,ԺϷǹ˶롣 CCW 
ڹڳϣϣЯǹеνڳϵĶ൱ӣΪ
漰ͬĹȨԺĹϽȨѧ
shopping malls˽ˡͬݵ CCW һҲһͨáЯ
ǹʮָӣ´ҹܡ˵ô򵥡

(XYS20071220)

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ԡŪһ֧ǹĴϻλԣĲ 

TexasRanger 

Ūһ֧ǹĴϻλԣ(XYS20071219 ߣ
ҹ)˵ --[ǰư׵ĺϷԺϷǹǹֻ
ԼĹԢļܡڡ˵Ŀ
ϣϴּ䣩λΡˡһ𡱵Ļ
ǹõȥΡĻ 쵱ͻ㵽״ڶ
Ĳ𡱣㻹ܻ˳ԾǹӶΪ㲻ڹѧУ
У԰̵꣩Ϸǹ㲻Ǿ죬ֲFBIʲôĺϷ
װִԱ¥˾ҲгǹȨֻ˽صķΧѲ飩
Ļ] ꣩ 

дȷ֪һ¡

ǹ ÿݵķɻ᲻һ磬ڵ¿˹ݣǹԷ
 ͨķǹԼĳڼһ 
ڰǹɴ͹ ´²͹ݿҪС
ˣڴϻΡ ܴѧУУ԰ҽԺء

(XYS20071220)

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βһ;

JJZ

β, лֽ, ץС. С㻹
һ;,һֱ統֪ʱŴӵСѧ--.

иĵˮ㡣еĵطУ㡢㡢
ȡΪ͵ʳ࣬ǵ࣬ͨϢˮݴ
ϸľˮ΢ˮУ鲼ںӡˮ⡢ˮڣʱǱ
ˮײ. ϲԻСϺС. ûмٶ, ûСϺ
С. ǿĻֽС㵱.

ǻСץܶ໨ֽС, òҪ̫. 
ʱ湳Ҫܶ๳ӲȺ, һȺСβ㵱. ܳԵ
㡣

ǿĲβҲ, йĻкܶ
.

,ѳԵ͵㡣ǰЩǵġ㡱
(Snakehead)Щýɿֲӡ֡˵
йģѶ㹹вһЩ˵߼ǣйѳΪ
вйǿµģй㶼ǿµġ

(XYS20071220)

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