                         ˿µϣ20080102գ

08.01.02, ܿϵбѧϮš¼ʼĩ
08.01.02, JFFѧϰФҽƹصŵ߸ȥ
08.01.02, ֪ߡѧʲôУ⹫Ƹ
08.01.02, ΢ʾաɻֲκѧΪ뵽ɽѧڼ
08.01.02, ɽѧ΢רҵƲӽڣҪٺ˺
08.01.02, mileٲȻ츣
08.01.02, ˻Ѱ¿ƹԺʿĿؼšһı·֡
08.01.02, ϡҽڵһ㲹䡷
08.01.02, ˫һ˵³ѸŰ Ϸĩһۡ
08.01.02, ġγǽֹɷãС㡷
08.01.02, XYZĵ⡷
08.01.02, ѰҽҵҪижġҽ¹ʼط飨ϣ
08.01.02, iheaingȴһſźɱʱ׼ġ
08.01.02, ̷ִҽѧйѰ֡
08.01.02, ̷ɾ̷ּ̽⡷
08.01.02, ̷ͼضGadfly֮ɡ
08.01.02, ̫߿ĿС
08.01.02, fujitaձѧĹǷ񶨾Ͻڻ˵νٵָء
08.01.02, slڱνǷձѧһ¡
08.01.02, 󷡶MaleiѡޱǣΪʲôй

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ѧϮš¼ʼĩ

20080102ܿ

20071224գѧѧ淶ίԱУ԰Ϲҳ20071š
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ҳҽƣ԰ֻҽѧжԺΪѰõҽ
Ϊҽ·֧ҹΪ˵õ
ҽҽҵ洦ɼҪҲȴǲܣ
ֵ֧ҵңȴһҵ

ҵΪڰ̷ϵж˱־ˣҽ
ԱôǷȱרҵרҵйҽΪΪ֮⣬ڴ˫С
˫һУҽֻмСΣ̷ҲҪΪҽԺ绤һ
ҽô졣ҽڻߣΪҽԺɻ˺
ֻ֧ߡô򵥵Ĵ𰸲ֻ⵽̷ȵĳЦҽԺҽһң
ȥɣΪһˣʧȥģ˵ĵ壩
ҽȱεı֣ҽԺƲ˿飬ҽҽ
ʧҵǴӾûѧйҽֳΪ
ӵúܡ

Ҷ֮ûȤԼĳ̿խǺ֪֮ģΪ
˾Եƣҵ۶Ҫڶߵ֪
˼ûȤ˼뵼ʦΪ˼粻漰ǲ
ģڹ귨£Ϊӡ

̷˵Ҳھ֤ãоյҽ¹ʷ
Ϊ֤֤δزã˲ͨģѧ
һ˵ڴ˾ķ̽һ¡ٴڷѧֻһ
ֱ۷ѧģܵʱɼ¸ϸˣ
϶۵ģ⣬йרҵԱָ

ҽ¹ʷǸ߶רҵһѧרҵԱѯ
Ҫҽ¹ʦMedical Malpractice Lawyer˾
ͨʦִసרҵԱָ̽
⣬Ȥĵһϡ

ҽ¹ʷĻеȨTortӢϵУ
ϵĻͨٵдʣڳڵķչУҲ
˺ԵĿǰΪֹӦͨΪͨķ
ϵķϵУݷڷϿͬ
Ӧҽ¹ʷͺܸӣ淨Ա߶רҵ

󲿷ҽ¹ݵȨҲԸݺͬϣҽ
¹漰רҵ񣬺ܶʱûȷĺͬҽ¹רҵ
ʧProfessional Negligenceеһࡣרҵʧָճʶרҵ
ԱProfessionalsرӵг˵ļܵרҵԱδ
ӵеԷרҵɷ𺦡Ѱ
Ľоԭɹʧֲδ˺ʱ
Ӧ״̬

ȨжȨѭ֤Ҳ˵
Ȩľ֡ȨΪָȨˣTortfeasorǷ˺˱˵
ƲȨδзɴ˺ڴϣɷֳɹ
ǹģǰ߳ƹȨIntentional Torts߳ƹʧ
Negligence

ȨAssaultڹΪ˺Battery
ΪӴ˺ǷѺFalse Imprisonment
IIED Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distressթ
Fraud⣬ӣNuisanceָӱȨܲƲȨǷ
ֲҵTrespassȨDefamationȷķ棬ڹ
ȨΪФ߷ӾȨȨʣҥ
SlanderָԹ̰LibelָͨӡˢƷֹ
ָȨ˶ԱȨ˽бʵʵۣʵΪݣ
ܷɡ

ǰ۹ͬΣ˵ͬɷΣ岻̫׵
ΪΣVicarious liabilityһȷķΣָΪ˵
Ϊһʱ߷˶ΪпʱҪΪ˵
ΪеΣ縸ĸҪδŮ߹ԹԱԼ
ʱҪΪ˵ĺڴ˫С˫УҽԺҪҽԱΪ


ڹʧУԭΪѵž֤֤
֣

һ	λDuty of CareǱԭ
ָͨȽƳлᾡ

	ʧBreach of DutyǱδжԭ
ʶԭǱڵķնδٸ÷գԭ
δʶ÷յһȽ˻ڴ˳ʶ˷գ涼
ʧ

	ʵϵFactual CausationԭҪΪ
ʧʵϵĺ֮佨ϵǿڱʧú
ᷢ

ġ	ϵLegal causationʵϵҪתΪ
ϵֱԭProximate causeӦļԭ
Remote causeϿֱԭ򣬲ϿɼԭϿɷ
ϵΪӡ顣һЩ׼ԤԣForeseeabilityԭ
ԤֱԣDirect Causationûм䲽裩ԣRisk 
EnhancementԭӳָýķԣԼνͬգHWRHarm 
Within RiskڿԤԷշΧڣϵԾ˵
ҽʧ󣬻𣬻ûܿ·ϵϰˤȣ
ȵĺܿԽʵϵϵȴΪǼϵ
ϵʧֱϵǷϿɵ
ϵ

塢	˺Damageɷϵȷϵ˺
˺˺˺߼˺ɷӱ
ؼտף˺Ӧǿ⳥ġ˺Ŀ⳥һԭ
򡣼ҵľӣҸףҪͬһ¾ӣ˵þԴ
ĸһ޶ҪǸԴĸľӣϣҵǮƣʲ
ôе񣿵ѰԵʵ壬ųʵԡƵ̬
ںܶеҲںǵںڴҲ
ܵ˺Ψһںҵʵ岻˺Ҫָʵԭ״
пʵ֣˵ҽҵ̬ȱ
Эı֡ڹΪпԺ˶ͷ˺Punitive DamagesĿ
ǷֹΪĳ֣ڹʧһ㽲ȫ̶ȣ
ԭͨϻ

ҽƾȨʱԭľ֤Ҫҽе
ҪӦ̷Ҫ־˵2004Nebraskaһ
Hamilton v. Bares, 678 NW 2d 74ԭڱ洦Ѱۼƣ潨
ԭаԭδٴδܽ⡣
ԭ淢ظ棬1۾鲻㣬2δʵԲԣ3
ϲȷδȫⲢʵƣ4ʧ
5δ֪ͬظŲܴһ
Nebraska߷Ժߺ󣬷Ժ󣬷Ժ飨෨ͨ
ʶзɼֵ˵

ҽ¹ʵ漰רҵʧ֤ԭ棬ԭӦ֤
˵(1)㷺ܵҽƷ׼(2)Ϊƫı׼
(3)Ϊƫ׼ԭо˺ֱԭԭñȽ
֤֤ŵÿһɷ֡ǱĹʧԭ˺ֱԭ
ֱԭ֮һĹʧϿɡ עΪӡ

˵

ҽ¹Уԭͨר֤֤ҽĹʧ

йҽҪףظ֪ͬ⣨Informed Consent
ͬ飬Ҳǩ֣ҽδʵи֮ͬ
һŷֽͬظ档ָ֪ͬʵ֮
ҽƾ߷պõĻͬ⡣

ȨԭһҪԼжҽ¹ϵľҪ
ȷԭڴӵʲôľ֤

ԭ渺о֤ȷҽԱһδô򵥣ԭ
ߵĳɱʵпظ棬ôϵĳɱӣ
һʼ٣⳥ӣֲϳɱǰҵΪ
㣬ĳɱںֲĻߡ

ҽ¹ϲףݱ󲿷ֵĴ޹գ
աŲоݡ1999ԭӮ36%ϣ2005ֻ31%
Ӯ⳥300ȫйҽʧ룬
1999ƽ⳥Ϊ290Ԫ2004Ϊ4302005Ϊ380Ԫ
⳥Ϊ2005DallasһλҩĲˣŲþ
66ԪͥǰߵЭ飨Э˫ʦ涨⸶
ޣʵ֧2Ԫ˵ʵ֧òߵĻҿ
ʵ⸶ߵӡ

200089գAllan Navarro ѧҽԺʲôѧ
ϵCarrollwoodԺΪͷʹģͷΣʶҼ˫ӡ
ʷаѪѹ򲡡Ѫ֬зļʷʿע⵽߲ȡ
ҽHerranzڵͻȻͷʹеʲô
ͷﱬըˡ߿ظHerranzδȫɼʷ񾭷ļ顣
ڸԺԼ6СʱCTҽAustinԡףͷʹ
ϣֹʹҩ뿹غ򷢻ؼˡڶϣNavarroͷʹ
硢ٻġʶҡѣ6ٽиԺδ׼
ȷϣתԺѧҽԺFletcherԺΪз磬
ڼԣĸºƫ̱뾫ϰĺ֢

߷ظ棬ҽHerranzҽAustinԼǵĹ
Carrollwood Emergency PhysiciansFranklin Favata & HullsΪ棬
2006910£汻оеҽ¹Σΰ

豾˹1560ҽ˵61.6򣨹ȥģʧ4650ֲ
ȥģʹĥѣ5250ֲɷ񡢰ο罻
Լעʧ Scottie150ֲԸ׵ķ񡢰ο顢
罻ʧܼ11ǧ670ԪŻþ110Ԫ
ͷ⳥21ǧ680Ԫ

УҽԺΣ永˼ҽŶӶ
Allan NavarroйǷлӮÿظ棿

̷ΪʡҽԺΪ̱Ժڷ
˲ȷôھ֤õأǷΪԶ
ȷĻƻ߾޷ظأо˫С˫ͬƵһЩ
ͨϵе̱ҪעĸؼҽԺҽ
֤ݵҩϧҩá

                                 |ݱ                     ʧ                               о|⳥

Melissa Salamanca          ӢBrockley      ҽԺʿδ               650Ӣ
DDDDDDD            DDDDDD      Ի                   DDDDD
δ֪                        ô                  ҽʿ                   1250Ԫ*
DDDDDDD           DDDDDD       ʧδἰ                   DDDDD
Oliver Felton                   Ӣ                      ʼSurreyҽԺ               500Ӣ*
DDDDDDD           DDDDDD       ʧδἰ                    DDDDD
Joshua                             Ĵ              ҩMisoprostolʵ            75Ԫ*
DDDDDDD           DDDDDD       ҽԺ֪ͬ             DDDDD
Odysseus                         Maine               ҽԺδʸ                    800Ԫ
Bejarano                          Massachusetts       ҽԺδʸ                   2650Ԫ 
δ֪                        Illinois                   ҽ45     1200Ԫ
ĸDebra Gardner           Iowa                      ҽʸδ໤̥       1350Ԫ
Casey Pellicer                 New Jersey           ܲλ                7080Ԫ
DDDDDDD            DDDDDD     ȱ515            DDDDDD
δ֪                       California              δʵ      11100Ԫ
Nicholas                         Connecticut           ʧ󣨾δ֪         3600Ԫ
δ֪                       Massachusetts       ʧ                                 2380Ԫ
ĸTami Lafferty            Washington          ̥ʧѪ                         1710Ԫ
Stefanie Radis                Illinois                   ӻ31           1150Ԫ*
DDDDDDD           DDDDDD      ҽԺ950ҽ200      DDDDDD

*δͥоԭ뱻Э̵ĽӢгSettlement
ͽЭ飬ͥͽ⣬ΪǾͬģͥںͽ⣩
Melissa Salamancaõоʱ11֪꣬йųֵĺǷ
ϣظҽԺҽ

Ҷմ˫С˫һ°գǿСҪӱģʧ
ԣҪгͷ⳥ġҹưڵ⳥о
Ժд󣬲ΪǱ֤ܶео

(XYS20080102)

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ȴһſźɱʱ׼ġ

iheaing

̷ġִҽѧйĻԻ󡷣
̷˵ԲҸպһźɱʱ׼ġ

ģǰڹݷخҽԺС34+2
죬˳С֢Ӥңĸ׶˳ҽĵҩһҲûԣ
Ժؼҡ

ҽҩһǡͷߡĺУгҩС
гҩ˵϶ǡӦɽһͷߡ
дǡİȫδȷ,ˣҩˡ˵
һðɣҽشǡ˵дǳΪ˱ܹɷ桭
ҽԺĲ˶Щ

ͨɷҩǺϸƷܷͨɴҽԺЩҩ
Ʒĳң뷨רҸ顣

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ִҽѧйѰ

̷

Ѱ֣𣿰ݶֵܵĴ޷ȫ޷
ֵָܵ𲻸ˣ޷򲻵òֵܵĳƪۣںҹ
µֺòӲͷƤꡣֵܵ߼ƺܺãҽ
βҪѭ֤ҽѧΪ߼طɲóֵÿ춼
ٵӣҶǸ棬ͷʹҲĿꡣ֮Ҿ룬
ѧҾͷݶֵܵĴһѵģѵ
ѵỼͷʹʱĸо˭ѵǾͿ˭
ˡ

ϻ˵̸̸ذҲĴ̥Ѱϳࡣ

йذУѰ֣޷ʲôʱ˵һֻ̥
˵ڲڴ12Сʱű֣ڵĴ13Сʱ
֣޶𣬺ܿýıͬ¡༫δ
⣬ڻGadflyеѾ˵ˣͬûбҪ˵顣
޷ǳֵܲˡ־198710µ£Ϊʲô
⼸·٣һЩǱ?GadflyѾ˵ˣ
Ƿγ⣬̱һϵļδ̱£
ĸҡĸ廹ԸЩӶι󣿵ȻųһЩڽȺΪ
һУΪʹ̱Ҳϵ۵ҰWHO
Ľ޻28ܣЩרҡרʯĳ

лл㻹Ƕһ֣һذкӵ̥䣬26
׻6൱26ܣΧҽѧĶ廹һںʵ
ǻ60%ļʴһһѧҵͷ﷢
νʵӦָҪ䡢ֺ¡ʪʳ
ҪȾҪѵصҽͻʿ֪ĿǰܾȻ28
ģϺҲֻ2ңȫ಻10ҡ⻹ǹԪ2007
ˮƽʮǰĴʮĽĴû
ھʡҲûй״д£ǧ
ҪƾڽڻGadflyѾˣԲظ˰ɣ

Ĵʡнҽ¹ʼίԱҽ¹ʼίԱὫ
Ϊһ׵ҽ¹ʣԭΪǲ֪һѰָң
ǡΪѩ˵ǲǷäҽäһ
רͷΣ̥ҽѧҽѧ֪ʶĻ쵰Ĵʡҽ¹ʼί
ԱὫΪҽ¹ʣȻȷġڼԺΪʲôҪһۣ
ѾúϸҾûбҪٻش˰ɣط
ʲô֤ݣƶȡ߶֮ŶҴһʼ
˵һ̰ûаΪ֤õУֵܾͲҪӲ
˰ɡ

ǰ桶ĺͿԺѾȷؽܹĿʼ
ҴûȷĶ塣״һ쿪ʼȫ綼ûһͳһı׼
һûб׼ģһ˵ְҵĺУǷ
ѾΥ˴½ѧϵԼ趨ԭδֵǷҲӦ
񶨣ȷҽʿҽƻУûСһϵ˵
һǷɻǵ⣿СҪʵذһ£
ȴѺһþԲסΥϾ顣

人⳥ֵڵĲѾḻˡǰֻ֪
ΧԺǩ֮ԼֵܲˡҽԺδʮ
˳ҽԺ칫¥£ŹҽԱõвԺ쵼˵ֵѰ
ĵ·ϣΪЩǷĹѰϵĺϷԣֻϧԼ
յϸˡ

ɵĵʲôǹ͹ƽֳ֮ԼҲܵõͥ
ѹֵʱϴģкᱳ人Ժڶ෨٣
Ժִ̰ٿ˵ʵ°ɣȺŷ۵Ĳ
жİԼ˼ᣬѰΪѰȴ˼
Ϊ֮绤Ϊ֮дֵ֤ѧϸԩԩ

ԺΪĲöߣӵ޿ĽȨӢ
ϵУ޷ԼĺǰΪԭ򣬶һаʹ
ɲȨǵĻǷɡӢûгķܷ
ٶܷĽͣȫȡЩٵ֪ʶѧ֪ȻжԹ
ҳϡ½ϵ¹ͲӦдԣϧһ㶼
ϤܷĽͣȨܷԺΥ˭оܷԺҹ
ǰ귨ѧһƣյĽǰѶԷɵĽͣȫ
ؽȫ˴ίйԺ֮ǰ߷Ժ⣩
ԷɶûнȨǷɵĹ涨ʲôġġ
ģִλΨһȨطɳ򣬲Ҫʵ
֤ݣʵ֤ݣݷĽס㼸ͼꡣ

ѰѧȴӢϵӲ½ϵס޷һǷ
׵ϣ

дôν֤ѧٸ㽲֤ѧϵĲͬͬ
Ӱɡڵ¹ʿ͵͵ضԶԷĵ绰¼Ϊ
֤ݣҪΣַ˸˵˽ǵصصķǷΪʿ
ҲΪ֤ݡҹͲ⡣ǹĲͬµķϵ
졣УʱӢϵǴ½ϵŷ޴½ңͥ
в¼¼࣬Ǽõ˷ͥˣ
ǿӢҲã·Ҳգǵֳڱֽϵģֻ
дй¼¼࣬廨ȫй
У

ȻйġѷɵĽȨȫ˴Ҳ
ɺòãȷ˸߷ԷɵĽȨҪȻ߼˵
18µķˣ߷˵̣18µķ
ˣ˭ģ˼Ұ֤ѧN飬ô
ûɴ˭ܣ

Ѱƪж޷۵ףǡ̱ȴǺЩ
鷳Ϊʲôأиߴ׶ǲ鲻ԭģ̱Σ
ȴΧڸ׶ζУʼǲȷġڿ϶֤ε
أڷ񶨾֤εأһֻ֪˵ˣԼ
ִȻԭԵ̱Щԭ鲻ڿ
̱ԭУ̥䡢̡̥̥ĹϵĸסȾŴ
أҲҽ£ˡҩȣױеĶ
˫̥һھ֤εˣĸҽ˵Լأл
лллǳлѰԼ͸һשͷֵԼͷϡ
һ죬ʵвֻ̱ܷڲƣѰֵָҪ
л߸ҽҪʹþ֤εáԺе̱԰Ѳ
ҽϷͥҵ񲻺ãֶȫ˻


ƣҽضԶ

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ɾ̷ּ̽⡷

ߣ̷

ȻѾڡҽˮн˹ҶҽƸĸ㣬
Ҳڡǿӣīǳ֣ǵ˼ٹ˽ҩƷеע
ᡢĵȡϷ;ɱٵĹʵǹҵʽý壬
йصţϡҩҽɾһҪһܽᣬ
óһܹӰʲôߣʲôӰ죬Ҳ
ܹʲôĻáһۡȷȨҲûд
ˮеĴ㣬Աɾθߡһ족ܳ
ԶΣԶѧϾªңְһССҽԺ
йֻ޹ĺΰԣַѰֵİٿȫţپ
۵зʹзһ죬ҲһССҽ

ڡ֤εáҽ磬ı֮人۰Ϊ
ӣΪⰸ֪оȱȽǡҪҷǵøвɡ
˵ΣСң

ɾԻд󷨹ٽʹʶʹڷԺҵ
δ𡣼ȻǰЩͬ־Դ˹򻹴Ƭ
⣬󵼡ġЩͬ־ѵָҵҽʿҵȰȨ
ƣѵҪ󵼵ҽʿԼ˴У˭лȨ˭Ż
ڣ˭Ȩ˭ŻִʱʹĴ£ȫ
׼һְмԺĴУ
ЩС񣬻ôôҪȫһҪ
ȨʵϵȨջؾã

ΣôкüҽɱǧƵҽ6֮
еҽߴ40ȫҽҲ200򲻵20%ϵĸʣǲ
̫˵㣿ǰҽѧԺУҽѧƺܶ࣬⼸΢ҽȴ
ԽԽ١ڵľҵôѣΪʲôȫʿȱȴߴϣ˿
Ķҽģмظ˵աͶ֮涨Ѿÿ
ļպͲϢ1/3ϣ

ݡԺȫ˴ƶķûнȨûнȨ
ʹȫ˴ίĽһģһ˴ҾԻԴ
᰸Ҫôȫ˴ί߷ȨҪôȫ˴ίԼͣҪô
Լջء֪ƱʦרҵֵֽĶôƱ磬Ҳ
Ǻְֽܲɫ

Ϸûжž֤εáһһ

ǵģ人˫̥̱⳥ڸ߷˾֮ǰ꣬
ΪʩС֤εáԤݵ塣Ĵذ̰֤ε
ɲóĶʱŹڡ

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GadflyȷʵڴۨDDͼضGadfly֮

̷

ˣףGadflyãûְɣ

⼸죬GadflyѵȶԱ⣬ɣе
ѵԻȽѧϵۣһɳֻӭ̬ȡ
ǣҷüλѸû۵ĶʲôѰ־һ
ӣ䳤ƪۡ˼顷Գ˵ģ˵ļ
ȫֵڵҽѧûѵڹ
߲ܶῴ˿ֵܵĴԲЦ󷽡򲻳ɽɽֵܡ
ϣѰԺ˵Լѧҽĳ򱻾ϲߵֲѧϯ
־

Gadflyڡ̷ȷʵڴۡõӣҲˣ
ֻѰֳֵࣺͬõƪ
http://jp.physoc.org/cgi/content/abstract/200/3/589У˵Ǽ
ϸɣǽ⣬Ҳõ
ϣGadflyѵϰ߿ҲǸѧϰҽѧİɣӦö
Ҳûиδͼ˵䲻
ĻûšʹϣҲҸ΢һɣ
Ŀͽ Gadfly ķʽ֪ؾǷǡ

סԺҽʦڼ䣬⡣ƻΪߣÿ
ҽĻѵĿ֮һʱµľˮΪˮ
̥ˣԶĶΪҽ
鲻ʹ࣬Һ޲ߡֻҪʿԼ֣һ㶼ܶ
ѰϵһҰοⰲοȻҲǼٵġ
Сʿأȥ͵ӲͷƤȥʼҲûо飬
ֻñ۾ֽ̥򲼰ãҸһšƫƫ
̥߿ɴ24Сʱ֮ãʹżļ
ĿҲʹķҡʱлʿ˵һ루Ȼأɣȷô
ɣҿ˵ûɹֹ

ϻʿд뻤ʿ飬ң´α̥
ڵϡ÷̨ϣʵһ·̨Ҫ
˼ӣ̥ͻʱ˵滰Ĳ֪ʲǫ̂
ôӤ

10ǰӡһӢĹڼ(The Very Immature Infant)
飬Žʸ塣ν֮룬ںûרŵ
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ݱ,20071227,ڶѧ˼д,û,
ʵԭʼϴعˡǺͺ˹˾ļװһȥˡ


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淢ϡʵ޸ǡܳо
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ίԱϡоҤоؤṩ줿饹ϤΥ
ȤⱨмǤϸ淢ĤȤʤɡͬ
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ؤԤˤĤׯ¤ϡϴƤηҰǤϡ˭äƤͬ
ΤǤȤ櫓ǤϤʤȷԡʱַԤ
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ո:122715ʱ50

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ܻ˵ѵޱ͸ǰѾ˵ˣ
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