                           ˿µϣ20191215գ

19.12.15, ˿201912º
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ڻкܶ軨ǮĵطΪ˸Ѵ˰˵Ľ
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˴ģıʲôĿأ²Ϊ˱񲻱ԣΪ˷
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ļĳ߸˵Ķмֵͳһͣ뻮һĶ
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绤˵ʵǿΪ˲Ӱҵȶ
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ע桷С˵ǡƪǡڡ˿¿2019
8º

˼ִоѡ

ոյϳҶ־õӵģס
֪ʱǰĵϳƺˡȻڴžʮĵط
֪Ӻδ͵ðһĴ׳һһ໴޵Ӥ
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˼ţһӵ˼΢һһ֪
˵ǺԸ֪DDϳͶ̥ȥˡֻء

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Celestial TeapotеĲCosmic TeapotѧҲ
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Ʒĵλ߸ӦṩƷ췽ͬר֤
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εĹ̡ӵغÿ춼ҪԼ2ڸӣϸѡ
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ԲεľϸΪһ״Ӿľӡ򷱶๤
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decapacitation factorȷһ㣬ȥܡӦøΪܡ
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ΪʲôҪܣһʼǶ治Ǹ𣿣˵õ
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ںʱǿˣδսͳ棿Լ֮以Ǵ
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ԵؽơײĲᡢӲҡô

ݻһȻԣֻǡĲԲָȡ
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ѹܽϲ֮ǰһֱڳر߻ܱǰУ񾺼ϵ
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ʼܵľӣȸıǴлʽԭȵͲܵġǽͽ⡱ת
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νԣǳˮԴͷӾԡЩ㣬ܹӳ
ǧһֱѰҵԴͷȥѣԣָܹ
ĳֻѧŨߵĵطƶԡ־õĻѧ
ΪӡƩʳƮʳζԽԶζԽ֮Ȼ
ԷѭԽԽŨζ

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ذλӹǵӹ-ѹܽϲ֮ӹڿڡݹƣֻвǧ
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ˣЩȫӾˮƽ߳ɹִӹǵľӣ
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ӹ-ѹܽϲӹڿڡ磬һADAM3ȱݵСӾ
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ЩڴصľеľӢھӢһն
顣

ӹ-ѹܽϲڵĹܵʮխѧԭխĹܵ
мĽɽعסеҺ塣˴Һǡǡ
ܻĳʡӽȥٲȻжཬ
Ⱥ֦Ҷïɭ֣ÿǰһҪŻѪ
ƣߵĴۡ

ʵϣӹ-ѹܽϲǻڵľӣһⶼֵò
ȥһغ޶Щܹ޷Ļٶ
ѹϿŲ˵ЩӲûȥڽҺУ
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ѹϿζ䡣ͬһЩӻָ˶
ܿͷ׷ѹܱƤϸ棬ǰС·
ǵվҪһϢ֮ʽвˡӻûе
ѹܺЩӽһֱߡһӵִͻȻ


ѳųνӡʵһϸġ𸴺塱һ
ԲĳġμĸϸһСöġ塱ܰ
͸Լ͸֮ϸĸϸ
źܶӡмأҲһӣԼĳЩϸӣǻ
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ЩѹϿѵľӣսʿţѸٽΣ
תֱӶȥ

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/ʮ/پȥһӣһʵۺϾ
һһĸϸͷΡĤĸϸ
΢ëĤںϣ˺ߵġƤʷӦĸϸ
׼һƤʿϸĤĤڲԴһ
ЩĤںϲƿףͷһЩıĤ͸
ıԣӶ΢ٵľӣҪô赲Ĥ֮⣬Ҫ
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пᰡпᣬڲпгɹڲп

ǲһʫ

ƾĪ£һǿݣ

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ЩڴֳڵΣֲǾӣôܸ֪֪
ôϸ壿

ֵɰգ۵ѧɡ

ǵģҲǾӣNoǾҲܣ۷̥޷ֱӸ֪
ѧķȴһֻ֮Ҫ˿ѧͽһ˫
۾Զ΢֮

޷Сֳȥ֤Ӵ
սҲΪֱӹ۲ѻ˵ֳнʡѧ
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ʵչо磬ھӵĻ󣬼Ѿǧ
ԹӤĵ֤Ϊ͹ľӻۣӺʹʵ
õķ֡

1951ǰѧǰ̽70̽ͼ
ģ⾫ӵܾԹӤδܳɹһ꣬ǵһ
ɽ磬ӢŴѧѧҵתֳѧоĿѧ
Chang MCʿ[2]һµAustin CRʿ[3]Ƿֱ
ӺʹƵʵ顪

ǽԶɼʾӣѵĴֳѹܻ
ңȥӲ໥ãʹܾǰ
Сʱ6Сʱǰͽȥȴѣܹʹܾεظ
֤һ͹ʵۡӱڴֳͣ
һʱ侭ĳ仯֮󣬲ŻܾǾӻۡ
ͬʱֱͬķ֣ۺͱʿѧͬ幫
Ϊ-Austinַ֣ۡѾܵľ
Żؾȥٶʧȥܾһ̣
תͱΪȥܡ[4]ͬʱԤʾ˾кСȥӡڻ
ָ£1959꣬õġԹӤ[5]
ѧڵɹܾ[6, 7]Щʵ
1978꣬ӢAdwardsŶϵһԹӤǰ
ྫӵĻҲܶʵ֤ġ

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ߵӹҺ뾫໥ʵ飬Ȼ󿼲쾫ӵϸѧ仯
ǰ˾ӴӴԽճҺͿʼ[8]ַ˽[9]
ߣǻĳЩòֳŮԻߺչѧ


磬El-Habashi M [10]Williams M [11] ȾһЩԸѹ
гУӹѹȫгӹѪĻ߽к
Щ־ԸߵڣɷԽ߽˹ھ֮
СʱٽȻѹгϴӽм
߰ѹʿ̶Ƴɱ걾ɨ΢飬ѹ
Ƥľǰֻм˾Ǩ뵽ѹܵݣ
õġ

ȽķϸѧͻӫɰǸϸ¡
ʵػ֪ڵΪǰձѧOkabe MڵоŶ
һȽʵоֱӹ۲쵽Сֳھ
Ϊ[12]

Ʊһܲ˫ɫӫľӵתС󡣸Сľ
βжε庬תԴɫӫ⵰ףͷĶ
ﺬתɫӫ⵰סɫ£־ӵβ
ɷĺɫӫ⣻ɫ̼£ͷɫӫ⡣
СĴֳڱȽϱɫӫⶼ͸ܱ֯

ת䣬һʱȡӹ
ѹܣӫ΢£ɹ۲쾫ӹѹڵΪھβ
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ǿӹеľֻһСֽӹ-ѹܽϲȥ
ľӾͶʧȥۿɼ˶ֻüӰٲƵ
ſԼ΢䶯ͻλƣ50Գ𣩣һʱΣ
Ӻôӹ-ѹܽϲƳѹϿһָֻ˶
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ϸϣƤתƵѹϿ϶εľ˶Ҷ
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ƵļѧһԷģʽﾫڴֳǨƺܾ
̵ķӵػơ磬жоŶӣѾûл༭
ĳЩСܾ޳ҲСógene knock-out
KOЩ޳С֮ӵǨơܡ巴Ӧ໥
õȸеΪ仯ӶڵķӵػơȻ
Ļ⡣

壩

֮ܶȷĿѧ֤ݱԾӶԣֳһ
ϿĻϿ˾̵쳣ҡȻǡǡ׿֮
ңѡȫľȥھӶһ壬
ϱֵơ

ԣһǿݶҲﳤ
١ֻǰݻɸĳһһ
ԼľӴȻԶϢ

To be or not to be, that is not a question.滹ǲ
⣩

ֻжܹ࣬˲д

ôеǱǿ

2019-7-12д2019-10-31ȵɽ£

ο
[1] 	Jones RE and Lopez KH. Human Reproductive Biology, 
Fourth Edition. pp159-73.
[2] 	Chang MC. Fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa 
deposited into the fallopian tubes. Nature. 1951 Oct 20;168(4277):697-8.
[3] 	Austin CR. Observations on the penetration of the 
sperm in the mammalian egg. Aust J Sci Res B. 1951 Nov;4(4):581-96.
[4] 	Chang MC. A detrimental effect of seminal plasma on 
the fertilizing capacity of sperm. Nature. 1957 Feb 2;179(4553):258-9.
[5] 	Chang MC. Fertilization of rabbit ova in vitro. Nature. 
1959 Aug 8;184(Suppl 7):466-7.
[6] 	Yanagimachi R, Chang, MC. Fertilization of hamster 
eggs in vitro. Nature.1963, 200:281-82.
[7] 	Yanagimachi R, Chang MC. In vitro fertilization of 
golden hamster ova. J Exp Zool. 1964 Aug;156:361-75.
[8] 	Roland M. Initiation of human sperm capacitation in 
the endocervix. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1969 Jul;45(7):681-8.
[9] 	Siddiquey AK, Newton JR. The use of periovulatory 
human cervical mucus in human sperm capacitation and in-vitro 
fertilization of foreign eggs. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1983 
Jun;9(1):25-31.
[10] 	El-Habashi M, El-Sahwi S, Gawish S, Osman M. Effect of 
Lippes loop on sperm recovery from human fallopian tubes. ontraception. 
1980 Nov;22(5):549-55.
[11] 	Williams M, Hill CJ, Scudamore I, Dunphy B, Cooke ID, 
Barratt CL. Sperm numbers and distribution within the human fallopian 
tube around ovulation. Hum Reprod. 1993 Dec;8(12):2019-26.
[12] 	Muro Y, Hasuwa H, Isotani A, Miyata H, Yamagata K, 
Ikawa M, Yanagimachi R, Okabe M. Behavior of Mouse Spermatozoa in the 
Female Reproductive Tract from Soon after Mating to the Beginning of 
Fertilization. Biol Reprod. 2016 Apr;94(4):80.

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һǣҲΨһƵת壩֮һԭ
϶Ľľˮһ̫ԲС

    ٤ǲ죺ڶ̫תһ24
СʱΪתͺܼ򵥵ؽ۲쵽췱ǲһµĶת
ơǣʿ¾ƵǸ㡢ǶкǵתŵĴ
Ҳʧȥ壺Ǻ㶨ģǵڶ

    ֻǣƤ֮棬ëɸûǸУĺ̫
Ưֲţѧֻܼ̫ϵ˶̫Զ
ȫûĹΨһϵܱؽյǴĹ⣬Ҳ
ǿǡҪʶ棬ȻֻԭʼֶΣ۲졢˼

    Ȼ뵽ľǣҹΪʲôһǺӣ

    

    ϣ񻰹֮˹Zeus͵͵˽ӡĴ
˹HeraclesʳӡŮHera̡Ѻ
ƿʹ֭Ϊй˳ӵġ·
żͬİ汾

    ʵؿһҹյխ٤ԵԶֳܶ
ǡƺͷĵƽ߻ȥŵ

    1750꣬ӢأThomas Wrightˡԭʼۻ¼衷
Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universeһ¼衱

    ܵģ̥ǣһ˵ܱǣ
ǰ̫ϵ֮СΪǰ뾶ǳ̫ϵڵľֲ
ֱֱıƽӡ̫ϵںм䡣˳ǵķ
Ⱥǣӣתܿ
Ǳϡöࡣ

    صȻ뵽160һа˹̹˳˵ǡ
ޱߡģͼǰ˹̹ȵǸά磺˳
д󣬾ͻᷢһޱߵ档

    ģͻΪϵҵһʿƵĸõļң
֮ĵ㡣ϵѾҪͨƶתֻռ
λãͨġϵ֮ۡEye of Providence顢ƿ
ˡ

    ص۴ŷ޴½ʱѾһո30ͷĵ¹
ע⡣£Immanuel Kantʱϰţۺ硣1755
һΪȻͨʷۡUniversal Natural History and 
Theory of the HeavensСӲԼۡΪؽѧ
ѧϵһ𴿴ǻ㣺ĽṹӦÿȫѭţѧ
Ҫϵ۵Ĵڡ

    ҲûҪôޱߵǡ

    ģ͵ĿеӾһӳ̫ϵ
һװźܶǵĴʽԲ̡ͬһƽ̫ת
һԲҲתƣǳ󣬵ֻһ
ȡǵ̫ϵģǿҹһӣ
ǾӵıԵ

    

    غͿֻڴ󵨼裬ѧȴҪС֤

    ٤֮ԽԽǿԶһһس֡ѧѾ
ۿǡͬʱӢѧҺЪWilliam Herschelӵ
ŵʱԶһԼġ

    Ъڵ¹һңԼԭҲּҡ34ʱһ
Ľ̲ĺһ߻ħ漴ķ֣ȫͶĥԶƬҹ
֮СԷʱ䶼Ըⵢ󣬱߸ɻø
ιʳÿաЪCarlone Hershelδޣȫȫ
Ϊ絣֣ԼҲгɾ͡

    򲻸ˣЪ1781ƵԶǣ
룬ҲΪԼӮһݹ״͵ٺ»רĥƸԶ
ǡ

    Ϊ˿״Ъȡӵıǡҹһҹ
Զָյĳһλҵҵܿǡ¼ǵ
ȡеĽǶȶõʷһݹ۲ͳ
ɵģͣȷǿ˵һĴӣֻǲԲǲ
״

    ء¡Ъ˵оļģҲģ͡
û𣬶̫ϵǸ硣һϵ
galaxyϣĵġ̡롰·Դͬһ¡ԣ
桢ӡϵʱͬʡ

    ҲþǸǿʼʶʿвͬĺ塣

    

    ٤ͬʱߴѧ¹ĵ¹˹
Simon MariusҲԶۿǿգұ٤Ը緢ľǵǡ
٤ָ˹ԣǿѧʷһ׮죬ľĿ
ͳΪ٤ǡȴ˹ϣΪǸ
֡

    ǶЩۿȥĵһԶʵɺܼܶС
ǹɡ˹ע⵽Ҳһص㼴ʹԶҲ
ʲô

    ڹԪ10ͣŷȻڡڰġʱ˹ѧշ
Abd al-Rahman al-Sufiռĺб䣬ˡ
֮顷Book of Fixed StarsָŮandromedaһ
һĵ㡱cloudlike spotһǣȴҲ֪ʲô
˹ԶֻֻܿһСƬģ⣬һȼ
ŵ硣

    ΪԶԽԽǿ󣬺ܶԭǵܹ
еǣŮƵ㡱ȻģʡΪ֣ѧܹ
ɵšstar clusterЩȻƲʻ
ĲͱơnebulaȻĪ̾ͳ
Ϊͼ̽Ķ

    1781꣬÷ҮCharles Messierһб֪
100ơõһֱŮƱΪ31ţ˱
ΪM31

    ЪʹȵԶܿͰѷֵƵĿӵ2000ࡣ
ˣŸָ״еԲԲеı⣬е
β͡һƶϸ۲ʱһЩԭ
ûע⵽İơ

    Ȼ֪ƾɶһŷ޵ѧҳһ

    ʥ͡ƪϵ˵Ҫй⣬Ǿ˹⡣ǵ
һաһֱգϵ۲Ҫ̫Լϵ
塱

    ô̫֮ǰأ߼һֱ
ѧ硣ѧҷֵЩȴŹƣҲϵ̫֮
ǰĹ⡣ڿֱ׳ػӦߵһսˡ

    дСʱѾ֪ƵĴڡ϶޸
صģָͣһԲԲӡˣΪӲ
һ档ЩÿһһƵ棬ҲһǱ
ƽƽԲ̡ǾǷǳңԶʶȥС谵Ϊ
ԵĽǶȸвͬǱֳͬԲ״

    ¡Ъ桪˵ӡޣб߽硣Ъ
ͨԼĲһιӵĴСֻǵģ˵̫ϵΧ
Զнȴ޷ֱǵľ롣ΪǶ̫ԶڵϹ۲첻


    ЪΪڻ޷ȷЩƵԶֻܸݿ
״롣Щͬ״ʱ񿵵һ϶ġ
֮족ҵһмһǵƣ֪ʵһ
ĺʣʱ̸ı⣬ΪƲڵ
ĳַ塣¿۳̫ͬϵ
ṹҲ̫ϵԴ

    

    Ъ1822ȥֵԶ¼ܿ챻һ
˳Խ˹William Parsons, 3rd Earl of RosseҲ
34ʱͻȻ·ңΪӢԱĴ޷˵Ͷ뵽
Ǯ˵ϷС1845꣬ɹһ֮Ϊޡά̹
LeviathanȻԶھ1.8ףõŸñ
ӡɡݵشͲˡĿֻһҪЪû
мǡֻе塣

    ûгɹ߱ŴԶȻһƬĹâ
һӾ˵ľЩƵ״죬ڼתе


    ˹Сĵ軭ĿпͼӢѧ
ѧ档Լ˵ʵ죬ƲǾֹģڲһ
Сȷķ˵ط˼ͬоšΪֻ
˹ӵԶ޷ֻ֤̾ǻ
˹ӷĻþԶ̫ĳŤ

    Ϊµṩ˸ʵĸݣЩ
һһתеĴӡҲǿµԲ̶Ъ
ӡǷһ´ʽС桱island universes̫
еƾͬһСÿԼһ档

    

    ûѧоǳѧҡ30дº
ΪĹ־䣨ֶǶǵ˼Խͳ־ã
־;ηͻԽԽسǵ顣ǷܲĲ
еĵɡʱԼѾ˵ԡܲĲ񷡱
йĲ롣

    ҲִѧѧѧҾʱ̡
۲ԽԽϸѧչԽԽ죬ѧҡѧҼʹĴ
ϵķԿռҲԽԽСֱʧӺЪ֮û˻
ģΪϵһ֮ء

    ˹1867ȥҲ19ҶĹ۲ӭ
ļͻơѧ֮ȷе֪ǡƲĺ㶨
˶ŵġˣǾȻԷǳȷز˶ٶȡ

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