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2008.8.3.

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ֲѧԺʿԺΪγΪʶѧϯ

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żȻϿһţѧʱ ʱ䣺2008-1-1"ιʶ
ѧ(Ա)ϯ"һų2ʻԱ150˲
ӵĹʶѧᣬڱоٿйѧԺԺʿйѧ
ԺԺϯĻʽ»ӭʡݽ"ࡪ
г"ĳ飬ʾйѧԺһؽһʶѧ
ĺΪȫƶȫ϶ѧķչ¹סڿĻʽϣ
Ϊαιʶѧϯһְ"֪оˮ
ģΪεζѧϯΪβȥιֲѧϯΪ
βӹ㶯ѧҸϯ

ҳԲ鵽" УʿйѧԺԺʿԺоԱ
ʿʦоΪߵֲлķŴѧҪ
غϳ;ءֲＤضֲصźת;
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Ϊϣص̽ߵֲγɵķӻͬʱˮƷʷ
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һֺôϲ磬ôҲ²ȥѧɼ
˸߼ɲӦþܾЩ"ѧ¸""ѧѧ""λ"ֿŲ
ѹˣÿѧЩգÿѧԺЩ"ѧ
""Ƴɹ"

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ԡڹڵ˲תҲƵ⡢緿ӵȡ

ݻعԱһЩ½ʩĹĸ߼ݣϣ˼
Һйػο

1  رϣѧߣҪǰڵİ취ȥѧ
""˽ҪģҲֵõģͲֽ
˵ڡ

2  ԲοڸλҪйҪְǷҪҪ
ֵÿǣؾ"һָ"

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ȫѡͳΪЭίԱãԼǿͳһսߵ

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ѧԼнܳĳɾͣЩѧԺʿ˵ɽ
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˿Ц˵ڹڳԺζĶԱ

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7  ҽعѧԱʵʵڵĹҪҴر
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õѧɾͺ͵λҪϧǧҪΪѧУͿȥ㾭Ѵ


9  ˲ģΪǵĳɹתɼֵȥͶʣ
ʵڵ£Ҳ߲ƸҪΪзȥ˷ǵĲǡ

10 Ҫעκλڵģô죿ڸ
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ڸȷĹһֱ䣬ͱֵˡȶǸλģ
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ݹǰʼģйһݾ
ԭ򡣿ԺʿģΪʲôԺʿѡ˼ҵԭ

11⣬йʩ¿Ŀǰ廪ѧǵĳ
ϣϵġʵʳϣǹũѧԱϴѧʱѧУһֱѧί
"6 4"ѧУùѧԴStanfordһ꣬ƽһ£
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ƼѧϢѧԺԺ˵һƪƴװ

ߣ䱾

ƼѧϢѧԺԺѧίԱ鳤ʿʦ
ʿ塢ż֣˶ʿʦһƪƴװ

OpenMP Extensions for Irregular Parallel Applications on Clusters 
C

Jue Wang 壩, Changhun Wu ڣ, Jilin Zhang ż
֣, Jianjiang Li ڣ[]

 3rd International Workshop on OpenMP IWOMP 2007 
Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNCSVolume 4935
http://www.springerlink.com/content/y46605g77724g8m8/

ĳƪ:

"Symbolic Communication Set Generation for Irregular Parallel Applications"
  by Guo, Pan and Liu, The Journal of Supercomputing, vol 25,
  2003, pp. 199-214 [GuoPan]

"Effective OpenMP Extensions for Irregular Applications on Cluster
  Environments" by Guo, Cao, Chang, Li and Liu [GuoCao] (ΪοRef 8)

"Communication Generation for Aligned and Cyclic(K) Distributions Using
  Integer Lattice" by Tseng and Gaudiot [Tseng] (ΪοRef 15)

"Optimizing Irregular Shared-Memory Applications for Distributed-Memory Systems"
  by Basumallik and Eigenmann [Basumallik] (ΪοRef 7)

Ϯʰ, Ծһ:

1.  ĵ1

Sparse and unstructured computations are widely used in scientific and
  engineering applications.  This means that the data arrays are indexed either
  through the value in other arrays, which are called indirection array, or
  through non-affine subscripts.  Indirect/nonlinear indexing causes the data
  access pattern to be highly irregular.  Such a problem is called irregular
  problem.

GuoCao 

Abstract:

Sparse and unstructured computations are widely used in Scientific and
  Engineering Applications.

1:

This means that the data arrays are indexed either through the value in other
  arrays, which are called indirection arrays/index arrays, or through
  non-affine subscripts.  The use of indirect/nonlinear indexing causes the data
  access patterns ... to be highly irregular.  Such a problem is called
  irregular problem.


2. ĵ1

If the array subscript expressions are nonlinear form, which appear in some irregular parallel applications, the performance of total execution may not be improved using the techniques mentioned above.

ƴ

GuoPan ĵ1:

However, if the array subscript expressions are not of the linear form - called nonlinear - which appears in some irregular parallel applications - the above mentioned techniques cannot be applied in this situation.

GuoCaoĵ2:

However, if irregular loops are not parceled ..., the performance of total
  execution may not be improved ...

3.  ĵ1 Fig 1

/* a perfectly nested loop phi */

    DO i_1 = 1, N, S_1
      DO i_2 = L_2(i_1), U_2(i_1), S_2(i_1)
        ...
        DO i_n = L_n(i_1, ..., i_n-1), U_n(i_1, ..., i_n-1), S_n(i_1, ..., i_n-1)
          A[f(i_1, ..., i_n)] = F(B[g(i_1, ..., i_n)]);
        ENDDO
        ...
      ENDDO
ENDDO

GuoPan ĵ2:

Given a perfectly nested loop L as shown in the following.

   L_1: DO i_1 = X_1, Y_1, Z_1
          ...
   L_n:   DO i_n = X_n, Y_n, Z_n
   S:       A(f(i_1, i_2, ..., i_n)) = F(B(g(i_1, i_2, ..., i_n)));
          ENDDO
          ...
        ENDDO

4. ĵ1

For the sake of simplicity, we assume that the data array A and B have only
  one dimension.  In the loop, the array access functions (f and g), the lower
  and upper bound (L, U) and stride (S) may be arbitrary symbolic expressions
  made up of loop-invariant variables and loop indices of enclosing loops.
  General parallel   compiling techniques can not be applied to these kinds of
  irregular applications, because there is no affine relationship between the
  array global addresses of LHS (Left Hand Side) and RHS (Right Hand Side).

GuoPan 

2:

For the sake of simplicity, we will assume that the referenced array A and
  B have only one dimension.  The array access function (f and g), the loop's
  lower and upper bounds (X_i, Y_i) and stride (Z_i) may be arbitrary symbolic
  expressions made up of loop-invariant variables and loop indices of enclosing
  loops.

1:

General affine communication set generation techniques cannot be applied to
  these kinds of irregular applications because there is no affine relationship
  between the array global addresses of LHS and RHS.

5. ĵ2

In traditional OpenMP specification, there are four scheduling policies
  available: static scheduling, dynamic scheduling, guided scheduling, and
  runtime scheduling.  In order to reduce communication overhead and achieve
  load balance, we extend irregular scheduling to OpenMP.  This scheduling
  follows owner-compute rule, where each iteration will be executed by the
  processor which own the left hand side array reference of the assignment for
  that iteration.

GuoCao ĵ2:

There are four scheduling policies available in OpenMP: static scheduling,
  dynamic scheduling, guided scheduling, and runtime scheduling.  In order to
  achieve load balance for irregular loops, it is better to select dynamic or
  guided sceduling ... the chunk parcel follows the owner-compute rule.  ...
  each iteration will be executed by the processor which
  owns the left hand side array reference of the assignment for that iteration.

6. ĵ2

In this example, the compiler will treat the loop as a partial ordered,
  i.e. some iterations are executed in ordered way while some other may be
  executed in parallel.

GuoCao ĵ3:

... in this case the compiler will treat the loop as partially ordered,
  that is,  some iterations are executed sequentially while others may be
  executed in parallel.

7. ĵ3

The sending of messages can be performed individually for each remote processor
  as soon as each packing is completed, instead of waiting for all message for
  all processors to be packed.  The nonlocal iterations can also be performed
  based on each received message, instead of waiting for all messages to be
  received, because the nonlocal iterations are split into groups based on the
  sending processors.

Tseng ĵ3.1:

The sending of messages can be performed individually for each remote
  processor as soon as each packing is completed, instead of waiting for all
  messages for all processors to be packed.  ... The nonlocal iterations can
  also be performed based on each received message, instead of waiting for all
  messages to be received.  This is because the nonlocal iterations are split
  into groups based on the sending processors.

8. ĵ5

In this section, we will present our transformation scheme relies on
  deducing the monotonicity of irregular accesses at compile time.

Basumallik ĵ1:

The techniques proposed ... in previous work ... relied on deducing
  certain properties (such as monotonicity) of irregular accesses at
  compile-time.

(XYS20080818)

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̸̸뽱ͻĿԱ

ߣС

йĿ걨Ĺ,Աʮ, 
һЩĿ973Ŀ, Աɢ, оܴ, 
ԱѼ, ɵҿ֪. 걨Ҳ, 
ʱѧҶǵ,Ǯѧɭ,Ŀ,Ԭ¡ƽ. Źѧ
ܵ, رƬ׷SCI ͸ߵڿ, 
һ˵ҲĿܲ(رҲûйӲĳɹ, ǾͲ
Ա. ĿԽԽ,һѧƵ, ʲô
ԱԼн, ָ϶װúܺÿ, ټǵ
רĶ,۾Ҳ͸. ǰʱ˿¶Ķϴѧ
׽ں͹ҵѧιʽڵƼɹʱ򶼴
Ա. رǶιʵĿȫǹڽ׼(ιʣ
ҵѧ,ƽɽѧǽ࣬ Żˮɽѧ͸߻
ҵѧʾΪĽѡˣƽӢĽڣ,
ǿ ŶӣϢѧ˭ܵУ

йҪչƼĸܱƶȵĸĸﲻҵϰո
ָͰ쵽ģֻܺǵרңóǵģΪҺ
ľϸÿһϣѵƾǵˮƽͿЩƻ
Ŀ/ĿԱιʵĿһӻĿ
ϵر˼һ𣬾˸ȻѧȽǻҶ
Ȼѧǳݣȴһǧɡ 

(XYS20080818)

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صǿ֢ߴһƽ

ߣŲ

ڶϴѧȽѧģʱϢӽңѧϰܶ
̸ϳ˺ܶгɹҲȷʵ˲¡ѧĵʦ
ϵĲʿӦʶҡ

˵޽ŮͨѧĵͬѧƵ
ѧ󻷾¼ֲˣϷѾˡ
ڲǰͬѧУı⡣

http://hi.baidu.com/zhishisousuozhe/blog/item/1ad9c8b110690c52092302e3.html

Щһ¾ͿҵͬѧҲǴ޽ڻعĵһ
ʿ˱ա˵ҲǵȻǡη塱޽ڵġ

ұȽϷѽǣȻʦҲ﷢ˡʦǴģ
ǲǺϤ20047뿪ʦ2004ʽ
Ǵ٣̫ܲϵˡһ棬ʦҲڱ
֮УûбҪͬ͡ѧʾΪɲҷ
ĵ£ʦűǿ﷢ġ

ʦɵԭǣǰXĳᵽ
˶꣬ҲѧУʦͻȻһȻ
Ϊѧĵôʦֻʦѧ뵽⣬Ҳ
ҵڶϴѧϵ£

97ϴѧӹϵƣ2001Ϊ̣ʵҲУ
оѧһǰһҵ˶ʿΪѾæ
ꡣڹӽҹ

һʼѡ޽ʵǾøմӹҶѧ
ӦǴչͼʱ򡣵ʵ֤ҵѡˣҷǳĲʹ

ʱҷǳŬһ̣ѾתΪо
Ŀʱĺܿ죬ҾͿתʽоһȽϸ˵ʱ򣬿
ҵʦָңϿ뿪ɣʦ᲻ϵѹեģ
˶ʿġҵʱ˶ҵ
ˡ

ͻȻඥĿǰҵƷר
ȶʦˣֻͨɻ񹤣ĿľҵǰҲ
ʦҲȽףΪСȱҪҪǴΪ
ѧ롣ЩҶˣʦǶҵĹǱȽ⣬
תΪоʵ03оˡ

ҿʼˣı·֮ҪϿ뿪ѡ˳Ȼ
¶ǰԥ̽Եĺʹʦ̸ҵ⣬õĻشǣ˶
ʿӦ꣡ʵƽʱϵʦӴĶˣҲİʾ
ң޽ڲǺܺ˵һǱŻȥҵʱġʦ̸˴Σ
ıĻش룺Ϊʲôֻڴ޽Ҫô
أΪԼȷʵ뿪

ǰһֱǷǳֵϵĹΪ
ֺõƽ͵ĺҵʱġʦ޽ںú̸һΡϣҵ
뷨ϣҲҵľΣΪǰûʹ޽˵ͳ
û˵ҲΪƴ޽һᷴԡӵġұѡ񣬵ȷʵ
ʦˡֻѧˡ

һ죬ڹҴ޽̸£̬ȴҷǳ⣺
ΥŵΪҲѧ㵱ʵͬѧʦ
ֲ֣ѧıǩ֣Ҫ׼ҪȥѧУ
ûгšˡ

ͻȻоذĲٰɣȻɵҲ
㡣ʱ䣬оܱҵˣΪʲôֻҪѧҪ
ôǱ

ûа취Ϊ˳ֻܴӦ죬Һľګڳѧ
ʦҵ⡣ͬѧǸܾ㵣û˸˵ʦǱ֣
ԸҡֻСʦһֱңƽʱĽעȫǵ
ʱ˵ĻˣΪҲ

ע¼ʵҵʦԪϼʿ֪ʱҵ01ʵ
ҵоͬѧϵʦ֪ȷʵĺܾܾ
һδˣԸ뵽⡣

ں˸˶ʿȻصϺڴµҲ͹޹ص
ҵϾǰͬѧɵȱȽϿ֡ϴѧ
һֱӰҲûȥʵҡ

ڷǳ޽ڶҵʵΪ˲ʵҡ;ܡ
ΪסҽҲйֻһ
һӦ겻̫仯ɣͬʱҲ᣺

һĻãַܽ˵Ļϡҡ
ʦʵѧԼʦӦøĹİӦ
ġ

Ҹ˺ܸлǿһҪļ֡
ģһֱлǡǡ
~~

(XYS20080818)

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롰޹ҹҡŮƻˣ

ߣdept6

6ϵҵĵ겢ڴ޽ڵʵң뿪ܶˡ
·ĵһʱҾʹXYSˡƽĶۣ¸˵塣˵
еĹףΪʵһ̨ҲǹףΪ¸ĶһҲǹס
˵ģûм¼ҪŪ޵ŮĹǷ󵽱Ϊ
Ǹܵ¡ƾİɡ뵱ϴ캯¼Ҳǲ֮


һڳ˵Ķ֤ʲô¥˵ʱǱ
Ƶļϴ޵ŮҲΪ顮ԭܼ򵥣1
Ҫڶڴ¼ҷ2ڷµʱǱƵ
Ҳ˵ԼƷ⣿ڴ޵ʵҡ
Щֱӷ¥ݣֻǴӲ˵ޡС
ǲ¥˵Щµġֱ֤֤ݡ

http://hi.baidu.com/zhishisousuozhe/blog/item/1ad9c8b110690c52092302e3.html

ΪģҶĸУĨڡҶǳˣ
͹۹ȻֻŪɳ׾ԽĨԽڵĸо

(XYS20080818)

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˭Ļ᣿ɽѧѧȻѧ棩08

ߣ
   
    16żȻɽѧҳĹͷɽѧѧ棨
󣩡ԻΪṩһĵĻᡱʵΪѧṩ
һƵĻᡱһЩѧĲԴ֮һԽѧ
ĴڿϷģڴѧҳͷ
幫棬ɽѧǵһвţ
 
Դhttp://www.sxu.edu.cn/
 

ɽѧѧȻѧ棩08


      ˡѧһҪʹΪѧ;ټѧ
˲ŵľּԼ彥ȫɵƣҿ08
°һҪоʦרΪ¿е
һĵĻᡱӶչԼĿгɹԼĿ
ԼĿġ
      ǵѧѧѧѧѧȣԤ
Ŀоġо桢оȡͨŷϿ
ĽάտƼڿݿ⣬ͨάԼ
      ӭоͽʦ壬עͶ塱,ṩЧ
ϵ绰
      ظڣ088µ
      ͨŵַ̫ԭ·92ɽѧѧ༭ʱࣺ030006
      䣺E-mailxbbjb@sxu.edu.cn
      ϵ绰0351-7010455
    
                                        ɽѧѧ༭
                                            2008-7-8

(XYS20080818)

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ˮβƭӴ

ߣlw56102

Ǽϵ̨һֽˮĺˮΰٲĶ
³ϿͬıҲһǼٵƭգ
ʶҲҪһ򵥵ľʹķν롰ʿ
֡

ƭһǻ̧ԼͷεģԺʿʿȵȣȻ
ơʿǾͿʿѧλġٶȰٿһӾͽϵף
˼ߵǴѧĲʿڶ൱ǵĲʿоǰҲҽ˿
ң˵Ҳʿڶô˵ԼǲʿϧҴһʼͱǲʿ
ֻҽ˿㲻ʿоͲʿŪԺֻعͷ
ҡ˼ʿɲһڱֽ͵϶װ׵˵Լǲʿ
ֻٶȰٿʵһѡߵѧ˹Ƽ
ѧMBAѧλֵǣԼĽУ2002˹
ѧѧϰͬ˼ôþݡҶԹλþ
ݲ̫˽⣬оʿľе㲻ͬѰϣеܹһ¡

뻹Ʒѧ5ƪӢĵһƪûУáyang 
qibiaoҲãǡyang qbҲáֻõĵңҳ˺üƪ
ֽ롱Ĵˣһĳ﹤ġ롱Ĺ
Χͷµʱ䶼 1992͵Ϸһҹ˾ϰ벻
һˣʣµӦþǹеλʿӼ
1994굽1996 ֱ˶Ʒר桢
桢ȵȡרԴǡ麣߿Ƽҵ
˾2006ԹʹˮרݻعʼרͱˮˣԴ
뱾ˡԿ֮ǰıƷһɫķ֯Ʒ
һMBAѧλͻȻˡˮרҡˡ֪ʿ
ǲҲ㡰Ȼعġ

ٻͷ˵˵ġˮʵһνƳɵˮ
ͨˮȥܹνġЧӦˮɼˮ
ˮǶġҲѧѧģҲ֪һҺԱɼԣ
ֻ;һǼʣһʩˮûκԴװ
ãֻǼʣҲˮɼɵģǺ͵
ЧӦûйϵԭˮҪսĻѧɡ

ǳȤǣ2006һʡˮߴ
һ̡˼ҵԭúλ벩ʿ෴ʵˮ
ԼġṸѧΪеļʯѪѹ򲡡
θ׶Ϊ̼ͬ֯Ƴɵģһ¯һˮ
Բϡᣬܹ̼ܽƣӶ𵽰ΰٲĹЧ
һˮһˮ棬׬Ǯǵ֮
ǶԽܣԸæ

ţʷŵһǲܵġ
ͬ飬˲ܴۻǲƷгӦˮ
ݡΪƭӿʱóѣٵľǼٵģɲ˴Թ
ͬĵˣƭҲ֪ŽһµҪԡͬһʱ
ѹԺʱԷǿνĳƵ۶Ȳ 

(XYS20080818)

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̨塰Ŷ̸ ɱ

2008-08-18籨

̨ѶһûͨҽԻƸҽѧԺϵĽУ
ŶͺƼƷܹŶΰػƣɱ֢ߣ
Ժ롣

̨塶ƻձ45ֹⳣԳѧҽѧʿ
ѧ̨δϡֹⳣԼúȺ֭ܲκð֢
ѪơƣȻ2002𣬸ͨ桢飬
ƼӪĽصȲƷΰŶŶͣЧ
á

Ŷ̸ʮ߼۷۳ɷͨĽʳƷ׬Ǯáһ
ӡٿƭ57ˣ˲

ָأֹⳣһӵסʹȿӱغ
еֿҪ߼ŶͺͽʳƷ

һŻݵ鰩ߣֹⳣ͹󣬾ܾƣֻŶ
ͺͽأϸȴӡȥ95գڲϿѪ鱨£
ⳣ׬ǮͲˡһʰĹʦֹֻⳣĽʳ
ƷŶͣһͲʣ26ꡣ

ֹⳣΥҽʦ͡ʳƷǰҵթ۵
¡

(XYS20080818)

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ô֪Ļģ

ߣimmusoul
http://immusoul.com/

ǰҿϢһ˵ִģ˵ϰʱ
ܳ12.80ĺóɼһ֪˭ģ˵ĸˡ

֣ǰֻ֪N˹ôͻȻֲˣֲ
ȥˣ

ţȻ󣬲ϣۼǿʼͦ裬ϰ
ԵذѸͰ島һ˱ǰ١ѵ֪
ʶӡ׫Ȱý岻Ҫ裬ڲҪѹơ

ʱҾ֣ѵ˴ǰýûϢͽСѹ
ѵⲻøѹ

˵ףЩڹﶼһġЩ˶ƿñ컹أ
ֻķʽͬˡ֮£ҷЩ˸ʵһ
ЩţԼҾٰİ˻ᣬ費ýƣҪȵʲôʱã

ΪʲôҿĹھҪĹҲҪ
ǰĳͬز١Щһ֣Ϊ
˵˾һ֡ûǰĳͲôĹעҲ
ȱһЩıʹٺÿȱʲô

ҿ˻Ӧְҵΰ˻ᣬĴ󲿷ֶ
ְҵѡ֣Ǿǵڶҵ

һ˵ʹ壬Ҳܽƾ13Ӱɣ

˵ʲô˾Ҹİ˾ҿ

ǣš͵Ļ£ǳˡƶ˹֮ӣ
й趼͵ɡûٿŷᣬû֪ʿ
ҳ˵һ仰ýֻСϢڶĽȫ
˵ϢԴϹ£Ϊʲôȫйп˶ȫûԤϵ
Ľ֡

ֻʱĽﺣƽų͡ǣûжߵĲ
ãû֪ʿ֤ûйý廷ƾʲôĽͣ

ֵǣǰҵеĻŵЩˣ˿ͻȻֶӯ
ˡ

ȴκζҸšй걨ϵһƪ£
˭ǰ˻ȨˡĻʽŮ˫ɣҶ
˽ǮӰӡ

(XYS20080818)

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ĩ

ߣƼ

һӹ\󹤳̵ı˻,"ٹ"Կҵ˶
Աı,ǲ̫ĵ,˾Ϳһ,йòýҲǺܹ.

°ʱ,һ,֪˳˱,Ҳû̫.
д͵ʱ,ͻȻϺܶ಩ּ,ʹƬ.

еЦ,һδ,һλ˶Ա˳˱,Ǽ
ƽ.,Ĵδͱǻֵ.˶ԱҲ,˶ѵ
,˲ⲻ˵,ʲôֵ"ʹ".ѵı,˸о,ƺ
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һλ˶Ա˳,ȴкܶɥ,޸ͣ.

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?

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˳̬.ͨܶ޹ؽҪС"֤"Լ,q
ִйõǿļ̳,˵"ʤ"Ҫй:)

û,йҪ,Ƕʹһ:)

(XYS20080818)

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սԲô޷

ߣscutpump

ǰ쿴˿۰˽Ƶ飬ǿƼѵ
ġսԡԼ糿ѵġڰ˹ھ롷е㲻
ĸоϾλƺͼǱ˰˺ϰ
巢ҸΪǵĹ۵ٲܴ˰˵Ĺ۵㣬
ں̶ܴҲܴΧͬºѵĹ۵㡣ҵҺΧ
ν񡱿йĽÿһ춼ġ˹ۿž
ҪּҲûйƶʢԺкͳɾ͸оÿ
ٶƱ߶ɼëǮ˰Ҳֵġ˵
ҵԸ˵ԼпоУ˺˵
ᣬֲֺΪأ

ΪйСˮһ֮࣬СήҲ񣬳»
ı۾£й˽ͳƱȷʵܹתƴйע
ãйûнսԣ½ͬӡһ㡪10ֻ
λCEOܡҵࡱý1öӡȣйսڱ۵ľǰ
ģôҼйǿܴ˹ڰ˺ڹ׷
ߡǿ죬÷ӡӡƱӵĽʲôأ˵
ٷýҪ˽ΪɹûʵĶýͨʵֻ
ͬѡý࿴˶ԱĹʽ̬ǵ
ʵ뷨ɴ󱳺ĹսԣǾ̫ȱʶˣ 

ҵĺ1꣬ѾʼȥСӾˮǸӾؿ
ǻ˰˵ǮΪУʩõѵĲɵģ
Աгʹã1ŮķǵԱͬ档룬
˺ˮˣһȥˮӾһи˽зƶ
˹һõ8ƣҲ8Ƶȥ
ʵҵһ롣1ʱʱ1978꣬ҵĸĸ
һǽǷǳЦģʱպÿʼܹѧѵģ
ͬʱܶھĸԲѧĿƴѧ
濴Ҳ˷ôҵĸĸҶѧ룬18ҹȻʵ
һҸĸڴо룬йΡÿ
һһܱԼøáڰϾǣÿ
һ춼ӦñһøĽơܹսԵı㳵ʵ֣
ٺò70֮ǰļ˵ĴѧβǹսԵĲô
ûй֧֣ĿǰصʩƱͲ֧֣
ԸĹۣʹڱԶҲҵõʵѵαƽ
٣Щսѵ˶ԱҪһЩɡȰ˳а
нճݹйҵѡֽиѵûİ˳
裬ָܲȾĺˮϰӾڸٹ·ܵйҵ
ѡð˽ưɣ

ƺ˵Ͷ뵽սǲǡģڲƱ
ҵ£жڽսʱ鲻
ΪʹдҲǾ˵Ǯ˷ѡ濴û
õĽսԶõĴ̼µĵ¼ƻй
ƻʵϿƶ˷˰˵Ǯƺû˰ͬ⣨˵
ʵκιҵκ鶼ֻ˰˾ģйĲڳ
Ҳ˴׼ģҲǶ˰ͬģǿȥûõЩͶ
һҵʵЩû˷Ǯ̫̽աû˷ǮýƵĹ
Ҷװġ֮£ͬȡҽսԵĳʺ͹ŰȻС
ô꣬Ǻ֮ǵҲҰôΪʲôΪͨ
ͨҵ֧֣ԼҪŽᣬ
ҪֻҲܷɴֵϰտ԰ѻѲƵ
Gameʱ

һ˵ĿǰҲ˶ԱĲ֧ж󣿰չϣ
˶ԱˮӸн3Ԫң1500
붼ǹԡʵĿǰ˶Աܴӹлö
ôǽߺĵطǶһְҵ
ԱĴҲ3Ԫ/¡ֵ֧ܽ˶ԱҲͼǧ
ѣһн˷ѲԤأʡӵ˶ԱȻɸʡ
֧֣Ҳʲôҵѡֲл̨иõ
ͭƵŮ˶Ա˷ܵҪΪʲôΪͭһݹˡ
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ǲˣЩCEOͿϰ弰ĳЩȨʿŮ
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׶ǲʵġôӡѾ˱ʡƥ˽
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˶ԱˮƽǶʵŷҵרҵҲȡġ

ҵĽսҪɣҪ˷ѸǮȫ
ͽøлĵϤ򣬽
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šֱһʽ˶ԱʹйǾǿ
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