                           ˿µϣ20090626գ

09.06.26, ӡгɭƪĶǳϮ֮
09.06.26, ׳塶ѧƭ12Ԫʷ⸺˳ɳµ鱨桷
09.06.26, ˼¡ɮİְ˵
09.06.26, ɭ壺ĳϮ޹ؽҪ
09.06.26, Henryг¼Ŀ
09.06.26, ҡɭ泭Ϯ͵͵
09.06.26, jjsӵ񽿵ƽҽԺ
09.06.26, Darwinists︣ĸҲҪ
09.06.26, weiweianйѧߡࡷ
09.06.26, ֲһְйѧԺֲоı
09.06.26, ΡҽԼԼ
09.06.26, ڡ200962417绰ڱʾǸ
09.06.26, һλڡڹСNPȫ
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09.06.26, ӢŹںָĸ۵֮
09.06.26, Ƽ¡ԵıлԵı? ϾϾС
09.06.26, ɭ桰šݡš

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

                 гɭƪĶǳϮ֮

                                 ӡ

    29˳гɭԭΪ廪ѧزо˶ʿой
ڿȫݿ֪ܹƪģ

1 ڼֵķزҵľ ҵо 2005/14
2 ĿӪ̽ п 2004/09

    ƪĶ廪ڼ䷢ģȻ˶ʿѧλ
1ƪǳʱѱҵڱҵǰͶ壬ߵλҲעΪ廪ѧز
о߶ɭлɭҪߣлǲʿ

    ǰָ1ƪĳϮƸĸ20025˷
ġ۷زҵľұȶһ£ķ֣ǰ
Ժͻ֪ʶܣ󲿷Ϊ̵ܽᣬĲΪĲ֣
ǡûճġ˿˵гƪĻġ

    гĵ2ƪȻδдƪճĳһƪģҲǶ
ġĵĵڶ֡ĵĿΪҪǳϮƪ
ģ

ѧҹĵͼоִƾ2002.10.
ͩȣĵĿ뾭Ӫλҵо2002.2.

    ȶ£

ģ

    ĵĵַѡںδҪȦھľסֲˮƽϰ
ߡͨȷһ˵ѡַнڷ
ҵͳҵѡУнǹ
ѡַСռ𽥳ΪһʱУѡַ
ڱ⽻ͨӵ

ģ

    ĵĵַѡںδҪȦھˮƽϰߡͨ
ȷһ˵ɹѡ񣬼нڷ
ҵͳҵУнǹĵѡַ
СռѳΪһʱС

мʡԵĲʵҲǳģ˱

ģ

    ĵĹģ󣬲޾Ա׼ܵԭǣݹȦ
Χڵˮƽѽṹϰ߼λõȷĿǰû
бȽϳȷĹģģͣһ㶼Ǹݾʵʵ飬
Ԥȷġ

ģ

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ȦΧڵˮƽѽṹϰ߼λõȷĿǰ
ûбȽϳȷĹģģͣһ㶼Ǹݾʵʵ
Ԥȷġ

ģ

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ȦΧڵľͥ롢ͥģˮƽϰߡƫ
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ƫôΪǷ蹺ĺͽʲôĹṩ˾ݡ

ģ

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ĺͽʲôĹṩݡ

ģ

    ׼ȷĶλҪۺϡ˿͵򡱺͡ߵַ
ŵ㣬оĿ˿͵˽⾺ֵƺ;Ӫڴ˻ȷ
ĵĶλԡ

ģ

    Ϊ˽׼ȷĶλҪۺϹ˿͵;ߵַŵ㣬
оĿ˿͵˽⾺ֵƺ;Ӫڴ˻ȷ
ĵĶλԡ 

    ȻĺѱϮƪΪοףвδעã
ʹעҲôճЩϮ֮ǰơǶ
ؼҪչԼĹ۵㡣ǳϮȳ
Ϯ֣ҲԹ۵㡣

    ݱ廪ѧҪһϮľ飬ʮ֮˾Ż᲻
֮ѽ¶漰廪ѧʦĳϮ󲿷ֶ
֮ǲָ廪ѧξĻԴ

    ҲָϮ߻˵гϾгѡѡ
ģʹԼְҲᱻѡ̨Ժܲң˳
һλԻѧλг쵼ˣ´̨ϽԳʵ
Ϊ١Ǿڶһɡ

2009.6.26.

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

ѧƭ12Ԫʷ⸺˳ɳµ鱨

ߣ׳
100872 йش59 йѧʷϵŴʷ
9-23绰010-62516494¥317칫ң mikemi0422@hotmail.com

Ŀ¼
1Էⲩʿƾ
1.1ԷⲩʿŽ
1.2ũѧԱɳ¼ſŰϲʵ
1.3´෢ԱĿļʡСҵ࿿ظ
1.4︡ǳͨκȴթƭ
2ʿĵˮƽ
2.1йʷǷ񾭹䶯ͷѣǰì
2.2غκǰСߵǰС
2.3Ϳ߼ĪĲȫƪ
2.4Ĵظճ10ι1278
2.5ؿȱ414
2.6עʹ©90% ش70%
2.7200100ش಻
2.8Ϲ淶עͺͱţë
2.9Ժͼαעؿ
2.10ɶγϮ3110ֵԼעǺϷ
2.11ʿ13ͼΪ
2.12׾ڿ׷ӳѧƾα
2.13עðﷴӳĽְαӳ̶
2.14Ӷ̸ʷʷĹ
3ʿĸΪרµα
3.1бҪѶʮʷϴʷο
4ȺۿϳƭɳµıҪ

¼һɳ²ʿȫ ע
¼ɳ²ʿ3ŷƬ
¼ɲʿ13ͼƬ


2009319աദߵѧУѧΪ֪ͨ
¼ơ3.19ļ·Ժȫ˿ǰǵľٱ鴦ȳý
عĸѧ֮Ŀࡣǣѱ鴦ĸУѧ
Ϊ֮УδκһҾٱһ永أ˵
ңңȵȫѧƭ

ѷ׷ƾֵʿġ״ȥ
Ե飬˭Ҳ޷ţڽƤµйѧʷԭ
ΡʷίԱᡱΣֹҼشճʵʸ
ˣ׳12Ԫʷܹ̫ࡱɳ£Ȼ1998Լ
˴ʷءԷⲩʿȻű2
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εһϵиҪУְرǴʷܹ̫ࡱְ
ÿ8000ԪȻ񡣲ƹ12ԪҾ޶Ͷʡ
㳵ɣǰӵٸŹݺլƵ硣ȫ
ԺУʷλʵѧ˶ѧ񻹵λ
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1Էⲩʿƾ

1.1ԷⲩʿŽ

˴ʷٷվġѧˡĿѰҵ-ɳ¡
http://www.iqh.net.cn/xzwk_class.asp?column_cat_id=203˭
ȷʵԷ˲ʿʿʦǵʱ˴Уĺ
ǵУʱмίίԱƾ˽ܣǼ
亱ļԵΪ

Ϊ˶ĿǱƺҲйĳЩٷ򣻵ǣ
Ҵµıǵصص۲۵ġԷ⡱Ϊɳ¹ʿĵλ
ԼоעΪʿʱ1995-1998ǡ
1993-200815굣ڼ䡣Ҳ˵ڼ䣬ɳ
ʷǿǿ٣Ʒﻹе͹ԣ
һӱ˹ҹ涨һϵпԺͿ죬αȫγ̵ѧԺڶ
ԵĳɼΪչ涨רҵֿԳɼ뾭
λ쵼ǩֲʵʩЧԿԡĿԳﻹаſԣ

ʵɳµĵʦУͳɳµѧרҵܴһʷ
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о󲻷ϴҲԡɲʿķ˵Ĺרҵ
йִʷĿȴȫйŴʷ17-19Ҷй
߽оʷжרҵϴѵĲǡ͡
ƷƣͨܵƵġ䡱ʦϵ
ڲ֪ǲʿ֪ɵģɳºѲʿĵĿ޸Ϊ
18͵й硷רʱʾĶϴʸ롰йִʷ
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ǰƱйʷѧ᳤ĺڶֳϽ
ƾ֣һļƾȽϺʶƣڶǼٵƾǾͺʶ
ˡýҷĴֳּƾðƻΣЩȻ
ڸУڲŷǷƭƾðƻ

Էⲩʿĳ̶ȣԽˡʷصѧ
ţǧƳ׳֮ɺͷļװ°桶ٳ
ǡʮĿ֮״֪йŴʵι١ر
ʱйʷѧ᳤ĺѵѧλҲͬҪƵĻ
ɳȷʵѧ˴кüزʿɹѡ
ΪʲôҪѡԼĵλΪʲôҪרҵѡͷ˾УΪ
ʦ

1.2ũѧԱɳ¼ſŰϲʵ

ɳ£Уɽضˣ1949塣1968-75
ı֪ࡣ1975-78ɹŴѧϵĹũѧԱ1978
ʷоʷڲʷѧḱ᳤йɹ
ʷѧ³ȶֹҼҪְйʷѧ᳤ĺ᳹
ëϯѧկķΪȫʷѧġ岩ʿʵǳ
Ĵ̫లºӢļƻӰˣΪ쵼ƭѧ
غʿ츣˵ġתͯ

֪ũѧԱѧͱҵԵĻͲ׳ɳ´
1966걬ĸ43ûвμӹϵκιҿԡ˴
Уְƿȫ׵Ŀ֮һȻǷͨκУڿԣ
Ҳ֪λͬ־ǽ֪ΨһϷƾ1978ɹŴ
ѧϵ䷢ĹũѧԱҵ֤

֪ɳµ˵ϳôȰȡ1978깤ũѧ
ԱҵԺܲμ˶ʿԣ1985ǰ35£1978-857
һμӹοԡſŰϲ񣬾ǳɳ¸ҳض
ʹ

ǲȫ񶨹ũѧԱѧˮƽ֪жпܣֻ
ʱűԵѧǵĲƾʷǿӸǵ
衣˵ԾĳЩרңȻйũѧԱƾһֱڿˮƽ
ҵԷ˶ûɳʱαһµƾ

1.3´෢ԱĿļʡСҵ࿿ظ

էһɳµҳƺѾϸһ飬Щ´
ʷ԰ĿʷоԼļʡ
Ŀ﷢ġڵϽݾǡȸ罻󵱹٣ƭ
-Ϳ/¡Ҳ˵ƶϸ
飬95%ϸܷɳӱ飬
ͨκιҿԵһĴºžǡ¥ΡׯͷТ뿪
Т˾ϣɳһ޳ɡ涨ֻAB࿯﷢6ƪ
ѧĵ˲ܽڣɽڵĸҳĿ¼ûдﵽ
ָ꣬ο10ǰڵҳ1995ǰAB࿯﷢µļ
¼0ƪôְƵıɻصģѵ˴
ְưնӻȨ

⣬ͳҵĹüظ㡣ڸҳġ࣬
ȰѡɹŸɮ뼭Ȿ鰴һǼǣȻֵڶΰеƪ
ĿŰڴﴫעһעܲ͡𵤰ʹע
ֱдڡġĿгɹĿڣͰһǼǳ
иƪĿеظģһƪŰڴﴫֵ
μļ³ɹʷԡļҳ
ǼǣеĿгɹָβⱣԺϵ쵼ͨʦǰ
ڵ½ڲֳظɹӹ´˻أ

У2004ǰһλϺ͹쵼
3ÿеĸɲְϣҪੲݵط뽲ѧ
һԻҵֱ2007꣬ظ4ΡȺڵĴǣƺ
Ϊ͹ҵ߽ʱɻȱϯʣѧ

ظ㣬ҵҲظ㣬ѹֱϣƥС

1.4︡ǳͨκȴթƭ

ڼΪѧרҵҵĴѧ߲ɳȴȫκ
䲻ӢܴרҵµκһСӢժҪλ˵
͡ǹ֡濼ĲʿѧӢɼһ㵰Ϊиϵ
κ￼ԣ²õĴȷʡ35%ͬ㵰Ҳ˹ƣ
עᲩʿǰѾαڵĳûвμӹκοԣУӻ
ϹɻˡɹʷΪʷ֧ѧƣ18
ѧ½ģ侭Ƕġй
ʷѧ᳤ͷɹʷרң 

1978ϵҵʱĴǳˮƽﵽʱıЩ
ҵѧկӦµĴ⣨ǵʱũѧרҵͨˮƽ
ɣٴרҵ3Ͳ5ʣ룬
Բ˵ʱʾһ㻩ȡɻ

֤Ｋǳ

һ1990ɳͼʷѡ޿Σزپҵ
ԭģ

ͷûбݵĺͼճԴܶʹö
ĸעκһ˹רҵʻ㣬硰ն. ݧ
кܾõ¼ʽ

1991-92ɹŹѧ޹һ꣬ȴҳ
ѳơ޹ūʷͻʷԪʷɹŸԭʷ˹ɹԡ5
ΡȻԲ˵ǣȻԴôγ̣ѧô
ȴڽڼûڵʱرϷκһƪ
ժҪΪʲôǳ˹ɹû͵
ѧ߽֤عȴúһϵлͻѧƭ˸


ģҳ¼أع17Ȩı⽻ĳɳ
ȴûɹŹ̹5Ŵεôͬʦϵ¼
رûѧعɹפʹݽĻѧ
ϵҲҳдһŸд¶թ
ƭ

2ʿĵˮƽ

Ϊ˼ۼලΪ¶ɳʼûа
չ涨Ĳʿġ17-19Ҷй߽оĵӰϽ˴
ͼݺ͹ͼݡ˱ĸ¼Ĳʿĵķ桢ͼƬӰ
ȫĶǴϽɹͼݵĴӡıͼ2000\K249\29\ѧλ
ңɨ衢¼ġڴӡ͵ӰһԺͿǱĳЩ΢С
⣬ڵӰȫĺϸ˵

2.1йʷǷ񾭹䶯ͷѣǰì

9ҳ˵йʷķչ˴ͳһٵͳһ
ʷѭһѭǴغͳһκϱķѣٵ
ͳһڶѭǴƵͳһɽĵķѣٵԪ
ͳһ 

33ҳҲ˵ʼͳһԺ2200꣬йͳһʱ䣬Լռ70
ѵʱԼ30  λȻǴȷġ

ǣλȴƷϵȷۣǰìܡ
ڵ6ҳ˵ѻƬսǰйŴδܹĸ
ԵսûгΪֶжϵ󡱣

ڵ7ҳһ˵ġ̡ܵءϱơ
ΡԪ壬ػ䣬δʷϵĶ
ʷϵڽϱֳȶԡ

ڵ122ҳְֻ£߽γɵһͬǣ
ı߽ǡƶ߽Զԣй߽ǡ̶߽

ȻЩǰìܵ˵ǴӻĶֲοճƴӶġ
ҲΪɳڱ˴ƴԺûκͳ幤ܿڶǰ
ݲݵ޸Ĺһ顣ֻΪ֪ʶƶܷеìܣû
ȥЩìܣĨƽЩ硣

2.2غκǰСߵǰС

8ҳ˵غͳһʱڵı߽ȺΪͬȨͳΣʹһʱڽ
Ƴֳӷ硾棬ûдƺκδͳ
ǻ϶ǻԭغͳһʱĽ֮ڡȻ϶Ϊκǰ
غں󣬱κκκĽĽ򻹴أҪô˵
ġغûдǰκδͳλأɳ˸
Ϳ߼ҵߵǰСĳ˵йͨʷʶǶô
˵غͳһʱڵı߽϶ǻԭغͳһʱĽ֮ڡ
ͬ巴һϻӪֺ֡ꡱпɳԴ
νԺϵ쵼˫ܽṹѧһͷ­ǻң˽࣬


2.3Ϳ߼ĪĲȫƪ

62ҳ˵ӡͼؽɳȺƵ桱ڵ78
ҳ˵ľ׼ڿʮ(1708)ʼ
ʡͼظġֽṹǵӰձӱ˵ġ
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73ҳ˵յļ׼Ľͼ
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85ҳ˵ʹҲˡƺڻ򲻶ڵؽ
ʹҲˡʲô˼

102ҳ˵Ϊ밢½Ӱ족ʲô
밢롭Ӱ족

110ҳ˵ͳΪ˱⺺˿߽뵱
巢ìܣȡһ򵥵İ취ֹ˿߽۾
߽ʲô˼

126ҳ˵硰˹ȡΪأ̽ռ
ȺΪС˭ΪС

128ҳ˵й˿ڷֲĹԶԶ˿ڷֲ˿ڷֲ
Ĺԣô˿ڷֲԱȴС

صڵ9-10ҳ͵110ҳڵ9-10ҳ˵ѧ
߽ߵ۴һЩ硣һ۹ߣƺΪ
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߽ѱݡȻְѺСԡ͡ڵ߽
ѱݡһ749ֵһڵ110ҳظճһ顣

⣬ɳ»ѵȼͬĸУɲײ׸
ڲǿľаѺͬĸظ˵λϲҫС
ҵĸ߲ʵǿĸǮ뱱Уѧҵһֱαӣ۱
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8ҳ˵зࡢ߾ꡢ𼪣ūɡʱȻ
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91ҳĿ Ա߽ЧϽʩҲһ
ظ߼ͨΪϽʩʩǹϽӳɳµ
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ʩƪ⣬ʲôأɲǿ
ͣαʿ涮ʲôǡʩĺ

2.4Ĵظճ10ι1278

˵ɳµĲʿǴӶ½οɨ衢ƶģƴԺ
һУҲûǴӻѡʦίû

һ25ҳҶǼʱ2󺹰ҶǼֳһЩ
ִںԱܷ߳Ϊܶظճһ32֡

ڵ73ҳͷ˵ֻ峯Ƶ
ֻ峯Ƶͼһ䲻ѡֻ峯Ƶ
16ȫظһ©ˡ׼ġ׼֡

75ҳע͡2ǡC.K.HOWARDBURYTHE MOUNT EVEREST 
EXPEDITION GEOC.JOURN. VOL.59 FEB. l892 P.81 ֳķ
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)ŵ(PETRUS JEAPTOUX16681720)һע͡2
(XAVIEREHRENBERT FRIDELLIһ92ַעͲͬ
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һΡ

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ҪУ֮µСһͳȫͼһ10ֺ͵еһ
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֮5ҳĵ79ҳظճһ170֡Ļһֲ
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ĵҲһֲظճͬһ½ڡ

ʮڵ9-10ҳҲѾ˵ѧ߽ߵ۴һ
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Ϊ˿Խ٣Խڵ߽ѱݡ 
һ749ֵһڵ110ҳظճһ顣һظճ
749αʿȫظصһ

ССԵظͲͳ֮ڡظԲ
3

11ҳĵʶ
15ҳйĵĴͳ
24ҳʽĵġ
20ҳάһͳһͳų⡮ĵҡ
103ҳ޳ǹҡ

2.5ؿȱ414

һ˵ɳµĲʿǴӶ½οɨ衢ƶģƴ
ԺһУҲûǴӻѡʦίû


4ҳ˵֮磬[׼ȱδȱ
2-3ֿհ׵ط]ϣɽ֮ء

69ҳĵ2˵߽λã
ʷоֱ֤ʲôλãʲô֤ǰ9ֵĿ
λûԭƻҪﲹһΡ߽̽
֤346ճ̫ۣ±˾
ϮӣͰһΡ߽֤̽ͬһ
ҳע͡3Ȼɾ9ֵĿλ

72ҳ3Ӻǰӡйβ6ֵĿհ׺ۼ
ȥʲô׼ֲֲʲôǼƻзֶζ˷ֶΣ
֪

82ҳ1⡱ǰӡ8ֵĿȱ1С
ͼǰҲȱ3СΪʲôôȱλã׼ֲֲ
ʲôö֪

2.6עʹ©90% ش70%

ݹ۳ɳµĲʿļר˵ֻҪճĺ
ͼעͣͲݬ«Ĳʿĳ
עͣעֻ͡Ϊԭ
ѡĸӰܲ飬ԭĴʾͺܸߣת
ԺʸߣԼΪ˱ⳭϮ֮ӣҲͷ棬ⲻ֪֪ʶ̫
ƶѣһľʹԽԽڣٳһЩӢϵҵı
оҲ¡˼ŴνѪ
߰ߣҲ̶á

ҾֲĲʿĵ73ҳע͡275ҳע͡23
78ҳע͡1-5͵45ҳע͡210漰ĵעܹͣ1196ַ
ˡ׽һûд⣬עͼȫв̶ͬȵĴ©
©ʸߴ90%ش70%ϡڴˣҸȨ
ҮջʿҪл֣1989͹ȺɣLuis 
Gutheinz,1933-֣oWgW~Z _:
↢ĻI湫˾, 2005ԼԳɳ⼸ҳ¼
һࣨҪ󴫽ʿĴһ¡

73ҳע͡2ԭģҮջʿ(FELIXDE ROCHA1713
1738ֻ1781ȥ)

ɣأFelix da Rocha, 1713-1781ڰѡdaд
Ϊdede뱾Felixϲƴдûո

73ҳע͡2ԭģ˼(JOSEPH DESPINHA1722꣬1751
1788ȥ) 

ɣ˼Joseph d'Espinha, 1722-1788ڰѡd'
֮еʡš'©ˣEspinha غϲƴдΪһ
ڵϡ

73ҳע͡2ԭġ(AUGUSTlNE HALLERSTETN 1703꣬1738
ֻ1774ڱȥ)

ɣ䣨Augustin de Hallerstein , 1703-1774©
˸սṹĽʡdeHallerstein Ĵβteinƴд
tetnˡ

75ҳע͡23ԭġC?K?HOWARDBURYTHEMOUNT EVEREST 
EXPEDITIONGEOC?JOURN?VOL?59FEB?l892P?81?
ɣ˴ƴдͱ̫಻ʵλȷ¼ʽ
ǣC.K. Howard-Bury, the Mount Everest Expedition, Geographic 
Journal, Vol.59, Feb. 1892, p.81.

78ҳע͡1ԭġТ˼(JEANһBAPTISTE REGIS16631738꣬1704
ֻ1738ڱ) 
ɣТ˼Jean-Baptiste Rgis, 1663-1738
Jean-BaptisteмַáһĸıҲӦ
ûб

78ҳע͡1ԭġŵ(PETRUS JEAPTOUX16681720꣬ɱ)
ɣŵPierre Jartoux, 1668-1721)ıϡȥ
¼Ǵġ

78ҳע͡23ԭġ(XAVIEREHRENBERT FRIDELLI1673
1705ڱʥԼɪã1743ڱ)
ɣXavier Ehrenbert Fridelli, 1673-1743)λµ
ĴʿǷǷȡı֮ʹַ
ȨCatholic Encyclopedia֮еĴ¼ûַ
ڴе¼ʹáַǴģ
˵ȫĳʶ

78ҳע͡3ԭ(FABRE BOUJOUR)
ɣԼڴȷ¼ȱ

78ҳע͡3ԭġ¹˹(AUGUSTIN)
ɣȫȱ֪ơ

45ҳע͡2ԭģamaury de riencourt : rood of the world
ɣȫСдĵףȫ˵ֵһ

ɳҲ֪ڵ78ҳע͡1-5ͬʱᵽάɡ
Ҳйˣһʱ󴫽ʿ֪Ϊʲô˱ˣ
˶ע͵ϣǲѧλͳ
һ淶ģҲûеġ

ҾƪʿͼҪܲ峯ͼЩҮջʿ
ƽҵʱؾᣬԲ塣ڵ73ҳ˵ؾɱ·ǰ
磬;в;˼·Ƶ硣Լڽ
ͷ˫ͼϳһͼԱ׸ϡڵ78
ҳ˵׽Т˼ŵȥͿǵλá1708
ɱɽغ󣬱سУֱݸ
ӸõȻŷرȫûиڵ淽ĳ
ص㣬޷޸ļҳ纣̸孳˵Σעʷ
ļдΪ(xxx꣬xxxȥ) Ćʽ
רʱȫĴдʱȫСд¼רһӦĸд
淶͹֡ʶ֡СţΪӰʱũɨä
ˮƽδѧžҪĵ֡

2.7200100ش಻
8ҳ109ҳһ[ӦΪһٹ]ͳһ߽ɡ
26ҳС⽨ɹ[ӦΪ]
99ҳԵ[ӦΪԴ]峯İ
102ҳɿ [ӦΪɿ] ص䡱
106ҳ[Ժ]1ˣ[ӦΪ]lˣ1
111ҳһ[ӦΪһ] Ϊ͡
112ҳرڵǰֲɼҶ[ӦΪ]
115ҳԭĺũȺض[ӦΪض]ڡ
123ҳֳߴ[ӦΪ]йı߽
125ҳӡڰصţ[ӦΪ]صݣ
𲽡Ĺ̡
127ҳΪ˽˿صìܣڡ[ӦΪ]ض
̨ʢ
130ҳӶʹԼв[ӦΪʹ]ʵ
ϵɡ
áġáءʮúżƧֳʮ
200μĲʿעûɫͻעЩ
ˡڴһһ꾡о١

2.8Ϲ淶עͺͱţë

̹ϵ˵ûУϸͨעͣ
һ֡⼸ԭϽαʿ񲻶ù
Ҫע͹淶Ĳʿġ17-19Ҷй߽
ƪݲʿĸͷר18͵й
߽(ɺ磬1999)ҲһֵһУ
оټߵƦ̶ȼαӳ̶ȼߡ

磬Ĳʿļרһ£Ȿ飺[]
ءRozman,G.ࣺйִȽִ
룬Ͼ磬1988ᵽⱾעͣûһ
ȷġ

һϸᵽڲʿĵ6ҳע͡1дǣ[]
ءࣺйִȽִ룬ڹУ
뱾60ҳ磬1995ꡣ

ϸ¼淶ƴѧĲʿҪ⹲
4˴˸дRozman,G.Ͼ⣬
뱾ӡʱ䡰1995ꡱش˳ʱ䡰1988ꡱ⣨
޶ڶ2003ų棬1995һӡɴ˿ɼһ
Ϊ¼ʱӰȨҳĶ֮ȷѡд
עͣ뱾Уߵֻѧ˵ʷĲбҪᵽһ
ĿעͶдҹ¼ĿϸĪڹ
ͼݺͱͼݣδ˻¼뱾Уߵ

ڳר2ҳע͡2һᵽⱾʱȻ͵ϵذ
дɡ[]ء.йִ30ҳʡ
һᵽʱһʡԵ4ɼɺʲô༭ˮƽ

ڲʿĵ6ҳڶôʱдǣйִ61
ҳǲϸעͣӦΪ[]ءǰ飬61ҳ
ִǰ飬61ҳҲܴպΪΪйִ
ʵ̫࣬޶֪ơ

ĲʿĻƵע͸ʽ©ʮ

45ҳע͡3ǡ,İ,259ҳ
[ȱȫ]

֮Ĳϸעʹ©˹淶ҪĿ˹淶û
Ŀ

⣬ΰ½ڴⰲҳĩȲϹ淶ĵطͬ
ǰӴͷϣñڽߵǬĵЦѴ
⡰ 峯ȫʢʱڵĽ򡱰ڵ52ҳҳĩְѴ⡰ڶ
 ͼ峯򡱰ڵ70ҳҳĩȵȡڶĸʽң
ƪʿĴͷβɱȫϸһ֤ݡ

2.9Ժͼαעؿ

αʿɳΪ˸ӹţճ˺еעͣ
ԶﴫĵαעĲʿĵ45ҳע͡2amaury de riencourt : 
rood of the world ŦԼ195090ҳǸ޷鿼ɴƴд
ټӲȱȫֽƴյͷע͵ԭʼڡ

³ר4עͣǡϸע͡αע͡
ԡۺ֢

ר297ҳע͡2James F. Wills and Martin L. Primack, An 
Economic History of the United States,p.31. ȱء硢 

ר307ҳע͡1Susan Previantlee, The Westward Movement of 
the Cotton Economy 1840-1860, p.90. ͬȱء硢ꡣ

ר310ҳע͡1James F. Wills and Martin L. Primack, An 
Economic History of the United States,p.39Ȼȱء硢
ꡣ

310ҳע͡2Ǳֶ٣ţ߽ʷBillington, 
Westward Expansion: A History of American Frontier5ҳȱ
ء硢꣬ϲдҲϹ淶

֮ԸڶЩעͶαģΪ㹻۾ݿ
϶κŷԣܶκһһ310ҳ
ע͡2˫ṹѾС͸¶ճԴǺͼ
ԭֻճԴ˶ѡ

99%ϵĿܻУ¼Щαע֣ûм
ЩʲôӡЩղغڣǶ󿪱ʲôɫ
ר5-6´Լ10֣߽չʷļעͣ
Աѧʷϵ˳ڵġ߽ʷصʷ
ǣڵ203ҳע͡1һ򵥵дһΣμ˳
߽ʷμķΧΣͻȻðϵ
һʷҲı壬ֶΣֱﻹ
ãϵũѧԱɳԼоɹǱ˵оɹ
ñ˵Ľһ䣿һΣ5-6漰ʷȫ˵ʵ
ⶵȦӣ۷ƻġڶע
ע10ӦֱᵽתԡЩطȴû
ҲûǰԺԸṩ˴ʷϢĺ˳ڵ
ڶ߼ʾлԼӢƵġһƥ
ǣ

Ҳò˵עϷǡαע͡͡ԡۺ֢

2.10ɶγϮ3110ֵԼעǺϷ

֤ݱ˵3110֣ڳɳ²ʿĵĳһճ
ˡºʶĿŵɶεճ̫ðգ
עҲͱȽϰȫˣ޸ʱ3110ȫĸΪע
͡ǣڴĴ⣬ԭĵĳЩ䣬69ҳĵ2
ǰһ9Уѡ߽֤̽
߸ΪͬһҳעԺʹÿոֲУΪǿ֤ĳϮ׹
Ե֤ݡ

3110ǷΪ4ڲʿճתƵġ

һǰԶͼڡй߽ʷо19944ڵ¡
жα߽ļ⡱ĵ1478ԭԭճڵ54-55ҳ
5עİãٰԭùżЩעһһհд
תԡͼƭЩ۶ԼֱӴӹżоĵá

ڶڵ24-25ҳΪ͡ط䡱ע͡56ճ892֡

ڵ69-70ҳע͡3ճй߽ʷо桷1992
3-4ڣ15-16ҳ߽֤̽346֡

Ĵڵ70ҳע͡1ճй߽ʷо桷1992
1-2ڷġ߽ойص֤394֡

ʣճǷǷģѵճע3110־ǺϷ


2.11ʿ13ͼΪ

ΪӪ첩ʿͼĲïЧɳ¼13ӡͼ
ǰˡͼĿ¼

̿Ʒ˹׼ͼĽͼ(ͼ1)
1ͼĽ(ͼ2)
1ͼ(ͼ3)
2ͼĽͼ(ͼ4)
2ͼ(ͼ5)
Ǭ¡ڸͼ(ͼ6)    
Ǭ¡ڸͼ(ز)(ͼ7)
һͳͼ(һ)(ͼ8)
һͳͼ()(ͼ9)
ͼ(ͼ10)
ͼ(ͼ11)
ͼ(ͼl2)
ڸͼ(ͼ13)

ڣͼĿ¼ɳûᵽ13ͼ߼
Դڸ¼ͼÿһҳҵĿհ׵طҲͬûᵽڵͼԴ
һԭһ13ӡͼĴСߴ硢ͼԭͼֵ
ݡԳ̶ȡʽ廨ţ߳˶̡13ӡͼӵΨ
һע֣øֱдÿһҳ澭Ϳ߰šҲ
֪ʲôΪʲôҪÿһҳеһдֶд
ģ

ڵͼԵĲͬȻ13ӡͼûаչ淶ע
߼ԴϽΪԿ϶ΪΪ1-5͵
6-13ʼӰӳ̶б

6-13ǰƵϵͼȻǶߣҲԴӦ
ע˵ǣ鶼ùǳռǹҰȨʶ
鱡״õĲԭʼżһõǱûдԭʼ
ڳɳͬ־ְϾ֤ȿǱڵǧԣ6-13
ûаչ淶ͼд߼ԴҲ͵㵽Ϊֹع˰ɡ

ǵ1-5ͼʹһԭ¡ȫһӰ
ܴ飺Լ͵(J.F.Baddeley) ɹšй
¾4᣻ܡиշ룬ӡ1981棨вͼҳ
ΪڷСͼҳ룩

Ȿĳɳõʱ17ꡣ1981-98ԣ
ڲʿùЩµͼģʹɳ²ǵһλҲһ
ڼ֮һΪЩͼרչʾй߽ɹźͶ
µͼҲǷӢĵɹ˵ʱõĿľļ
صʷͼ˽ɶ֮ͼĺ
ͼΪɳڽҲǾͨǹֵɹʷר֮һ
ͼ˵߼ߣ߲Ϊͼϵĺﶼǲʿ
߳ɳ·ģҲΪ5µͼԼƵġ

⣬ܡиոӶǳסɹŴѧˣɳ
ӦʶǡܽɹŴѧϵĴʼˣ1970-90
ɹѧķ30꣬ɳĸУɹѧʦйе
ɳ²Ӧʶߣйĳֽʣ
Ŀе¸صǰиҲܱȳɳ곤
Ϥߵ£ɳô˼5˼Ҹ෭
ĵͼԱߣȫĨɱ̰֮ΪأȻܽ
2005ţŮиաµض˼䡣
ĶŮǵ֪һ£ôӵĹӰأ

2.12׾ڿ׷ӳѧƾα

֪ɳ1975-78ɹŴѧϵҵĹũѧԱ
1991-92ɹŹѧһ꣬ȴĸҳϻѳơ޹
ūʷͻʷԪʷɹŸԭʷ˹ɹԡ5ŴΣǾ
ͨġ˹ġġȶĵѧʷѧҡ1992
ֱ𵽶˹¹ձ˹̹ȹҺ̨ۡ
оʷԪʷġĵѧ֡ͽѧ

ȻĲʿĸǣʵĺܷǳҲ˹ġ
ĵκġΪܶõ漰ġĵҪʷ
Ŀ֤͡

ڲʿĵ53-57ҳж᲼Լжλ⡱
һڣ˵ж᲼ԼҪıж˫ǩֵı
ж˫ıͶıķ롢Үջʿ
ųϷֱǵռµıͷıֺıҲ
һ¡

˵ıչʾѧҶʱˡͨĳЩҪ
Ļĺͺıȶԣܾ˵ɳͨĲ
ƽȡԼǿʶ̤ǰġ᲼ԼռӦ
й60ƽǧ׶ġ

ѧʦ׷ײĿ֤ʷоҪ塣
˵ѧбԴžԿʼ֪ʼӵ
顷̫Ҳ˵ѧΪʣѵڬܻayuҲ
¹ѧ顷Ǭѧɵ֮ӣѭԪƳ
ȶй

˵ɳǬѧĿ֤
ĲͶж˫ǩֵıǾԵϰ
ǻѾԶͼ￴ķǳȫӰӡж˫
ıڼ𣿡ԼҲɡ
ıϵҵרд䣬Աȿ֤һ
ö߿᲼ԼֺıЩҪϡһ¡
Ϊʲôĺı׷Դж᲼Լ͡Լ
ʲôЩҪģ

ȻźǣɳȴûӦѧԴĲʿ
κһ׿֤νж᲼Լıı
塱A4ֽ3ҳƪȻһ䷴ӦҲûдûдġ
ĵ䵹ҲˣڼΪͨĵרȴһġĻ
ߺҲûдı塱Ĳʿ

Ƶĸɲдºͼ
1976-19935飬йѧԺʷо[]
ɳֻʷ1976ʦѧʷоС[]׫дġһ˾
ж᲼Լ1977жϵʷѡࡷ1981
⽻׻ࣨ1619-17921982رԶͼġ
α߽о1993ȣ޳ܵظͷַճ

αʿɳҲ̫֪ж߽оרԣƳ籸
ԶͼȲģҲһõġʵ1884-1947ڼ䣬
10ож߽רɳ׫дʿĵ1998ǰ
ѾӰӡ棬ΪбȽе4֣
˷ˡ2ᣬݹż, 1990Ӱӡ͢׫߷Ҫ
4ᣬ磬1985ӰӡǮжԼע284ҳ̨
, 1963ӰӡʩܳжԼע322ҳ̨, 
1963ӰӡȵȡԶͼᵽĴ⣬ĩѾ
ĩЩѧǵҲпϡ

ʵԶͼŹķ۷޵ĸŷ磬ͳɳµȱ
һԶͼġĵνԭġʱһɲȫú
ġöطû˵Ǻʱ˷ģԼģ
ƺԼġʵһǴӵʱз̸дҮ
ʿՕNThomas Pereira,1645-1708ųϣJean Francois 
Gerbillon,1654-1707ĺļ̳лдġԶͼȽϿɿ
ĿҪҪǰĳЩʱһˡǿ
ԶͼԵ˼˵äĿ߳ɳµĲʿѡ
Ĺǳխɳ²żĩ
ҲһͷäĿճ1970Ժȱݽ϶顣

Ϊصǣλѧĸ߲Ĳʿļר
ıʱûдһļԱƧ
רҲд硰ն. ݧ
¼ʽķǳȫģƳɼͲ
һ֤

Ĳʿĵ57ҳ˵жӺ£172710
£ɹԱǡͼɺӵĹ磬63
һᵽרҵʡĵطʲôǡж
˶ãΪʲôע⣿İɹʷ𣿻ĸƴд
򵥵ĸ֪ôƴдʲôͨ˹
רңƫƧİäɲļҵĶӣ

ͬڵ57ҳ˵Ǭ¡ʮ꣨1793߽꣩绮ɣ
ڽ߽ʮʱ߽Ĵľʼ
ʲôСľʼճǰǷ
ʲôԣ1998ġ¿ƽʿ亱ѧʷ
ѧҳɳӦеѧΪһᵽĪרҵʲ
עӲʤö١

2.13עðﷴӳĽְαӳ̶

ɹ13-18ͻԾֽй½˹̹һǲԭ
塣ʷУԪ裬ݣƶ³ػ³أ
ִ֮ΪػĮɹšи(1644-1697)ͳε׼
Ԫһ֧ɹǿ漰ƽ׼ҵ
ӰƷѾΪڼʷ

ɳ1995ýְƣ1998ԷΪʿڼΪɹʷרҡ
1993-96˺ˡؼʷ²ᣬһר
漰20ƪ¡ǿ˵Ϊ
ûרоʷڶഫʿдһͿпԭĻ
ôԼóɹʱӦúרҵܵصٳ˰ɣ
ȻĸǣɹʱҲһٳĵƵԡ

뿴ֳʶ⣬ڲʿ̣ɹʷ
ְƵġ23ҳע͡3ǶҪܸСȫ£
(1644_1697)ͼ̨ӣɮİܡݽͶ<<ˮ>>
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37ţ1979ꡣ)ΪʦԲźֵ
ѧ1667귵׼

ΪѧΪɹʷΪʷѧ֮һԴʢ֧
ʷ˵1970Ժ½ҹġǰûרϵͳоɹ
ʷֻöȨġе߰ٿȫ顷׳ơӢٿȫ顷
15棨Encyclopedia BritannicaEB 15thġԡԼ
Ӣɳ¾ǲм֡

һȻΪƪʿҪᵽҪʷ
Ӧðչʹڵһγʱע
Dga'-ldanGaldan (1644-1697)Ӧдعεķȫƣ
˶ͼGaldan Boshugtu KhanGaldan Boshigt Khaanǣ
һҲûΪעģҲûд
ķȫơϤɹ

ΪͳεĽɹеһ䣬׼
䴫ǲܲơDzungar-Oirat Khan of the 
Dzungar Khanate˼ǵʱ׼Ŷء˶ءĴ
֮еġ-׼֮ҲDzungariaΪ׼
Mongoliaƥı׼ʽС Khanateָʱڵ4
֮еκһȫ֪ɹʷʷѧƺ
Ｐ䲿ɹʷм

ⲻǴǰûᵽӦᵽνҲڵ
36ҳдġ׼ZHUNG GA ERΪֵ߯˼,д׼
仰Ĵ⡣һɣɳдĲ
ɽصķԸ꺺עðDzungarҿܰ
עZHUN GA ERZHUNдΪZHUNGΪҲ10йվEB 
15thı׼ƴдʽһȫͬΪû
һרҵĵ֤ݡ

ԭҲǸмңðȨһ˵ʹвרҵ
ĳѧӢĺעʽZHUNG GA ERһ
УֽҲӦڴĵΪֻӦִ
ʷʷѧõǺѧʱùעƴд
κɹʷʷר˵ֱֻӴӵ
Ӻתҹ30ĹٷӢ﹫Уúƴ
¼嵳Ҫ˼ε11ȫ˴ίλ
帱ίԱάİľ?дAbdurehim Amitiɹ
Ĺ˹͸дHasibakan10ȫ˴ίԱ˾?
ԵķŷģʽIsmail AmatרԭӦùŽһ
úעƴ

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ģһЩѧ˵He was the fourth son of Erdeni Baatur 
Hongtaiji, founder of the Dzungar Khanate˼ǡ׼ʼ
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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan&oldid=2
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鲻֪һһ
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һУİƭ

2009-6-26

(XYS20090626)

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2009.6.26

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

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ʱһƪģȻ˵ģСѧľN֣꣩

ն̷29гӦرĳϮ

  2009-06-25 09:51Դй 

29ɭȫƱκ˳г˾֮²׷ףҥ
ԡСϢֶߣӦ˶ĸִ桢Ҳ˷һʱɷ
֡ >>>гָ ֯Ӧʦ

ʵ²ҲãҲգɲء

׻˵ʮΪࡱʵǲȷģȨ27͵˶ġһ
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ǷǷλʵѡɭļҾƶũҲãǸ
Ҳգ䱾˵ĵ¡šʶֱӹϵͱȻϵΧͥ
ĸִšۡҥԡ򡰱ҥʵڶǺνļƽϡ

ҲƽϣҲƽϣѵûʲôǼƽϲɵô

ȻС

ݲϸ֤ɭ2004ڡҵоڿϷһƪ
ġڼֵķزҵľƪĵĵĲֺ
2002귢ڡƸĸ־ϵġ۷زҵľڶ
ִֻͬɾɭ׶صֺĵֻ
ͬĳЩĸȫһ£Ŷ޲

˵᲻ҪǷ񡰼Ҿ⡱ҲҪôҪģ
Ų޷ȡȡᣬǲݺĴ
⡣

ݳƣƪϵɭоҵģǷϮܱ޻
Ӧͬѧ˳棬ԡҵ·æдĴѡ
ΪɣԴΪ绤

ʮ꺮ʵģҲӦõģĹӲܵĸλ
һչĻᣬǶĻرɭѾЩر
زҲʾ֮ԽƸΣǳڶ¡ŵ
ʶôȵ¡пƸ֮ǰᰲڣ

ܵǳϮΪһƴѧоҵʸͱô
ʣԳϮĵֶƭȡоҵʸһӦõ
оҵʸ񣬴Լ־ƽƵķ֮ţõһУ
ų֮ʣźϸϾ⡣

ڹ˽ɭ涼ΪԼ䡢ҾʹڽЩʲô
Ϊ˭Ҳ˵곤ҾƶԹ󣬺ǷʤгʲôȻ
ϵڹ˽ɭ涼ǷϮ⣬ȷġ
˵Ľ壬Ϊǧƽϣ򲻼ƽϣŲܲƽϣǧҪ
ҪŲܲҪ

ɭйطᾡ꾡ĽȻǰ䡢
ĳѸݣϾʱ˿̣Ƿġ˵ܡ
йط棬±ȶκˡ涼Ҫ

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

г¼Ŀ

ߣHenry

ĵɣʹһгѡͷ
ꡣʵʵǰɭ޿ɱ磬ֻɱ˳ˮ롣𼸸˵
˵Ѻվhttp://news.sohu.com/20090625/n264739337.shtml

һ

һԳƲΪͬѧΪ˵ʱ差æûʱ
дġ

˵˺ܶ˵̬ʲôôҪɭģһ涢
廪ƾһ涢ƽǰ̡ƣƲɼãȡ
Ҳɭ;һһƭá



差ί֯Ϣһʷĸ߼ߣɭ
ӳϮָʦ򿯷ĵ־ӦøӦΡ

͵ַƸˡ˹εַ̫׾ӡҪ
Եƪº˼ҳϹϵɣһԵв䵼ʦ
֡ĵĺлʱ廪Ĳʿ



⣬ɡΪʱ¶ˣ
гʡ 

йݣ𵽶ã˵ôһˣ
ʱ뵽Ĳȥ˼˵ʵǽԷĨڣΪֻҪ
ԷˣԼͰˡҪԷĨڣֱӵָĶ
磬֣˵ҪӴٱĶ¼Ҳм
ָ𡰿ᰮѧĶȥˡ

ġ

ıҲѱʾǰû壬Ҫλг
Ϊʲô飬ܸ˳Ǵȥʲô

ǵõʹһΪ֮鶼ԲҪˣ
У

ǰõʩһ¼ʣһõˣ
ߵİ



ڴˣHenry һ䣺ҵ֤ҪƭõˣΪ˳
ʲô

塢

ɭ棬Ϊһ廪Ӧóѧλһ˳Ӧȥְ
񡣽ǿɭ棬ͻɭ桢Ǯɭ桢ɭ桭

˳ָuseless intronгһɡһĵһ⡣
ԭᵽĳϮߣһڲԼĸλΪף
Ȼ״СͬѣǲԵģĳϮ߲ûйף
˱ףΪλӸռˡ

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

ɭ泭Ϯ͵͵

ߣ
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ģںһƪ2002귢ĶԱȺѷ֣ƪкü
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Ҽ˵鲻͵ô͵ȻҲ͵ˣȻҼ
ʵϷ˵仰ʱԼҲġ
һ͵ĵµǲҼһ͵͵黻ǮҲ
͵˼ҵԼһͻµߣ±С͵С
ɺޣҲ¡ΪС͵Сûеαװⶼһ
С͵Сˣһ廪ѧоӦǵµģСȥ͵
ӦõɵУ廪ѧо͵Ӧ֮֮ԭˣ

ɭ˶˼ߵĲɷãҿһҲȫûбҪ˭
͵˵ƬΪԼжȫóŵ֤
֤ûǹֻǳϮһ֣ҲõǸý빫
ڵԭ£ܵĽֻʹԽĨԽڡӰбʵʵ
ĺøɲȺھ˫޳ɣİƻӭԼ͵Ҳͨ
֯ʲô־ʲô֣ͨ;в
ǰѺβˣӦзĸɲ

ɭһλͬѧԴƲ⣬˵廪ѧоҵƪ
ĵķҪ󣬵һӲҪԺܶѧ˵Ǻѵģɭ
ɶĵҪ󣬡ҲΪܱ绤ȷʵʵѡ

ˣܵλͬѧı绤Ǿֻ֤廪ѧоȫ
ٵģ𣿡һӲҪԺܶѧ˵Ǻѵġо
ѧǿٵͷ֤ļ֤ʲôС͵һѣ
һѧҴ͵һѣһѧͬǷϴѧ
ͲףѵġϱȱȽǡһɻһ˴ص
壬˵ͽ꣬ĺܼ򵥣ͬʱһ
Ļԡ

гͬ־ڷҵĵĹһ͵׼ڵط
Ҳָ꣬ݡȡûĸ쵼ɲҺԣ
ȡĵһ쵼ɲʾã͵ʾ²
ڽ̻˵ѧǽҲ͵˵ģǻᲨӰиɲա

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

ӵ񽿵ƽҽԺ

ߣjjs

񽿹²ýܣϳǧʿ˵˹
˽ֺ֧Ͱ

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ҽԱΪʲôأ

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òһлл˵΢һ㲻þҪ£ҲЩԹ
SARSʱǰƣֲˣивҪ
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SARSʱøԵǰߣѵߵĲ㲻ý͸123ˣ
˵չ֯Թӡôѵ˵Թ
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һҽѧȺ̸ƽ£˵ҽһҪպû
֪ʶƼָϡܼپױԼһרģĲң
ҲָϣҼָ廯ԭ򣡹Թԣʲôʱָϡ廯ˣ
ʱһ䡰ָ֪𣿡̫ˣ˼
רҡҲԼھˡʵи˵壬еúܰ
ߵĲұκˣȻ˹ҲרҵͷϵģҪ
רҸжµģǼҶ񻯻߻ˣѾ廯Ϊ
ˣٲܹңҽβһҽɶ

ҿ˺ܶҽڱԹִҵȻִҵȷʵ⣬ǵ
ҽûˣһ䣺ҽǣԻûУ
ȻΪҽҽĲʣҲûشҲǵģҶԵ
һҽ

ҵִҵǣҸ߸ߵã߻򣨺ͣ±߹ţ
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ҷһĻ́᳡ͬǣŬʵҽġ塱
밡

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

︣ĸҲҪ

ߣDarwinists

쿴ǰνĶ︣ӣѧҺ
ƹ⶯︣֡ΪһѧʦҲ
䡣

ѧоѾ֤ϵﱾͬն︣˵ģ
ǵĽףȷʵӦֵСԵϵҲԶ
ѣǾԲܳԵġ

˲̫˽ܹŽףԶҲףҲȨȻ
︣ǾӦý︣úʵ顢ܳԹ⣬Ҳ
˺ΡĸԶסǽĸһЩ΢С飬ܵ˺ʱ
ͼûСܸܵ˺ڿȿ¶
ߣЩС飬ģֻбظı䵰ʺϳɷʽ
д¶ȵĽһߣʮȣĸѾˡһϢ࣬
ǵĶ︣ѧǣΪԼʳûֹͣԽĸŰ
Ǳ䱾ջ¶100ȣЩСʵ޷
ȵĥ˵뿪硣ߵǣЩС
飬ʬҲҪһҧ顣

Ŷ︣ӽ쿪ʼԹ⡢úʵ顢Ҳˡ
һ룬ǶԴֲƺ˵ֲҲԼɣҾ
˵ˡ

һĶ︣Ϊһλе︣ʿں
ˡõҲͲԶˡ

 ˷һЩ̵׷ʽΪֶԶɵ˺綷
ţȡ

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

йѧߡ

ߣweiweian

иġѧߡƻ˿µֿһ
عġϽѧߡһ£ж١ѧߡƺš
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աѧߡưѧࡣϽѧߡ⣬У

㶫ʡЭ衰齭ѧߡƻס˲
ѧԺ˲й涨 1ѧߡƸ...
ѧ߽ƻʵʩ취
ȫѧ߼ƻ
ѧߡŴѧѧԺԺѧƸرƼ
ʦѧԺѧ߼ƻ
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ڹɽʡߵѧУ̩ɽѧߡƸڸλ֪ͨ
Ϸʹҵѧ..Ը߲˲Ŷ齨Ϊص㣬ʵʩɽѧߡƻ
ຣʡߵѧУѧߡƻȫ
ѧߡƻ

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ϴѧ2008Ƹڡƺѧ
ʦѧԺ...ѧߡƻ˲

еɣ

2008ѧߺѧ
ʯѧԺʼʵʩѧ߼ƻѧ߼ƻ
ʡ̨ѧߡƻʵʩ˲ǿʡս

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ũֿƼѧѧߡƸƻ
ʡܽѧ߼ƻʵʩ취

ǲȫͳơӭ䡣

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

йѧԺֲоı

ߣֲһְ

ʦã

һѧֱ95պ11ս¶йѧԺֲоѧо
ҽܳƽоԱһͶͬһݷ3ƪ
ͬʹòѧٵ¼۷׷ף󲿷ֿԱ
ԼԱ֪ƽоԱѧ¼ֲ쵼Ҳһ
֪Ϥһ¼ǣƽоԱĶӵѧٱֵѾ
ȥ3ˣֲ쵼һ¼ȴ޶ԣûжƽѧ
¼е飬Ҳû֯ѧίԱۡ

Ϊʲôֲ쵼ƽѧ¼дأƽоԱĿǰ
ֲѧίԱḱΡѧλίԱίԱΪְ
ֲ80Ϸԣ˵ֲ쵼áΪ˴ﵽ
Ŀĺ׷󻯣ѧǷӳҪȾơֲ
Ҫ쵼ĹϵüǢѧλߵԺʿϵҲܺãγ
Ŀǰǳ˵ѧ顢湲ͬ塢ѧڰֲܵ
ƣˣ쵼ȻͲдӶʹѧٸ־Ȼ
ֲѧίԱḱΣֱǸĪķ̡

һ¼͹ֲѧرֲ쵼Ϊһ
ְΪֲǰ;ǣʵЩֲûشĿгɹ
Ϊڰͽ쵼ϵʹֲѧԽԽ
ڸвоúõ˵òӺãһаΪ
ֲе

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

ҽԼԼ

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ҽһû˾ͿᣬһͼںţȻ
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нִᣬִ֪СƱġ͡ñġ֮ķ


ҽҩֵĴǣΪҽҩչһߡеġҡûκζ
壬èУʿҲһߣпƶѧƷչ߼
ҽҩѾԼΪŵİʽȸλүǿͷˣ
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ҽԼԼù˿

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

200962417绰ڱʾǸ

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200962417ѧΪ绰ڱʾǸ

ұʾʵδȫǰݲܵǸ

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(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

ڹСNPȫ

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˵㡣ȻǰûнҵĹʶΪNPȫС
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(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

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ԡϢȫƹ㲻١

ˣΪֹԱɫԼվ˲ƷһҪ
Ŵƹ㣬һҲ٣

(XYS20090626)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

ӢŹںָĸ۵֮

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׷൱϶ҹᳫд֡Ǳشġ

λ룺κһ֣ҪϵãȻŻᶯȥдд
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ʶ⸺Ϊ漰ŴĻо
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ʹ÷ֶų֡ʵˡй׫д
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¼ʲǫ̂壬ƴָͨ½̨ܲˡ
ڲμӹʻʱ̨¼ˣǡ´塯Ǹ
Ŵߡ¼˵ǲǡ´塯Ϊоѧ
㡣

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20095ڵ110ҳ

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ԵıлԵı? ϾϾ

ߣƼ

ӰƬ< Ͼ, Ͼ> ĵ½˵: ǰ( ձ) ĵ.
¹ʹ˵ձˡļţһȺڿҰ޻ 
ҲΪ ձƤҰǵĹޡ 
ռձıм¼.

о˵, ֮ĵĲԳ֮ĲҪ. ⻰
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ġձ˵ıУ˿½ڻĽϴǵġˡ
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ԣ˽ܣƭΪԹ֮ԡԵ㡱԰ԣ
к

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Ҫ˵Ĺ۵㣺һжսĴսձʧȥ˿ƣһ
Ե㡱ⲻ˵ǡСֻս״̬˿ɷĴ
ȥ˲վƷսƷ

սȻǺܿµģ̫ƽȮĪˡսԲƲ
ټκ˵ġҲò½һսΡ
ȤѡϾսشսۡΪϾʵϲû̫
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ӰƬһձ˵ӽϾɱУǶԵ˵
һսͶսĿ־ѡ

½Ϊձ˵ıҵһĽڣǸˣֻǵ͹
ͨյ̡ⲿӰƬʵʵڵˡԵ㡱
ϸվıУйصʷϣʮֻʬļ
¼˱ɱʮңձ񲻳һ֣
ǻӶսеսΪӢۣЩ˾ǵй˵ɹһɱ
ձˡ½еġԡʲô

˵ġܡ˵ıܿΪԼ֣Ϊܽ
н䣬ǻɵĽɰǧƽշǹǻἫ
бǿйŮԺ󻹲ʮСŮҲŹ

˵ġ㡱˵ʹ˱ֳ˽ᣬ
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ɡˡҲ֪ǣ˵ħվħǹȥ
ıнԶĶĳϣǲ˼ڸģǽ
л½еġԡ

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ޣΪʹ޵ݡ 

(XYS20090626)

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2009626վʱ

626Ϣ29ĺ˳гɭѧӳϮһ£
˺ܴע

գɭĸУ廪ѧίʿ߼ߣѧУ
˽ӦɭУڼĵʦ֤ʵԴ˲飬ѧУ
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˽⣬ѧУ24Ѿ֪ɭıָӳϮĿǰ
ڽУû

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߲ƪڡҵо200515ڵķ֣־עո
2004331գĽǡ廪ѧزо˶ʿо
ʱ2005꣬ʱɭѾ廪ѧҵ

涨廪ѧ˶ʿоڶڼ뷢һƪġ廪ѧо
Ժоѧڼ䷢ĻҪ˶ʿӦںڿ
ѧλίԱ϶ѧˮƽߡѧϽѧϷ1ƪġ

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λĴ硣ͨߣԱҵѧλίԱݲѧλ
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շ壬ɭ汾˻δӳϮһӦ

ɭܾ˲ɷã첽ȥ

29гݡš

24գһƪΪг˶ʿڼӳϮϱ㷺
ת߳ƣܹע29˳гɭ廪ѧڼͶ
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󣬲ϷɭΪܳ

Ҳָթ

Աȷ֣еĲ֡زҵĺľУ3
700֣͡еĵĲȫһڶ֡ز
ҵľֻǱȡе4һ

ڡͷӢĲֻ˼ͼ߽еġɭ
(sen)ĺƴдΪshen(Beijing)ĺƴдΪ
Beijiang廪ѧTsinghua University߷Qinghua 
University⣬ɭӻҲһƪģҲ
Ϊթ

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24գɭѯһ£ûнлӦ

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