                           ˿µϣ2021315գ

21.03.13-14ûи
21.03.15, ˿20213º
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ţ죺ĨСҵİˣʷǶĽȮ
˿¶ԶĲ֡½˼ҵĶͣǶ鱣һֻ
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죺⼰ʾ
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͡졡ճʱɭ

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ʷᡣԾٶһĿǰĪ¹з;
һǹȸĵάṹԤ⡣

зףRNAвзѡ
һзͨҪ10-15ꡣͷ2-4һоѧĹ
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ʶЧԭЧɷʶ֮ͽ׼ٴ׶Ρһ׶֯ϸ
϶ʵѡİȫԺЧһ
ξͱ̭ˡһ׶εͿڵٴԡ

һٴͨҪ20-80Ը塣Ƕͯ
ԶҪӳ˿ʼ𲽽䡣һԵͻ󼸱һ
ڲԵĿǿѡİȫԣԼߵͺͳ̶ȡ

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е˻ȾһڵĿȻȫԣͬʱȷߵȷ
ʱ䣬Լַ

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߶ͬʱǱҲȽȶЩԭзЩ
ضĶأһЩŴϢ洢ͻ RNA С
ͳзԶڲ֮ǰͻ򲡶ͻȫ򲿷ʧ
ЧĲԭвÿ궼úܶɥ͹
ϳٳûȶЧ硣Ⲣǲʵ


ĪһֽȻͬĹ̡ӽ
ǴʵƵٴԽʮʱ䡣ʮ굽ʮ£
ٶȱ仯ǴӵǹǹڵĽҹ˾ԭʵ
Ѻϳ¹ڲļͻ׵ʹ RNA mRNAϸϸ
¹ڲĿԭӦӦ¹ڲʱ౾
ĿͿԼк֮ˡ

⼸˵ĹĵԵúҪӹΰĴҪ
 Katalin Karikܺϳκһ mRNA֮ 
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塣רתۡ2010  Derrick Rossi Ϊԭ̻
˳Ī (Moderna) ˾2012 ꣬ĪɵĽ Venture 
capital  Kariko רıݴѧѾ֪ʶȨˡ
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ڡСȹ¹ڲСУſк
ģ PCR ⡣Ҳʹ¹ڲʽ mRNA ĺϳɳ
Ϊܡ

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ԭʵǽмҲͻÿҹ̶
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ŷʴ½һЩĴȾտ
Ҹȼ2018 ŷ 41000 ˸Ⱦŷÿ궼мʮ
ͯ 20 ˷編йȻ˿
󡱣⼸ħȴǴ˷ϵµ
ħ¹磬Ƽô죿Ҫʯͷ׼
ԼĽ෴Ƶ鶼ûȴҪ졣
ι˧Ԥ˲

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ġ n>2-޽⣬гǧԭӵĵʵĽṹ⵱
ȻѡԤ֮ǿġΧ
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ʮһͳǸƻոոʱ򣬾о
֪Щ ACGT ĸƴ鵽ʲôôʮ󣬾
о뿪Щк޲ò֪οչˡǿԴ
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äĿδƸָЧĹҩƷ
¹ڲ绹졣఩֢ƷѾ˸е棬δƵ
Ʒֻӳ档ǿ൰ʵĹͬάṹӶ
׺Чҩкܶ벻ء


Сҵİ



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ӰСһ׶ӡȴͷԣд㡢ϴ
ٳһҲѷɫˡ

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ССѧų¾ɵĽһңнֱĸ㡣Сһ
ãȻضҿɷֻǺЦš

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ԱҰϢʱֱ֣ۿġ
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һݹʰϲòˣ㳵ȥϸ·
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١ˡȥίᱣֻ࣬ͶߺˮͰڳᣬһתְѣ
ɶȥ

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һϵй涨СԽɹʹزˣ
԰괿붼һԪÿʱֻҪ뻧ǰƷõƻ
óӲҳԡ 

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ӰһھӵϲУвʱһСģеĿ쵶
СĴָˣеֻʣһƤšסʹֱ˵û£û£˿ڰ
ֱӾͰˡߡ˵ΪԼĲСĶӰֳա

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ææϵɫҲһԭȵĹΰףԽˡð
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ӣȽСкܴ࣬󻹿ܻ⣬
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İ

Զݡ϶ˣ˦!


ˣʷǶĽȮ



ս2021ĵ죬ǱĳݵҺϲ˹ݾһҹˡ
ָز˹ڵǽϺȻŴëͷĸʱڵĺ
ֽϵֳֽͬʱɻһЩ빲ص
ͱӡ

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ԪһЩִʳĴӣҲûʲô

ֻ198912ǡ̩֮ǩġϰƽ
Э顷Է˼ĳ淨Ǿ
ﹲݵĿȷʵܴɡ

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塱ֵȶ

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ǧйƽĻǧйĻġ
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պ͵ķ̵Ľԭûκͽʥ̵Ľ
ķ˹һǲġ

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һҲˡû뵽ôһڼǰƲ
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Ⱥ֮䣬ըһƽѵһĿȺ硣

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ٲֻˣȺԹвʾǼܡҿ
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ôҡ

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ӦӰйϵһӪΪǸͲӦͬκ
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лں

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顣

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Դڹϣĳǰ

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ýݲӦñִңͬ˾ӦöͬҲڷ
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ԡɻ䡢ҵеҽƱ硢ˮͰ
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㶮ľ󲿷˶ĿҲǡġ

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ЩֻǱƤĻ޹ء

Ҳкܶ˵ͬԵ壬ͺͷ۾Ⱥˡ
УǴδ½ıӡˣҲڸ߼ˣҲй˿еġ
ˡҪǣѧĽǶҲһֽˡ
֡

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ЩȺĻںҲֻνˡ

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һǰĻ˶£ܵĳγɵԡ

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ߡᡢҵԭѧᡢ壬ȵٸôʣ
ЩǴձڵĴʻ㡣

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Щﶼǡﾳձٷйʡȥ
Щںûа취˵ִˡ

ңҪᳫй壬ʲôΰĸˣôܱ
ǸһҪ㣬塱ʮͷʱڣ


ŴֻСͳߡ͡ͳߡûС塱
û壨NationalismĸһѧĹʶ

ڹŴйκʱҴģھһҵģ
¡ֻǾĲ񡢼񡢺ūšνˡҲʲ
ô£ʹҫҲҫͳһңֻһ㱻ѹĲ

Ի֮šл塱ʵˣǱ
һȺˣǵصصġĽȮֻǲ
֪ѡ

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ʮųֵĸҲǴڵĹЩʲôء½
̨һȺˣԾµĲҲǡġ

ǿԺֱ˵˵ڽǣؽĻ
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һ׾ӡūŮ¼Ļֵۡ

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ϵǣǶִ˵ˡ

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ûʲôġڹȥȫ򻯹УлĻĽ
ڣѾǴﵽң㡱״̬ȻϵġӰ
Ǹġ

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ȺͬʻġǶͬɡƽȡ
μֵۡ

йƺܷﶼҪšƽȡΡ
ɡͷɼֵͬ۵ģõ
һ¡

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ֵۣ۶ǡġ

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Լ֪νġлʲôֻ㣬ֻ
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ζĸѹ徫ĿȫǵͬܵĿѿ¾Ͳ
ܹġ

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ǸϵġǱ߱ȽеĽзǸ֡족͸֡ë

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ֵ֧ǡ족͡ëôʲôлɵǣĸ
УëҲ˵˼ǰҪָǺˣͷָ
ˡ

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мԸùŴй˵ķʽ

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ԶԶᵽЩң

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֪ʶ֣ᷢйϵʷˮƽȻ
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ﺺūšƺ䲻ã

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ԣɱͬȴԾʮɱҰǧйͬ
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Ҫ½ǡ

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йʱóгĽΪйġ͡

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ôĸ￪ܳɹ

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У࣬ıǺе⡣

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Ѿ˷ִߺȺĽĺ͵⣬
ȻⱳǱڵľ޴ìΣ 

дƪµĵڶ죬20214գһλмֵĲ
꣬ҲΪǽϹŵëĻͼ⵽ȡޡǾ
֡ӦʵһһľѶȻαлȻ


һǻˣʵСͽִȴ˽ִ
˽ԼĻ˸ġΪֶԼʵݲ
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ڻ˲һɰͷո⿵ӣһֻ


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⿵ĽȺͽࡪ첻Ǻſڲ˳ǰ
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ԭ򣬻˳ἰԼĿгɹʶӵĿиĳһ
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ʣµѡһȱŴ򿪣ȻǷҪıѡ
ôˣ߸ıѡܲĸأ
ǿ϶ġΥֱģټϳѡԲ߻ê
ʵжлڼԭѡ

ʵһѧϵ⣬ʹѧʽҲͨ
óĴ𰸡NţѡһȣȻ˴
M(1<=M<=N-2Ⱥš߲ѡôû
˴MȺϢĸ벻
ڶѡʱͬΪ1/Nʣµδ򿪵N-MУһȱ
ѡе֮û򿪣ֿܵԭı
ѡˡûѡN-M-1֮û򿪣ֻһ
ֿܵԭıɼ˴Mȱ
Ϣ֮󣬲ѡһűĿԲû
ѡN-M-1еκһȱĿԴ

ʵϣͨѧ㣬ԵõN˴M(1<=M<=N-2ŵ
£߲ȡԵн:P=N-1/(N*(N-(M+1)
ΪN-1N-(M+1)P()1/NҲǸнʺ
нʡ̲μatpdiudiuCSDNվĲ
չNĽⷨ̽֡һʽţ
ѡһȣȻ˴һȱţʱı
ѡܰѡĸʴķ֮һߵ˷֮ʵ
жӦĽ:ڿһѡһĵѡ⣬ᣬֻѡ
һ𰸣࿼ʦ֪ҸûѡһǴģ
ôӦøıѡΪǻʹѡȷ𰸵ĸʴķ֮һߵ
˷֮ʮţѡһȣȻ˴Ⱥ
ţôӦøıѡ԰ѡĸʴʮ֮һ
ߵʮ֮šʵжӦĽǣһʮְҵѡ
ѡһְҵǲְ֪ҵǷʺְҵиְҵ
ʦ֪ʺְҵĸ˵Ǹʮְҵ
ְҵʺְҵôڵְҵѰһûгԹ
ְҵҵְҵĸʴʮ֮һߵʮ֮š

һǳϿȫ֪ʵų
ѡֱӸȷѡ߸ıѡûκγɱʵм
ҲȫǺϵġǣĽȻ̵
˼裬Ƕ²ϢľʣԻı仯޶
ԡνڡһֺ壺ɹƽ
ϢŻѡб

硶ըеݣǴ㵱Ӱǵģ
ڵòݵӰĻᣬֻڲ͹ݴ򹤶ӡԸˬʣǴ֦Ҷ
Ƿֲĸ˵ʲôͣǳ쵽ԼȲϲҲ
ó͹Ůд󣬹ϴְȫȫ׷ΡһƯŮ
ԾܴתУͨѲصĽܵҽҩ˾Ա
ַԼӪŸɣܿˮܣõн
һ²ϢŻְҵѡӡС˵˼ĳ԰
е͸սʱʮҸģǻ󲻾ɷǮһάͿʼ
ƴ¶ƷӵĿϣǮһάܹĹû뿪
ĺӡǮһάٴƣ̥ˣĶ
˺Ʊ֪ұֻκεķֱڳұʱӦ
ùֹ֡û²ϢŻѡķӡ

˲ȷԣΨһľʱڱ仯Ա仯ŵ磬
Ҫֿŵ˼룬ڴӱ仯Ϣжδӵı䡢
̽δ֪С˵滮󵽹ҵĸĸﴴ£ˡⲻǿն
ĵ˵̣Ǽʵѧ߼


GameStopţ

ϡԡ

ţٺǮ1696 ˻ʼƱҾ־ֳԱգٺߴ
2000 ְλһֱ1727ȥ֮ǰڽŴѧ˵ʱ
нǡ100ȻнٰڵʱѾǲ1695 ʱӢ
ÿһϵĿǡ0.791703 ţٵѡʼѧ³
ʱ˽ҵӢҪ͸ṩѯ׶ص
֮档νͣǵֵ֮һˡ

ţٶͶҲоϲһǮ򷿲Ƥ
ǰʽȫڹСÿϢߴ1000 
3000 ţʦ׵ؼӢǰ1%ĸ. ڵʱӢƶ
ǽ˹˹ţٵʵǰ0.1% Ѿ޼

ţٵͶʲԺܼ򵥣׵ĽڲƷӢ
ծӢеĹƱϺ˾ĹƱǽһţ
˴Ϻ˾South Sea Company Ϊˣ̾ҿԼ
˶ȴ㲻ķ񡣡I could calculate the motions 
of the heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.Ȼ˶
ʵ˶ѧ˼в֪кѧͳơѧ˹ܼ
ڽ죬ҪķҲǲܵġΧGameStop
Ʊֵһϵ۶ӡ

Ϻ˾1711ꡣĽӢծһͨʩ
꺣սǷһƨծЩծ˵ˣҪǮûУҿ
Ϻ˾ֵĹƱ㡣ЩƱ治йϢ, һ
ֵ㻹׬һʡֶΪҲգһʯͷ˵һƱ
أͷ׷ױʾͬ⡣

Ϻ˾ÿӢǮϢ, ҪǸ
СϺ˳ٷһЩū֮󣬴ʶһ
ڷǮĹ˾ӪҲպϡǷ׷롣ţҲ˲١
ƱǲǡӢһкʹ1720е
ծͳһϺ˾ƱҸôһҹ˾ĹƱʵʲͲ
ˣһʵĴݡʹܱ֤ϢĹƱҲ
ֵϡˣ԰ɣ

ţٶԴһġľ߻顣Ͱ
Ϻȫˡ׬20,000! ΧҲˡˡ
17203µľţ414ֵĹƱֻƱǵ
һ·ǲͣʱ80-90%ӢͶ߶ɴɼ
ֿȡ

˸˲һ£ţپͲˡȰ³һ
µʱʱѾ仺ʼƽˣȻнڲ
Ʒ֡ȫϺƱ֧ƱĹɼ۴ӡ1000 һ·»11·ݵ
250»·ţٻ̰˰˲١

֧Ʊţٵʲˮ1720ţнڲƷľֵ
Լǡ30,0001721£ľֵˡ20,000β
·Ȿһ

ţʦѹΧ˭С˵Ϻ֣͸˭
ۡվڵڹȡաѿ٤Щ˼ϵţ٣
վˡҲ˵˸ӡ˲Ԥ⣬
ҲһͿء 

ԻţʦĽѵԶGMEͦ˼ġ

2021129 ھɽɽн


͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

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ʮģ

Ҳ2300ǰʫԭ쳤ʣ֮˭֮δΣ
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ά׽ǻԴ˵㲻
СΪݵǽ䡢άʱյɡ
͹ޣȴ޷ЩȻԺδڴը
һ˲ġ֮˭ѧ֮

20172£ѧˡ־һƪ˹̩˺£
ִָ͡ѧ޷ʵʼ飬֤ʵ֤αĿܡ
ˣѾԽ˿ѧķ룬ֻνѧѧϷ

º󣬰˹ֵ¡ά׽𡢻²33λѧ
׫ĻӦۡȻѧڲʲôܣѧͨ
ʽڴڿսѧȴҲ͹ѧ롰
δΡ֮ġɿ֮2018314ȥ
ŷһƪѧĿǡ˳˳㱩𣿡A
 Smooth Exit from Eternal Inflation?

ûʵɾݵ£ҲֻԼֱ200511µһ
ѧϣ߶Զ澿жġǿѡ
ԼĽ㡢ﹷġһѧӢѧϯ
λ˹Martin Rees˵ǿѺĹֵȻض
Լ

²֪һλϴ󷽵رʾ㹻ͬʱѺ
˹Ĺֵµ

20143µһ죬˹̹ѧ42ڹ֣Chao-Lin Kuo
66ꡢѾ˹̹ν20ֵµļҡб
ԱΪΰݷȫ¼ֵ·򸾿ʱȻе㾪ȡ
ֿżɽһϲ0.25ҡҲѧҵ
ֵ·䰵ʽл̲ΡΡǰӵ˹ֵ֡ں
ȴΪɣҪظһ飬ظһ顣

ͷһתѾǰһƿصľơֵ۽Ǻظп
30ǰĶڱ͵ˡȻţϣȷʵģ
ǱˣˡΪ̫ԸⱻˣΪ˵

317գֺͬڹѧһ䶯ȫļ
߻ᣬʽ΢̽⵽汩ʱڵźţ
һλñ͵ֱ֤ݡ˹ֵ»緢΢ѷ
ǰžһʱ䣬汩͡桱ȵȿƻʽ
ű⡣

ȻֵµĵľһߡǵȷǡˣˡŶӲ
õźźֻ֤泾ļ󣬲ʵһ¼ϸ
ȥġ׽Ĺ£ʮϼϿյ

Ȼ˹ֵһټƽ̹ӽĽ֤ʵ˱͡
30ȻǸۣȱֱӵĹ۲֤ݡ

20197£100λѧһڼݺۻᡣ49˹˿
ݽչʾһͼƬдš鷳С鷳
tensionΪ⡱problem

˹⡣еĸ˹David GrossӦ
ĸۡ˹Ӧǲ֮Ϊ鷳⡯ǻ
Σcrisis

˹ͷǴΣ֮С

µΣʵѧϴѣֵڷ
Ͷŵ˹ְ۹תĲϣ21
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ִѧѾжֲ;΢̲
ŴϢɹʿǶ˷ǳȷĲⶨƤ
˹Լά1970һáѧ񵴡
baryon acoustic oscillations߶ȽṹҲѾʵ
߽֡߶ȷϣóĹĵλʾ67.4

ǣ˹Ƕ롢ٶȵĲõֵȴ74ҡ
ֻаٷ֮ʮʮǰѧһΪڲͬĲ
϶͸ԽµʱѧΪ׼ѧ21
͡ݵĲ쳬ǸΧ屶ǡ鷳
⡱ΣǸϣܽŶӹǵ½
69.8ֲݵм䡣

˹ѧҡоǻۣҲŵߡ
Ǹϰ߼侫׼Ԥ֤ԣԺذ
һٷ֮ʮĲΪΣ

ȻѧİͺԼҲһΪ
ΣΪ泣

˹̹泣ʱûݡֻ֪еôһ
۶Գģһ㶨档ͱ
ֺ󣬰١÷ص˶Ȱ氮˹̹Ҫ泣÷
ΪִšΪȻڣӦþʵ
ƵأǶѧġȨԭ򡱣totalitarian principle
ǲֹĶȻڡԭƺ롰¿ķ굶
Occam's razor

Ϊ泣ڹбΪռ䱾ʣ޹أ÷
Ϊʵѧеܡȷ෴Ϊ
ռСչ泣˿ۡ

ά1960ӳۼ㣬Ϊ𾪡ѧ
Ϊʵ̫ˣֵǺⶨĦ10120һ1
1200ĴѧҲû֡

泣⡱cosmological constant problemʷ
ʵѽڵⰸôĦ²
޷棬汾ѹͲܴڡ

Ȼԭǣ沢ûб˾޴İ˺ѡʵ
Сάܻδֵãѧܵ
󲿷֡ϵĵҪޱȾȷǡ
۲ֵǻһƽ̹Ϊ¡Ϊ˵ɺϡ

Ժ1980йᡢ̽׽صʱѹ˹ҵѹͣ
汩ҲΪȻоѡ˻رܣȻѾ
ٵһĴһȾ20ꡣΪζѧĽڣ
ѾΪһңsuperstringרҡ

ͳһۻóɹ֮ѧ1980ʼµ̽Ȼ
ͳһǸֻǳɹͳһǿ໥ã޷
ͬʱͳһ50޷͵Ĳֻͨʵ
趨ͼֲȱݣ໥õͳһ
κοɵ

ǰ˹̹ǰδʵֵ롣׷ͳһʱʾҸȤ
ϵûпܽ紴ɲͬӡ༴ڱҪļ߼£
ǷκɶȣWhat I am really interested in is whether 
God could have made the world in a different way; that is, whether the 
necessity of logical simplicity leaves any freedom at all.׷
ľһϵκɷصۣһռȫ
͹ġۡtheory of everything

Ȼʮ󣬳1990Ҳʼ컯ԭ΢
ӵһάġҡ˶άάġĤmembrane
brane̺ɶҲԽԽࡣģ棬ν
Ҿۡstring theory landscapeܳ105001500
0ֲͬ档һӵĶ档Ǵڡܴ
Щ޷Ԥ⣬ֻٶԭ

Ҳ£Ժ1998ԴĤײġĤ͡
brane inflationۣ20ǰĴ2011꣬ӿζݣ
ۿƼѧ

ԭͬһʱഫ轹и˵׹
ʳĴѸֻǷʹҲ
ˡͰˡ

ʱϣҲĥϵΪʲôǵ
ĽǺǡǷ̶ֱƵתĲͬϣԲŲ

ţȴ֣ϵǲϵƻʵû
ͬɡ˵ѡܵͬţٵĶѧܹɿ
Ԥδԡ֮ǲǰ֪ǵλáʳʳ
ܷδ֪ǡǻԴӵϷںʮ
ꡢʮڹ׼ȷسǡǵȵԶ֮ڣΪ
ǴЩľƬ

˻죬Ҳο֪족û
ԽԽԶȥֱ뿪ǵӽʧ

ȻҲȫûиݡڼеϵϵ
ļԶͬʱͬڡϵȺŮϵȴ
벻Ϊ໥ǣ𽥿ܹǸ޴
ϵЯǧڿźԽԽǱʱόǷ쵽
Ҫˡ

ģ㣬ŮϵԼԵĸСϵڴԼ40
ӭͷײϲ޷Ԥʱ򻹻᲻࣬δ֪ʽ
ǻ壬Ŀߵش¼

ǳǻᷢԼһոµ硣
ŮӺϲһ޴ϵҹջֻʱöࡣȻ
Ǹϵ֮⣬տҲһƬڡκϵڣûʲ
ô䡣

е˻ᷢµľ棺һֺƽüޡ̫
ں˻ը˲ҷ

ҲЩ¼ɭеµĴʱѾܿ
׳ۡǵĺ졣

²ڡӡĽβдԽܱ˽⣬ԽԵú
塭ΪŬĵԳɾ͵ļ֮
һȴҲ֮ڱɫʡ"The more the universe seems comprehensible, 
the more it also seems pointless.....The effort to understand the 
universe is one of the very few things that lifts human life a little 
above the level of farce, and gives it some of the grace of tragedy."

1990214գѾ̫ն12ġ1šVoyager 
1뿪̫ϵԵָһȻף60
֮ΪһƬĿеĵֻһɫС㡱
pale blue dotѧCarl Sagan

ôһ۵İߵϣǿʢطܡ
ֹ٤ԡţ١˹̹άء³͢˹٤Ī
ҿˡƤ˹˹ֵ£÷ءء˹

ǿգԲиŬԵ߼ʶ棬Ӷǣ
Ϊǻ࣬ӵ硣

˹̹ԻĿɱ֪ԡܹ֪
һʵһ漣The eternal mystery of the world is its 
comprehensibilityThe fact that it is comprehensible is a miracle.

꣩


ڱ༭
Уԣ
󡡸壺ӡƽ̫Ӧҡ硢ꡢ
֧֣塢٣졢
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