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                          Ϊʲôǿף

                              ӡ

    һʼƳɽ£һʯ󣬸﹩һ
5׶ߵĴʯ𣬾˵ǽ֮Ƹóһ޴ʯ
ɵġȥιۣ˻㽲ôһ£λԼĹ
շǳţʱ˵˭ָһ覴ãͲȡĹǮ
һλԹ۵С˵ָͷô󣬱ǿôСôȥڱʺ
أѵߡ

    ˵ָͷرʳָΪʲôֲϸպǿڱʺ
лͽΪϵǻƳ֤֮һΪڱʺ
ϵ۸ʹڶԲϵۡڱǿĶҪô
ǿΪָͷǿ׵ƥϵǾȻѡġӤ
ͺĸ׵ͷС൱ȻǽĽΪӤܷԵ
ǳؼ̫Сͷֲ̫˱

    ָڱǿʲôô˵ǻô
״ǻиİ취ߩӣǷڱǿײɡû
õҲпͨѡ˲룬ڴԳ˵Ľ
УԸԸͰڱǿ׵Խ䣬ҲѻڱǿΪ໥
󰮱֣ĻӰ쵽ָǿ׵ĴСϵ
޷ΪʲôڵŮԲͣڱǿס

    ǵûмָ׵ãȻֳָףָ
ͷûڱǿ׵ġǵȴźһûڱǿ׵
ϰԡڱǿָԺŸųֵķʷ̫̣ܶ
ָͷͱǿ׵̬Ӱ졣ôָͷǿ׵ĶӦϵһɺϡ
ʵɺҲûôɣǿǺ֯ɵģһĵԣָ
ͷֵϸ㶼ɣСôҪ

    ǿйصһֵ˼ΪʲôǿҪ۾Ҳ
Ǻǵĺôͬһ۾ǲ
ܸȷضλ塣ȷλá
ǿǷҲƵã

    ȻǿףʵÿҪֻһǿ׺ǿ׵ıǼճ
ĤѪܺͽ֯ɵĲ֯ǿ׵Ĳ֯
ţһǿͨһÿСʱѭһΡڱ仯
ͨϵͳƵģǻάֲ䣬Ӱ
ǸͲ쵽

    Ϊʲôǿȴֻһأǻůʪ󡢹˿
ճĤһ״߽űı״ϸͣڷڱ飬ÿʪ󣬲ճ
סеĻҳۡ΢ʡǻճĤϳëЩëǰ
ڶճס͵ʲȥǴ̼ǿһֱ
ںǻճĤͻ𽥱øʧȥãܵȾǿ
ʹþͿԱһ㣬һںʱһ񣬻ճ
ҺΪϳ׼ܱ֤ǻһֱůʪĻ

    ǺͨͬʱҲ١ڱǻĶһɫƤ
֯Լ250ƽףʹĴָָײࣩ1ǧϸ
еζӣϢͨеάݸԣ
ζҪܱϸ׽ҪƤճҺɢ
ճĤڲ㣬ϸϡ

    ζеúеúܿ졣Щζ
˵ǲʱ䱻ƤճҺաٿ죬
վƤˡЩζ෴
ǽȫƤһСֻеʱ
ǽӴϴƤԴԲǿҵźš

    ǿ׵һһգӰ쵽ζĲ׽һǿ׵Ŀ
ٿ죬һͬһζӽǿʱͻ
ͬķӦ˹̹ѧʵ֤һ㡣ǰ
ͪͲյ鰴ͬһʵֱһǿ
ȥšϣʵöıǿȥʱζ
ŨóͨıǿȥţͪζŨ

    ֪۾ľв죬Ӿ
Ȼÿһκʱǿ׸ܵζЩҲҲ˲
ܸȷظζ硣

2009.12.6.

й걨2009.12.9

(XYS20091210)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

                ˵˵֮

                          ӡ

    ǰ˵1952굽1962꣬һ𷢱23ƪ
еߵģ˵һƪŵһ22ƪȫŵһ
ܶûע⵽ǵĵһƪ͵ڶƪͬһPhysical Review 
1 August 1952, Volume 87, Issue 3־ϽŷġҲ˵ͬ
һ־ǵƪģҪ˸һƪŵһҪ
һҲ֡

    ͬһڵ־36ƪߵģ16ƪûа
ĸ˳СɼڵʱPhysical Reviewϣ
˵ġĸ˳СһʹΪҪ
һƪĵءʹͶĻһҲûС

    һ־ʹ16ƪ£

The Disintegration of Cs130
Alan B. Smith, Allan C. G. Mitchell, and Robert S. Caird

The Coherent Neutron Scattering Cross Sections of Nitrogen and Vanadium
S. W. Peterson and Henri A. Levy

The Disintegration of Ce144 and Pr144
Fred T. Porter and C. Sharp Cook

Slow Neutron Crystal Spectrometry: The Total Cross Sections of Co, Er, Hf, Ni58, Ni60, Ho, and Fission Sm
S. Bernstein, L. B. Borst, C. P. Stanford, T. E. Stephenson, and J. B. Dial

The Stopping Cross Section of D2O Ice
W. A. Wenzel and Ward Whaling

Gamma- and Alpha-Produced Scintillations in Cesium Fluoride
W. Van Sciver and R. Hofstadter

Half-Life of 139-Min Dy165
R. Sher, H. J. Kouts, and K. W. Downes

Mechanical Properties of Thin Films of Silver
J. W. Beams, W. E. Walker, and H. S. Morton, Jr.

Impurity Effects in the Thermal Conversion of Germanium
W. P. Slichter and E. D. Kolb

Gamma-Rays from Sc48
Bernard Hamermesh, Virginia Hummel, Leonard Goodman, and Donald Engelkemeir

Azimuthal Variation of Cosmic Radiation for Zenith Angle 40 at =19 N
B. Bhowmik and G. S. Bajwa

A Narrow Angle Pair of Particles Produced in Hydrogen
A. B. Weaver, Earl A. Long, and Marcel Schein

Angular Distributions of the Be9+D Neutrons
J. S. Pruitt, S. S. Hanna, and C. D. Swartz

Narrow Angle Pairs of Particles from Nuclear Interactions
J. J. Lord, Joseph Fainberg, D. M. Haskin, and Marcel Schein

Magnetic Shielding Effects in Compounds of Vanadium
H. E. Walchli and H. W. Morgan

Polymorphism of ND4D2PO4
Elizabeth A. Wood, Walter J. Merz, and Bernd T. Matthias

(XYS20091210)

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ĲСҵˣФɥ

ߣYush

ФǶԡФϻһ롰Ͼҽҽҡ
һƬʱġ߿Ƽ֣ԴҽԺФϷ仡
ҽƹ硰߸ˡ(XYS20080101)ó䵱ǹֵ
ý壬ԡӱϹбֱ̨֮·Ŀ
СΪΪڶ໼ϵƭ

СýģʱٱġФϻΨһɹ֮
ǰǰСֱ׷١ΪͼӰ 
˦˰4ġʪָĴСйܡ֮޻֮
ң֣ԴҽԺվԼıС⣬ҲΪ
ԺĲԼһ鼸ЧԺ֢
пѵ֮Ĳˡ

СҲФصνơ֮һơФ
ġͬ˳(XYS20091202)ǰΪ˷ʦġФϻ
ЧйܿĽ¶Фšơ
ͷͬå߹ǵسٶһ£СƵı
ǵءƪ09ıС֣ĵһˡ

ЩʱФءսXIAO PROCEDURE
ʵСƵһûкܴվͲȫý
עʧܣԵƣ:-))) 룺û
ԵĻ쵰ǶôôϣСʧѽ

ФȫýעСйһơ
ˡ74λЧ73%²39%ɹΪʦ
ԴҽԺ֧֧᲻Ը͸¶Сϵʽ֮󣬱Ƽȴֲ
ϵط֣λߡǵءġѾ 
Ŀͯûкãǲ·һһյġ
7ҪšʪԴҽԺ(XYS20091208)

ФȫýעҲиһǸơ
Ҳˡ2006ʥǰ䶯ý塢ڵϱԡФϻЧ
޿СKevin Bryantĸܸܡ
ФBeaumontҽԺ˲Ч
(XYS20090818)

Фǵй⣬֡תڴй

磬ͨBeaumontҽԺת87%ɹʡйĹ㷺ռ
СաҽԺôתФ(XYS20091124)

磬Фġٴ־վ֣Դվ
洵ֻ߽Ӵڲ࣬Ϳ˦
ӡĿǰһڹѾõ㷺ٴӦáФҲ
ѽüٴƹ㣬ѳɹƼ˻ߡѼĤ
ͼ´Сʧ90

磬ڽСʧܵٴҲΪФں
̨ġתڴտʼרҶФֻ̬ȣ⣬
ô׽Фû磬ȥֻŸרҵ棬
12̨ȫɹ˹ҽѧ硣רҿʼ׷Է
ѧϰФ
http://news.hbtv.com.cn/content/2009-03/29/content_1614131.htm

Ф֣ԴҽԺФǵթĿʲôФ
νġҽԺĳԾҪѿ

ԳФΪФҸˡԴҽԺǰԺ
ȺƣФʾӪҽԺӦӮΪĿġ

ʣթĿȻΪФνġҪѿ
ԸȺʾġӮΪĿġΪıȡ֮ƶֶΣ
ԡѡΪسġåߡ֣ïš
ȺԼڼơĿǰܴﵽ85%ʡĺγЩûԵ
쵰ıƺˡ

ФѾ޳ܻԴǧಡƭȡԼ5ǧԪ
ơġ90180Ԫһλܡⴵƭй
ͻ˹̹Ϲ2Ԫ㣩

ǲ˵Ч²С

ȫýעСơKevin Bryantʧˣͬ
һɹĽʦĻߣԼȫʧܵ¹SCIˣ
ФɥƲ

ôЩЧ²СѾ򼴽ߵܺ˻õ𣿶ҽ
ñӵġûԵĻ쵰ФǡԼԡѡΪسġå
ߡǣǻõӦеĳͷ

ĿԴ

(XYS20091210)

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˵ФϷ仡

ѧš (ѧ0923)

߰

ڱȺ󿯳йءФϷ仡 ı֮󣬱༭յ
ţһЩڱı˽ģǶԡФ
Ϸ仡⡣һλ˵Щרҵļ⣬
ûԼжϵġǽЩż뼸λҵרңҪ
ʱһλ˱ʾǴǰɷõļλרңӦ»񡢽
β¼λйһˮƽרң˵˶
ĿΪҪϸڻˡ

Ϊ˰ͨ߸õ⡢жϡФϷ仡¼ǳ
Ҫݣժ¼һЩ䡢޸ģÿŵıΪ
ᣩҵһλ֪רļᵽͼʾ
ҳϿѵ

һţѧšרҵФ

ʦգۡѧš־
μ۵ĿѧԶֵɵġҽѧƷЧļ飬ϵķ
ǻͳƽĶԱ顣ǼЧйרҵѵרҽС
ÿһ˲鲻ͬһɹƷҲܱ֤ÿЧ
ͬЧзաǳʶҪƺͲƵ
鲡ҽѧרҽжԱȣͳƷʦ͡ѧš
־ĵȻûѭķӿѧĽǶȽĵû
ġ 

ͬѧȨִBeaumont Hospitals 
 Dr. Kenneth M. Peters First World Congress on Spina 
Bifida Research and Care UrologyϵժҪ˶ԾŸҽ
ԺʵʩФһܽᱨ棺 
http://medicalconference.spinabifidaassociation.org/atf/cf/%7B10221c89
-6b69-45bd-81bf-3194b0be6fa5%7D/UROL27.PDFķ루Ϊһ
ܽĻ롱
http://www.starlakeporch.net/bbs/read.php?1,51703,51705

ȻרҵģһФʽ塢
;ԣʹǸɹѲᵼ°ϰһ
˥ФʽΪ˽ϰ
ӵϽϰ˥ߡФʽȫ
ѲֻܽѲ⡣ľԣҲЩ
߲ĵطܵĸǽ´˿Һʱ䲻վ֫
ⷦȡҲ⡣񾭱ȻĲӦܲ
ȫ򲿷ָֻԻ˵ȫ򲿷ָֻһȵĲ
ȫܻȡָܻԱ˥Ƿֵã 

ⶼҪش⡣Dr. Peters ٸ˳ŵĽ1
9ȫֳͨ˹仡İ/׵ſ
ÿѧĲѧġңУ
ȫ򲿷ָֻ 

ȻDr. Peters ı˹ġΪмõһŸ
̫Сڶ˶Ǿǰй㷺ģЩ˲
ФʽǷҲпָܣȱ
˶ԱȽDr. Peters ͬеĺУڴЩ
Ļش

յ˶  üɽС˫ȾͲͣã
Ѿͽ֫ˡӦòġΪһȵ񾭣
ô˫ý֫ģ˫ý֫ǡǡǼѲڵĵ֢״


ڶţФеìԽ

ФSIU Nov 1-5, 2009ϱBeaumont½

No patients on anticholinergic (ָDitropan֮Ľ׼⾷ҩ
)
6 off 9 now off cath 6/9赼ܣ
9/9 voiding and/or have a novel reflex9/9·䣩
Bowel improved in mostű㹦иƣ

¹

6 SCI patients, only 2 showed some improvement6̱ˣֻ2
ʾƣ
Possible causes: incorrect patient selection? ԭ򣺲ȷ
ѡˣ
inappropriate postoperative care? ǡϣ

ҵĿ

1. ¹SCI̱ʧܹڲѡ˵BeaumontǾѡ
ģһ걨Ҳ˵extensive preoperative evaluation
2. ¹BeaumontSCIʧܹӦָδͣDitropan
ܽΪʲôͬSBѣЧ
3. BeaumontSBЧֻһ걨˵7 СЧ
Ч˵õĲǡ˨ϵɽdetethering

ҵʣ

Ѳ˷չ׹쳣Ƿ˵˨ϵۺѾءбҪ
˨ϵɽˣBeaumontǷܿͬʱ˳ɽBeaumont
ʱûרɽôп䲿
λǷɽͬãõɽ򡰻ġɽ
ЧӦô˨ϵ³֣׹Ƿٴαɽ˨ϵ
³ֵĿж

ע⵽20093ACH7SB1SCIƣ+ɽ⣩
գɽ⣩顣⣬д˨ϵɽ԰׹쳣Чı
档

ţФûбֳŵЧ

Фķ仡ǳƭԣרҲԸ̸Ҳвרұ
ƭҪ볹״仡ƭ֣Ҫý壬Ҫרҵר
ѧᣩҪܲšФѧƭֲӺ˲ˣڹ
ҲɼӰ죬ںĻϺо¼

ΪֹФϷ仡ӳУ

һδ顣ѡж԰׵ķ֮һ
ʹ仡κãͬʱҲжS2S3ǰҲ
һЧ뷴仡޹ء飬Ͳ
ЧҪѡжϻǷ仡ġ

Ƿ仡оĴҲǹĹѧרҺ
ĵطϰտˣΪ仡Чרҿɲ
ûˮƽЩרңǷЧҪѧָ꣬
ǰױѹ

ڶѧϣФһƪ¡Reinnervation for 
neurogenic bladder: historic review and introduction of a 
somatic-autonomic reflex pathway procedure for patients with spinal 
cord injury or spina bifida  Eur Urol. 2006 Jan;49(1):22-8; 
discussion 28-9еĸͼ¶˷仡ࡣͼ3Bͼ4B󸴲
ѧͼȷرʾǿѹФȴΪ仡
İ򣬲ұ־༭ԡ֤Ǹѹͼ (Pabd)ѹͼ
PvesһиѹʱаѹױѹPdelǳͣһ
ֱΪ㡣Ҳиѹʱųġ

Фйط仡ҲЧģ

Ф-񾭷仡ڹЧĲԡҪݣ
2, 158cc/, Ĳ200cc. 
[ԭժҪ] At last follow-up (15 months) L5 stimulation caused a 
detrusor contraction of 59 cm H20, a Q max of 8 cc/sec and no DESD. 
Voided volume was 150cc and post-void residual was 200 ccs. (2005 
AUAժҪ)ҽ֪, :ԡ20ml/,Ůԡ
25ml/룻ʡ10ml/Ϊ쳣,ʾ·ԭ
ףѧ, ƽ,P804,2Ϊ8cc/,
200ml˵Ч

1115ǺɳһӦò˵ٰɡͼƬ
ҽһףǵ͵ĸѹ˵
ҪӸѹ׵ĻǲۿƵģֻͨӸ
ѹǰһʱҪ̼ڸͲˣ
˵ʲôҪ̼仡ͲðФһָʧ
ˣ˲ţ԰ͼƬӡκһҽжϡ

ͨ˿ȻͻΪЧʵרҵǶ
Ҫ˵ǿѹǰױ򡣴
仡ûЧġװ˰Ѱгˣгף
İȫûˣзãѵ
øѹһʱͨΪ
ʲô˵ƿӸѹ仡Чġ

ڡһܽĻ롱һУͲṩѧĹؼ
磺ѹ (Pabd)ѹPvesױѹ۷仡Ч
ѧǰױѹPdel͸ѹ(Pabd)

ФϷ仡ĵĴ̼źǿȲյ䣺һ꼶ҽѧ֪
շҪһǿȵĴ̼ͨϰҲ֪ûϥؽڿС
̧ϥ䣩ûҪһǿȣһϥؽ

ۣ仡ûЧģѡжĲЧ
˲ֻߵĲ֢״ҷ仡ʱжϵ񾭸Ƚ٣Чûѡ
жЧߡ԰ԱskyyԴ԰׹ؽ
Ŀ֮һǽѹ򡢵ѹ򡱣˷仡ıʡٴϰ
ȫк°׿ѹǵѹ򡢵ѹ֤

רҵڴ͹۵ѧ

ܵҪ˵Ч85%0%Ҫÿ͹֤ݡ

ĺܶСøѹһ󣬵ʱøѹ
жǸǲ׼ȷġĹ۵ǶԵģ˽Ч
ģҪЩѧ顣˿͹۵飬
ǽѹ򣬻ǰױ򼡵򣬾һĿȻ

ȻͱȽ鷳һ㣬ҪһЩá˵ġ
Ȼкܶಡ˵ļСͶߣûп͹۵ѧ飬Ҳ
Ƕǣжϲġ

ͼʾϣBOne year after surgeryȻǸѹ
ֻ8cc/룬200ccȻûЧġ

ȥ10·ݣѧо30꣬Ф棬
¼񣬵ҾǸҵ棬ĸ˵
ǿѧ档

˱ȽϴһʻҪ40ֱ2009꣬ûп
⡣AUAĶһЩժҪժҪʲô

ӹڵѧФϿɶǲߵģ
ˡǰȫѧ翪ᣬФҲȥˣ˱棬ˣ
βȥģ̸һЩȽϿ͹۵ģҶ粻
ģôҲҪФӣⶼôø㣬
治Ūзִġϣβбģȫ϶
ȥǴμ人Ǹ2004꣬6ԺʿĲϵҲ
棬оٴоо񾭵ģ˵ĻǱȽϿ
ۣ϶һ㣬Ͳڷ仡Ļظ⣬仡ûЧġ

Ф֮ûЧðѹѹ򣬾֮
·ܡࣩ𺦵ġҪ޴İѹǱ
򼡵ѹö֮ͿܷܲĻˮܵĻ
ˮӣ𺦵ģΣҲط

⣬ж֧䣬Сӳ˺
ôⶼⰡȽ϶ࡣ

(XYS20091210)

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ФǮ

ߣϷ

ФǮˣһСûκõšθĻ
ٷ֮һǧӮΪҥԱ̫ԣ̫ˣֱ˼顣

СȫФϷ仡ķô౨κСƾ֤ݣ
ҽѧǿѧƾԼ˵þͺ˵ûþûõģ˵ĸоҽ
ҪǵģҽֻǼֻҪ֤κ˾κˣ
´ӴÿʱÿСҲκˣĵƼ
߶ⲻᣬɼǵĿҪΰФ

ϧФǴ򲻵ģФͬ˳һͻȫ
ϷͥйķͥҪôФģҪôҲФߵϣ
ʱФͬ˳ټϼԼķԺȫй¶
𣿹ʱ÷ӵЦɣЦʱ

Ф֧֣ٷ֮һҪƵģԴҽԺСǮ˰ɡ

(XYS20091210)

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˿Ŀˮ̣ǲһ¡Щ˽£룬ţ
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λ͵ڵļ˸Уλûˣһлš

http://glkxxy.ahau.edu.cn/chinese/bencandy.php?fid=19&id=221 ٷ
http://www.ezkaoyan.com/school/ahau/Column2/2006-7-17/20067173641953.htm У
http://baike.baidu.com/view/143266.htm  baidu

ȻȻѧУѧλѧίԱḱΡ찡ǲҿˣ
۾ûһԼĴȣۣҲΡȷȷġ
˵ЩѧλѧίԱǣһΪ쵼ǲһֳ裻һ
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ΪʦΪͬ¡Ϊ쵼һֳ裬һֱ

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ͬʱЩݷݷѧӲҪĵʦҪǵഺЦ
ɼ
https://xys.c6.ixwebhosting.com/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia10/lixiaoming14.txt

(XYS20091210)

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ԲֲڡпԺֲĹһ־硱Ĵ

ߣũ

ֲڡпԺֲĹһ־硱д
ʶһЩֲĹרԱһ˽огԱ͸¶
һЩĻĵũʱΪܲһ
DоٽɢͨĻʹձ䵽Cࡣ
ĻģҲչɡ

ҶԲֲ˵Ĵ𸴣

1㡰һ˽Сõйҵȫʵ

2ӵʽ֪ͨҲ֪ҵ

3ҵCҲD

4ڴ֮ǰҴδκרҼ棬δйκϵҲû
κϵ

5ڴ֮ҴδκרҼ棬δйκϵҲû
κϵ

6ڴ˴УûҲûнйκʽġĻ

7Ϊֹûκ͸¶ΪҽйĻ

(XYS20091210)

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ȻһN

ߣ



ܸлܸṩһѧٵƽ̨ ֿ쵽Ȼ
ʱˣ˷һֵ󣬾 һ˿ԡͬʱ" ܵ n 
Ȼ. 

뿴

ԱĿ 

ƺ λ룺 λƣۿƼѧ

׼ Ŀ 뵥λ Ŀ
60673179    㽭̴ѧ ǽṹSuperpeerP2P綯̬Żо
60673166  Ѧ  Ϻͨѧ ǽṹԵ̬ܶѯӦؼо
60573053    йѧԺоԺ P2Pϵͳιо
60573129    ӿƼѧ ڷķǽṹP2Pϵͳзֲʽܾ񹥻о
60573140  ʩ  ݴѧ ӦĻڷֲʽ޽ṹP2P㷨о
60736016    ϴѧ ıݰȫо

Цǣ еġĿ" Ե硭ҵǮ
ôƭ֣оѧòһǮ

(XYS20091210)

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ɽְҵѧԺڽȫĳϮ

ߣmygene

ѧ£СķԭĳϮصǷͬһ
ϮƪڳϮǷףڱְΧ֮ڣ
רŻ

˺߼صλԱزʶڶѧ˵
᲻Ϊļء

һƪ
Ľ,ϼ,.ֲٵԲ.ɽʡũҵɲѧ
Ժѧ,2004,,20(4):54-55
.ֲٵԲ.ũҵѧ,2006,34
 12:2776-2777

ڶƪ 
.ũϵ˼.лʱ(ũר),2005
17731,20050901(http://www.chinacoop.gov.cn/Item/3805.aspx#
CNKI
http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/detail.aspx?filename=HZSB200509010011&dbname=ccnd2005)
,ҹũϵ˼.ũҵѧ,2006,34(13) 
:3195,3198 

ƪ³߲һ£иı⣬ʵȫͬ½ṹ
䡢ݡִʣοסɶ϶ΪϮ

˲ò˵ѧΪ

(XYS20091210)

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ʩһ廪˾߼¼

ߣԽƽǿ8ࣩ

ʩһעȫ淢չԶ飬Զֹۣ䡣ڸ
䣬ϰܣĿ800׵1500ףٵ3000ס廪
ڳֻܶרҵ˶Աʩһתߣ5000׵1ס
У˶ϴȫУĿļ¼һֱ1994꣬ѧҵ
¼űơ

ʩһ˵廪˾߼¼,˵94,һ廪ﾶ¼,
.88-93ҵļ¼.

(XYS20091210)

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ԡѧͶײࡷһĵһ㿴
 
ߣԲ

    ˡڡѧͶײࡷһģXYS20091208б
ô۵㣺еĺܴһѧܣѧѧ̬Ȳ
ģʵʦӦѧͶ塣

     ֹ۵㣬ںõʦȷʵӦʵУܱ֤еĵʦ
õʦˣҶԡˡĹ۵ʵǲҹͬ˿¶
ʦ⣬ҾûһҪԭǡˡԡ
֪ġ

     ôһֵʦţ֣ѾԺʿˣǲϣ
ԼѧѧģȻNˣһǿԿ
ģȻѾԺʿˣҵȻҪˣҲմҵǺ
ֵʦͺܲѧģҪġѧҪҵ
رǲʿܲܲƪİɡ£ѧͶ
ȨûУ̸ѧλء

    һֵʦȻԺʿѧУһʲô٣ƽʱ࣬
еѧֶ࣬Ȼϣѧ෢ѧģҲҪѧʱ
һҪ֮ˣѧд󣬾ͻ޸ġɫѹأһ
ĿɾҪ޸һ֮ã˶ʿʿмһӴͶ
ȥ¼ò¼ûǸδ֪£ܶѧֻѡͶ壬
Ȼ˵ϲҵٸ꣬ƶ˵׼

     ҲǸܲ˵ˣֵʦġˣ
ҲòͶ壬´ʦĴȻұһԭ򣬼
ϮͬʱϺöιͶʧܵľûɶڵ¾
УתͶ⣬һԼӢˮƽȥˣһԼ
ĹӰ죬˵ʵڶѾǹüұȽţڿרˡ
ˣһһҪлҵЩʦǡ

(XYS20091210)

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ΪҲ˵˵ϵ֮աһĽк

ߣKolmogorov



    ã

    쿴̳ºĵһƪ¾дġҲ˵˵ϵ
֮աȼصһд̲ס͸
д㷢һ

    ʵұᣬصѧǰ޺ö
֣֮ͬʱǵĹϵҲûʸ˵ġ֮ͷ
Ϊ˿Ͽ̫ĸˣ˵Ѿˡ
ħĳ̶ȡȫûнĻҲǾ
˿ϵЩҿȥѵȻɣѧ
֮Ӧ˵Ӧöǹ˵ЩεĻƩ磬ϴ
ԹڻNobelֹ۵Ԥ⣬ЩѾͿȥ⡣ʵ
ҲΪ˵ĶԣһЩѵԴʵҡͷƩ˻
ʲôʱΪһ丸֮ĸ֮鶼Բ
Ҫʵֳ˼֤Լ۵Ҳ̫ˣ
˿ǹѧٵһ죬ҶȥԾάά
ÿһѶӦô𣬽ԣ£Ҫ䵱й
˽ߵĹߣйѧ
 
(XYS20091210)

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ҵĺ
ʤ80ӦѸ

ߣmediaview

80Ѹ֤ɣ1.û2.
ûʶ3ûĻ±˵ûĻΪ

Ҿøµ֤ǳǣǿĻ߼ǡߡ˵Aţƣ
զȲBBΡ߼ָ£һֲĻ
һʷѧҲѧĸʱ߹ѧߡӢ̫ף
š˼ 

ʲôʱˣҪǡҪżͬʱ˼Ϸ
˼ľ䡱 ô֪ġ˿ǣҲ̫ϲ
ʣǾ˼Ϸ˼šۡأôȥۡ 

Ӻķôʿòģ˵һ
һ£Ǿΰһʮȴֻ˰˷Ǿ̸
ΰ󣨴⣩

ΪһܹվøԻԽ¶ʱף
һЩı㹻ֵˡӸϽûҪЩ£
Ǯ

˵һ죬ຫ֮Уˣ

һС֮ĵıߣ²⺫Թλ

ɱߣʲô³Ѹ֪ʶӡ֮ࡣ

ʦߣຬȰһȰXXá

İɱߣʲôûĻûѧʶȵȡ

һӽˮǿ϶ģֵһӽˮ֮⣬
Ŷǹ棬λɺܴ󡣵˶֪ĳ
ʽˡȻҲԸⴧ

Ǻʲô֪ʶӣҲʲô³ѸXX
߶ˣָûѧʶûĻҲܳһͨ꣬Լ
ѡԼʽƽ̨ע⣬ǡ
XXġġҲ³Ѹʽġ֮ۡЩ
ΪȷҲΪ̣Ϊ˹ע
һЩı䡣ؾ˶ѡ

֮˲СӦáΪĽһԼ
80˾Լ࣬Ǿ͡Ӧáеζ£
ӦԴΪָµûǡʵĲǺ
ǡߡĲ̬

(XYS20091210)

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׼ȷִξ񡪡¡ɵġ

ߣ̷

ǰдԡϰ˵䡱󣬱پνϰͱ
κμ⡣ǿˡɵġ¼ơɡѡҪ
ƶ ٴġѡº̲ס˵䡣ȻҶⳡ
۸еboringɡҲͬ˰ɣ

ڡɡ֮(XYS20091208)Уһֱ԰̷ıۡ
ûмǴĻ롰ɡʼۣͲ⣬
ʼνġǱۣıۡǺġʼɡ
˵ЩҽԱͬġѰġĮۣ
ſʼⳡۣҲ˺ġı֮ۡ˵Ƿıǰ
͡ӡСʱκޡ͹ۡʵЧԵĲɷã
ʹáıۡʣʹáıۡˣЦѣɵ棩
ҾϣġʹýලȨѧ
š200922ڡۡдúܺã˵ˡ

ǰᵽɡûжҵģһƪ¡
ѶˣҹҲˡô򵥡

ϰĵ飬ǰ˵ģڻǼ֣Ȩʹ÷Ƿ
⣩ֶռ֤ݡʹùҰȫصֶΡǷǷռ֤ݣ
ֶΣգЩֶITг̶ȶûйϵ
ܸ𣿲һ㶼ӡûзǷ֮ӣΪʲôҪӿʼġʹ
˹ҰȫصֶΡΪġⷽʽɡ
ϾԷءʱıֽԼˡһ조ɡ
˾ͬ»Ϸ̰֮ӣ裩У֯
ġɡĵĳ̳͵˶ΪʲôҪ󱣰
ҪȱȻҪ˵ЯƷ


ġ˵ɵġûзƹҿʼΪġ
ˡҴǰΪɡֻûжҵ¶ѡǣɡ
ԱǽʦְҵǰġٴѡҾһеģ
ûѹûִξǰǱ¶ģ
ǡǡԷĵ⡣

嵽ϰУϷҲã־ٱҲãߵ֡
ԺٱҲãȨ޿ɺǡϾɶĵ
Ҳ޲סǾ죬ҲǼ٣ִʽ
֮ǰ˭ûȨʹֶΡκ˵ĵԣô򵥡˭
ʹˡġֶΣ˭ڷһ䣬ʹԱй
ֵľ죬߼Ժļ٣ûʽ֮ǰʹáֶΡ
е飬ҲǷǷϰеġǷʲô𣿡
ϷԼڶࣨߣԴ˹涨
װסݱУʦڡԱе
˴ЭίԱͼ߲󶮷ѵеġʦҲ

ӡɡѶҵӡĮһֱ԰̷ġıۡ
һǰһıҴӻλʦĶչ
̫ƫڿҽƽ⡣Ļǵȷû
ȥıҪ

Ϸ°顢ִдԤ
ɹظ𡣼졢׼ֱİ顢ߣ
ԺԺ𡣳ر涨⣬κλ
ء͸˶ȨʹЩȨ

ʮ ԱԱԱշռܹ
֤ʵˡصĸ֤ݣϽѶ
вա ƭԼǷķռ֤ݡ뱣֤һ밸
йػ˽ⰸĹп͹۵سֵṩ֤ݵ⣬
ҿЭ顣

(XYS20091210)

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ü򵥵İ취ٵľ޴ս

ߣҲ

(һ)

ڹҵĴ̼ŷ򻷾չԽԽ˵ǵĳ̶ȣ
ٵĻвʵʵڵġе״ˮڸ
 ڼڸԱǩһҪŷŵľ - ǰ
Ľȡľ齫ͽٿĸ籾Ϲ仯ᡣ̫ƽ
ʮʧĶˡʾ̫ƽͼ¬50󽫳뺣ף
Ϊ׸뺣׵ĹҡǼǾĺ60˶Ӧ˵
Ǹ˸еǸΣֵ - Ȼ⼸ˣ
ޣϺ齭ޣ

ϹԱרҡʿ60ҵ쵼127տʼ
籾μΪܵ仯ᡣּΪŷȡһ
зԼԵЭ顣ڵǣ鵽ȡöٳɹɵ
κЭ齫εõִУ籾ᱻԼϣΪȵ
һѻᡱ - ¼Эһʱɣ籾
Ƿܹȡ˳ɹҵּۻǲɱġЭ飬
Ҫϸߵģϱ˵ľǱǵġ򣬸һ
˰˭ŷ̫̼˭Ӧýġ˰ȵȣǽ
һ㲻ˣļܡٲҪ˵ճУʵÿˣ
ӦöԻȾеΣԶ˵Ļ⡣

ʷһЩȥǡȥļ־Ȼǳ
ûлѶ۵ؿȥˡǳϤķ֡쵼
ܷ˹¹˹ͳȴ򻼼(С)һΡ
ٲҪ˵ҵöСԷߡСɱ50ǰ
µħȴһ򵥵ģǮȫ - ǡ
ȫѹ򡱣컨νˣȵЩࡰ׾
ءû磬ٺõҽϵǵҲ
µģֻҪļ֪úͣʯͱ֮ǰƣ
Щֶеġ͡ҪԾ֬ӣ
֬ԽԽʱǷԴȴʮ - һƬ
ǰ;ǣúͺʯ͵ķȴǰ;һƬԽԽ
Ѫܼȴһϵõİ˾ƥҩ()Ʒ̫˼
ˡʵԽǾ޴Խǣ浽ÿˡ⣬ԽҪֻܱ򵥡
İ취룬ҪЧӦӦúÿÿʱÿйء
ȷʵ̫ˣٲҪ˵˹еġ˽ԡ;ᾭ
Ϊ⡰ӦáŬĴı价ŵ
Լĺլ˽ҷʹ˱ͨ˼Ҳ֪ٵĵ - ҲԼ
ŷ˱ȳ˶öĶ̼˸ЧӦҷˣ
ҪĽȻʮ - еǮͨô죿

Ȼü򵥶ֱˡİ취⣬ǳİ취
Ȼ籾ŲֿԣȷʵһЩǳ
˼취ԭ΢ܲNathan Myhrvold쵼
IVIntellectual Ventures˾ķɸǷ˾ľ
ѧSteven Levitt Ź Stephen Dubnerд˷ɡħѧ
źܳĸ⣺ȫ䡢ŮΪɱʽըϮӦù
աĳ顰SuperFreakonomics(2009)
 - ͳеĽܲܽ⣬жĳɹܣ
Ȼ޷֪ġǣǴƴͳ˼ȴ༫Ϊ
˼롣ڱĵĵڶ֣߽һЩǵ뷨

()

Ӱ2012üΪ߿Ƽֶչʾ˵ٻĿͼ೤ʱ
εľûԴŷŷǲǿߵͷˣش
ȫ񶨵ġ "SuperFreakonomics"֮һDubner˵úã"The world is actually 
better now than it ever was and all the unsolvable problems that keep cropping 
up keep getting solved.(ʵȹȥøˡвܽ
ϳֲϱ)˶ּ򵥵İ취˵ֵ⡱
Ե򻷾ֵı̬ͬǲԵġ2000 Intellectual
Ventures˾ۼĿѧңѧңʦררң
ڷ죬ϵĴ⡣ĴʼMyhrvold ˵
򵥣Чİ취⡣гڽ
ϵ뷨ԼЩһЩʡǶѿǹ
Ѱҽ취ֻΪܶľ࣬Ȼд棬
δעҸ˵Ŀ

(1) ȴ޷ (Hurricanes)

취 òĹܵʹú (Wave-powered vessel that cools 
the surface of the ocean)

ȴ޷ÿ궼غ޴ʧ20059¿쫷°е
ݻ٣ǵġīذͶϲ̨壬㣬غÿ
궼ܾ޷Ϯ޷˿ܼĴе½ɵƲʧ
ԼѾΪΪҪԴīຣ
;ҵÿ궼Ϊ޷絢;ƽ̨ݻ١رǣ
Ϊ޷½ľλ׼ȷԤ⣬Ϊ˿ɢѣ
֡ûа취

޷ڴɺ½ƶľ޴תʪţֱɴＸʮ
½ƶһ·ʪ룬ϼǿΪ
Եľ޷磬½ءȻ޷ɻıƶ򣬵ܲ
ܽ;潵¶ȣǿȣIVѧΪԡǵ
;Ĺؼͨ100300Ľ亣ˮ顱İ취
ﵽĿġ취ǲеġӡð޷ľ
()ˮͨЩѹ100300Ӣߵ
ˮͺ¶ȡ

뷨ȻΪȻܹõǣ⽫Ҫھ޷;
һǳķΧڲüֹӡ磬ĵص֮һ
ǴӴī˿ڴĺϡôֹӵһ
֮ࡣܲõǲ̫˵;޷ɵʧȣʵ


⣬޷ȻɶҲһǴÿ½شˮ˵
޷ܹɡ᲻ӰЩ
ŶҪ濼ǣƿŵģͼԼġ

(2) ⣺¶ߺñʧ

 һƼͥ԰ˮõ(garden hose)

뷨ܵ1991ɱPinatuboɽӰ
Ļɽϸ͵ĵڶɽ2ǧSO2գֱ
ͬ²㣬һ䡣Щͬ²SO2㹻̫
⣬ʹõƽ½0.5϶ȡʹԼܹЧӦ
ǵӰ졣ԣ1991ĴЧӦûˡܵIV
Ѿһ־ЧĿΪµװãһ2Ӣֱķǳ
Ĺͨǧ̶СSO2ͨӱעգ𵽷
䲿ӶʹõµЧƣģ㣬ַ
㹻Чֹñڻȶ¶ȡIV쵼 Myhrvold ˵
ֱܹ֣籱ܣӲ˼ǣ˵
ͨӣǿ԰ǵҪڵ¶ȣůʹõ
¶Ȼصҵ֮ǰˮƽˣIVѧůƺǡ̿
ٵ⣬Ҫıʽ⣬ǽȴ

"SuperFreakonomics"һDubner ˵Ҫÿ˶ıճʽ
һӣ֪ҪѶ١

ƺܣϸһҲ⡣磬ͨSO2һЩ
ºΪֹ̫շ(ҪԺʽ
)ɵůĻͬSO2ķпʹһЩҪǿĶ͵
ò㹻䡣ȴֲ֣һ׶εҪ
ˮɵˮȵȡ⣬ЩSO2նʽ䵽
ữô죿ȻܹͨѰSO2ĺƷ

ȻܹΪԵ̫Ʒ֮һ

(3) Ӱ

ĳԴ

УǱ浣ļ顣Ϊ壬ȶ̼25
ļԶѻûдȷҿܲءǣţ
ۻڴͷƨʱų顣ԣDubner ˵ÿ㿪
Prius (Ŀǰ򵽵ܵ͵ϳ)ȥţʱ
ԼCO2ŷű25(Ϊôţⱻţŷŵļ)㲻
ĳԴ(Ի)

Զ̼ǷǳǿĶ(ƽ˥8.5꣬תɶ̼ˮ)
塣ɵЧӦ״Լһ롣

Ƿۻ,顣ڰĴǣ죬ɱг
ֵΣաǣҪѳţϰ߸ĳɳԴ⣬ڶ˿ܱ
ǸıɻȾʽҪѡǣͨι,򹤳̣ʹ
ζӽţ⣬ٷۻǷǳֵᳫľٴ롣

(XYS20091210)

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ԺʿѡйܺĲ²

ߣ
й걨2009-12-09

飬ʱõ߼1112,ϳһ2009й
ѧԺԺʿѡĲȫݹ㷺УѡԺʿΪ24ˡ

סʱ㡣

1118գ籨пԺŴġ2009Ժʿ
ѡʾ¹ϵӦһ֡²
ƶϡһʡ

3󣬹ȻѧίԱ־ʤʿ䲩Ϸһ
꾡пԺµѡԺʿ35ˡ

Ҳסʱ㡣

ҿյ׵124աһ죬пԺڱŷ
Ժ2009ԺʿѡƼʾͨ󡢻Ȼڣ296
Чѡѡٲ35Ժʿ

ʱ⣬ٿꡣһ24ˣȫ
ŷṫ35֮Сڶ35ˣչȫ
ϡΨһϸСĲǣͬٷϱʻΪ

緢ߵȷǿ󡱣²ƶϡ׼ȷС
Ϣһʡ10

ŭһλƽýѧı༭Ҳڶʣݵʱ
ٷ顣

ѧ߼ţԺѡĸѡӣѧΪ
λǺϸʣտɵõйܵPֵ

Pֵ100

пԺԺʿÿѡһΣÿ첻60ˣѡƼʸ顢
ѧԺʿѡ4׶Ρ˳򲻿ν³̲νܡ

ΪñܹпԺΪԺʿѡרƶˡйѧԺԺʿѡ
򡷺͡йѧԺԺʿѡԺʿΪ淶ļϽԺʿ
ѡˡѡͬԼѡ޹Ա̸ۺй¶ѡٹж
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Sand from centuries past;Send future voices fast.

A Nobel Lecture organized by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
and The Prize Committee in Physics delivered by Mrs Gwen MW Kao
on behalf of Prof Charles K Kao Nobel Laureate in Physics 2009
8 December 2009 Aula Magna Stockholm University

1. Introduction
It is sad that my husband, Professor Charles Kao, is unable to give 
this lecture to you himself. As the person closest to him, I stand 
before you to honour him and to speak for him. He is very very proud 
of his achievements for which the Nobel Foundation honours him. As are 
we all!
In the 43 years since his seminal paper of 1966 that gave birth to the 
ubiquitous glass fiber cables of today, the world of telephony has 
changed vastly. It is due to Professor Kaos persistence in the face 
of skepticism that this revolution has occurred.
In the 1970s the pre-production stage moved to ITT Corp Roanoke VA, USA. 
Whilst Charles worked there, he received two letters. One contained a 
threatening message accusing him of releasing an evil genie from its 
bottle; the other, from a farmer in China, asked for a means to allow 
him to pass a message to his distant wife to bring his lunch. Both 
letter writers saw a future that has since become past history.

In the 1960s, our children were small. Charles often came home later 
than normal C dinner was waiting as were the children. I got very 
annoyed when this happened day after day. His words,maybe not exactly 
remembered, were CPlease dont be so mad. It is very exciting what 
we are doing; it will shake the world one day! I was sarcastic, 
Really, so you will get the Nobel Prize, wont you! 
He was right C it has revolutionized telecommunications.

2. The early days
In 1960, Charles joined Standard Telecommunications Laboratories Ltd. 
(STL), a subsidiary of ITT Corp in the UK, after having worked as a 
graduate engineer at Standard Telephones and Cables in Woolwich for 
some time. Much of the work at STL was devoted to improving the 
capabilities of the existing communication infrastructure with a focus 
on the use of millimeter wave transmission systems.
Millimeter waves at 35 to 70 GHz could have a much higher transmission 
capacity. But the waters were uncharted and the challenges enormous, 
since radio waves at such frequencies could not be beamed over long 
distances due to beam divergence and atmospheric absorption. The waves 
had to be guided by a waveguide. And in the 1950s, R&D work on low 
loss circular waveguides CHE-11 mode C was started. A trial system 
was deployed in the 1960s. Huge sums were invested, and more were 
planned, to move this system into the pre-production stage. Public 
expectation for new telecommunication services such as the video phone 
had heightened.

Charles joined the long-haul waveguide group led by Dr Karbowiak at STL. 
He was excited to see an actual circular waveguide. He was assigned to 
look for new transmission methods for microwave and optical 
transmission. He used both ray optics and wave theory to gain a better 
understanding of waveguide problems C then a novel idea. Later, his 
boss encouraged him to pursue a doctorate while working at STL. So 
Charles registered at University College London and completed the 
dissertation Quasi-Optical Waveguides in two years.

The invention of the laser in 1959 gave the telecom community a great 
dose of optimism that optical communication could be just around the 
corner. The coherent light was to be the new information carrier with 
capacity a hundred thousand times higher than point-to-point 
microwaves Cbased on the simple comparison of frequencies: 300 
terahertz for light versus 3 gigahertz for microwaves.
The race between circular microwave waveguides and optical 
communication was on, with the odds heavily in favour of the former. 
In 1960, optical lasers were in their infancy, demonstrated at only a 
few research laboratories, and performing much below the needed specs. 
Optical systems seemed a non-starter.

But Charles still thought the laser had potential. He said to himself: 
How can we dismiss the laser so readily? Optical communication is 
too good to be left on the theoretical shelf.

He asked himself the obvious questions:
1. Is the ruby laser a suitable source for optical communication?
2. What material has sufficiently high transparency at such wavelengths?
At that time only two groups in the world were starting to look at the 
transmission aspect of optical communication, while several other 
groups were working on solid state and semiconductor lasers. Lasers 
emit coherent radiation at optical frequencies, but using such 
radiation for communication appeared to be very difficult, if not 
impossible. For optical communication to fulfill its promises, many 
serious problems remained to be solved.

3. The key discovery
In 1963 Charles was already involved in free space propagation 
experiments: the rapid progress of semiconductor and laser technology 
had opened up a broader scope to explore optical communication 
realistically. With a helium-neon laser beam directed to a spot some 
distance away, the STL team quickly discovered that distant laser 
light flickered. The beam danced around several beam diameters because 
of atmospheric fluctuations.
The team also tried to repeat experiments done by other research 
laboratories around the world. For example, they set up con-focal lens 
experiments similar to those at Bell Labs: a series of convex lenses 
were lined up at intervals equal to the focal length. But even at the 
dead of night when the air was still and even with refocusing every 
100 meters, the beam refused to stay within the lens aperture.
Bell Labs experiments using gas lenses were abandoned due to the 
difficulty of providing satisfactory insulation while maintaining the 
profiles of the gas lenses. These experiments were struggles in 
desperation, to control light travelling over long distances.
At STL the thinking shifted towards dielectric waveguides. Dielectric 
means a non-conductor of electricity; a dielectric waveguide is a 
waveguide consisting of a dielectric cylinder surrounded by air. Dr 
Karbowiak suggested Charles and three others to work on his idea of a 
thin film waveguide.
But thin film waveguides failed: the confinement was not strong enough 
and light would escape as it negotiates a bend.
When Dr Karbowiak decided to emigrate to Australia, Charles took over 
as the project leader and he then recommended that the team should 
investigate the loss mechanism of dielectric materials for optical 
fibers.
A small group worked on methods for measuring material loss of 
low-loss transparent materials. George Hockham joined him to work on 
the characteristics of dielectric waveguides.
With his interest in waveguide theory, he focused on the tolerance 
requirements for an optical fiber waveguide; in particular, the 
dimensional tolerance and joint losses. They proceeded to 
systematically study the physical and waveguide requirements on glass 
fibers.
In addition, Charles was also pushing his colleagues in the laser 
group to work towards a semiconductor laser in the near infrared, with 
emission characteristics matching the diameter of a single-mode fiber. 
Single mode fiber is optical fiber that is designed for the 
transmission of a single ray or mode of light as a carrier. The laser 
had to be made durable, and to work at room temperatures without 
liquid nitrogen cooling. So there were many obstacles. But in the 
early 1960s,
esoteric research was tolerated so long as it was not too costly.
Over the next two years, the team worked towards the goals. They were 
all novices in the physics and chemistry of materials and in tackling 
new electromagnetic wave problems. But they made very credible 
progress in considered steps. They searched the literature, talked to 
experts, and collected material samples from various glass and polymer 
companies. They also worked on the theories, and developed measurement 
techniques to carry out a host of experiments. They developed an 
instrument to measure the spectral loss of very low-loss material, as 
well as one for scaled simulation experiments to measure fiber loss 
due to mechanical imperfections.
Charles zeroed in on glass as a possible transparent material. Glass 
is made from silica Csand from centuries past that is plentiful and 
cheap.
The optical loss of transparent material is due to three mechanisms: (a) 
intrinsic absorption, (b)extrinsic absorption, and (c) Rayleigh 
scattering. The intrinsic loss is caused by the infrared absorption of 
the material structure itself, which determines the wavelength of the 
transparency
regions. The extrinsic loss is due to impurity ions left in the 
material and the Rayleigh loss is due to the scattering of photons by 
the structural non-uniformity of the material. For most practical 
applications such as windows, the transparency of glass was entirely 
adequate, and no one had studied absorption down to such levels. After 
talking with many people, Charles eventually formed the following 
conclusions.

1. Impurities, particularly transition elements such as iron, copper, 
and manganese, have to be reduced to parts per million or even parts 
per billion. However, can impurity concentrations be reduced to such 
low levels?
2. High temperature glasses are frozen rapidly and therefore are more 
homogeneous, leading to a lower scattering loss.
The ongoing microwave simulation experiments were also completed. The 
characteristics of the dielectric waveguide were fully defined in 
terms of its modes, its dimensional tolerance both for end-to-end 
mismatch and for its diameter fluctuation along the fiber lengths. 
Both the theory and the simulated experiments supported the approach.
They wrote the paper entitled, Dielectric-Fibre Surface Waveguides 
for Optical Frequencies and submitted it to the Proceedings of 
Institute of Electrical Engineers. After the usual review and revision, 
it appeared in July 1966 C the date now regarded as the birthday of 
optical fiber communication.

4. The paper
The paper started with a brief discussion of the mode properties in a 
fiber of circular cross section.
The paper then quickly zeroed in on the material aspects, which were 
recognized to be the major stumbling block. At the time, the most 
transparent glass had a loss of 200 dB/km, which would limit 
transmission to about a few meters C this is very obvious to anyone 
who has ever peered through a thick piece of glass. Nothing can be seen.
But the paper pointed out that the intrinsic loss due to scattering 
could be as low as 1 dB/km,which would have allowed propagation over 
practical distances. The culprit is the impurities:
mainly ferrous and ferric ions at these wavelengths. Quoting from the 
paper: It is foreseeable that glasses with a bulk loss of about 20 
dB/km at around 0.6 micron will be obtained, as the iron-impurity 
concentration may be reduced to 1 part per million. In layman terms, 
if one has a sufficiently clean type of glass, one should be able 
to see through a slab as thick as several hundred meters. That key 
insight opened up the field of optical communications.

The paper considered many other issues:
? The loss can be reduced if the mode is chosen so that most of the 
energy is actually outside the fiber.
? The fiber should be surrounded by a cladding of lower index (which 
became the standard technology).
? The loss of energy due to bends in the fiber is negligible for bends 
larger than 1 mm.
? The losses due to non-uniform cross sections were estimated.
? The properties of a single-mode fiber (now a key technology 
especially for long distance and high data rate transmission) were 
analyzed. It was explained how dispersion limits bandwidth; an example 
was worked out for a 10 km route C a very bold scenario in 1966.

It may be appropriate to quote from the Conclusion of this paper:
The realization of a successful fiber waveguide depends, at present, 
on the availability of suitable low-loss dielectric material. The 
crucial material problem appears to be one which is difficult but not
impossible to solve. Certainly, the required loss figure of around 20 
dB/km is much higher than the lower limit of loss figure imposed by 
fundamental mechanisms.

Basically all of the predictions pointed accurately to the paths of 
developments, and we now have 1/100 of the loss and 10,000 times the 
bandwidth then forecast C the evolutionary proposal in the 1966 paper 
was in hindsight too conservative.

5. Convincing the world
The substance of the paper was presented by Dr Kao at an IEE meeting 
in February 1966. Most of the world did not take notice C except for 
the British Post Office (BPO) and the UK Ministry of Defense, who 
immediately launched major research programs. By the end of 1966, 
three groups in the UK were studying the various issues involved: Kao 
himself at STL; Roberts at BPO; Gambling at Southampton in 
collaboration with Williams at the Ministry of Defense Laboratory.
In the next few years, Dr Kao traveled the globe to push his idea: to 
Japan, where enduring friendships were made dating from those early 
days; to research labs in Germany, in the Netherlands and elsewhere to 
spread his news. He said that until more and more jumped on the 
bandwagon, the use of glass fibers would not take off. He had 
tremendous conviction in the face of widespread skepticism. The global 
telephony industry is huge, too large to be changed by a single person 
or even a single country, but he was persistent and his enthusiasm was 
contagious, and slowly he converted others to be believers.
The experts at first proclaimed that the materials were the most 
severe of the intrinsic insurmountable problems. Gambling wrote that 
British Telecom had been somewhat scathingabout the proposal 
earlier, and Bell Labs, who could easily have led the field, simply 
failed to take notice until the proven technology was pointed out to 
them. Dr Kao visited many glass manufacturers to persuade them to 
produce the clear glass required. He got a response from Corning, 
where Maurer led the first group that later produced the glass rods 
and developed the
techniques to make the glass fibers to the required specifications.
Meanwhile, Dr Kao continued to pour energy into proving the 
feasibility of glass fibers as the medium for long-haul optical 
transmission. They faced a number of formidable challenges. The first 
was the measurement techniques for low-loss samples that were 
obtainable only in lengths of around 20 cm. The problem of assuring 
surface perfection was also ormidable. Another problem is end surface 
reflection loss, caused by the polishing process. They faced a 
measurement impasse that demanded the detection of a loss difference 
between two samples of less than 0.1%, when the total loss of the 
entire 20 cm sample is only 0.1%. An inexact measurement would be 
meaningless.
In 1968 and 1969, Dr Kao and his colleagues Davies, Jones and Wright 
at STL published a series of papers on the attenuation measurements of 
glass that addressed the above problems. At that time, the measuring 
instruments called spectrophotometers had a rather limited sensitivity 
C in the range of 43 dB/km. The measurement was very difficult: even 
a minute contamination could have caused a loss comparable to the 
attenuation itself, while surface effects could easily be ten times 
worse. Dr Kao and the team assembled a homemade single-beam 
spectrophotometer that achieved a sensitivity of 21.7 dB/km. Later 
improvements with a double-beam spectrophotometer yielded a 
sensitivity down to 4.3 dB/km.
The reflection effect was measured with a homemade ellipsometer. To 
make it, they used fused quartz samples made by plasma deposition, in 
which the high temperature evaporated the impurity ions. With the 
sensitive instrument, the attenuation of a number of glass samples was 
measured and, eureka, the Infrasil sample from Schott Glass showed an 
attenuation as low as 5 dB/km at a window around 0.85 micron C at 
last proving that the removal of impurity would lower the absorption 
loss to useful levels.
This was really exciting because the low-loss region is right at the 
gallium-arsenide laser emission band. The measurements clearly pointed 
the way to optical communication Ccompact gallium-arsenide 
semiconductor lasers as the source, low-cost cladded glass fibers as 
the transmission medium, and silicon or germanium semiconductors for 
detection. The dream no longer seemed remote. These measurements 
apparently turned the sentiments of the research community around. The 
race to develop the first low-loss glass fiber waveguide was on.

In 1967, at Corning, Maurers chemist colleague Schultz helped to 
purify the glass.
In 1968, his colleagues Keck and Zimar helped to draw the fibers. By 
1970, Corning had produced a fiber waveguide with a loss of 17 dB/km 
at 0.633 micron using a titanium-diffused core with silica cladding, 
using the Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD) method. Two years later, they 
reduced the loss to 4 dB/km for a multimode fiber by replacing the 
titanium-doped core with a germanium-doped core.
Bell Labs finally got on the bandwagon in 1969 and created a programme 
in optical fiber research after having been skeptical for years. Their 
work on hollow light pipes was finally stopped in 1972. Their 
millimeter wave research programme was wound down and eventually 
abandoned in 1975.
It was during this time of constant flying out to other places that 
this cartoon joke hit home:Children, the man you see at the 
breakfast table today is your father!
We saw him for a few days and off he went again. Sometimes he flew off 
for the day for meetings at ITT Corp headquarters in New York. I would 
forget he had not left to go to the office and would phone his 
secretary to remind Charles to pick up milk or something on his way 
home.

His secretary was very amused:Mrs Kao, dont you know your husband 
is in New York today!

6. Impact on the world
Since the deployment of the first-generation, 45-megabit-per-second 
fiber-optic communication system in 1976, the transmission capacity in 
a single fiber has rapidly increased a million fold to tens of 
terabits per second. Data can be carried over millions of km of fibers 
without going through repeaters, thanks to the invention of the 
optical fiber amplifier and wavelength division multiplexing. So that 
is how the industry grew and grew. The world has been totally 
transformed because of optical fiber communication. The telephone 
system has been overhauled and international long distance calls have 
become easily affordable.
Brand new mega-industries in fiber optics including cable 
manufacturing and equipment, optical devices, network system and 
equipment have been created.
Hundreds of millions of kilometers of glass fiber cables have been laid, 
in the ground and in the ocean, creating an intricate web of 
connectivity that is the foundation of the world-wide web.
The Internet is now more pervasive than the telephone used to be. We 
browse, we skype, we blog, we go onto you-tube, we shop, we socialize 
on-line. The information revolution that started in the 1990s could 
not have happened without optical fibers.

Over the last few years fibers are being laid all the way to our homes. 
All-optical networks that are environmentally green are contemplated. 
The revolution in optical fiber communication has not ended C it 
might still just be at the beginning.

7. Conclusion
The world-wide communication network based on optical fibers has truly 
shrunk the world and brought human beings closer together. I hardly 
need to cite technical figures to drive this point home. The news of 
the Nobel Prize reached us in the middle of the night at 3 am in 
California, through a telephone call from Stockholm (then in their 
morning) no doubt carried on optical fibers; congratulations came 
literally minutes later from friends in Asia (for whom it was evening), 
again through messages carried on optical fibers. Too much information 
is not always a good thing: we had to take the phone off the hook that 
night in order to get some sleep!
Optical communication is by now not just a technical advance, but has 
also caused major changes in society. The next generation will learn 
and grow up differently; people will relate to one another in 
different ways. Manufacturing of all the bits and pieces of a single 
product can now take place over a dozen locations around the world, 
providing huge opportunities for people especially in developing 
countries. The wide accessibility of information has obviously led to 
more equality and wider participation in public affairs.
Many words, indeed many books have been written about the information 
society, and I do not wish to add to them here C except to say that 
it is beyond the dreams of the first serious concept of optical 
communication in 1966, when even 1 GHz was only a hope.
In conclusion, Charles and I want to thank the Professors at The 
Chinese University of Hong Kong, namely: Professor Young, Professor 
Wong, Professor Cheung and Professor Chen for their support in 
compiling this lecture for us. Charles would like to thank ITT Corp 
where he developed his career for 30 years and all those who climbed 
on to the bandwagon with him in the early days, as without the legions 
of believers the industry would not have evolved as it did.
Charles Kao planted the seed; Bob Maurer watered it and John 
MacChesney grew its roots.

(XYS20091210)

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