                         ˿µϣ20080120գ

08.01.20, ũԺоԱпԺ¿Ժʿлַ֪ʶȨֶδ۸ӽˮķʷ
08.01.20, йеԺʿƶǸøĸˡ
08.01.20, һԹߡĬǶ׵ĸЦ2007Ժʿѡˮš¼̸Ժʿ³̵޸Ľ顷
08.01.20, TAOлԬ¡ƽѧԺ
08.01.20, ȥ⡶Ժʿ߼
08.01.20, ġʥһƪ¡
08.01.20, 㡶Ǹүǣ
08.01.20, ɽпƴ˵ʵôαĲʿĴ⡷
08.01.20, forex̾ΰǻۣڿʼ֧ҽ
08.01.20, 洫ҽҽ֤ƾ
08.01.20, ΢ҿƵھɴ17
08.01.20, ѰطҩĻƽʱʱȺ۴ƣ6
08.01.20, platinumͬƶڲͬµ컯Ҳ̸ƶȡ
08.01.20, 衶лռеǮѧɭ
08.01.20, ˡϷ飬chen09֡
08.01.20, xiaohunhunǮӱһķӦͦ졷
08.01.20, ѧԺѧۡȫģ

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

пԺ¿Ժʿлַ֪ʶȨֶδ۸ӽˮķʷ

ũԺоԱ

1987лڡ63ѡáһгƣ63ҹ˹
оеһȡشͻƵָϵ63ĳɹѡı˵ʱ
IRRIƷΪӽָϵľ档ڡ63Ŀ
д631980괺ѡɹҹ˹ƻоеһȡ
ͻЧָϵı˵ʱIRRIƷΪӽˮָϵ
ľ棬ҹӽˮĸ»̱á2005йԺ
лԺʿ飨ʾУд63ѡɹı˵ʱ
ùˮƷΪˮָϵľ棬ıҹùƷ
ӽָϵı档ɴ˿ɼлƣҹӽˮ
ƻо״ָϵѹԳơӽˮ֮ĸȻ
ָϵԳӽˮ֮ĸһˡǣһжƭ


лԳ״ָϵӽˮ֮ĸƭҵ˵ġԬ¡
ƽȹӽϵʱлûвμӹӽо
ȹɾӽϵʱл63û
ѡ19898ºѧġ1979~1988ũҵشƼ
ѡࡷһ飬ΪлΪһṩ֤ݡڸԬ¡ƽ
ȷֱ𷢱ģѰйصʵһˡ

Ԭ¡ƽΪӽˮ1981ҷصȽָ
ɲϵӦϵĻϣͨ㷺⽻ɸѡӶ̵
ƷѡIR24IR661̩šIR26ָϵ197310
ԲϵϵָϵϵסƳ2š3ţ2š
3ţ6ŵǿӽϡͳƣ1976~1987ȫۼֲӽˮ
10.66ĶƽÿĶ108.31154.5ڹֵ265.53
Ԫÿ10023Ԫ㣩пɿӽϵ
ָϵԬ¡ƽҹѧԼѡġաũһ22
23ҳϵ˵ȳ̡ȼIR24IR661̩һŵ
ָϵ˹ʡЭر𽱵ĵͬʱɿֱ1987
лġ63ʡһȽʱҹӽˮǲԼ
ѡָϵûƷΪָϵӽ
ҲˡΪˮָϵC57ӽ571981
ҷȽָ̾š˹ƻַ
ϵC57󾭹㷺Ƴˮӽ571981ҷȽ
1988꣬ڱ8ʡУۼƹ1000ĶĶ75ɼҹľ
ӽҲǲԼѡָϵҲûƷΪ
ָϵ֮л1981ɵ63֮ǰ8꣬Ԭ¡ƽȾ
̡ӽˮ˹ָϵ״߾лȡǣл
ҹ˹ƻоеһȡشͻƵָϵˣɣ
Ԭ״ߵ֪ʶȨı֡63֮ǰҹ̡ӽ
ǲԼѡָϵƷΪָϵ⡣
л鱨63ĳɹѡı˵ʱùˮƷ
Ϊָϵľ桱ַ֪ʶȨֶδ۸ӽˮ
оʷı֡ӽˮΪй20ũҵΰ
١лȨֶδ۸䷢ʷѧı֡
2007пԺԺʿѡͶҲϷͶߣҲˡ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

йеԺʿƶǸøĸ
ԺʿӳϮ粨ƷԺʿȼ֮



оԱ˿ٱпԺԺʿлϮġڶý
屨й˵֤ʵӳϮһʱ۷׷סͬ
˶лʾͬ飬߷ȻָЩиѧ͸ְԺʿͷε
ѧߣʵûлб¡˵ҲʵݣԺʿѡٱ
ôԲأ¹йѧԺĳţС⡣˸Ϊ
лϧӦ˵лһʡũԺԺְ֮Ҳо޴ṱף
ǹ͡ңпԺԺʿǿƼѧƺţҲ
 'ƺšѣ'ӽˮ֮ĸ'ӽˮǡЩԺʿ
ȣ˵ѷɫΪλҪðΥѧ淶ѧµķգ
ϧϮأ

ΪʲôλҲлش ԭڣ'Ժʿݣ
λָߣ˾۱衣Ժʿƺž޴ġѹһЩʹ
ҲҪȥʵϣܹ'ԡԺʿ'۱衯
ѧ˾֪ĿϮԱ˱'˶ѧҲ
ʵ 'Ǳ򡯶ѡһЩ֮'ԺʿϮ֮ƵƵ'
⡯ؼڣ˵ķʽҪı䣬Ժʿع顰ѧ
ƺšпܱεķԺʿϮ֮ΪΡ⡱
2008-01-14 17:48:00 

ƵϿ٣硶л¼Ժʿƶ֮ס
(ߣʥ)ԺʿǿĶѳɵģ( ߣС)ӽ
ˮ֮ĸҪԺʿ (ߣѾɽ) ֮йеԺʿƶ
⡣

ǰ20051115ڡϺ߽ʹҵ̳
ٰġԺʿԲ顱ϣѧͬôѧƷȽȷ
ԺʿƶȵСĿǰԺʿƶǲɳġƷȵ
ԺʿĹܹر̬һֱ޳Ժʿƶȡȡ
еԺʿƶȣʮԺʿ飬Ҷͬ⣬ʵʱ
ͬһ鰸20051116۴󹫱֣Ϻ

20051228գƷȽڽܱƼͲɷʱĹ۵
ȽϸĲ˵˵ĸĸﲢҪȡԺʿƶȣҪǿ
ȵĲֽ£ڲϰԺʿ̫ˣԼҲûк
õؽơʵÿλԺʿֻԼȨ˵Ҫµİ
ǣԺʿԭѧȨԵƺţǡȨ͡Ǯ
Ĵʡ(ƷȣΪʲôںԺʿƶȣ)

Һ޳20051116ռ󹫱
󣬼ȡԺʿƶ,! һģҪȡǡС
еԺʿƶȣΪԺʿ֮ãȷƶпѧã
ԺʿڹµģҲõĸ󡱣ҵҲǡʹԺʿ
ȨѹԱΪһѧϵƺš顰ÿ
ѡꡢʮϹС˶ࡣǵ¸أ
βɴӳ顣20051118 22:11:00[
Ժʿƶ]ר⡣

źǵʱȻõԭйѧԺԺܹһЩԺ
ʿ֧֣ҲһЩԺʿ˷ûȥǲ
֮Գ2/3޳ƱѡԺʿ漴ܵӳϮľٱ
йеԺʿƶȵĸĸǸһᵽճˡ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ĬǶ׵ĸЦ2007Ժʿѡˮš¼̸Ժʿ³̵޸Ľ

ߣһԹ

    2007ԺʿѡٽԺܾжд㶫ˡ
¾͸⼸XYS˶ƪԺʿѡ
ۣԺѹƲס뷨дĳ嶯

    XYSϵĶλ˵йѧԺỊ̆Ĭֻ֣˵
ѧԺڲϵΪǱݶ׵ĸЦѡ

    һɹԺҪġֻмˮ׼лƼʷϴ
۾ġˮš¼

    ˮš¼϶޷лƼʷĨȥˣǷǹֻ
˵Կ϶ǣǶ벻Ὣˮš¼Ϊġˮ
š¼ڡԬлɣѾõ繫ϵԬ¡ƽ
ѧˮ׼⵽ȫɵлйѧԺԺʿǲԬ¡ƽľ޴
ף֮⣬Ԭ֤ʵԻڷֲƵĿ͹ʵ
ˣԬ¡ƽۺͼϵĿ͹۹ףӽˮ֮ô
嵯ѹˡȻûԬ¡ƽûԬ¡ƽҲû
Ԭ¡ƽеοǣΪԬ¡ƽġԩר˹
ԺѧԺԬ¡ƽѧԺҲԬ¡ƽȻ2007
䶬˴۾Ļ黹ǷˣѧԺȻɹ
ԺҪġϷΪӽˮ֮ĸġֻмˮ׼л
һġˮš¼ԺʿǼ们ĸЦгڴǰ
лˮ׼ݶ˵ˣXYS⼸Ѿ֪ˡһҪ
һǣˡҵȹªţѧС֮ƺţʼ
֮ĸ֮˵Ԫ֮ĸ˵ȳ⣩ӽˮ֮ĸײ
ĳƺŷһʵҵЦҲ
лٱԬ¡ƽһȼҲһԸԬ¡ƽ֪
ԡһԶѣ벻ǸڸϯĴ£
ȷʵܻơܱйѧԺԺʿѾܾۺͼ
ȦɵԬ¡ƽΪʲôҪûκ۹סѧƷѾ֤
⡢ֻмˮƽлǿѧԺƽˮ׼ͻȻòԺ
ѧԺʵͨαԬ¡ƽͼȼл
ǰѹԬ¡ƽԩԺʿ³ôϷòֵһģ
֪ĸˮƽȺôѣִԯ޵ĶԪ׼

    ԺʿһģԺȸߵͣд׶ΰ
ƪ

    ҪΪл䣡пԺԺʿһģ
⣬ϣпԺֵͬʮֿɰֱԺʿǵİ
顪ҹ׶Σѧţ
֤ɽѧԺ䡢Ԭ¡ƽǵǲҪ˶
ԺʿйĿƼܱԺʿԺȸߵ͵İԸ
ֵñġڶокβҲԺʿĳ
ʵŵͻƺ󣬱ϰǻ᲻˼ٸ뼸Ĳ
йƼǣĿǰĲôҲ޷ϰ
ճ˵顣

    㽨

    йѧԺԺʿѡٵĲĳɷ̫أΪ˴ƶϱ֤
ˮƽƲмԼƫҵĽܳѧΧԺʿһˮƽȺ壬
Ժʿǿ޸Ժʿ³̣

    1ŵйѧң걨ԶΪѧ
Ժʿŵ⼮ˣ걨ԶΪѧ⼮
Ժʿ

    2ѡΪӢʼҿѧԺѧԺ綥ѧԺ֮һ
⼮Ժʿйѧң걨ԶΪѧĿѧԺԺʿ

    3÷ƶȽйѧң걨ԶΪѧѧ
Ժʿ

    4ͼ齱йѧң걨ԶΪϢѧԺ
ʿ

    5ѡѧԺԺʿѡҿѧԺ⼮Ժʿй
ѧң걨ԶΪѧԺʿҿѧԺľ
޶

    6ʽ쵼ҲɿԶ֮С

    7˼㡢ƲйѧԺԺʿƺ
ĿѧҲԶ֮С

    ٴαҵȴڵԸԺʿֹؼܽлĸ߶
¸߸ԺʿǵõлĺôһѡԺʿ쵼
ԺʿǴĵ򣬲ѧƷһƱĴͳԺʿˮ׼
ˮԺʿȺ塣ǿҪǿƽе飬13Ҳ
ѧһĴ𸴣1Ҫôл2Ҫôлǰ
ԺʿԲѧƷΪйƼ磡

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

лԬ¡ƽѧԺ

ߣTAO

µѡԺʿлĶࡣ˿ֱԲ,ȴ
һϡ,ƻ˫Щοֵ

Ҵ޳Ψѧ,ҲͲ޳ר"С"ɾʹµ
,ΪѧĹӡ

,ݱô:

Ԭ¡ƽ乱׾޴,Ϊѧ۴ˮƽв(û)
δܵѡѧԺԺʿ䲻ѧũ,ֲﻹ֪һ(1970
)ũ·ʱ,Ѿ֪ӽ,ӽҪνĲϵ,ָϵ,
ϵ,ÿҪ""ʹӽƵԱ֡һײй˵ķ
Ժ,һ,ƹȥ,ȡóɹũŲֹһ֡ӽ
ˮõҲ,ӽ**ޱֻǾ
ֵ֮߷ũɱȡӽˮؼҪȻ緢ֻ˹
ԲϵڵҰĿѧиĻᷢҰԲꡣ
Ԭ""ӽˮ,ãϹ׾޴,Ҳд£
һ۲ġ,ʱԬδѡϿѧԺԺʿ˵Ǻܴ
ԡң뵱㲻ѧҺ񶼻ۣ˵Ҳ
ǽۡ˶ԬδܵѡҲɲйź

ǶԬѡѧԺԺʿȻйѧԺγɺܴѹ
ʹѧԺֳˡĬйѧԺûм˻ΪԼ
ѧԺйѧԺ,ӦǿۻǾù,,
Ӷ,,ˡԺͬҲסѧԺ쵼
ԺʿǵͶƱһ̶ǿŵġȴԶסѧԺġ
áȥĩѧԺѡԺʿʱҲѧԺԺʿĲźͶƱ޲
ѹл˵ǡ굽ǿ֮ʱ,ѧԺ˴æԬ
δܵѡܳΪѧԺԺʿ±лĴæԬ
ڵ֪Ѿ󳬹пԺԺʿƽˮƽҲΪ
δܵѡź

Ĺ淶:50-60йǰռƵӰ,ȷʵ
ĺܲ淶Ҿ֪²ûк׺ôһһӦĺ
Ŀ¼дѡϵġһʱĹڿͶ
֪ʱݿŶȵͳƼҲԶûôϸһ,
׼ֻü,ʱҪ(`ҡ)
ƽ,...

ڸĸ￪ź80Ѵı䡣90
е˵ȥˡ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

Ժʿ߼

ߣȥ

ձԺʿĻǽס( 2008-01-18 11 ) һ
ᵽ ԺʿͬΪлķ10ǰʱ
йѧ磬Աעóѧ淶û̫ȷĹ涨ˣ
۹⿴лΪȷ׵ǵʱľǿ
ġ

߼ǻ֮в׼Ϯ˽Ҫ
ѧʷĹءеѧʶ˶֪ţٺ
300ǰΪֹһìܡ20ǰڹд˶ʿʱҵĵ
ʦͽ̵ǣдѧĿ˽һҪȷԴ
ڿҳҪºбΪ£ͼݣ
ϣ֪˶ٹ֣10ǰЩԺʿôС
ضأ

ʵܶ±׼ṫϵģһҪдǲءν
淶ֻ֮ΪͷЩΥЩµƶġûЩ
ĲΥµĽڡͺñȻΪܶҶԴ˲ûĵ
淶, е˶֪Υṫµģʵһ
ƣǻǻڣǻ⣩˻ΪûС淶ĶΪ
ֱ׳

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ʥһƪ



ʥϽ¹ҵһƪ£оܲζĿǡ
ʥرлдڴȥйѧѧ֮ʡ˺ö
ĻáѧԼΪ˰ѧĺ˺£˰
쵼ڡԼ±߾ĳԼ

ȷ֤ݣáѧ棬һƪѧҪ1.13
Ԫ֮䡣ἰĺöڣڱѧ٣֤Ͽƺȱ
дĳ֤ݸΪȷ䡣

ʥҴԼļ٣ѵļ٣쵼ļ٣йΪҲ
⣬ٷҪΪڿɵ˸蹦
µΪе̫ˡ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

Ǹүǣ



ѧϰ֮࣬ᵽ˿תת˽һЩ⵱ǰĿƼչѧ
ڷº͹۵㣬ҲȫͬģҪԭ
Ϊһߣһ½ܴϵݺ͵·
searchϢȥ˽һ飬һʵߣ
ʱҲܻۡ˵쿴£ᵽУ
˵Ҿƫƫˮܻ˭ʵ˵Ҫûп
棬һһʥءÿ˶С
ģ޿ɺǵġ˲мڷʺΪ˴£
˵ֱòȻ״оΪһרҵѧӣ
ϰؿѧʵʵб󱳺ԭʹ¼е
˼Դֻ洢ϢἱڷὫ
ۡ²⡱ȡĽΪȥܵ˵˿ϲ
͹ۡпϵ£ΪһѧкʹܵĹվһ㻹Ǽ
ֵòġ

ĩһʱ䣬˿һЩӣµһƪǷ
ӡʥվϼٵġ֡˵ʥСڡ
ҲڡôʲҲ࣬ô˵ɣ˿һ
ֱиʥ¼רҲ̫˽⣬ΪʷģҶԴ˲ð
¿Ĳࡣڡ⣬ѧ粢ᳫҲ
ֹûЩдʱñЩԺ±
Ϊˣᵽġһʷġġ
꽭ɡߡʥվϿ
ô໯ǺԭأվϴתһȦĿǰӳ
90%ǹϾƾѧѧԺλڣڡС
¶ЩµУˡ֣и
ǿҲɣЩȷ⣬緽˵ǻ
ϲ鲻ʥһԴ˵ĻӦʵ
ǣֻҪǼ֣߷ĳĪʵ
軳СڡGoogleͰٶ϶ܼ
ϢϵĵλȷдˣһǸУĽڡʦ
鲻ģȻųʵķǳãԼĵλҲ
䡰ɱˣһһϵв鲻У90%Ǽ
ô˵֡

˹עԭҪΪ˿ϿĹڡϾƾ
ѧλںʥļƪУƪ߽С
ʵҪ飬ѧļƪʱꡱ֪ˣ

ʥΪ18־һ
ʷģߵǷ ơΪľԺٴ
ڰǻģ
֣Թԡľڷڡѧ۸
֮ţ
 ٴľ򸾡ʤͥŲ𣿡ϲƴѧԺ
ȶ
֣ѧԺ
һľ¼һͳƷ
֣ ķӭںξ鿴ϲƴѧ
Ժķ

дƪ֮վϡﻩðô
£ż칤ͳʸ֮ˣ⼸λ
ˡԭҹԴ̫ʵڲ֪ôƺǣ
˿̳Ƶģ峿¯ûѾðˡй
ƼչдһٶȣǵGDP׼ٷҲ
ϲֵĶҲ⣬һ裬һֺ̣PC
ϵ㿪һϵ£˫ԲأȽʧġ
ʥŤѧ֤ɽ˺ʥѧյǡ
ļᵽڷ֤ͥݡʥյǡξ
дУʵ˵ʥνϾƾѧѧ
Ժֽں͸ڡ̰ǷѧԺĹƶȺͲ
Щ»ûоʹӦڡʥٵ7֤
о٣ҲûܴӸϽʵԵĻظЩӼ
ñ߹ģȻ󻨴ī˸з̺ڿࡣЩ£
ѧԺλڵʥһͷ绤λڼͬһȻ
վϻǰߵۣ˫Ƹһǿҵĸо

1ϾƾѧѧԺ֪Щ͸¶ġ¶λ
ѧˡļǡηǿȨɡ廯
Ȼأ˵ǡʵʼߣͱָΪ֪
ġ˵ǡ󡱡˵ʵǶͦ˸ġй֪ʶ
ϲ˵Щ᲻еĻαشţġ

2绤һ˸ʵվξ
мλѧԺʦɣܺã¸ңǿNowWhat
ָķӭߵǷǣơ˿ʼĦ
쵼֮䰵м˵ϵˡ֣ۣˡ
վʥ˵ôǻǲҲôһ㡢
ùĹغϵ¶أעⲻҵ۲²
Ŷ

˫ļƪ¿λһı绤ҪǾ£ʵ
ʹҲʧʵڡеһϵʵ̫ˣ٩
ЦĻŶߵէ֮˾ĺʹ죬
ڷĿ֮ʧ͹ƫġ

˾ãϢ쳣עᷢĵֶûӰȥ
٣é޲Ҫ壬ŪľPPˣǸ
ʷҲ˵дƪ֮󶪸ʥˣԺ
ûϹѧһ̯ӸңǺǡ

⻷£ܹʵΪԼԴǸˣ
˵ʲôǸԸҲΪԼΪḺεˡ˵
ǲʵ飬ҲȷҲʵûʱȥ֤Һʥ
Ҳ˵ǷǳŶѧϳ÷зַһ˽
һ˵ķͷ˼ϣԼλֱ֣ͬȷʵġ
̫manˣǸүǣҾ壡

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

пƴ˵ʵôαĲʿĴ

ɽ
	
оҵͬѧԱ˶ʿʿѧλĹ涨
ڡѧλˮƽ϶УҪ

1ύĲʿѧλģӦڹʵɱ˶ɵĳ
߾ж¿ѧоڿѧרż
Եĳɹ

2ͬ˺ɵġֵȣȷ
˶ɵĲ֣ɱΪѧλ룬͸
ǩ͹ͬġߵ֤ϣԼ
ġȡ

ժԣhttp://www.moe.edu.cn/edoas/website18/info6645.htm

ڲʿĳºͬȷʵ˫αδ˵
ȫŵԼǲϽ涨ġ

⻹һʣαĲʿӦ·ݾѾύ
˵²޸ĹͬƺЩìܡ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

̾ΰǻۣڿʼ֧ҽ

forex 

ΪһƳˣҪǷҽ۲ѣ޷
ҽ۵ĸ岻壬ʵʲѧǣǿУ
ûҲͨ˫ä顣Ҳʹͨˣ
ҽҲǲԡ

ǣҪŵһ濼ǣҪǵǰƵѺ
ļޡǰҹ˿̫࣬Чƣʵֿɳչ
˵ҪӦЩˣũ񹤣̶ܽȵµӵȻ
򡣵ǣƻڳбȽʵ֣ũȽѿƣ⽫ܵ
˿̭ˣйҪһҽƶȣˣִҽ
֤ˣ۵ҽƣӶ˵ƽ

ʵĿǰģһҪҽƳɱҽƼ۸
ʹÿѣ˿𲡡ڶҪᳫҽϡòҩ˵
ˣǾҩǵȻҲиҽģ
ӺͿȡ

ǰûʶЩŴһ𷴶ҽھ֮
ֳ֧²֧ҽϣһɷҽӻޡ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)



ôֿ

һȺ߻һЩ˵Ĵۡ˻ã
Щƭ꣬ȥѧҽʮ귢Լƭˣ
ʱֻǱ˵ˣˣǳŭ

ѲǷ࣬Ϊ˵ϼ䣬ʵǶԲԼġ

oztiger

ˣΪʡǮðҽҽ
ѡ󡯵⡱һ񺺶Կˡ
һȸҽҪģ

Amsel

һʰ˾ʯΪͣʲôҽеļе
ҵְܲţǡǡרҵҪǿĲšڵֻϣ
ٸɴ¡ϧǵ޴Ҫ򵥣Ȼǵľְûеõ
Ͽɡ

ã
ǿУ壬ᰲգ19553³Ϻ1978ҵڱ
ҽѧԺ2000ִѧ˿ѧרҵѧ˶ʿѧλȺҽ
ҩֹܾ1983Ҽί鴦칫
ΡΡ߷˾˾ƻ˾˾ձʡ
ѧԺѧоԱʡйְίǡ200012ι
ҼίԱΣ20033ι˿ڼίԱΣ
20039ι˿ڼίԱμֱصίǡصУ
У20071Աҽҩֵǡ


http://www.jjzy.cn/bbs/simple/index.php?t20943.html

antilier

洫ҽҽ֤ƾ

һע

ҽ

ҽҩ־ֳǿڽܱ߲ɷʱ˵
Щһ֮벻ҽҲִҵʸ񣬸
Ƿչռ䡣ͬʱ͸¶ʡǹҵһԵ㡣2棩

ǰϢֻרѧѧлӾƸŴѧνڡ
ԪƸûѧλͷεĳ¶αѧĿѧû
ƾĳ㡽廪ѧоԺĴʦáݲ˼
ɡʱŹʡлӾƸӭһƬȲۣ⽫
Ǵ˻һµͻƿڡͬʱҲڴ˻Ƶĸĸ
ͬõͻơ

ܿ죬˻ƸĸġáϢʡҽҩ
ʿܣΪ3ҽȡְҵʸԵʡ֮һʡԵ㹤
Ѿкʯпʼҽͨ顢ʾѡ54ûѧ
ҽѵԤ10·ݣͨʸҽͿȡ
ҽʦִҵʸڹ̶Χڣ󡱵ˡ

һԣƫԶȱҽҩ⣬ôС
κãͬʱɢʧҽԴõֵãҪǣڹ
йͳҽҩĻܹ𵽻áֳ⣬
ѧΪʵѧߵżʵжϣġΩʵ


лӾƸҽʦִҵʸġſƺһ˻Ƹĸ
Ŀϲźţƾ˲ŵı׼

ȻĹƱݲܹƵģ
һЩ򣬡ͷ䣬Աɽ
ʦáݲΪǣЩ˲ŵĳֲδƹ
ѧԺɡһͳµĸ֣ԣýáġлӾƸ
ҽ֮ͨйʷϣȵ٢پ
ҽΪлĻɲ֣ȫĿ࿴һһЩ
ҽͨഫһЩƳ֢ġҡ飬
ǵġŹ츣ע֮١

лĻܽͣڿͷϣҪͨʵжƽ
ĻıҽҩĻΪͳĻɲ֣ͨѧУͿлŬ
ͬʱҲҪעⱣҽġΡԴҽȡִ
ҵʸĳĿǰ֮̽УǷܹﵽ൱걸дʱ
飬ڴһ̽ĳɹͬʱܹΪṩ顣

ʡҽҩ־ֳǿ˶
Ϊ

ҽҩ־ֳǿʡҽҩչеС
ʡʡίίʡϺлǿǿ
ʾйעƶʡҽҩչڼʡҼҩ
Ľġ

ָָϣܰǼΪҽҩӿƶ
ҽҩչջʱʡ˵ʡһֱ߶ҽҩķչ
׼ҽҩһҵϣҽҩܸ֧֡

Ǽִѧѧѧϰ10꣬Լʡĸһ
йעʡҽҩķչǿЦ˵ʡҽҩҵŷǳ
ĻȺҽҩϲҽҩ⼪ʡҩԴʡ
ⷽкܴǱرҽ棬֢ƺش󼲲
涼нҩҵҩĹ淶ֲҲչúܺãЩ
涼˼ʡչҽҩܺõĻʱ̫̣ҩҵ
ҽҩѧҽҽԺ˿ʡ׼ҽҩչʮһ塯滮Ļ
ǿ뷨ҲǳãһƶҽҩΪƷƣƶ
ҽҩĺгչȡҽٴоؽĿкô

ǿ͸¶ǰʱڲרָУһչ
ҩĲҵĽ飬ϣڼֽɹҼҩĽġǿͺ
ΪʡǹҩִƼҵأĵҩ
ġ

ҽ



ҽ硰

ҽμѧ

61գҽҩ־ֳǿڼʡ
ʡҽҩ־ֳͬ£˹ҡ
¡ߡ82ȫҽμѧ

ǿϵ˵ҽĹΪȫҽҩļ̳з
չͻס

ʾѧһҪȫΪҽҩ˷չΪ
յĽס

μѧҽηǵ

μѧȫʮҽҩר֮һǳҽҩѧڡ
ǵʱڣ֯ҽҩηǵƷȡЧȫ
ҽ¡

߶ר

רڼִѧѧҽҩ־ֳ
ǿʾڼֽԵ㣬̽ҽռ䡪

洫ҽҽ֤ƾ

գ߶ҽҩ־ֳǿרã
ǫ顢Ͻʵλҽҩߵӡҽҩ
ȺڡѡĹ룬ֳҽҩ˷չļ
ġ

ҽҩȱ˲

ߣҽҩҪʲô

ǿ⡣ҽҩԽΪҪСǹע
ҪʲôˣҪʲôˣûм̳дҽҩҽ
۵һ˲šãҽҩûǰ;ģ
֮صλϡ

һ£һҽҩԺУıҵ1000ˣֻҪ200
Ϊҽǻһ״붨ԽһҽźӮ
յ𵽷ǳõá

ҽѧܶҽĸ

ߣҲкܶҽԺҩҽҽҲҽֶ
Ρ

ǿǰãʡμѧڵĹڰλҽ
쵼дһţרᵽ˸ĸҽҩơҽٴѽڵ
⣬ǵҲӳ˶ҽǰ;ǡ

ҽҩߵԺУѧһߣҽѧУӦٵ飬
ȺںͻķӳЩǲǰҽۺͱ֤ʩεԭȥ
ȺʩΣǣǾʧȥҽҽʹڼֵЩط
ҽԺУڿݣ߷ҽҽ涼Уֻø
СҪ˲𣿲Ҫ˵ҽҩʵиĸ
ֻעӲ裬ֻעظ˶ٸ¥˶ѧȴʧҽĸ
ѧУٴҲ塣

ҽӦר֢

ߣҽҽ˵ҽչͻƿӦѡĶ

ǿҽչҪһҪרҪδ

νר˵ҽҩжصۺٴҽкܺЧĲ
֣ǲҪȥΣҪصѡЩҽβûҩôĲ֣
ǵʱڼʡҽμѧ˵ҩSARSȾߵþ
ǳãٱ԰̲ϣҽҩҲȡ˻ĽչˣҪ
עҽСɸѡЩʢȷЧҽҩһ
Щ֢ش󼲲

ϹѲδνδ˵ҽע޲ȷע
ԤΪҲҽҽ֮

ߣ˵ָʲô

ǿҽǿ˵ĲǱȥģ֢õ֢ף
ҽǿˣǱȥģͷ۾ϿëڽϣҽҩǶ
֢ҽҩǱ֤עȫƺ͵

ƶҽҩũ

ߣԺ˵ڽȺڡѡ󡱵
ҽҩпΪôƽ

ǿҽҩܲܽ󡢿⣬ҪȥȺ
ô˵ԱȣͬһֲҽҪǮҽĴ
ǶǮ¶ԱŻԡ

źҽҩϣƶҽҩũ壬ͨƶ
ĸʹҽҩҵӿ췢չ츣ϰա

̽洫ҽִҵʸ

ߣЩҽûִҵʸ񣬿ϰպϿɣô

ǿҽԼص㣬ܶ˶Ǵʦ߸ѧģ
ҽעصǾۣͬʱûнܹѧԺʽҲû
ִҵʸȷǸ⣬йǿԵʡҽҩ˽һ
£ǼʡǹҵһԵ㣬ϣ̽һְ취Щ
һ֮벻洫ѧҽҲִҵʸ
ƾơҪ˵ǣЩҽӿӺȺڵҽǵ


Ӧ걨ٴо

ߣڼִѧѧԼһ˽⣬Լҽҩҵ
Щ飿

ǿҽҩжصĵɫرҽҩԴǳḻ
һȫ֪ҽʹֽ趫ҽҩǿʡзǳ֧š
鼪ʡҽҩչ״ơͻƿȫ̿ǣƶͳһ
滮ƽҽҩҵķչڽѡ󡱵ϣҪ
ʵʩ սԣҽơԺƽҽ
ũ壬ðҽҽ⣬Ҽƻȫ10ҽٴо
أȡÿҽҩٿϵش󼲲
֢ⷽ漪ʡӦû걨

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ҿƵھɴ17

ߣ΢

һƪƵھʱ߿֤

3Ժ

1ӣʱˣ12ʱ䣬ʡעʱ
ȫԪעڣƪĿĴȫ磺Ϲۡ
ھžе߾ڣΪһһƪֻа˾Ϊ24
Щƪ˸ĶѡʮʹΪصۡеķֲΪ
ƪѡ̽ۡΪȫۡ̽ۡ͡߾磬
ƪۣڵʮʮһעıӣѷǡʡԭò
ࡷȱأûע⡣

Уġʡ״̬ѣƪĿص
ǰףѣ¼ͣϰԳɱסһƪس
۲̣ΪһĿʴδѣƪ⣻Ѽ飬ڣ
ءϡˡΪƪʵΪӡ
ΪҪڡƤΪ硷ˡ̡룬ʤ


λ˼ǣıӣٳҪǣеƪĿǰظ
еԲ˲֪ƣʱˣγסеıһƪ
ȴƪеһƪȴͬ£ʴû꣬
ܵһĿȥˣȱ©ƪĿҵľ
ȥ

дǿġΪʱûӡˢ鼮ڴĹ
УݵģȫԪעȫעֻа˾һȽ
ϡʡԭòڱʱԵǻظìܣһƪ
ĿǼ϶ȡսߡҪҵöࡣҪȡᣬȷ
ĸԴҪ۲棬Ĺܴ󣬳ǺȻ
ġΪȫԪֻעͶѣıӣԭܴ
ǰԲһҳ飬еֱˣ
©ˣͻ

Щ£˵мĶϣ岻ߣУǨ
Բ䴦ƪĿ׹ȱָ²ߣȤ塣ƪĿ̲
棬©Ŀߣ࣬ĿԹƪסʣǹʧߣУ
Թ塣ģǰصߣּȤȥӣԴҪ
ܣѴߣ׫顷Գ֣ģʹ
űطֲ֣ۡ

λ˼ǣ©֣˼ӵģݱľ
£ڸôʹ˼Եȱֲ֣ʹ˼
ȷеһƪɼݣݣֿƪʶԣ
ǵģ޸ģʹϺǡǰظ׸ģԼ򻯣
£Աģ׫һ顷˵̺塣Ҽӵ֣
дԺ͹֡

ΪУעʡ12ʱ䣬˵ġǽ
ʡУıӡͬǣԭ飬롢ӽ
䣬úڻõ𣿿ҲͲ֪Щ־
ӵģĶġעżҸΪȡ⼫
ܰԼ˼·ı˹żԭʼò˵ĸĶӦģӦд
עڵġʡ޶Ƚǡ

õԼ˼·ԡʡ˺ܴĸĶ磺Ϲ
ۡƪףȻҪǿɵɫʣͬʱȰװһƵۡһʦ
֪ᣬ뿴

ڻƵۣ飬ԣ׶Ϊ룬ɶ졣

⼸仰˻ӵģҲĻɡ⼸仰ˡɶ
족⣬ȫǳʷǡ۱͡ɶ족Ǹݡʷǡɶ
ĵģ˳ɵɫʡƵ˵ã̵ʦ᪲
ⱾҪһ򼸸֪
ܵʥ񻯣͸Ȿɫʡӵһƪ
ǽθӦģܷ˼룬ЩƪĿȫԪ
עеġ

ĸĶȻҲľ䣬ȷ񻯡Ƶھ
ЧݪעԻߣȻ֪ߣӽԺڵ
ȫǷˣӡƵھĽ̵֪β

⼸仰ע⣬ʲôʲôгɣʲôе죬
۲ݣò֡ͽضѣηβ޹ϵ˵족
ɣʷǡSעΪ 죬𻯶ȥŽΪܣ
ӦǡҲ˵ףӦǡϵλôɡ
⣬ֳ⡣ͬʷǡSעΪƵɹº
룬Ƶ۳ȥŽͬ⣬˵Ӧǡγɹ꾡λ
ٰ꣬ʮһҲⶼܳ⣬ǳˣȥˣ
ôʦʴأ֡ʷ塷˵ΪʮڳҲǶԳ
ĺͨĽͣ鷳ˣ20꣬ڣȥôιôʦ
ʴ⼸仰ǵʵ̫ȫˣ

йѧԺоף˵עھ[3]ǸС
һѾ綼ˡֲϵпԺڡ
νڡйѧԺڡѧԺƸڣ
磬Ӧھ÷˵ͼĴ󡣡ھ
ʡࡷ֣߲ܵͬڡעһ
ƣΪһڵʱѾȫˣֻеһݸʡ
ע⡣һзۺͲ뿪ʵܴۣȥθ߲
ʵĶһһǶܰ12˵1.5жҫ
ͷΡùδ󽱵ġи˽ͻڣӦ̬Ȱɣ

עӰ޴󣬲ǾλγڷּУԺ󣬾
˹ٷĶһֱڣıӣֻǻƪ̷
ƪ͡ƪγ油ġ

2ڣˣ֮ǰʡйһУ
УڵУʡ

עΣڡع㲹עƵھ˵
κ΢֮֮ǳ֮ˣ䲻ϾΪӡ

ǣѷ⣬ڱѰ壬ⶣʮģ
಻ܾߡǧ֣ע߶ǧһȥȡл
壬

˵ô΢飬ȴ˼ǳªˣûʧˡ
Ѽ˶鼮־ĺ壬ֻʮ֮
ģעĴǧ֣˶ǧעͣÿ
ֵȡᣬпݣкĵط˵öˡ

ڵ˵УעкܶЩǱ󣬶
Բͨе©еǰȫԪע͵ԭģڵĲ
עܶ඼˵ˡһЩעģԵǣǿЩԼ׵ģ
ɴûעôͶĿռ䡣

ڵУӡ£ʡӦǴӴʱʼģ
汾һֱڡ

3ʷ£ˣΪࡷž壬ûעһֱڣ
롶ʡϳơƵھ

γڼεv꣨Ԫ1059꣩δģУҽ顣ࡷ
ȱ̫࣬δУʵ֪뾭ʮԻͨԪv
¸ӣ(Ԫ1093)¡˽ֵĻҾ棬
֮ѣݸ֮Ȼš鼮ʧءҿе濯£
ʷ׳˲صġࡷž£Ӵ˳Ϊࡷ
Ķ

ʷ׳ġࡷΪʷµα졣Ϊࡷ
濯йʷݿסڽϣбõı֡˾䡶һƪ
ƵġƵھ̫ءļҾȽϣи
־г룬ݻһµġ䣬Ƶھ̫ءѾڹ
ʧˣڿĩձġȻƵھ̫ءձҲ
ʧԼ4ͣ1920·֣Ѳȫˡࡷʻ
дǿԺ˶ԵġʵⲻĹؼؼݡһӹɵ
ʵǣϰⱾ˲࣬򣬹ӦиԺ˶ԡ



(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

طҩĻƽʱʱȺ۴ƣ6
´½̽ߡطҩƷ֮ŷҽ

Ѱ

ǰ潲˰ҽɹΣһ֮ǰ
ȷ棬ĴŷҽDr. Thomas W. Dyottŷҽһ
Ҳ̶ܴϴطҩƷڵļߣͳ˧ϲκͳ
˧˳ΪطҩƷ֮King of Patent Medicine
ҩƷ֮ͷΣʷλȴطĸƷ
ƿġ

ͬǰ˵ʱҽҩһף1771
ǵҩƷ嵥ϾȫǽҩƷսЩطҩƷӦӰ̶ܴ
ϴıƷơ

ڿƪ˵רֵһҽѧר18964Perkinsҽ
ʱרֿŵĵ꣬󲻾ãWindhamConnecticut
Samuel LeeJr.ȡ˵һҩרBilious Pills˾Զ
רĵרֵһʧջˡҩﺬٻƽ֬«֬
ΣǷءҩ費Ƶ֭Biliousnessǰҽ
Һѧ˵ֳİܶ༲ĶҪƻȲƵ
ˮסʳ没ԼƲȡ˵˵ҽѧSamuel 
Lee, Jr.Ҫģӥ˹ڿհףټԹֳ
ݣһҩﻹСгɾ͵ġ

ϧþڶSamuel Leeǳ1899Perkinsҽ
ͬһطNew LondonConnecticutSamuel H.P. Leeҽר
ҲСBilious PillsS. H. P. Lee䷽«īǣţ֬һ
кҩٻƽ֬ҩȣһкҩ֬ΣǷ
Ȼǹҩ趼кҩƣҩһˣǾҪ
ˣһ߹ԼһʹԷطսĵ;ۡ˺
ò

һ꣬1800Baltimore, MarylandһRichard Lee
ˣҲBilious Pills⻹ܶٸԭĩ澫ȡҺ
רɱʳǶRichard LeeᵽŦԼ漴˵ðһMichael 
Leeԭĩ澫ȡҺ鵤ҩơǶҲ
Bilious PillsȻĴȷ棬вҩҽ࣬1804
ŦԼҩﵥа˾ʮҩǱƷơ

Ĵȷ㴵ұᣬطҩƷгŪˣ˴ŷҽ
ժȡҩĹڡ

ŷԼ1771꣨Ҳ˵1777꣩Ӣҩѧͽ
ƺɫȾϣӢòզģ1795굽1805ڼƯ
Խ𣬾˵´ֻʣǮѳǣ˱˵һС估
ңȾѥӣϵƺɫȾϡܹ㹻Ǯڷѳǵ
һҩ꣬1807ڷѳǵַ¼Уط
ҩƷ̣϶ֵ57šɡҩRobertsonͥطϵ
У϶ֵ116šʱȾѥȾϵԾӪҵ

йҩ˴ҩѴŷĳɹǧطҩƷ
̵ĳɹһģǵصĹ棬ƭһˡŷĹҪڸص
ձǳôԶʵǲĸǹᣬ
ͺܽйĸＰǰõĶϣԼ
ֿʮΪԼһƶũһֻʱξ򲻸ߣ
ΪܣϣԼ˸˹ĺᡣҪҩȻһҽ
ͷǳҪҽĻȻԳŷȻӢ
Robertsonҽӣ鷳һѳҽѧ־ı༭ȥ˰
¼δôһҽ˿
RobertsonطϵеۣɴԷһҽѧ
ʿM.D.wĽĳЩˣΪƾȥŪģѧλ
ˮҪ鷳

1815ŷ13طҩƷԷĴŷҽ
RobertsonطϵеҪԱ

Stomack Elixir of Health
Vegetable Nervous Cordial
Celebrated Gout Drops
Stomachic Bitters
Infallible Worm Destroying Lozenges
Patent Itch Ointment
Infallible Toothache Drops
Anti Bilious Pills
Ointment for the Cure of Tetter, Ring Worm, etc.
Embrocation for the Rheumatism
Balm of Iberia (for the complexion)
The Circassian Dye Water
The Restorative Dentifrice

Ʒַࡢ㹩ӦԼ˺ټϲϵձǴ
ŷҽҵԡһǳɹҵԡ1809712
14λ̣1814ŦԼݾ14д̣1820
123641̡

1830ŷҽѾиˣﵽ25ǧ൱
52ԪȻԶܸҽʦĪɭȵˣϾһ
׵ȻֳصƤδȫȥأλ
ܲ̫Զ˴ʱ۵ʲﵽ25Ԫ൱520Ԫҩ
ҩƣŹŹ֣ƥ˵ʱֻһƥӢ
ƺγ룬ΧӣһǮòļơ

ŷ޵ططҩƷһ׵£ȱ
쵼˸ţǴְڶԼĲŻʹ
ŷҽչҵԡطҩƷҪõ
ƿӣƿֻܿڣһԴţƣȻ
ԸԼҵܴƣKensington Glass Works
ģĲ͹450ˡܿĲƷ
ܸĸĲƷĲٲƿΪղؼӮ


ŷҽҲչصҵеĸɻӻҾȣ
һ޴ҵΪάֳţҪʱʱʱг
죬ѳǵصĸе˽Jacob Ridgway  Captain 
Daniel ManҪʱӦ̣֧߶Ϣ

ʮͳʱķչҲ¶⣬ӹ
ĸԴܻἯеһ˵ƶԵ˼
ᾫӢĹע˼һֱ
·չʵģйμҡΪǵҡŶ
ġߡıѼϵѼëҪ٣
˼ϵʵˮƽҩȲ̫Զ

ԭΪǮ˷ģ˼Ӱ£ᾫӢ
˵Ĺ˽ײƼе˴ǮԱʱĹϣ͵
ڹ⵽Ĺͬ𣬹ͬҲ˵УȡǴҪģ
ؼΪṩһȡǿԱʶ
ǣ˲ʾûǮͬ뵽ʵ̶̵һʮȡ
޴ĳɹͬԻ۴ʽ𣬻ͶȡͶ
ʲĿռ䣬ͬǺӴʵʱ
ɻͬγгȱܵ״̬£ͬ
ɸԴȡԱ⣬ͬͶӻ
վһңͻٴĳͶҪֶɴʧ
Ʋʧ

ΪҵģʶյĴŷҽҲȴϹͬ೵
ҵԱڶ࣬廹Ƿǳ򵥵£ͽ
ᣬ塢ƣʱܸ뵽еִգ
һǹ֣һݡŷ巢չҪͳ¯ˣίԱ
ԱжȫƱͨ˼ִգƾִ
Manual Labor Bank and Six Percent Saving Fundʵϰв
Ҫ״Charter칲ͬҪ˼ҵŬûɹᣬ
ûõִգֻð˹ͬһҡҩҲǼмҡ

ժ¼ŷɫҪ㣺Ա˵

1. ׼ˡʹòʵ
2. кȾƵģ5Ԫ߼ܳԿֻȥ
ԴŷطҩˣеıȾƵľŨȻߣ
3. 벻ʵԴͽģ5Ԫ
4. ִϼģ5Ԫ
5. зڴŷԱͼ
6. ԱҪ֮ԷԱȡѧͽĻ
Ҫʦ
7. ھͲͣѧȥ̻ҪҪϴԡ
8. ϸֹκʽĶĲ
9. ѧͽҪ٣ǼȷĳʱҪǰ


йѧѧУ棡ѧͽЩʲôأдԼ
130ҵ1016Ĳв͵Сɸࡢȹ
ЩСܶ޼ҿɹĹ¶ŷȫһĲһ깤
ʮµˣЩѧͽÿ칤11Сʱ

˵ŷĹͬձĹͬʧܵҲټҶʧ
ܣæذµҵתøݣȻߡƲ
1839걻꣬1841ݳˣǰʱѾʮ
ˡ

Ĵŷʷһɽ𣬲ǸıУǸ
Robertsonҽڶط1861ʱֻҩ
ȥطɢˡԶռ
ͼƬΪź

ͼһThomas W. Dyottҽ˧ɣ

ͼGI-16ƿӣǻʢͳĻ񣬷ӥ

ͼGI-14ƿӣGI-16ĻϼעADAMS AND 
JEFFERSON JULY 4 A.D. 1776ǵ˹ܷѷֱڶͳ
ͬһ죬177674գ50աһƿΪ
λͳղؼֵ

ͼġٴGI-14ƿ

ͼ塢ŷҽĳƿӣƿ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ͬƶڲͬµ컯Ҳ̸ƶ

platinum

ͬһƻapple۾Ϳܻ֣߹Ҵ
й½

ӲͬƵƶȣһȷȼݣһɸѡ
˵ĲܣΪʽ͹ƣͶΪ˿ԡ

֪йĿƾƶԴԶڲƸȨϮ֮⣬ײ
һλĿӡ

ƶȣҪκʵʵļܣҲҪ˽κε
ʵֻҪֵ߱ԼɣնĹ򣬱дϵ£
֤ԼȻͻϲ֤ͨ

ִͨеĿƶȣһֲܺͼܵɸѡμһѧ
ԣΪ֤Լܸ߱һӦ֪߱ʶμһ
ְҵԣֻΪ֤Լ߱¸ְҵӦ߱רҵɺ֪ʶۡ
Ȼ͹ϣͬĽ̶Ⱥְҵѡʵϵλ죬
ֻΪɸѡʺϴĳˣΪ˵λ

Ƶµƶ컯ڼȫλִƶȵĵ
ǰ˵żʡ͵ľǣκһλʽʱ֮϶
ͬͬꣻԱĴ޹λκ͹ǿ
֡ڴ󲿷ֵУͷκְֻǼ¹ʵı־
йЩȫȼıǩԾд˸ְּ
ƬͬģںܶңȥϴѧŮʿڼҴСģ
йôᱻΪǲȫ

ִʹõȼְִҵֹһ
ȫ֡߿ƶһҲˡԵǰĸ߿пƾٵĲ
࣬ҲɸѡܵĹܡеһַͦʧƫĵġ

ıѶȣڲͨı俼ƶȶı䡣Ϊͬ
ʹͬһƶȣҲͬӦԲԡǿи
GREƳΪ˼ѧѧġȫ
طеúܺãйȶǹҵѧͰɽ
ˣ¶ӦԻҪǣͨ߷
ͨѧ֮ҲܺܿӦᣬܺõĻ÷չᡣΪҪ
úõͨӦԽϵķҲǱģֻҪִ
ѵһμܡʱ˵Ӧѵ÷ϻǸ

Ҹ˵Ŀֻеˣ˵ȼһ
ũ񡢹ˡԱҲܿĵʱ򣬲ſԵײ֤
ܣӦÿԳΪȫִϵĿԡ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

лռеǮѧɭ



ϿϿлġѧռǡйǮѧɭļ
˼¼£

19791211ռ   <߻?≯Ǯѧɭ˵Ǯ
ûţûнʲô⣬ǻǣûгʲô⡣
˵ǮİѧԺһСŮ749Ժɢ˭Ҳ
к

19791230ռǣӿչ򱨣Ǯѧɭι۷ɵʱ˵Ҳ
š

ұ볭¼θͻǮϵ̲סˣǺǣ 
19791016  11磬ۻھݵһҾпĻʽ
ԼɶˣӣÿˮˮǾȫĵط
ĻʽǮѧɭ֡ŰƼ壨ܳҫģ
Ժ1~8ѧԺ쵼ϯ˻Ǯѧɭ˵"ô
ͬ־μһѧĿĻʽǺټġҸ˵ĸоǡܳ
'"

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

Ϸ飬chen09

ߣ

ҸպҲϷļ飬׼ӽ󿴣ע
Ӹո£¹򲻵ˣȻϷ⼸дԼ
ˣ

ڹϷchen09ձ龭졣

ȣڵ׿Խamazon£""Ϸļ
ܿˣӡʾٻԭɡ

׿Խhttp://www.amazon.cn/mn/searchApp?ix=sunray&searchType=&keywords=%E6%96%B9%E8%88%9F%E5%AD%90&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&searchKind=keyword&bestSaleNum=3
http://search.dangdang.com/search.aspx?key=%B7%BD%D6%DB%D7%D3&selbook=0&selmusic=0&selmovie=0&key1=&key2=&key3=&key4=&key5=&catalog=&SearchFromTop=1

Ȼ󣬾ѡ顢㡢µ

ڵĶ

  	Ʒ  	Ʒ  	ԭ  	  	ۿ  	ۼ
1 	9337819 	Ѱ߼ѧķչڶ棩 	35Ԫ 	1 	79% 	27.6
2 	20001684 	ƽ֮ 	28Ԫ 	1 	60% 	16.8
3 	20008948 	ʳƷת 	9Ԫ 	1 	76% 	6.8
4 	20058868 	Ӵ߽ѧ 	28Ԫ 	1 	59% 	16.4
 67.60Ԫ 	ͷѣ 2.00Ԫ 	ܼƣ69.60Ԫ
ʵʻ 67.60Ԫ 	ʵܼƣ69.60Ԫ

׿Խ⼸ܼ68.9Ԫ׿Խ˷ѡվ۸
൱ǰڵԣѡ˵µ

󣬾ȷջַʼķʽʽ֮ࡣÿζѡ
һֽǮһֽһ˵Ϳյˡ
ձѩƵһ졣

⼸ܹʮӰɡ

ܽһ£Ϸ黹ǱȽϷ׵ġ׿Խ
ܼ򵥣۸Ҳ˺ܶࡣ07ΪϷǩġѧɾͽ
ʾֻ鼮+ʷ+ѡܹģȻĵȴ
ûУ󻹸ϷʼϷĶ²20յķʽ
Եúܰ·ˡ

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ǮӱһķӦͦ

ߣxiaohunhun

2008괺Ŀγ̱ϸµˡ

ʱ09:45:04 AM Saturday January 19, 2008.
http://www.econ.berkeley.edu/econ/grad/spgrlec.shtml

google Cache ֤ݻڣ

http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:kK-mjfFQimEJ:emlab.berkeley.edu/econ/grad/spgrlec.shtml+Economics+Lectures,+Spring+2008&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us

23056 P 260B 001 LEC TuTh 2-4P 597 EVANS Comparative Economics 3 
QIAN, Y 2 GR & BY CATEGORY

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ѧ

ѧԺҽѧѧԺ 
ʵ 

ѧԺ20081³棩



ѧĽչԶӰ졣19ͣͥ
ڼʧȥһĺӡ죬ңͯڼ
Ѿˡÿ춼Ӧÿѧ֪ʶͷļ
ʹõļƶ绰гͷɻǷõҩ
ǳԵʳﶼǻڿгɹġѧǵ
׼ʹܹĹʹµķʽ˼Լ
档

ѧһֱǣҽִѧĵʯⱾСӼ˽
۵֪ʶΪรһЩҪףԤ༲
ũҵƷͽйҵµȡ˵ѧеĻ
оȥ̬Ҳֽ֮̽໥ͶԡĿǰ
ѧҽѧоĽչѸ٣Ҫ鹦ڽ֪ʶ̺ԭ
Щ֪ʶͨоĻʯ¼õִѧѧҲ
ΪоͬҪĹסȻԾĿѧһ
ȤȻдشⱾСҲҪЩĻ
Ծо

ȻȻ֪ʶʡҲ˸
ǣйؽĿѧ֪ʶȫ󡢻ɵ㡣Ҳ⣬
Ȼôܹľʷ׳ʵȺ΢ϸ
ͺɼɺϵļ򵥺嵽ܹ˼ʷࡣ
ɻܽ۵ĻǲǻԼǵڽ

ⱾЩ档ΪЩԽĸṩһָ
ϡִָѧݵĽɫΪʲôڹѧУĿ
ѧγУֻӦýԿѧ֤Ϊ֪ʶⱾȤĶ߿ܰ
ѧУ»Աѧʦ쵼ߡѧߡԼ
־ΪѧṩʿѧʿⱾСҲΪ˸㷺
ȺдģЩϣõ˽ֽ֧۵Ķ֤ݣΪʲô
˵ۼʵֽ˵Թ̵ĸСѧѧѧѧ
Լ˵ȡ

ⱾС黹ڸ㷺Ļ˽۵о˿ѧ
ġۡʾ۷ӳ˿ѧıԼбڽ̡˵Ϊ
ʲôѧѹۣܽΪִѧĻʯʾ
ЩѧҺڽ˵ۺΪʲô໥ݡ
ΪʲôȫĹѧУ÷ǿѧۣ
ۣΪѧγ̡

ѧۡѧԺ1984״ΰ䲼ĳĵ档
ѧԺһĿѧ壬ԱɿѧԼڿѧ
ܳѡѧԺ1863ܹίΣΪͿѧ
ѯڽ۶ѧѧҽѧ͸
ӵҪԣµİ汾ѧԺҽѧѧԺͬ֡ҽѧ
ѧԺΪѧԺĸ1970꣬йҽѧҽѧ
Ŀѧ顣

ԴⱾСӵǰ汾Ժ󣬽ѧķչ
°汾ЩҪĽչʯΪʷṩµע
Ŀ֤ݡڷѧ棬ǵõµϺ֪ʶ
DNAСDNA򷨳Ϊȷ֮ŴҪߡDNAһ
֤ʵ˻ʯ֤ݣһٽʯ¼ȻĽоΪ
ѧһȫѾ֣ѧ֧ѧоʷ
Ŵ仯Ӱ̬͹ܡоִѧ
ʷΪԾӰԶŬ֮һ

ΧŽ۵ĹҲ˱仯1980෴ڹѧУ
ڽ۵֧Ҫѧʦڿۡѧ
ۡ۵ţʯ¼ǵĵѧֻڼǧ
ǰìܡҪķͥ1987߷Ժİ
þشѧڽǿѧоĲڹѧ
УｲڣΪĻڽ̹۵ǿѧͷˡ

Ժ󣬽۵ķ辶ЩӵΪơĹ۵㣬
һµۣṹڸӣȻ
2005꣬ݶDoverҪͥоڿｲ
Υܣԭǰһǻڽǿѧ

һЩ˵ ѧʦӦý̸ѧΧƽ۵ĸ֡ˡ
ڿѧ磬ڽǷûκ顣պ෴֧֡Ŵ
֤ӿȣ޿赲ԴԺһ
ѧҹ졢ŴȻѡڻྫµϸڣ֤
Щʱĳе仯ڲʤ֤ݣѧ
ΪķǾʵĿѧʵѧҲʮȷŽη
Ļ

Ҫ½ڡ1¼Ҫ̡ѧıʡ
ѧڽ̵𡣵2¸ϸؿ಻ֽ֧ͬ۵Ŀѧ֤
ݣӸֲ֤ͬݣѧѧȽϽѧ
ѧŴѧѧȡ3¿˺üߵĹ۵㣬
ۣ˷ڹѧУĿｲ۹۵Ŀѧԭ
ѡһЩ⸽󡣡һĶϡĲοף
ڽѧıʺڽ̵ĳ

硶ѧ֤ۡڽȫ
ݡѧڽȫͬķʽ֪硣ޱҪذڶ
棬ֻܾˣõδ

Ralph J. Cicerone
ѧԺԺ
Harvey V. Fineberg
ҽѧѧԺԺ
Francisco J. Ayala
׫ίԱϯ

1	ѧı

֧Ŀѧ֤ݼ

һѧһֱڲϵѼ֤ݣԼؿǶ
ʵ͹̵˽⡣оķ治ôģ
Ȼš

2004꣬һоԱش֡ڼô󱱲ĺϣǷһ
Ӣ߳Ķﻯʯʯеѧ㶯֮䡣
֪һӵۡеĴ󲿷ʱҲ
ˮȹġзΡŤĲӡԼǳˮ̲½֧
ǿӲ

ΪֲֹＰﻯʯĿѧоѾֶ滷
֤ݡԼ37ǧ5ǰλڼôŬǸأNunavut
İ˹׶EllesmereһƬϪݺѵĹƽԭˮ
İާࡢŴֲӶΪϸԼ
ֲΪļ򵥶ﴴõʱ½ϻûдͶ
ӵиָ㣬Щڵˮǳ̲ĶֲΪ

ѧֹǳˮĻʯǵǱָΪ
ʵҲΪӡĹҲǴԽֲͨң
ǳ⣬м򵥵ķΡѧһڽΪĳ﷢
ĶﻯʯֶĲʱҲ½϶ȹġǱΪڵ
㶯ǵǰ仯ԭ֫ǻ
뿪ˮǣѧһûзֹǳˮ֮֫
Ĺɶﻯʯ

»ʯоСһ֪̿ô󱱲дԼ37ǧ5
ǰĳңǽѧԤǳˮ½عɵʱΡ
ˣСоصڼô󱱲Ϊ˵оص㣬оԱ
Сʱķɻֱңÿֻڽѩǰ칤
¡Ұ⹤ĵĸ죬ҵԤеĻʯһɽ
¶ҲУǷ˱ΪTiktaalikĶﻯʯ
ô󱱲Ŧ˵ģ˼ǡˮ㡱ˮ㡱Ȼӵ
Ҳ㶯ĵҪǣ
Ĺ֫֫壬ƶ֧塣

һĽѧоɹԤ⣬ࡢࡢ
ࡢԼදȣǴԼ37ǧ5ǰɺ½
֮һˮ㡱ķΪһԤṩǿ֧֡ȷʵԼ
ۺȵҪ幹롰ˮ㡱ơ

ˮ㡱ķ֣֤ʵ۵ĵԤ⵱ȻǳҪֻ
ÿڶ෢еһӰˡЩֲϵؼؿǶ
۵Ŀѧ⡣ЩֲԹѧоǻѧ
ѧԼѧ֧оֽ֧۵Ĺ۲ʵţ䶰
ĿѧҶڽǷǷȻڽ֮вɣֻ
Ͷڽ̵оСѧǼţµ֤ݽȥ150
һһֽ֧۵Ļ롣

ִѧԭ

۵оıǶԵ⡣Ϊʲô֮
಻ͬеιһĽϵΪ
ṩ˿ѧĽ͡ǣΪʲôЩòȻʵԵϵ
ЩòƵȴڽңңΪǽͣڵ
ϳֵģΪЩڽΪǽʾ
ͬȺ֮ʲôĹϵεõЩͬԵġʹ
ܹҵµЧ;ԼܽеϸͲĲַ

ָڶеԸı䡣ڱͳŴѧʼԴ
ǰѧҶڴױԵŴԭһ֪Ŵѧо
ŴDNADNA һݵһDNAг
ΪƬΣָʵĺϳɣΪϸ͸ֹ
Ҫ򻹸ںͿƵϸӷɶϸ塣ˣDNA
͹ܵ಻ܡ

ȻԶױһģһκһࡪ
嶼ЩŴԵı졣ڲȡֳ
ÿױΪṩһŴϢھϸϸںϺ󣬺
ױõŴϢױDNAںµķʽ
һ𡣶ңֳֳ壨ϸУDNA
Ϊͻ䡱ı仯

DNAͻԺмֿܵͻܵ¶
кԱ仯ʹȺȽϣή߲ͣ
Ļή͡һֿǣͻԸֳûκӰ졣
ߣµͻܲһԣʹܹõûԴ
Ͳ磬һҲб仯ֱ仯
ͨǳˮ̲񡰴ˮ㡱һһֻҲ
òͬɫʹڱʳĶ﷢֣һֻӬ
ʽżΪڲͬʹܹӳɹż

ͻ߸ĴʣôпܱȺڵ
ĺ̳˸ͻ䣬ôԵĸһ
صȥʱĳУԡԼ
ԵŴDNAȺ深١෴ӵв
кͻĸ岻ܰǵDNAݸδɴͻ䵼µ
Խϡ٣մȺָ֮ܵ
ɸɵȺĿŴԵı仯ָȺĽ
ǲܽġ

ԵĸķֳƱΪȻѡ񡱣ΪȻѡ
߸深ֳԡͻԽ深ֳ
Ȼѡ񻹻ήʹȺķֲ˹ѡĹƣ
ѡˣȻ跨ʹֲԽ䣬
ѡ˹ѡǲ˽ĸּ粻ͬƷֵ
èȣԼֲõ廨㡢׵ȡ

Ⱥﵼ޷־ϸı仯

ѧں֮䶼ĳЩṹ̺;
Ϊи߶ȵȶԡЩʱṹٷ
Եı仯DNAˮƽϣЩƶϸҪӦĻ
ڼʹϵңԶ֮䶼ٱ仯

ȻڲͬʱϣȻѡҲܹȻĽЧ
ڣߣĳЩ׵ļأһڣ
ڸڲСģ΢ı䡣磬²ϸõĵֿ
صһϸŴܿصϸ
棬޵ֿϸ򱻿ɱ
·νˡĤסȾԴԼϸ
ĿزʱϾս

΢һﵺAripoеĺһɫ
̥С㣩ںĺ޷ִС䶼ͷ㲶ʳ
ںСϪĺֻСͷĲʳСͷʳߵȻֻ
ʳ׵Сĺ죬ͷСϪĺ
СΪԵĺȴͷڶܲʳߡѺ
ĺԭûкȺڵСϪԺڴԼ20Ժͽ
Ϫԡ

Ҫ೤ʱ1000ÿ100ܲٴ

	1	1000	ÿ100ܴ
ϸ	1Сʱ1	1000Сʱ42죩2.7	87ڵ37ǧ40
/è	2	2000	50
	22	22000	45000


Ŵ仯ڽеĳۻܹ͵壬µ֡
ڵȺʱڵؽȺڽʱͨͻγµ֡˵
ڵĳȺڵֵָȺֿߣĳȺ
岻ͬķʽԴȺڵĸ໥ʱ
ȽϲͬŴԾ͵Իֳ볤ڳ
ȥȺڵĸܲԭȺżΪźӦ
Ŵ۵һ̶Ⱥ󣬲ͬȺ֮ĸ弴ʹн䣬Ҳ޷
ɴĺַͨʽִܹϵġµ֡

ƵĽУֵĲγܹǵȻ
塣Ȼÿһֶǵƣ಻ϵֵ
γɽʹȵĲԽԽ󡣵µĽʹһȺռ
µϢأµķʽеԴʱȵԽ
쳣ҡ

ڣһ֫½Ժ㶯Ӱɡ
ֲֽǵرԺ󣬾ܹµ滷Ե
㶯֮ڵ㶯࣬½϶ȹʱ⣬
ȻˮʪĻѡԼ34ǧǰĤѽ
ṹмӲԼӵĸĤʹ̥ܹڸĻ
档දʷϵĹؼ֮һ

ڵѳɺüҪϵһϵж
ࡣһϵ鶯ǴԼ2 ڵ25ǧǰ

ൽ鶯Ľڻʯ¼зǳϸؼءݽ
̶ĻʯӵĴԣ컯ĸй٣°ͺ
ڸЧʳ;׽֫𲽵Ĳ棬ֳ
ܹԽԽõ֧̥ڷӪ鶯ѧϵӱ
Կ¶ѪĽйأѪȽϣʹò鶯
ܹڸ¶ȷΧڸΪػ

Ȼ6ǧ8ǧǰһȺΪ鳤Ĳ鶯״γڻʯ
¼СЩ鶯ֽץ۾ǰԸΪ︴ӡ
ǽŴִϵ

ѧҸݾ֤ݽȻ

ȥԽսΪѧĹʽṩ
ʵѧ֪ʶĻڹ۲ͽ͵໥áѧͨ
۲ȻʵϢȻ󣬸ʵ۲õݣ
Ƕоϵͳָͣϵͳһιġ
ͬһĹ۲ʵ飬ǵĽͼ֤ѧҶԸ
۲Զ֤ʵнһоܲӸӵĽͣ
δĹ۲ʵԤ⡣ͨ;ѧҶȻ
ϵشﵽӾȷȫĽ͡

ڿѧκνͶȻȻԭ
ظģˣܹ˼Զ֤ǻĳȻ
־ѧҼ޷֤ʵֽͣҲûзĻκοѧ
ͱǿɼģǾ˵ܹҵܵĹ۲֧ͬʱ
ܹҵܵĹ۲һ͵ܹݴҵǱ
ڵķĹ۲֤ݣȻĻ޷пѧļ顣

ڹ۲ͽ໥ͬɳˣѧһԵĻ
ظĹ۲ʵĽͣ澫ȷȫȻ󣬶Щ
µĹ۲ʵ飬һ֤͡
һѧͨ¼ǰĹĽ
չѧĽʱƶ渴Ӿȷ漰Ҳ㡣

ڿѧǲܾԿ϶֤ĳֽȱ
ˡЩѧĽͣһĹ۲ʵ֤Ǵġµ
ѧṩΪȷĹ۲ݣ֤еĽǲֵġµĸ
µĽͿָеĽͲȫȱݡǹȥܵ
ѧĸڷֲʮ־ȷֻ޵

ˣѧĽѾ൱׵ؼˣµĹ۲
ʵܶشı䡣ѧѾΪЩͣ
Ϊʵǵ˵Ȼ硣ʵԭӽṹԻΪŴѪ
Һѭ˶áͨȻѡֻǺ̺Ŀ
ѧеЩѧ޿ɵֿ޿ɱ粵֤
ʵˡ

ѧΨһ֪ķʽѧ֪ʽͬķʽ
ڣھ֤ԼɼĽ͡͵Ȼ
Ҳڽ̽עģԵԴԴˣ
ԴӲ˹?ĺͰ׵??ʿ1858״ıԺ
һֱġ
֤ڽв

죬ڶڽɱڵʮʷУ
֪ԡڽ廹ָ
Ľ岢в㣡ѧҺѧҶӱģزǶʷ
ϵʷľη;ָ̾ǲΪϵ۵ͽ֤֮
κγͻЩܾܽ۵ڽɱͨڶڽ̽
ϸϵĽ͡

ѧڽ̻ྭĲͬ档ڿѧͱԹ۲Ȼ
õ֤ΪѧĹ۲ʵִĽͻô
ձȫ෴ڽԾ
֤ΪܣҲһ㣵֤ݶı䣬ͨ漰Ȼ
ʵ塣ڳȻʵ岻Ȼ磬ѧ޷о
˵ѧڽƽеģԲͬķʽעⲿ֪
ѿѧڽ໥ͻУ˵¼ҵսʵǷţ


ڽժ¼

ڽɱڽ˷Ͻķָ
ͻ

йԴĽϵĽ֮ûìܡ
̳ϻ

ѧԽ۵֪ΣǶȻ⣬áѧ
ġĿǽѧ˵ʹǶԿѧķͱ׼ĸ
̫̽ʿЭ

Ľ̻ͨ͡Humani Generis1950У ҵǰαӻʮ
Ѿ϶ֻҪǲɥʧĳ̶ֹڽۺй༰ʹ
֮ûгͻ죬ڸͨͷԺЩµķ
ǳϽǼ˵ʵϣڲͬĿѧһϵеķ֮
۲˼ضоԱӰ졣ЩоĽ
ۺȲԤȼƻҲΪ֮˶ԸۼΪ
Ҫ۵㡣̻ʱ޶̻ʿѧԺţ19961022ա

ǣǩģ಻ͬͳĻʦţʥ
ִѧķֿԺعŽǿѧĻʵ
סϸļ飬ḻ֪ʶͳɾͶ֮ϡ
ʵΪֻǡ˵еһ֡ǶԿѧ֪
̣ҽ֪ݸǵĺţܹ˼ά
Ծϵ۸ǵ֮һܾʹǾܾ
ԸǶشѧУ»Ա϶۽ѧ֪ʶҪ֣
άѧγ̵ԡҪ󣬰ѿѧΪѧԴڽΪ
Դֲͬʽ໥ʦš1
ʦǩμ
http://www.butler.edu/clergyproject/clergy_project.htm

ѧժ¼

ѧңְҵԱһڽ̺泬Ȼʵ
ȻͬЩ˳гΪѧĹ۵㣬ֹ۵Ϊ
ѧһԽҿܡһЩ˳гΪȻ۵Ĺ
㣬ֹ۵϶ϵ۴еﲢУڲٻ
ԤȻѧҶϵۻԭṩߣ
ԾǶ׫

߲ɱڿѧûнͣǶԿѧ޷͵ĵ
Ѱϵۡڽ̵ĿѧڿѧѾ⣬Ѿ͹ĵطѰ
ϵۡ˼գʴѧѧڣѰҴĵϵۣһ
ѧѰϵڽ֮ͨԡһߡԳԷ̸¼
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/miller.html

ΪΪһϽĿѧңעÿһ˵ϵۣ
֮ûìܡѧʹ̽Ȼϵ۵ʹھ磬һ
ÿѧԺ͹̽Ǳʹ顢ͷԺȡ
˹˹ƻΣоԺо
Ρժ顶ϵ۵ԣһѧṩ֤ݡ6ҳ

ǹĿѧ֪ʶΪϵ۵ṩһǷĻᷴ˼
ǵΡ񸸣ʦٸ̨ǰΡ
ժ̲ѧPalm Beach Atlantic University̸ѧ
Ҫϵ𣬻Ҫһ̿ѧҿۣ2006131ա
http://chem.tufts.edu/AnswersInScience/Coyne-Evolution.htm

2	۵֤

ѧ֧Ϊṩ֤

ָ֤ݶΪѧ˽˹סЩ֤19
ͻǰΪѧ֪ĶĻʯֵĵֲȡ
һЩֱ֤20ͺ21ͲſܵõDNAеıȽϡ

۵֤ݲֹԴѧԴʷϺִѧƵ
˵ѧѧѧѧѧѧԼĿ
ѧ֧Ϊѧȡѧ͵ѧѾ֤
ͨǽ֡ѧͻѧⶨļΪ
ʷеĹؼ¼ʱǡֵоʾ֮
ʽ֣ΪҲͬԡѧоΪԴṩ
µļ⣬ʹǸõ˽ѧ֮໥ãЩ
ָΪϵܺ͡

ԾĿѧһȻдڻشѧ
ֲߵؼо֮ĽϵӰ̬͹ܵŴ졢
ڵӰ졢ܺΪĽԼʤ
⡣ЩоУǾͷڼĽĳЩѰ
ηǡǷĴ𰸡ͨоһ
б仯ĻԼ仯ĺ

ѧڹȥļﲻ͵׫дһעĿĺƪƣ
۾еһ֡ʼ桢̫ϵ͵γɣЩ
¼ӹԣϵԴ
Ȼأʣĳ¡¡ǰֱ
졣죬ͨоƽẈ̂ѧⲿƪ
µƪ¡

桢ϵ̫ϵԴṩ˵

еλ20ͱ仯С16ͼ17
޼ʱ̫ǵ򹹳ʱνģ
ʹȻ󲨡1920ɼѷɽ̨һ
Զ֣ЩԽҹĴɢ΢Ĺ㣬ϵ
ĵơǶͬϵÿһϵʮڼƵͨ
оЩĹߣѧҷһ𾪵ĽۣЩϵ
ͬķɢˣҲ˵͡

۲ʱѧҡ̻ʦ?÷
˵Դʼڡը˵е
ǱѹһСܼ¶޸ߵ
屻Ϊ㣨singularityѧҶԴ֪١Ȼ濪
ʼ͡͵ĹУȴһֱȴɽʵĻ
ӱȶըķԼԺʱ䣬ʾռ
Ӧþһ¶ȣԵΪص΢Զ֤ʵһԤ⡣
ϵĹ۲һ΢ը˵
Ԥһģһ

ͣеʱ̫ķʽγ
Ϊϵľ޴ṹЩṹ֮ڣСöſ̮һ
ͳơĵʱѹ㹻ĳ̶Ժ
еԭӿʼ˾۱γɺԭӣɼ⼰䣬Ǻ
Դ

ѧһЩǵвγɱƽת̡Բе
ͳܹۼССܹγɳΪСĸĽṹ
ģСܹ۽һγΧƺתǺ
ǺСǣԼ̫ϵžγɵġͨϸĲ
ǻϵַΧƺתĴǡЩ
ǵϵУʮڼƵΧŸĺת

ѧҺ͵ѧ˶ַ桢ϵ̫ϵԼ
ǵĵ䡣ͨϵ֮ľͷٶȣѧܹ
ըڶǰġ澫ȷĲԼ
140ꡣһֹķǲɴըµ΢
䣬ҲƵĽĹ۲ͼǵϵڴը
ļԺͿʼγˣˣϵ伸һĹϡ

ǵ̫ϵڸϵγɡʯγ̫ϵĲʣ
ʯеķԪرǵǴԼ4546 ǰγɡ
γԺܵСǺǵĲײʹıڻļ
һײһڻƵĹϾ۽
γɽ򡣴ϴУϵʯⶨΪ4445
ꡣϷֵϵĹʯ壬Լ44ǰγɡ
Ϊ35ϵʯڵϵĸ½з֡

γʮԺ

ϵĻʯ֤ݱʷľʱζĴڡĴ
Ĺѧҷ֣ΪʯĳҲ34ǰϸ
ɵģĻʯѾ֤в35䡣Ļѧ֤
ʾԴܸ磬ڵȴͿʼˡ

ŪοʼǼ˷ܣ־սԵĿѧ⡣Ϊֹ
ֵϵ̬Ļʯ35ꡣͼģγɵǳ
ѣΪǲʮڵϵĻѧص㡣ˣоԱ
Ҹγɲʼļ˵ңʵ
Щ˵Ȼûһ˵õҵһͬѧһЩ
ȡ˽չ

Դ1950԰ټƵ˹ʵ֤ݱ򵥵Ļ
ˮͻɽ緢壬ܹͨѧӦγɹķӲϣ
ۺγɵʡDNAԼϸĤĸӡռʯҲ
ĳЩһĻѧӣѧͨԶǼʿռҲ
һķӡ

ԴҪȣܹҸƵĻѧӾۼһ
𡣵ڶЩӼĸƷչʾ죬ԱЩܹõ
ûԴ͵ֿѹֱܹ̳ȥĻ
ЩںʵĻ½ռơ

Ϊֹǻ֪ЩӵЩͨһֳ
ΪRNAӣǺᣩоѧչʾһ̿ܵĹԭ
оԱ֣ЩRNAܹĴٽĳЩѧӦʣ
RNAӵĸơһֻѧӣ˵RNAܹҸƣҲ
ӣܹγɷǳ򵥵Ҹ屻
װڻѧݻĤ棬γɡԭϸҲԭʼϸ
ڰ汾Щ﷢Ľṹ仯±죬磬ʹĳһض
ʼӿ졣ȻѡͿʼˣΪзӽṹƵԭϸ 
临ԡ

ΪԴһŷļ˵ȱش⡣Ϊ
ֹоԴĿѧȻ֪һ黯ѧҸƵʹ
ܹʵɼ򵥵ĻﴴϸҲ޷֤ڼʮǰ
ڵϣǵȻĸ߹ͬĵ·ΣȻ
һĻѧԴĻԭ򣬼ŷĻѧϸڣ
ͨѧоԲĿѧʷʹòƼ᲻ɴݵĿѧ⣬
ԴҲ۵ĽչķչԼʵķ
ȶ

ʯ¼ϸ˽

19ͳҶѧҷֲĳеĻʯһ˳
ڳУΪԶʳøӽҵĵײΪ
ڵĳλһЩȻҲǾԵģϵʯʱλ
ʯ֮ϣڵؿǴģޱ䵼µġ

뵱ƵĻʯĳУ뵱
ϴĻʯλڸϵĳСЩ۲죬಩ѧΪ
ʱ仯а˹ĵ游ǣĺͰ׵¡
ءʿһָȻѡƶĶ߱ĳ֮Ϊ
Ŵdecent with modification

1859귢Դʱѧһ˵Ŀѧ
ʷĳҪôΪ֪ҪôǻûгоĹ
Լǰ˽20ʱѼ֧۵֤ݣҲϸ֧
۵֤ݲֵ⣬˵ǸʱĻʯ¼ȫȱЩҪ
Ⱥ֮Ĺɻʯȡ

ʱһѧҷ˺ܶʱδ֪Ĺ
ڸָĿŵ㣬Ϊ5 4ǧ63ǧ5֮ĳ
ʯ﷢ϸĺۼڸĳ﷢ֵĻʯۼ
10ǰʹˡһЩܿǵϸ
Ӳ֮Ĺͣǰǵʷʼ20ʱΨ
һľ񣬶ߴ5 4ǧǰʼڻʯ¼Сңڴ
ڼֵﶼǹڵĳЩҪĽ
ϵһֱܵࡢ֫嶯ȡ

籾鿪ʼʱˮ㡱½ϵ㶯
֮Ҫ͡Լ33ǧǰĻʯ㶯
Ľ̡23ǧǰʯзıõĹǼʾ
ϵʼǳ֪Ĺͣһ
Ϊ15ǧ5ĻʯСͿĹǼܣͬʱëͳ
йڷ˸ʯԼΪ11ǧ꣬Щʯβ
Сдצ֫塣ΪЩĻʯ¼ʾ˺ִܶĽ켣
羨ȡ

ͬĽṹΪͨɹͬȽ

죬ڵϵÿһֶԼĽϵҲ˵
ԭеֲģǸԭеǴԭеֲģѭ
Զšڽ˵ǵĽϵܹݵ
Ľ֮ǸϣִֵĹͬ֡
ʱֱͬΪͬȣпζһȺ
ǵһȡ˵ͺɵĹͬڴԼ600700
ǰһ֣ͺĹͬ4ڶǰں
һֹŴ㡣

ˣ಻ǺɻһԳĺᣬһѾ
ٴڵ֡ҲǽĺᣬתΪ
㶯֡

ֵĹͬԽϽĵô;иΪң
ԶĹͬȵֱȽϣǻиͬΪ
ˣͺȽϣȺȽиԡеﶼ
ٵЩͬԣΪڹȥĳʱǾйͬȡ
磬ۻĻʯͷѧ֤ݣࡢţȵĹͬ
ܿڴԼ1ǰСͲ鶯ùͬȵĺᾭ˺ܶ
Ҫı仯ǵĹȻǳơһλдţ½أ
ǱںգǵĹϸȻ죬
һң幹˶

ѧҰԹͬȵƽṹΪͬԴԡȽϽѧҲ
оṹͬԴԣоֵͬԴԣ֮Ƴ
Ⱦϵͬķѧо֮ͬĲͬ
Ĺܵԡ̥ԻΪԵȵȡЩоΪ
;ṩ֤ݣѽͬǵĹͬϵȻͨ۲컯
ʯ¼ܹЩ֤ļ˵

ʱͬĽϵƵĽṹΪơṹǿ
ͬԴԣȴͬĻԹͬȡ磬
ˮܲ࣬ڹȥ5ǧʷУ½زġ
ӽ֮ңԶ졣ǽ
壬㡢㡢ĳΪĿ弫Ϊơ
ܶѧ֧֤ʹýѧܹṹΪ
ԾԹͬȣǶƵĻѹͬӦ

ֲͶĵֲǽĽ

Ķۻҡ԰Ƶڵϡ¡
ͿУÿһֶԼ̬СȻԵáЩ֣
ࡢܹȻĻ档ЩȴǼ˵רŻˡ
һֻһּ׳ʳı棬ضļ׳ֻڷ
ϲĳЩҶһֹӬ׳棨Drosophila carcinophilaֻһ
½зĵƬ컯Ĺ﷢зֻڼձȺ


۵ķܹͶԣܹ˵ĵֲ磬
һĵϹӬɡڹӬDrosophila
йصĻӬScaptomyza500ӬֶֻΪС
ЩռȫйӬĴԼķ֮һȵκһͬ
طҪöࡣΪʲôô಻ֵͬĹӬ鱦أ

𰸾ĵĵʷʷ֮СȺɺеĻɽ
ɣûκδ½ӹӵڲʹؿǼȣ̫ƽ
ƹȵ㡱ʱγȺĵߣϵĵ
ʴճˮ֮¡ϵ½ǿ׻
Kure AtollԼ3ǧǰ̫ƽ𣬶ĵ
󵺡ֻ50ʷȻдĻɽڽС

ȺԭһƬƶ񤣬еֲͶЩ
1200굽1600ǰϵ֮ǰʹڵ֡ͨˮΧ
Ĵ½ңԶĵǵĺᡣĵĹӬԣͬԴ֤
ݣDNA֤ݱеӬͻӬֶһ
ĺᣬּǰռȺ

ЩĿԿٵγɼΪųȺĹ
ӬռвͬĺΡˮֲȵϢأֲϵ
Ϊĸֲܶ֡⣬СȺĹӬеʱҲһֻܹ
ĴӬϵطɵ߱ЯĵϣǶµ֡
ܹڵռСڴ½ͱֽȵˡ磬
ĹӬڵϸܵҶϲѣڴ½̬ͱ
ռˣȺϣСȫλԴ

ڱ޵Ĳ鶯ṩһܺõʵ˵
ֲַӰ졣ڲ鶯ڣ½һγһö
½ء½ķѵ±ķ룬ԺǸԵĲ鶯
ͬķ޽Ĳ鶯ݻʯ¼ִȺʳࡢ
ࡢࡢȡڱҲ֣а
ǡԼݻsaber-toothed catȡԺ󣬴Լ300ǰ
ƶ½Դ޵Ĳ鶯
򱱷ǨƣࡢࡢԼȡͬʱֱܶ޵Ĳ
鶯ҲմԽϿ仧Ϸ¹ܡʨܡ͹ȡ

ѧ֤ʵչ֤ݵõĽ

ܶķӻһ֪˹ļ19͵
ѧȻó˽ĽۡԺϸӽṹΪ
ǹڽĻʷṩȫµ֤ݡµ֤ȫ֤ʵɻʯ
¼ֵĵֲԼʽ֤һۡ⣬
֮Ľϵͽṩ˷ḻ֤ݡ

ֳDNAֱӴĸһһشȥ
ֳDNAĴͨЯDNAľӺϸںϽСǰ
DNAĺĴݹлᷢͻ䣻Щ
ԣµDNAпڶķȺɢû
Ӱͻ䣬ͨDNAȺάȥǣDNA
ŹȥŴļ¼ЩӦԵı졣

ͨȽDNAУѧܹʾǴӹͬȷֵ
Ŵ졣ӵнΪڵĹͬȣô
ӵңԶĹͬȵȽϣ֮DNAиΪơ磬
DNAڲͬĸȺ֮ĲСDNAеƽ
ҲֻмٷֱȣԽڵĹͬȡǣDNA
󡢼DNAеĲԽԽ󣬱ǺЩĽ
ԽԽ󡣱ȽͲӬ桢ֲDNAʱĲ
ܴӹͬȷ֧Ժ˶೤ʱ䣬DNAее
ﶼڡĳЩϸDNAжһԣ
ЩԾ˾ƹܵķӽṹˣǣΪʲôͨ
оܹ˽Ҫ̡ʵϣ
󲿷ֵҽѧоǻĹͬԡ

ѧĹԶԶֹŪ֮Ľϵܹʾ
ĽŴµԡ˵ѧ
һֱоһֵڵ׵ĹܣõܾѵķУܹ
رϸıЩʵĽṹЩDNAϵ
СRNAӵ΢С仯ܶ֯͹ܷ
ҵӰ졣һı仯ܾĳЩҪĴ¼ķ
㶯֫ת䡣ҪǣǳƵĵڵ
ȻͬӬ󡢺ﶼڣ빲ͬȵľѾ
֮ңDNA֤ʾ̬Ļڶϸ
Ľ֮ǰ֮ȷԺ߶ȱأ仯١

෢Դʷ

Ѿ۹֤ݶָͬĽۣ鳤Ƚ
19ͣԳӵйͬһȫµĸڴʱ
һֱǼұ۵⡣ǽ죬ѧ粻ٻ
֮еĽϵоֽʱùͬĿѧ
͹ߣоԱ˴ģȻվĻʯ޿ķ
ѧ֤ݣǶرĶҲͬ
Ե

DNAбȽϵƳ̶ȣͺɵĹͬڴԼ600
700ǰķޡִĽϻһЩ֧
ѾһЩȺ֡ʷϵĲͬʱڣƺ
֡

Լ410ǰ޳һ֣ѧҰΪϷԳ
Australopithecusһڷϲ֣ڷ޶
Ҳʯһ3ŮԼĹʯĳ
ԺִԳһͷǹǻʯأĶȺ֫
ص㿴еĲʱƺϲϷԳҲһֱ
СϷԳµĽӡѾ֣ýӡ̵ĻɽҸ
ر

Լ230ǰڷ޽еִֶ
ֱΪˣHomo habilis200ǰͷ
ǵĲⶨƽЩϷԳҪԼ50%ʯ
ڴԼ260ǰ

Լ180ǰһӽֱˣHomo erectusˡ
ִӷӵŷǴ½ԺĻʯ¼ֵĺż
һ˵ڵֵĴԶЩֵĴ

֤ݱʹԵһĽѧϵִ
Homo sapiensɸڷ޽ġִ֪绯ʯ
20ʷĳԱɢޣԺӵޡ
ޡŷޡޣȡЩʱѾȫĳЩ
Ⱥ

3	ߵĹ۵

ߵĹ۵ܾѧķֺͷ

ЩĴܳΪֳۡΪۡʵ
иֲͬĹ˵ߡָЩܾ֪
ȻĿѧͣųȻʵرˡɫɫ۵ּ
ϵۣǰԼܶڽɱ𶼽ܿѧ
֣ܽۡҲһԡʥĻ̡Щ
ǻ̵ڽͬͼȡѧǳȻڽ̽Ȼ


ĿͨɹģĴġ
ЩͨɻԾԭּɣţΨһֻгȻʵܹ
Ȼ仯͵ԡʹߵĹ
Ҳ˴˳ͻһֳΪ˵ʥ͵
ԴĽֻͣڼǧǰġʽ۵ӵţ
ڵﶼڶݵʱﴴģʼͻϾ
нڵӡһΪϵ˵߽ܵǳ
ϵʵܾйѧ֡

ûκοѧ֤֧Щ۵㡣֮෴ǰֶ֤ݱ
ǴԼ45꣬Լ140ꡣ񶨹Щ
֤ݲζŷۣͬʱҲִѧѧѧ
͵ѧĻʯ

Щţһ緶ΧĴˮܹͽ״ͻʯ
ķֲҲѧĹ۲֤ͻŵĳＰ
еĻʯڶڻģ֪ĳ̲ϡң
̵ʱڣҲӵڵ߷ĶҪˮ

ʱָʯ¼ǱԲ;
̬֤ݡ۵ȫڹȥѧҺ
ѧһ˷ḻҼΪϸĽʷ¼ңЩ¼վ
ѧҵоѾ˲˹?ʱȱʧ໯ʯ¼ν
ʯ¼ٿǧĶֻһɺԡʵϣ
Ĺѧҹڳ֪ʶѾʹԤ⣬ʲôطܹҵ
Ҫͻʯ񡰴ˮ㡱ִȵķһо
ԱµļX߶ϲCT̽ϸʯڲ
ṹ͹ɡǿѧ׻ͨý壬˼ķ»ʯ


ʯ¼һŷصһԡ֪6
ǧ5ǰģĳֻǹȥ֮飬ϴ
ûзֹһһĻʯ22ǧĳУҲ
ûзֹĻʯָֹϵƺߵĳ
УѧҶѾֵ֤ߵڵҲ۵ʹЩ
۵¡ڻʯ¼Уֻеϸﻯʯĳȼ
еϸֺжϸżĳֵҪ硣лʯ
ֵ˳ȷɵرķ

ʱ˵ĸֻǼ˵Ϊû˿
ķֹֻؽʾЩ߶ԿѧҪ
һ֪ѧ۲ֱӵĹ۲죬ۣͨҲǶԹ
õĽʹΧƵתɴϣѧҲֱ
ӿΧ̫תĶ֤ƶϳ̫̫ϵ
ġֱΪǿ΢ǰѧһֱ۲첻ԭӵĽṹ
ȻʵıʹʵԭӱʳΪ޿ɻɵʵʹ㹻ǿ
΢۲쵽ṹǰܶ꣬ѧҾѾ˲Ĵڡ

ˣѧ򣬿ѧȻûֱӹ۲쵽Щʣ
ԭӣΧ̫תѾȷɵʵѧ
ͨ۲ʵ֤ݼӵ֤Щʻ󡣽Ҳˡʵϣ
ⱾԿѧͨѧȻʵ
֮һ

û˿ֹ磬һ޿֤ݶ֤
Ѿڼвÿ귢仯Ϳصľ겻ϳ֣
ЩǽĲڼһǵֿɱӵ
֣ʹ÷޺طűо֮ơԴʱ
ֵĴͻʯʾεزϲµ֣ʹ״
͹ܷѸٱ仯ȻеҲֱӹ۲쵽ѧ
΢ϵͳֱӲԽ˵ҲǾ޽еġ

߾ܾܿѧʵųȻеõ֤
ݣΪ롶ʥͻǣѧ޷ԳȻĿԡ
˵˵жپ֤ݱмʮ
ܸ꣬ıǵĿǾǼʹϵʹ򲻹ƺܹϣ
ʵȻᡣȻ޷ÿѧ̽Ĺ
ͷ飬ǲڿѧķ롣

ơûпѧ֤ݵ֧

һµɵĳЩԱʱ̫ϵϵǷ
ʮ껹ֻмǧʷ⡣ЩͬţȻ
ʾơ֤ݡ˵Щѧṹ̫
ӣǲͨͻȻѡĹ̽Ѵ֮Ϊ
ɼ򻯵ĸԡݽ֮ǰѴڵѧ۵㣬
ƲʱһƳҲ˵Ϊʹ豸ع
ͬʱڡһȱʧ߸ı䣬豸޷ع
֧ƵΪڡ򵥵ġѧṹϸë˸
ӣͨͻͬʱëгɷֵļСֿΪ
ӵѧṹ缹׵۾ܣϵͳͨ
Ȼ˱ɳȻʦġ

ȻִѧķֲߵĹ۵㡣ѧо
бΪƲѧϵͳ֤ܹͨȻ̲
ϸıëΪûһֱëձеıëϸëྫ
׳ʣЩ򵥣Щӣܶϸûбë˶ˣЩϸ
ϸĤĳЩɷֺܾܿǸֱëʵǰ塣⣬Щϸ
ͨڵʶϸע䶾أЩʵķӽṹëϵĵ
ʼΪơƱϵͬԴԣڵʵ֯ṹκα仯
ͿΪë׽ĻˣëʲСɼ򻯵ĸ
ԡ

ѧһ֤ǳӵѪ̻
Ӧͨ򵥵ǰϵͳѪ̶ԣͨ
㡢ж֤ʵЩѪɷִЩ
ǴЩǰ崫ġѪϵͳЩǰĻ
Ͻġ

ִѧϵͳҲܹµĹܡ˵һϵͳϸҲ
ĳֹܣֱͨڲͬĿġHoxִ
ϵͳͨµĹܵʵѧҷ֣ϵͳ¹
һַǳҪĻǻơϸʱƵظĳЩDNAƬΣ
ϸӵж࿽ĳЩЩ࿽Ŵô
һܹϸԭĹܣĿܹ۱仯
γµĹܡܶϸ̵Ե֤ݱڽ
ʷĳЩDNAĸơ

Ŀ׳ʵĵ͵۹۵㲻ȱѧںǻԼٶַ
ΪڻǷ񶨽۾ȷģҲȷ
ǵĶԡȫܻͬĽʹڡȷ˵û֤
꣬㲻˾͵ó˵һáҲ
ǿܵġѧҪΪ˵ɼ֤ݣ۵ĶԷս
޷ͨʵʾ飬ڿѧķ롣

ʱԣڿѧеļȵ棬ǲԸ
Ŀԡͬ˿ѧѧҳϵͨʵ۲
ۣڿѧϿɵκοѧڿ﷢о֮ǰǵĸ
֤ݺͽύͬ顣κι۲Ľ©ܳΪ׷о
ȵ㣬ΪǺܴܿҪѧƣм˵۴ȱݡ
ʷսĿѧұȱȽǣǾĳЩȻµ֤ݣ
ȫĽ͡ѧ֮ȻǺģҲ໥ġһ
ѧ෴֤ݼּһѧҾͻȲظйʵ飬
֤ͬݡȱݣѧҶȿֺ
ƵĿɼļ˵ʷѧû
㣵ĿһʵΪʲôȵƣڽ
һֱõʯ֤ݵ֧֡

ѧǱڵʵҲҪǺޱػӭۡͨѳ
ʯͺȻĴ֮أγɽΪһˮ£ʯ͵ѧ
ܹҵأǵȻ˫ֻӭֽͣǲ
෴ʯ͵ѧҺѧҵĹ۵һ£ɼʮ
ʷġȷʵʯ͵ѧһֱǱʯȷ棬Щʯͨ
ʷѵĺޡɳ̲ɺĻγɡ

ǵ۵תѧķǴһܸıĽ𲽣Ҳ
ǳȻ͵ϵͳܾѧĻҪأҲǼ˵
ڿɼĶȻĽ͡ǵ޷ͨѧֶμ顢
񶨣ѧķɡ

ڹϵͳӽ۲ǿǿѧĶΣѧ

۵Ȼȱѧ֤ݣЩĴȻֲиǿҪ
ѧĿһڸۣȡۡ
ʦܵԾ߲㡢ѧУ㡢ҳѧľ޴ѹҪӻȡ
۵Ľѧǣѧɥʧִѧ֪ʶ۵Ľᣬ
ֽǹԼδԵľǲɻ
ȱġ

ԺºְҵҪڽѧ߶ȷ
óɹеѧҪ¼ʵĿѧ죬Ѹٷչĸн
λҪ˽ѧĻӦúͱʡҪԹ
ǵľǱ˽ЩǷõѧ֤ݵ֧֣Щ
֤Ƿͨ˲ƵĿѧԭõġѧϰ۾һַǳЧ
;ѧ˽һѧ֪ʶеĻʯۣ
ѧıʡ;ԡ

ڿѧִзҪԣѧγ̲Ӧܵǿѧ
ַڿѧｲۻ˿ѧǿѧ֮ĽޡΥ˿
ѧĻּѸ߼ѧĿ֮߸

Ժժ¼

1925Լ˹˹John Scopes̽һɵ
ϷԣɽֹڹѧУڡκڡʥй֮񴴵
ۡԺ󣬺üͥ˰۹۵ѧķ⡣
üԺþĿۣۣڽ
ǿѧ˰빫ѧУĿѧΥܵġЩ1987
߷Ժ İ»ȶ԰£Edwards v. AguillardһԼ
2005طԺвնԶѧKitsmiller 
v. Dover Area School Districtһժ3İ

߷Ժ԰ɫݣEpperson v. Arkansas1968

ǵĺģڽ̵ۡʵ
ﱣܶκڽ̻ڽӵ߱ʾ⣬
ٽһڽ̻ڽۣ˷һ֣սԷڽ̡

߷Ժ»ȶ԰£Edwards v. Aguillard1987

ҪһڹѧУڡ񴴿ѧ·˹ݡ
ģҪĿǸı乫ѧУĿѧγ̣Ϊȫܾۻʵ
ڽṩơˣ÷ҪôΪ˴ٽʵʩڽ
񴴿ѧۣҪôΪ˽ֹĳЩڽɱ𷴶ԵĿѧ۵Ľѧ
Σ÷Υһ

вطԺնԶѧKitsmiller v. Dover 
Area School District2005

Ϊ۲ڿѧûͬڿ﷢
ûܲоͼ飬ûܵõѧϿɣ˲ܱжΪȷģΪ
ܵĿѧ֪ۡѧǿѧΪһ
۵֧ͼѧ飬϶ܲ˿ѧ顣
ȡĲᳫ۵ˣԼӦڿѧ
ڡֲԵѽȱ̹ϣɢҥԡ˶
ĿĲǹ˼άɿһּȡ۵ĸ


ɲֹڹѧУΪһѧۼѧϰڽ̣˵
ۿһȽڽѧĿۡǣΪԱѧУĽʦ
ڽ̱Ҳ˵ǼȲܴٽҲԼڽʵ
ڹѧУۣôӡȽ̡˹̡ӡڰ
˽̼ǻ̵۹۵㣬ԼЩѧݵڽ̹۵㶼Ӧ
ڿֹܷۡڽ̵ǣ棬ùʽΪ
ѧһڽ̻еһǲʵġңĿＴʹ
Щ۵ҲǲʵģΪǲǿѧĹ۵㡣

4	

ѧԿѧΪļıִ׿гЧظ
ǵˮ׼״ͰȫȡǸıǹ
ĸʹ˼ԼµĿΧ硣

ִѧҪ֮һ಻ͬĿѧоΪ
ṩ˴֧֤ݡִѧ֧Ļҽѧ
ѧ͹й㷺ӦǱ

Ϊ˺ᣬľǵԶӰ
졣ҪϵֲȻȣάִ
Ҫ֮ƽ⣿Ϊ˺Ҹ룬Ӧøıʹÿ
ȼϺȻԴϰӦں̶ֳӦ÷ѧ
֪ʶȥı״

ϸؿۣ޷ǵػشκһ⡣Ҫ
ۣ˽ڹĿѧݵĽɫڽĳЩ
ΪȵᡢĻҪá

ѧ㷺ִĸ棬ѧԽԽҪڿѧĻ
ӦúͱʵõȫĽڽһֱҽѧ
ѧĻʯѧ֪۷Ŀѧ֤ݡͺǸ߼ѧ
زٵġ

ѧڽȻ̡֪ͬޱҪذڶ棬ֻ
ܾˣõδ

߲Щֲȫĸ֣֮Զ

ҽѧµĴȾ

2002°꣬й˸Ⱦһδ֪˻Է
ּΪؼԺۺ֢SARSüѸٴ
Խϡۺͼô󣬲20033£ݴѧɽɽ
УһоСõһݴSARS֯ĲƷһ
ΪDNA΢е¼24Сʱ֮ھ͵õ˼һ
Ĳһǰδ֪³ԱоԱͨͬ
֤ʵоԱʼѪҺⷽĹԼȾԱԱ
롣ͬʱڼơֹȾоҲչ

֪ʶSARSļҪòŴϢ
ƣΪǶǴͬĲġңSARS
̵֪ʶѧṩ˹ڴ˼ҪϢ粡δġ
˽ಡԭĽԴδҲǳҪΪִĸȾԺ
µĸΣյĲԭ塣

ũҵСѱ

ܺõȻܹͨõؿ
µĿġСѱ֮һ

ͨӲͬĿλѼӣڳڵʷе״
ѧʷϸıСļ˵ڴԼ11ǧǰ
˿ʼֲԻȡʳȫѼȡҰֲЩ
ֲ߿ʼ״ֲӣһڲ֡ͨ
֡˹ѡ񡱣Ǵ˴رũҵֲ磬ͨ
˵Ŭֲ߸ıҰСԣʹСӳȻֲ
ϣҺװǺǷ뿪ļǧ䣬صľ
ƵĽķҰֲתǽũ
ͼ

ֲѧҿʼСжҰԵӽ
Щӽ壬˶ڸɺºͳ溦ǿСƷ֡
ѧҴֲDNA м״йصĻԱЩ
СЩչڶԽ˽⣬Աֲ֮Ĺϵ
Ѱܹ״

빤ҵȻѡԭӦ

Ȼѡԭѧ򶼵õӦá磬ѧ
Ȼѡԭ⹦ܵµĻѧӡȣû
еķӺϳһЩȻ󣬲ⶨЩҪĹܡЩ
ѹܵﱻѡϳµظѭһѡ̣
տɵõ⹦ǿĻѧӡʹּøܹ
Чʵذ׸ѺũҵתҴ

ۻʵ

߶ǡΪ˻ش⣬Ҫ̽һ¡ۡ
ʵĺ塣

ճУֱָ߲ۡͨ²⡣˵и
⵽ô¶֧ͨģɵ֤
ۡ

۵Ŀѧճе˼ָܴȻ
ĳһȫֽͣɴľ֤֧֡

ѧۼʯܱκµ֤˵
ܻµ֤֤Χ̫ת˵岻ϸ
ɣϸѧ˵ʲԭɣߵ治Ǳָڵ
ƶĹ飨鹹ۣȡЩʯĿѧһ
۱ƵĹ۲ʵ֧֣֤ʵѧǼţµ
֤ݲƷ۵Ļ롣ȻеĿѧһµĿ
ѧĳ֣¼ʹǰܽеĹ۲ʵΪʵ
Ҳϵؼơ

ѧҪ֮һܹԻûй۲쵽Ȼ¼
Ԥ⡣磬Ԥϵı֣ܾ
ɴԱʵʻ֤ʵһԤ⡣֡ˮ㡱Ľ
ѧԤ⣬37ǧ5ϵĳУпҵ֫½
ض֮Ķﻯʯǵķ֤ʵ˻ڽ۵Ԥ⡣Ԥ֤
ʵҲ۵ĿŶȡ

ڿѧУʵָͨ۲졢ʽ֤ݡҪǣ
Щ֤ӦܹƵظѧһáʵָ
ǧĿѧͣЩͣѾûκαҪɼ飬
ѰµʵԷʹ˶ԣȥĺڼĽǿѧʵ
ֽ֧۵֤ǿ󣬿ѧǲɽǷǷ
Ȼڼ֮С෴ǻչоŪ
ж죬Լйص⡣

ͬλⶨ

ִۣͨʵӣӡӺ͵ӣ
ըȴʱγɵġԺЩӽγԭӡԭӺԪ
ڱһصԪأﮡ

Ԫ̫ĺǣͳΪǵı
γɵġԪӵĺ˷ӦصԪءǰЩԪ
Ǽʿռ䡣ЩԪغը⡢Ԫһγǵ̫
ϵ

ЩԭӾзԣҲ˵Ȼ˥ΪԻǷ
ԭӣͬʱԭӿÿһַԺضԼİ˥ڣ
Ʒһԭӷ˥ʱ䡣ˣԭʱһ
ʴڵʱ䡣ͨȽڷԪ˥оԱԲ
ʲôʱγɵġֲΪǺ̫ϵȲⶨ
䡣ЩⶨЩ䶼Ǽʮˡ

Խڽ۵˶ͬλⶨͶԻɡͬλⶨ
һ͵ĴоִѧлΪȹ̵ĳɾ֮һ

вɫĹӬ

ĵĹӬǡӦһӣ˵һ
Խ϶̵ʱڲ˴֡ѧҵעرڴԼ
100Ӭ֣ǵĳҾѤĲɫơӬΪʳ
Ӭࣨpicture-winged drosophilidsǵŴĿЯ
ŸӬʷѧ¼

йӬ׳ϸṹȾɫ壬ΪȾɫ塣Щ
Ⱦɫ΢۲쵽չʾϰȺʹСһɫ
ͨЩͣǳ׼⵽һֳΪλȾɫšеʱDNA
ƴܹȾɫƬεķתǣȾɫһξ
ǳ͵Ƭζ򱻷תͬӬֵĲͬȾɫƬζܶ
ĵλš

ȺϵĵӬַɶʱдͱ仯оԱ
ȾɫĴͱ仯¹еĹӬִӾɵתƵµ
ֵ˳磬ΪȺġ󵺡 ĵڹ26
вɫĹӬࡣͨϸЩȾɫ嵹λ
ϵĵϵȽϣоԱѾȷϵĹӬԴ19֣ͬ
ǶͨСȺӬʱһֻܹĴӬһΪϵĵ졣

㶯֫

ѧһֱѰҺͷַпγɵDNA
ֵЩDNAУҪЩΪHox顣

˺๲39HoxÿHox򶼿ͻĹܣ
ңͬHoxĲ֣ܹͬƲͬĻ顣

෱޼׵ͼ׵УHox漰಻ͬĽѧ
ṹķ֫塢ǡϵͳֳٵȡͼʾͼ⡪
ߣڹӬ̥пַͬHoxҲ̥
鶯ַͼͬɫʾͬHox
еĿƻԡ

Hoxָ½ؼ׵֫γɡ֫嶯Բͬ
ķʽγָͽֺЩıܿ㶯
Ľйأ硰ˮ㡱

СĽ

ʯѧ֤ϣʹѧܹȹȥȷöĽ
ʷ磬޳ĻʯʾһʼڴԼ5ǧ
ǰ½ȡʽȻں󻷾С
Щʯ¼֤Ŵѧһ£Ҳ˵ľС
һȺΪż㶯½ز鶯ĺᣬɽͳ¹
ȡִСDNAϵͳо˵Щʧȥ
֫Ϊķӱ졣Щʽ֤ݶ໥֧֣Ϊ
˻ƪ¡

Ļش

ۺڽ໥

ֽ͵ӱ ʱʹ˾ýۺڽ̺ˮݣǲ
ġѧҺѧҶ׫һ˼ȿӵҲԽ
ΪȷۡʷϺ͵ĿѧҼȶȻ˽ܳ
ףͬʱҲϵڽߡͬʱڽʿܽ۵ʵԣ
ڽɱ𷢱ǼᶨԱһμ
http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/1028_statements_from_religio
us_org_12_19_2002.asp

ӹԣ϶ڡЩ˾ܾаʵĿѧ
һЩųʽڽ̡ѧڽķǳ㷺źǣ
Щռݴ˷˵˶¹۵Ļһȷģ
ǿѧֻпѧڿѧĿｲںѧϰ

ŽҲһ

ܽۺڽ֮𡣿ѧҶԽһ¼ģǽ
ȻѼĴ֤ݻ֮ϡѧ֪ʶҪΪܣ
ֵס䷳ļ顢ټʵ顣ڿѧΪܣ
ΪסһͳǧѧҵĹ㷺ļ顣2006꣬
ʿѧԺ֯һҿѧԺĹ磩ġڽ۽ѧ
ԣ򼰴Դͽһ֤ݻ֮ϵʵ
ڶѧƵŬ£ͨܶĹ۲Ͷʵȷμ
http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/6/150/Evolution%20sta
tement.pdf

ڽڴȻѼ֤ݡ֮෴ڽ
ҪԪҲ˵ؽʵûоֻ֤֧򷴶Ը
ʵѧҲܹܿѧۣΪеĽ۶뾭
۲ļ顣ˣѧҲϵۡ

ôܹ¸

빫ձеӡ෴ֻ̣Ϊṩ
ԭʼϵ첢ԤȾģҲûʲôĿġDNAʱ
ƹĴµDNAСЩµоǽġʵƷ
ͻ䲻ıԻӦԡЩͻ丳ͷ
ֳԣһЩͻ򽵵ķֳ

ĸȺиõķֳ̱
ΪȻѡ񡱡ЩȺȻѡ¾Ժܻᷢ
仯ܹõһĻͷֳЩȺ޷Ӧı
Ļ

ΧŽۻûлشкܶĿѧҷ񶨽

ԾĿѧһ۵ȻҪشܻ
ҪµҪǣԼµ;ȥо֪󡣵
Ѿ׵ؼˣѧҲٿǷڼ
ңѧҲٱۻɽеĿѧһ
ѧҼоηĻ¼ķչʹǰ޷
۲ʵΪܣѧҲϵӺͼйؽ֤ݿŶȡ
ЩĴڼȲҲӰѾڼʵ

Ҳ۵ĿŶȡȷʵһ۵ĿŶȲ
Ϊѧṩ۲ĽԼ̽µ͹۲ʱδ֪
ֵԤһԣ۹ȥһֱǣҼִѧ
֪ۡ

ڿѧϢ¼ĳ֣ʹЩȹ̵Ҳ
õƻ˵ڵΪ۲֤ʵ
ۿѧǶ⣬ϵؼڼ
µľԣǺͺڶıһ죬ܻ
µҪչ޸ۣ20ͳҶ
۵ĳչǹ֪ʶһ

оĲϽУڽ۵¼˵ʹµĹ
ߺͼѧоŴ̬ܵı仯֮Ĺ


ЩԽ۽ѧˣԻѧҵĻ
ЩѧҲֽ֧ۡȻϸоЩԷ֣Щѧʵ
ɽηĳЩ⣬ǽǷ

ʲô֤ݱмʮˣ

һҪ⣬ΪеǳḻʣǵĽҪ
һ൱ʷʱڲɡֲͬⶨ֤ʵ
ѾǼʮˡʯķԪṩ˵
̫ϵ䡣Щ໥ǺϣҲԵһ¡̫
ϵϵ֤ݰǼϻɽγɵļ¼ϵ
䡢Լ͵ʵȡը΢
Ҳ֧Զơ

۽ѧ˼ά͡ˡʲô

˼άĽѧûκβԡѧҪѧϰθݹ۲
ǵ뷨ܿѧĸѧ֪ʶĿѧҶȻ
˼άĽ֪ʶҪϵطḻȥ
ֲи¿ɿѧ֪ʶ

ǣ˼άζеͬȵȷԡ˼ά
֤ݵԭΪ˼άʱ˵ȱ
֤ݵ뷨ҲҪͬӡ뷨
ѧڿѧЩ뷨ǲʵģΪȱѧ֤ݵ
֧֡

˺ڿѧԷòƯαװ֮´
Զ塣Ϊڿѧ۵ĸͼǻٳ
ıСˡߡ޳ɺͷԽ۵Ĺ۵㡱ȵȣһ㡣
Щֱӵ۵ĽѧΪѧ
Ľѧͨ;ͼߵĹ۵ѧãȻѧ
Ѿ׵زЩ۵㡣ȤǣڿѧγӦ˼ά
Щӿѧų⣬ΪǲϿѧı׼

۵ĻҪвڿѧ顣ʹ˶ԣ˶
ġˡûиݵġȻлȤҪ
ۣ˵ԱĽԴγɵĲͬȣЩг
ڿѧСȻͼ˵㣬Իѧ
۵㴿УΪ޿֤֧֡ߵĹ۵㲻
ѧķ룬߷ԺԺоЩ۵ѧγΥ
ܷ

۵Ҫ۵ʲô

ۡһʡһϣܾѧȻ
ĳЩѧѧѧƣĽͣΪЩͨ
ĳֳȻʵֱӴģʱΪشۡЩ
ţ͵ֻмǧʷΪ˵ۡ
۵Ĺ۵㻹ĸȻͣҪȻ
ġʦĸԤġһĶϡг˺ܶ飬
ǶԲͬķʽʹõġۡʡ

ͽһǷ񲻹ƽ

ѧĿΪѧ˽ѧ֧ѧʡˣѧ
ǼѧоĲκθҪʵѧУУ
ȱΪΪܵĿѧ֪ʶһ֡˵ʹ½˶
״Ĵ½Ưѧ˵оͱ˺ܶԺ󣬲ųΪѧγ̵һ֡
ݵۻһϵдͰ鹹ɵĸЩ
Դ½ĽΪϵ໥ƶ鹹ۣ1960
ǴЩݻϳɳģΪ½ƶṩ˸ȫĽ͡
µۻԤһЩҪͻɽпЩط
ۻ㹻֤ԺΪѧΪܣҳΪѧ
̵һ֡

ѧҺͿѧΪӦڿѧｲڽۣΪ
ΨһģԽ籾ʵȫĿѧͣ޿
֤ݵ֧֣ΪѧΪܡ֮෴ֵĸû֤ݵ
֧֣⵽ѧľܾ

ڵϵԴͶԣͬڽ̳кܲͬĹ۵ͽ塣
ڽĲΪڿѧｲζѧ
ڽ̹۵㡣߷ԺطԺĺüҪһΪ
Υܷ

ѧڽ

ѧȲ֤ʵҲڽ̡ѧչĳЩڽɣ˵
ڷǳڵģ̫ΧŵתԼھ
ħµȡڽ漰ʵĿǰѧķ
޹ءˣеڽܵѧֵս޻̸֮

ſѧļչǶȻ⽫ȫ棬Ӿȷ
̸̵⡣ĳһĿǰûпѧĽͣ˵
ڳȻֶԶԿѧڽֺѧѾָ
ſѧΪԽԽԭڳȻṩͣ֡ȱڡʽ
ʽΣңΪһṩͣ˿ѧ
̵á

ѧҶ׫ָǵĿѧоǿǶ
ľη⡣ѧоΣ

ʽ

ֳ֣ָ໥ܹ֮ĸ塣
ѧңͨʯо˽ŴĿѧҡ
ԣΪ
DNA: ǺᡣɳΪյķӴɵյ
кϸΪѳϸͺϳµҪϢ
ʣɳΪСɵĴӡмӵ
άṹϸ⹦ܡ
ͻ䣺DNAеı仯ֱ仯ܹı䵰ʵĽṹ򵰰ʺ
ɵĵá
ȺһȺֵͬ壬֮벻Զʹܹ໥
䡣
ȻѡڻԵĽ֮䲻ͬͷֳ
΢һȺڵԱ仯ֵγɡ
ѧ֤ΪȻ󹹽ɼĽͺԤ⣬Լͨ˹
۵֪ʶ
أԭӺһĿӺӵԭӡһԪǸԭӺ
ĿġͬĿӣͬĿӵĺǸԪص
ͬλء
RNA: ǺᡣһDNAйصķӣɳΪյķ״RNA
жϸܣΪʺϳṩģ壬ܹ߻ĳЩﻯѧ
Ӧ
ңˮĿɵʯ
γɣֲֵĽ̡
CT: ͨһ塰ƬʽһϵжάXͼĽϣɸ
άͼҽѧ

200816նʣ2008118ճ弰壩
˸ڷ½˿վ˳弰ͬʱС

(XYS20080120)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

һΪ˰޷˿վĹ˽˿վĶ̬ؿ
˿ʼбxys@yahoogroups.com

ʼбÿ췢һ˿վ¸µϣÿµ׷һÿ
Ŀ¼ʼбĶμ롰˿֮ѡ
ʼбxys_friends@yahoogroups.com

ù䶩ġù䣬ܿ޷յ
Ƽ䣺yahoo.com, hotmail.com, gmail.com

ġ˿ʼбĵ䷢һհż

xys-subscribe@yahoogroups.com 

塢ͣ˿ʼбͣ䷢һհż

xys-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com 

Ͷxinyusi@yahoo.comôıļͶ塣

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.freedns.us)(xys-reader.org)
