                 ˿µϣ2022715գ

22.07.14ûи
22.07.15, ˿20227º
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ʵһ̸ֲۺ



һЩȤҲһЩر˼ͽۡ
ҵĹ۲˼¼ڴˡҲڴܲש֮Чá

ۼһձڵġ̶ȲͬĲɳΪۺ
һȺУֲ˾Ӷ࣬Ҳ֢ΪأһЩ
ֻǸ岡ñȽأӰԼ׽˵
ԶԴ˲㷺̽ǷǳбҪġ

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͹۵ĲԷġ߼ֱ׼ġIQԡ
硰ԡȵȡЩԷһǣԱ
ɱ͹ۡʵϡʵǣ˭Լ̵أ
̲ʶ塱ĻԾͻӲⲻ׼ЧӦ
ԹУʶ໥ţɽġⲻ׼ǵ
ǰIQԵõձϿɺ͹㷺ʹõĸԭ

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Ǽͥ֯ңһȺЩҪ
ѧݣʶ˲Щ̶֢ȲͬġȺ
ҪĿѧָ塣

ôǷһֲҪߡϴ⣬ֻͨߡ
ԵĹ۲˽жϡ۲췽ߵ͵ķأ

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ߡܹ׼ȷظߵ͵ĽˡַҲڶ
Ⱥ塱ƽۡ

ֶԵ۷ȻĿǰûоϸֻ˴ͳ
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ߡϣʱ㷺ӦճС

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ӵĺ壬ȫһֿ͹۵ѧ˵񡰾ˡֻһҽѧ
ʣǱһǲ˲ᵱУǾǵ
ݡѡͬѧͬ»ߣǿߣҲ
ʲԡûԴƶ񡱵ȵ¹
ˣڲ֢ķ˵⡣ϣȷе
岢Ӧ֮

һۺ֢ߵΪ˼ά

ͨ۲ͳƣǻ߾ʵΪ˼άص㡣
ڴǽ˵Ϊ˼άϳΪۺֶ֢֢״
¡

1߶Ⱥ

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֡šͬѰ֪ʶۡɡʡá֪
šǳڡЧӦһ׶εţȻά

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äĿŽ׶Ρҷ񶨽׶ΡҾѽ׶κŽ׶Ρ۲
֣˵Żͣڸ߶äĿŽ׶Ρ˵äĿŲ
Ӷ仯ԳһѧгΪӤ

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ٸºչԺУǿԭеġ޵ȫ֪жϺ
˻ֳΥġӤǶ鲻࣬
飬ȴ磬ʮ궯ڼġ֪ࡱ
ʱġۺ족ȣʵ̶ܽȲߣȴĺܸߣ׵
κѧȨ쵼ָҵĹ硰ۺ족ʮ
ĪԣƷļСѧ˼ѧƷ
ۣ֪ȵȶǵ

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׽Ψһ֪ľǣһ֪йŴӽ
֪Լ֪ˣˡ¾71£˽羵
Ҷƶ۶ۣãһޱ޼ʡ¾20£
ʡؽʱŵ֮һǣЩȷɵ
ʵܴЩȴǻɺѶϡ˹
Ľ֪ҪȲѧײš

ЩߵĲţ֤˸߶Ⱥߵǡ

2ͣڻ׶

ۺ֢ߵĵڶǣͣ󡢰ȫ
͹Ļ׶Ρ

Ϊѧ˹ۣ˵Ϊ߸Ρֱǣ
󡢰ȫ罻֪ʵ֡ǰ
Ϊ󣬺ĸΪɳҪ

ΪѧҲԿóʵĲͬҲ
ĸжﶼȫĻֻи
ߵĳɳˣֻлˣϸڶ

۵ĽģͿԿÿһС
ǿҳ̶ȣҴĶ١ɼֻлģ
Ҳųһĳɳһ˳˻⣬ų֪
ʵֵȳɳǿԽ˾Ǹۺ֢ˡ
һȺгɳˣȺͺͶ
ˡ

һκһҪõġϸԣͬġ֪ҶԳԴ
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Ұζʲôġ˵۲Ҫ̸ԡ˵·ȵƾƣ
߼̡˵أ˵һóȥΡ
˵ȥʲôأ˵ԳԸɫζز
ҿЦ˵תصˡ

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Ǻ޹صûõĶζԻ˶˵뷨ӳǵ
Ρ

3ǿҵĴͼ˵ľ¹µ

롰¹¶һ档ʵǶԹе
ǿ

ǣԲܶԼ񣬺ж棬
ǱȺ壬ȺԽԽоȫС㣬
ȺӲѡȺСǲܴġ

УܺܿʶĸȺ󣬲ܲԾظĻͥվ
ȺС

ǶԴ̬ȣһڱ۵У
ʹõĴǣɡɡܣܺ˭ϵȺ
ѩģȵȡ

ˣһڹµ״̬ͻʧȥȫкģǻѰ
ҵһȺµ״̬ʱ쳣ӣԼȨ
ţҲҽǣͷȺзֲǡ

ǵŽȺ嵱УΪȺֳ߶ȵš
Ⱥѧں֮ڡнȺʱɥʧԣ
ֳԵԺƻԡʵǣ˴ڹµ״̬ʱʶ
ҲȱʧԵġֻΪµµĵӣķԱȺ
ʱäĿŲʹǱ쳣¸ңƽʱ
ǵı֡磬10ǰջĽͷ˶УǸU
·˵ĵײߡ

4ļ

ۺ֢߼ָǼ䲻ι̣Ҽʱݡ

ۺ֢ߣһϷϵƭ磬봫֯
ƭʱãһμƴ֯ƭ绰թƭ󣬲һ
绰թƭóݾǡǳԲǴ򡱡

Щڴʷ¼иμǺͽܽѵ˻᲻ظʷ
¡Ϊûʷǰʷɽż¼
ۼӣеϵԽЩ˾ǵ͵ʷ
ߡ磬ʮ궯ʱڵܺߣת˲ͻ̡ǳѡ
Ͼǡۺ֢߼ı

5߼ȱʧ

߼ִҪߣĿǰ߽׶Σ
ҲǿѧԲĻۺ֢ȴȱʧ߼֪ʶ
ǲָںӣǸģŹǵͷ
Уûһĸһģġصǣ
߼ϵּ򵥵ȫȡ

ȻȺеÿ˶ܸ帴ӵ߼ϵǺѵġϾǽ
ĲһȺж˾л߼
жǾȺ塯ƽ̵ĹؼءҲǾȺ
̶ȵҪء

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6ȿ־塰

ۺ֢һ㶼ȿ־帺νʹԼ
顣

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˵ԺǻʹܹԼ㣬ӶΪ˳Զ棬ʱĿʹ
˲´βһ̵ͨķ𽥽
߼ǻ۵ġ

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Ӥ䱾֢״

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Եġ仯ġĺ޳ġˣ϶Կѧ۳ֻ
񶨺ų̬ȡ

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Ŀ־󣬾Ǵ֢״ı

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һ7ۺϿͷԵó˵Ĳس̶ȡ

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ϵȵȡ

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ӱŴѡ

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ֻһЩȺصѡ

¶ԻȺ֢״֤¡

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źӧǹսʤִֻҪŬʵһĿꡣܺ
޸ݵġʯׯڡĶʮ˶ʤ족ȿںš
ȺһңΪȵԺк͹ԺУẰ
ϡϵȿںšƩ磬ɴʱڵĵ¹
־һУնϵȿںš

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Ϊ̫塢նΪӵȵȡɴ¹ʷ
ʷһҪʷ֤ݡʷ֤֢״صһ̶ȣ
Ժ˺ճ

2

Ⱥı֮ǿȨɡɡ
ѧȷļֵЩļֵ󿴳Ĺߣ
ͬȵӡȺһңΪصİݽ
ҡ˻ڿѧƶȡȨʶȷ洦״̬

֮Գ֢״ԭǣǸļŴ
ĿǰԵЩһʷ٣롰еȷ塱
󡣱ǡȺۺ֢Ľ

3˷м塢ӸɺȨ

Ǹ֢״ϺͷŴ󡣼ᵼȺм
ӺͳӸɺȨͨū֮·ŵ
ľѧҹҮ˶Դ˸˿ѧ֤

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ڽȫھáĻѧǷĵ͹ҡǡȺ
ۺ֢ĽЩ󶼵˸屻ūۣҲƱ


4м˵Ⱥ尲ȫʶ

˹ۣȫ˵ĻһȺ廼ص
ۺ֢Ҳֳ˵Ⱥ尲ȫʶΪˣν
ȫѹȨɡɵ

һԵ֤ǣѱĹҵĲͬ󣬿вȫı
˵ıʢСҲ˵ڴȺͷ״̬

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ԷĹұȽӷɡȨɵĹ򼫶
ӻȫϧɡɡȨȸ߼糯ʡ
ȹҡ˹ۡӻ󣬱ǡȺ
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߳˳ݣζŶԱж˼ʣ
ʢУζȺĿѧߡ

ʵǶȿЩȺ塢ңǾáĻ
ѧĵ͹ҡһ֤



֮һֽСۺ֢Ĳֲܷÿһϡ
ֲֶͨδȾʹСس̶ȣ
ͨġֵӳֵ̫ͣ˵أ
Ӱ쵽Ľɳͷչ

ɴɵȺҲƵĲΪȺۺ֢Ⱥ塱
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衢罻ȷ档

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֡ϡơȷƷǣ

1ͨȷĽˮƽ
2ܵظ֢ߣжϴ;
3֢״ǿԤ
4𲽼ȡȷӪϵͳ
5Բߣ׷նžŶ

ѧֹ̽޾ͷķѧģʡʹ˴ס



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ԭͽ֮ϵȵȡ

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һ

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֣̽ǻ֣ᷢǿţͬʱֶ
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ɡǺκһʽĲɣ


˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

Եǧ˯

ƽ

ɽԺǸӲҴСƫƧɽ塣

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֪ѩƮУδ顣

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ԵӰᵽϢȴ
ãҲһֱѹҹ뼦Уѹ߲һ麹ˮ̳
ġ

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ɽԺɽͬһ㣬ɽΡ䣬ֺãɽһ
ǧоɽԺɣƾԾˮïʢŮƮĳ

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Ը˯ʹߣԾԾԡ

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ҲŵʮˣΣϵСһ
ʮ꣬һʮͷΣϵ޴ʮģһι̵
ŮˣӾͳ

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ѹȣţѩƮ˯

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ˣһţ׵ȥҲȥȥҲȥȻԺ
˯Ҫǵү֣ӣүƢ֪ġ

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ʱ򣬼ȲҲߣˤ롣룬ԸӳţҲԸ
ˤ롣ǣӳʱԸˤ룬ҲԸһš
ӳʵҲģÿٷһδÿˤһ룬ˤ
롣

Ҳ˵ӳĻ𣬶ˤ룬Ϳ԰ѻˤ𡣵
һΣӳ񻨣ȥѩƮ˯ȥˣҪ
ôĻҪˤ룬С룬Ǵ롣

е񻨣ֻôӦȥи

ӳлͽƨͷš˼˯ֲϵɽ
𺣡

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ԺҪͻ¶ˮУÿҪҵãһ
˲ȥ

ӳֻҪѩƮ˯Ҫүִ
ȥժҪ⣬үֿ諒ɽȥ򡣱˵ȥãȥȡ
У˰ɣ

񻨣⻹ࡣ

ЦˣЦһ仨

ӳҵأ;һƬ򳡴ķˮ֣ˮȫ
ֵĲٲ̵÷ڵں绨ˣĪ˵ò
ָͷֵıҲҲ½ƻ𣬷ˮϰϰȵķĹ
ѷˮֳеɭֲҹ׻֡Ī˵ŮˣСˣҹ
ҲҶԴԽ

ǸŮˣ񻨵֣廨ʽ֣㳦͵ʵ֡
˯ãһͷ˯ˡںиأһ£һ
أ˯ˣһ£һˡǣ񻨵˯ܲãһ
һ뱻ȥˣٷһ׳ĴѹѩƮϡ񻨺
죬żƨƨ죬ҳ

ɽԺʱϡæʱԸɣ۸ϡԲعϡعůθͨ㣬
֮ơ

˯һҹѩƮʦ˯಻ã˯
ѩƮ˵˯˵𲻺˼˯˯ֱ˵ѩ
Ʈ˵˯ĺȻ죬аȫСЦ
ʵ˯ʲô£Ҫǽвңңѡ

ѩƮ˵ɩ˵㾡ߣҲģҼ
ģңұϰˡѩƮ˵Ҳġ˵
ʦֺÿҪˣһҪȢ

ѩƮ˵ɩ˵ġ˵㿪Цأι˵ģҺ
ô죬᲻˯šѩƮ˵ģҰְֵĺø죬
ԴǽƱڣҲϰˡ˵ͺãҿԷĸ˯ȥ

˵񻨵ĺ֣ӳĺҡ֣ؽҡ
ӳûèȴûʲôӣ򳪸˷ĺŵƨ

ӳ˵ÿ񻨣ͻ¶ˮԭȣӳһ
²ŸǸһΣǸʲݣϴ·Ƶġڣӳһ
ٸǸһΣƵӵͬʱȴ£¡

ڽͨȫߡΰȫͨѶȫȫֵɽԺ
ϴһ磬Բ⡣ϴܱ
ġÿӳǸʱ򣬳֮ȥˢ
һˢҪǸˣϴϴԼ
ˢǸ֮ӳȥá

ɽԺˢˣëǣˢˣһûСѩƮ֮
ˣҲʼˢǾӳ񻨡񻨿ѩƮ˯ǰˢ
ôҵѽ˯ǰҪˢ˷ѣǴˣǮ
յġɽԺˢġë֮һѾ˷ˣôҲ벻
б˷ѵģҲˢ

ѩƮ˵ˢˢҪϲˢֻӰθڣ
ˢӰݵĽѩƮ˵һͨˢҪ
ԡѩƮܽϲˢԲ·ɽ亣ζҲԲ£
ˢ˯ţʹҲ˯š

˵죬ʲôԵ£ҹʲôط˯š
ϵѽֻ˵ĸûгԲ˵ĿࡣѩƮ˵ɩЦ
ء˵ҲЦ㣬Ľ㣬㣬Ҳˢǲ
Ҳ˯ž

ѩƮ˵ǵڣɩһϣˢһˢղҸ˵
ˣ˯ǰˢôࡣ˵ûˢˣ
ˢʱвУҼҵˡѩƮ˵
ˢҲС

ѩƮ˵ţӳҳһ֧ոµˢ࣬ݸ񻨣ɩ͸
ܳô˼ѩƮ˵ʲô˼ģӳ
ôң֧ˢ࣬ʲô˵ҾͲˡѩƮ˵
ɩǧ

ˢϼСָͷôһ࣬ϡﻩˢѩƮ˵
ɩˢܺˢҪˢֻˢ棬ҲҪˢˢˢ
ɾƻѩƮ˵գʾˢ˼£˵ˢ
ϰߣųԷһŤˡ

ѩƮ˵ˢξϰˡֻҪˢԺ࣬
ҳһĴȣǸãķϣҲԼˢ
ҼĺҶӣҲҪˢ

ӳɽԺˢġǡ֮һҲǺˢɽԺ˵ˢ
ʽǺŵġֹɽԺˣԲʮˣǺˢ񻨵Ӱ
£˵񻨵ı£ӳѧˢϰ˯ǰˢ
ûа취ѽˢˢ񻨲ǸʹǸˣҲӦ
£¶ȵʬ塣ӣӳ˴ҩƵģ³
Ͳ̬顣

񻨵ûбƱСˢѩƮĹ£СҲˢ
ΪɽԺΨһˢĺӣˢʼСˢһǾö
ģ춼ĭĶģˢͷθ񻨾öӱˢ
ˢҲǰˢ㻹ûʼȫˢҲ٣ˢ
˷ࡣ

ѩƮ񻨣ɩ۵ȫģ֮ǰˢܳ
õݣѲݳɾׯں߲˲ܳïʢһ˵
˼ĥ󿳲񹦣ѩƮ˵̫ǡ

ʣʲô˼ѩƮ˵Ǳȷ˼˵
ˣСǸˢˢҾͲԷҪ˵ô˵
Сһӣ᲻ô

ѩƮĶˣΪ˹С˯ǰˢˮǳԣ
ˮǣСˢΪ᲻ðζˢѩƮĻ
ùЦ˵̫ɰˡ

ѩƮǸı䷽˯ǰСˮǣˢ
ʹȷˢˢˢӣĬһٶʮ¡Ȼ
ÿ춼һţһ굽ͷѵóϼˮǵСԣ
ջ㹻

һϣǸ֮ǰӳ죬ôҲײλ
·ļʻԱײ׷βв䡣Ҳѹ֣֮ǰǴû׹죬
ôסӳ죬ֻ׹񻨵ӣ񻨵죬ֻ׹ӳ

ʧܣȻӳȴʧܣ˵Ҫѩ
Ʈô죬Ǵˣ϶֪񻨾һг
û߶ȵӣŴҪѽԴҩˣ˼һƻŮ
ˣåʲô

ӳһţţûߣ֣
һƣ㼤ɶЦ촩·ү㡣

һСգ񻨷Ĳ£ҪһѩƮ˯ӳ
ͬ⣬˵Ҫϡѹô졣˵㲻ǲйӳ˵
ǵС˵˯ҹһҲûѹӳ˵㳤
ô󣬺ô죬ѹҲˡ

ʱСҪ˯ҾҪ˯ȻҾͲ
ҩҩ췢գⷢաӳĬˡСӳ
ĶӣʮǱ

ӳ˯񻨸áû£˯úáһ£
Сؾʧˣ˯áӳû£˯úá
ӳ˵˯⣬Ѿ˯ãڽ⣬
ҲҪѾ˯á˯˵񻨣ýŲѡ˯˵ӳҪ
ܾѡ񻨷Ĳ£ȥ

С˯һϣ˯˵ͬʱ˯ͷԺÿ
ŸһѩƮ˯ǰСŸһѩƮ˯
ȫں棬ӳԽӦĺԽǿѩƮ˯
һ֮󣬺ĵȻ޴棬ȴˡ

ѩƮ˯һܡѩƮϺͱϣһɺŵζ
ζζģѩƮĹ¡

·ںܾúܾǰѩƮͷ

Ҳ˯ͷѩƮϺͱй˵ζǴҪԭ
ҪԭǣѩƮǳ󷽣ѩ࣬־
֡ûҪ֣鷿һֻһֻС´ɲó

ռЩÿ˯Уϱ¶ʹı飬
޵ҼĴ˽ӳʲôôûõʲôùԼ϶
ѩƮ˯£Ҳȥⲻǰ

˵ӺͿܣ㿴첲ȶѹϸˡȻոأ
ӣ㿴Ӷѹˣ˶ѹˣҹҹѹľѹ
Լȥ

ʵİЦӳȥģ

񻨷Լ˵©죬æĿڣǲѩƮ˯ǰɣ
̫ˣǾҰѹǹֻ֣ѹҲѹѩƮ
Ҳ۸ˡ

ʵİｫŽɣôСȥ

˵ӲҪȥȥͿ޾֣ʲô취˵ˣͯ
㣬ԴӴСȥѹûϹҵľϻͷԣ㣬
ҪҸѩƮ˵˵ľϣ˯ϣ

ʵİ¶ɫ֧֧ˣȥɡ

ЦǵҲǣȥѩƮأѩƮɾҪ
ľ̫ˡ

˵ľϵʱ򣬹ѡ㡱롰ҡֶϿ˵Ҽ
˼ԣӹȻݣĸ׸

ľݵֵزһļϵı۹ʱԴɵ
Բ·ϵı۹Է⣬ʺƨɡľĸ
̶ֳȣϴһ裬ϴһ裬ˢʺ
̨ͷϣ˿ӰĻԺʳ

һ죬ȥݣѽˣ߲·ȻŹǿߣ
ǣװŲߡҪǰӳһ߹ȥˣڣ
һָͷҲûж˵ȥá

һ¹޵ҹӳϵҵģΪʲô
ѩƮôãӳ˵Ϊʲô˵ܣ϶Сžš
ӳ˵˼룬һСžҲûС

һ£㲻˵ǰɣ㲻˵ҾͲ˯ӳ
һѣңĬһᣬ˵ΪʲôΪɽԺĺǾ
ľ;ľɽԺĺϸ㿴Сá

񻨰ѹ̵ӳʪıϣʪ۾ѩƮã
ǴҺãⱲܱôţҲ֪ˣǰûбҡȥ
ҵĲãһʹˡ

ӳһѣ㣬øлѩƮĸȻ
ӱ㡣

ͻȻ̧ͷӳһڡ

ӳʲô񾭣˵ռӿŲȺ磬һ·С


񻨿Цҵģ㣬Сˤ

ӳһ˳ƽһͣ˫ֽסȡ
鷿Լ鷿ģӳıøˡ

񻨰ӳĻԭԭѩƮѩƮ棬
֣˵ɩӳǸˣҲǺˣߵ
ǣǵĴ£

ѩƮ˵꣬һˮǣСȻְһţݵ
ߡ

ѩƮгԲˮǣѧֻбͻܡÿ˭ˣ
ѩƮħһˮǣŴҵ棬£
ҲСʱδԵǵѧ巢ˮ
ˮǵջ£ľڵȫѧúѧϰϣ
ò

òҲȻһ¡

ѩƮԼǮӳسʮߣݶϱ
λ飬ûһɽԺһһ
͸ߵ⣬յѧġ

һ죬εʱѩƮϣ·һ
ɫĵױʹӣӣСϣǲ㱡ϸϸ
ë·⼤˵赸С

ѩƮߺСģҫ£촽ǲ㱡ϸϸ
ëȻϺͱϵζԼˮǵζȻ
ġ

ѩƮˮǣһСˣһСѧˡС̫
ˣÿһŮ˶ĸסȻСҲϲѩƮϲˮ
һϲ

С󲻽ҰɾɽԺΨһˢĺϸĸĳ谮û
Ӱ̺Ͱɾĺϰߡϸްְ԰治ϡ棬ɾǾ
ϡˡС󰮸ɾǱ·ϣǱڿαҵϡ

Ŀαҵֵһ࣬ż˿ƲʣӰ
ȡܹαҵȣֵ˳̶ȵĺϸǲ
Ͱϴֵĺϸ˱鼰ʱߩϴֵĺϸ

СҲ飬Ҳϴ֣αҵ֮ǰһ
ߩˣմ˱ָϲһкϸĪ˵ССɽԺ
ټǰ˵Ǹľϣ鷢ڶ죬ֽ

С󲻽αҵּ࣬ҲҪǣСĳɼõ
𾪣ѧСվʮϡ

ѩƮǸɾˣϧСϲһ㡣

ѩƮɽԺһһ㣬ˡѩƮʮĸµʱͻȻ
ˣȫʳεںڰ¡һεѩƮܿԼվ
ڶεѩƮһվεӳ
Ʋһˮվ

ѩƮòǰݵĲģظβظǰҹ񻨺
ѩƮҹδߣ˵һϵĻҲûˢСҲ볹ҹߣʵ
ס賿һʱ򣬳˯ȥһƵΣУ
ʦٷ

ڶһ磬ӳһڣѩƮһһ̣֪˶
ᡣ֮ʣѩƮָССԴС
ĸģԼģˡ

߳ѩƮͻȻʲôƵģӿͳһӲǱʼǱ
أݸӳ˵ӳ͸˵գת
ǰӳ׷

ӳ򿪱ʼǱҳӡһëϯ¼֪ʶ굽ũȥƶ
ũٽбҪڶҳѩƮдһ仰ӳ
˷мһѩƮİƬдһ仰ӳ

ӳ˵ѩƮǸ˰˵ټ
ˣƬҲи롣

ѩƮߺԭ˷ӳ򸾣ɤӺͻȻˣ
Ⱥȴ̺½ϵĸĸˣСȴˣȥ
ȥԭС˯õӣܺʱϴһմͷ
ߡĲĸڴŪ󶯾Ҳ֪޾

ʱСΪ˷(縸ĸʱ֣Ӧջ߹գ
ȥϼݻ߸óԵ)ᷭȥ˯ţ
˯ˡ

һ£С˯磬ڸĸϴڸĸ𴲣ÿϲ
֪ĸʲôʱϴÿϲ֪ĸʲôʱ𴲣ĸڴ˵ʲ
ôʲôҲһŲ֪ѩƮ˯СϴʱƳ٣ѩƮ
£ͲϴѩƮĹ£֭ջŲο

ϣСڴϷȥ챻ӿĦˣǿ˯ҹ
ͻȻУʦŲš񻨰οһСǵû
аͣ޺šʦ˯ţҾ˯
š

˯һͷӳˣһţ˯ҲҪ˯ٿһ
㡣ӳĴֱԴӣСһʱ
Ȼðţһȫƽ

񻨰һӳ̾һ

̾һӳһ

˸ӳҷ˸

ҷ˸ӳ˸

ӳͻȻһԾ𴲣ͷֵ磬һǽ֮ѷ
¡

ɽԺ˼ҵͰ󶼷˯ˮͰһ޸ǣߣŮá
ʹиͰģһǹŲõϱͽİװ(Ů)
ǰһŮ㲻ʹиͰϹһʹ޸Ͱ
һΪϱĸף͸ǰһˡҲʹиͰнİ
ɽԺһ

Ͱ˼ңһ˿סԽũé޺͹
ҲһұȽԶͰ˯䣬൱ھ佨
ͼľǸ㡣ζõģ뱫֮
Ͱ֮ԣ಻Źһ°Ͱ˯ţܾÿ
ȱ˵ʲô

ӳҵͰ̫ˣͰ巢ڷùõ϶
ָ״׾צơɽԺķݳƬȫΪľʣ
ҵķݣˣڰ¶϶ܲӣϸĿɴ
Կסӷ϶Ȱ˯飬
ߺʹƺҲѬʹͰߣȻ겻ɢ

ӳҵé޾෿һٶףöңȻѧ
ޡѩƮҪֵѧÿɨӳҵé޳ȫɾé
ޡѩƮӳҪֻˮͰǽߣʮסȻ
ѧɽʰëβͣȥ֦⣬һбǽϣγյ
ǿռ䣬һΪвһΪŮѩƮͣ˼߲ˣ
ͰȥˡͼϲʣѩƮ߲˳ƺճá

ӳڴس̡˵ҵģҿһ϶
û˯ãģҹҲˣǲʲô¡ӳһ
죬̹·ĵݣӳ³һζʮ㲻Ҳ˯?
㲻ͣĥҾ֪¡

˵ʦģҲɣǱһ룬ΪҲ֪
ӳ˵֪ƨ˵ҵȻ֪㲻ҹˣ
õεδ̫һ

ӳһ˵һ˿˵ˣʦ
ˣϵˣͷӳ˵˵
ô룬²èô룬Сô룬Ҳ㣬㾡롣
ӳһ˿³һŨ̹Ļƨ
ү밢(˴Ů֮)ô룬ǿ̫ô롣

ӳ˵꣬죬ĵ̻ң̸ϣϴ£
˯һͷһţ˯컹ҪءȻӳ˵һ䣬
԰Լ뻵ˣɲܰʦ뻵ˣȻү֣
֮⣩㲻

һӳСȣҵģ۵ģܰѰ
뻵ֻߣˣܰŮ뻵밢벻Լֻ
Ż뻵Լ

ӳҪӻСͻȻ˵ûУ˯š
˵ף̣ԭװ˯͵˵Ҵ򰡡ӳžһ
´أڿʼ˭׼˵˭˵Ҹ˭ʮ()˯

รˡ


Ů

Զ



ȻҲǣţǿϣͻܿ
ѿ˳ſʸĻ

01ʶȻ

һʽνĲѧ¥ŴֱһССĹ㲥ң
ǹ㲥Աÿʱֵ࣬øѴҡ֪ͨͲ͸

ųȥһƺƺһԲ͵ľ޴ʯƻ裬мȪ
ӨˮЦš

ȻһרҵѧУʱͬѧʳƷרҵҶרҵ
ȻҶѧУ㲥ԱһԱ

ȻÿֵҪҵͨ˵Ҵطҳϣ
Ϸˣͨ˵òôáȻͨ˵ú˵ĳص
쵼ɲ

Ȼһ˫С裬һ۾°͵Ůķ
ϧǣǶǸǲòǸ͵Ǵ
ͳԲ

㲥ҵŮܶ࣬ҿϵŮ϶Ȼһλл
СŮҲǱˣð׾ٺܿ죬ҵ
䵽ҩȥˣټѾǼʮԺˡ

ҵȻʶȻòʣȻͬѧһ
ʱȷʵȱʶ˵۸ڲһ޻
ǸδңʶͰУ׷ˡ

02ټȻ

ټȻʱѾ䵽ʡǵһо¼оˣ
Ȼ䵽ĳƫƧһǳμԱ

һΣоֽо쵼Ǽһǳһ
ͼֽ

Ǵ˰೵շתʮСʱŵسǣֻ˵һֽСС
ĦгǰڽǳסǳдʱҲ֪Ȼ
ǳһҲסд¥ϡ

дһ򶫵Ĵӣˮ񣬸
ɽһķʥءдΪ¥ʽǸǰ
ԮĿ֮һǳԮġ

һҵλͬȥһλŮͬ¸ðˣԶȻ֪ˣͽ
ǵϡͬºȡ

ǾȻǼªĵϴææ֮У
ƳȻΰڷ

óƬȻͬʱĵƬһǸʱ
ڣ꼾һרҵѧУʱڣʮʮһꣻǽƬ
οƬӦǸн׶Σһӣεݽר
Ȼ㲡

Ҵһһഺţػĸ̾ŮһҪ
Լʱ޳ȥ

Ů˵־ͷӳഺŵŮص㣬粻Ů˵ְ
øֻƣ磺ľ÷÷

ǸѣҲû˽Ƿȥ룬ʹ룬Ҳ
Ϊ

ȻҳʶѧУ㲥ңټǳд˵飬˵
ԵɡȻȷʵˣʹôȥҲܷһ㡣
޶ۣûʶ

03Ȼ

꣬ǳȷʵ޴ĸս
󣬻ǨƲףʹƱƱƱط־ʮձ顣

Ȼʹſ£һ겻ͲȻˡԺ
ֹȥ˼꣬Ȼļ޵ˡ

Ȼ˱Ҳһʲô˲õ飬ÿһλŮӶҪˡ
һʯӶˮﷺһþͻƽ˾Ȼ˻
Ϊͬѧҵע⡣

ȻŮһö񷶱һĹӣС죬˵ӣ
˵ϸôһٯζҲûʹ漮ˣǲ
ǽˡ

ţҪ˵ǳس϶Ҳ׷ߣ
Ϊʲôڵһİأʣϸһ£
˼νߴߣˮʹ˵Ȼһ
ĵؽŮӣһפһԶĿꡣ

û뵽ǣȻ¼޵

ȻһйܶĽȫͬѧҵԺ
ȫӲཻƽߣ߸ĵ

Ȼ¼޵ǸǡҸһоĹˣҺ
һͨͨĹˣҲûʲôѧòҲڣ˵е
Ʀ

һʻţϡȫƥ䣬Ե

еۣΪе޷޲ƽѡֵ

Ȼѡʵӳ˵ʱŮеκͶ˵Ŀ

ȻһŮˡһλʶ˸ң˵ƽʱɷ˵
ǽεεġǡȻھӡҸȥ˼棬
һʽ׷֮һӣ֮Է˵
֪ȻڼңԼ˵ʼû
ǰȥ棬һá

λ˵Ӳ֪ʶȻ֪Ȼͬѧ
˵һ䣬ھŮ˺ҲͻȻʶȻŮ˼
ĿõġǰȫûʶҶŮʶȫԵʱ㲥
ֽŮȫǸʽ׳磬Բ
һŮʽĸǿͬѧȻȴ֮Ÿ۰̨С
ʷʢв𽥱ʶġ

ȻĻȻ˿еơӷ㣬֪֮


04Ȼҵʼ

ȻӦ֮顣

зͥĹϵܻ֮һĬͳŵǾǽ֮
зͥ˶ϵȻʡǹ

˵ǻеûа顣İôģ˭
˵һǧͥһǧְ顣лٶĳ潻
ⲻûĽڽĶ١

ִִİ鶼ѧƷ鹹ġû
ִ飿϶У١ĻǸģ
ֲĻͰ飬Ҹ㣬ʵаٷ֮ʮŶڡ

ȻĻûаĳɷ֣Ӧûеġɷŵı־
֮һԸȻһԼҪʡǵģôƫһ磬
سǶǽǳܵʡѾǿ󲽡ǳһ
ʡһǸÿһһ׵顣

ͥȻʡǡҽһʡԺרҵԿ
ĹߵһӦֿһ󲽡

һܹõġ潻潻û
ĳɷڣеģΪʼȻԸģûǿ
ͷ

ںܶǰг֮ǰ顢齨ͥ
һ޴蹵

ԺоĹʲ̫һԺҪǻͼƣν
ġ«ָǵĹʡоǿ˵̽ۺ
ǿͼֻǹһС֡仰˵оĹ˼һ㣬
ԺĹһЩ

ȻԺ˵רҵġȻòܳ
ԺǸĿԽԽ࣬ҪһЩĿ㹫ص˲ţ
ȻǵĹҪȻרҵͬʱּԺĹع

أʱһʡֹϵߣͨؽڣ
ϵе󻬼

κְҵһ;˱ֽԺáȻ
ںһˣһ׺ü֮䣬̸֮һơ
ĺĸоʹ˲ȥ˺ϧҪӦЩ
ϰʵڲˣһЩһЩϰͻڰ
Ϊ

ȻˮʱϼӦҲȥӦ裬
衣Ȼڹػʶ˸ͷȻѾԭ
ȻˣȻĻԻʱڡ

05 ȻϹϯ

һ˾ʳƷ˾ǰʳƷʮȫиҵ
ĸĸ￪ƽʵСץСߣʳƷĹְܣ
˹һضСҵĹȨ˵ͷָȨ
ʹʳƷȨԽԽСϼһػĸͳһй
ҶҪת͡

ʳƷҲתΪʳƷ˾

ʳƷ˾־ʮĴѧǸУĴѧһʱѧ
У裬־ᰮİþǸʱġ

ڹĽӴУȻʶ־־ҲȻлͻ
ϸ־ȻڵĹ˾ι¡ʳƷ˾
ȻҵӪҵ˾ҲмʳƷ˾ʳƷתͶȻǴ
λȻĹһְڸƼȻէ͸һ
ѾԺĴöˡ

ȻʳƷ˾ַԼسڹְλڿ
˼Ծְÿظձݳʹ֮Ļ
Ȼ֯ʳƷ˾ǻúΡΪʳƷ˾˲ٹ⡣־
Ȼϲɫÿÿڹ˾СϱȻ

ڶ⹫˾ҵӦ꣬ȻҲᳵ·Ӧ磬־
߲ȱٵҵǸɺ֡

Ͱʮҹĸ￪ųڣڹʵС˫ơ
ɹһתͶĹӪҵͷմйһصĹְܺȨ
ȻְܺȨ𲽱,Ҳгķ
ôĿĽͲţëʵ쵽ʱĹ˾Ч
õúܡй˾ȻڵʳƷ˾еɻش
ת͵Ĺй˾ְԱ͵͵͸¶ϢǣԭǣӴ
ǰ빲冪

ȻǸʱʳƷ˾ģ˺ʱ˹Ҿ
ĸ￪ŵͷ೵

ȻڹλԽԽ𾢣þ͵ƼĹϯ
ڷְΪ˾ġ˾ÿһλְʱõԹ
͵һ⡣ְסԺȻҲԹˮӪƷȥ
ҽԺ̽ϲȻҲıߡְ£ȻҪڸ
ҴһȦǮְʱְȥȻҲ
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˾¶ϲġСáʳƷ˾ְȻ
еĳƺǶ˵Ŀ϶ҲǱʾǶϲ

͵ȻʶӦڡءɫһ
ת˾ÿ궼нһЩˣǵУҲвջ
ӣҲóػšԳԺȺӭ˲赹ˮѳΪ
ȥʱһĻȻ֡

Щƽʱ¶ԻУҲץס
ĳЩӻˣԻʮУץš

Ȼһڰջˡ

պʱҪפһƻ򸱴ϵĸɲԿڰ
ְسȻܹ̥ܲץסһ¥أ

06 Ȼְس

ȻʱתϹ˾ϯ֮һλѵõתץ
סûУ

ץסˡȻԴηľץסεѵûĳعְ
سˡ

ǼҽأǡȻͬһ¥ϰ࣬ȻĹ
ΪҶ

Եֶ㲻ŻСʱҲ̫
ΨĶԽνɡԽ࣬ܶ
˵ɸ˵

ְسйɫɲһ;ְԱһо
򸱴쵼ɲڹְĹУһְһ꣩֯
𿼲ְɲڹְڼıְвְ

Ȼڹְɲٮٮߡ

ȻְسΪعҵչıߣȡĿרʽ
Լרҵ֪ʶɹｨһҴʳƷõطḻ
㹽ľزӹɸ߸ֵƷܵıú͡

07 Ȼ߷

ְһع˾Ȼθù˾ܾι
ϯʱȻҵչﵽĵ߷ʱڡ

Ȼְһ꣬Cʦ֯ǵѧУĲֹ㲥Աۻһ
ΡȻ֪ͨҲμӡǴξۻȥһ챢ˮĵطʱǸ
ڸ죬һũׯ

ʯͻרҵλͬѧμˣлרҵǸǵСŮ
ҲμˣһŮͬѧCʦǹ㲥ңҵʱ
Ϊǹ㲥ԱһźӰCʦ죬ҺΪһϴ
ѧ»ҹæ

ȻæǰæʮֻԾ

µһ죬ˬһȥװտĸʳġ

ѧУڣһŮͬѧ뿪Цǲǹ
ԱеܵǵһͬѧӴ࣬Ǽǲ
ңҲǲǡȻû˵ڣ˵ˣ

лǸСŮѲе󣬴ŴȽ
Ҳûǰˡ

ͬѧۻһ㶼ɷʢʿٰ졣ν
뾡Īʹ׿ն¡Ȼĵ߷ʱڣٰ
һǷĹ㲥ԱۻᣬҲ˳ʵ顣

Щ۷壬˳˳ˮ־Ȼľ߱΢ͼ
ѣĥѺۣ۷塣

˵һлٿܶһЩѣۺͿѵͬ
ʱҲĥһ˵Ժ־

ȻһǿϢ԰Ůˡ

ۻУҿȻʩ죬Цݿ䣬ֹţ̸˹ģ
ͬѧǿͿģûΪְλǸ߾ĸˣʵ
˵һ

ΪȻͬѧ֪ܶŬ۹̣ҴĵΪȡ
õĳɼеˡ

ʵһһԱǵ껹ڣҾȻֵ
ӵİ졣

ɽׯ·ڹ·߸һݹͣҶ˵ơȻ
ֳ̺죬ŮЦ绨

08 һȥ

֮һڽȻסͬһϡң
ϲϲ裬˵ǺϳҪĵرϣ
ҲμǺϳš

˵Ҳϲһ˵ģڲڣ¾롣

ҿóȻ۾Եúʧ˵˺ܶ೪ĺô
˵߷λѽѽǿ߹ѽȵ
ȵȡ

Ҿ˵öܶԣȷʵһäʱԹѧ
ַ١Ӻʹٵȵߣûһѧóɡҵë
ף治Ȥ⣬ÿһѧҶȤѧλ
òҪĽö֮ҾĶֺʧȥȤ

ҵʱȻ뻹ǡ³һЩĺ⡣

ٺҺܶûڽȻˣ˵ȻŮϺ
ȥˡȻĶŮѧҵ֮󵽴Ϻչȥˡ

ȻȷʵʺϵһĳµЩ׷
һ׷ϽˣϺȥ׷һָµ

ҶĶǺܳٶۣѧҲʱ
ҲˡҲӦȻѧϰûѧ裬׷߲
ľḻԼ

⣬ھǽһɫȻŵúңʮ
譲ӶĿǴԮ𽥵ǽ档ֻܑ
ûĵܽô߹󣬵ͲãĻ俪ǵ
ɵ

Ǭסססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

īִй֪ʶӵͬ



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³Ѹʵ˿Ļ˶ͽҳԽһֵй
ʵԼľ˼ԡ±ࡷ´ĳЩǶϵۡ

ǹսʱڳͼΡīӡīӽֹս
ιĹ¡С˵Ũīزʵīĵγﱸι
˵εĹ̡ЩݹȻʣҵģȴС˵β
һλīϺֹս֮󣬷ιĹ;


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ι磬ͱѼأ߽ǣļȹӣļȥư
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ۣܹţīĬĬƷðž޴յĳʹ
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һһٶй־ʿ֪ʶӵͻᷢ
ʵ޴ڡʱڡ

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֪ʶӵҲԴ֪ʶӵĲпᣬԼӳĴ
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ȻܶԱ꡶ǹīģЩпġֱ
֪ʶճб⡢衣ġһᡷ
ƵڡڱšպλȴȨѬĴ
ѹɧţͬŵ֪ʶҲѹŮ֪ʶӱǿ飻
ڰմѧ족ԱУƭ
߻أν̵֪ʶҲӺѧ衣
˳Ӹصһ׵йʱȻΪܿѵйϰ
Щ¡йǿû뵽ȴЩʵӡ˼
˶ĸĥ˶ʮꡣ

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ĥ

˵ĸѾǹȥʱˣǸ˵ɵ˿
ŵ21ͣǹ֪ʶӵ̬ȣı
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֮ߡ

֪ʶԽƷ¸еҷʮһֱΪ
źǣйгŸ˶Էӵá裬Щ
ӵĳУһЩǹٷĴ֣ǻи
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ǵİҸ˶һ

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ݵӵġ񲡡áڶֱѹܿԺ
Ϻ¼󣬹۶ԷռǡĿиĹۣ
ЩáˣǷϣػġȨ֮˫˺й


зǳ̵һ㣬ӺͷһЩй֪ʶӣǱһЩ
˿ϡѪͷñӣָЩ֪ʶñ¶Һ͹˵Ŀ
ȡ򡢻ȡ档ֱԸӵĴѡ

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й֪ʶӲֵıߣǡѪͷġ
˨񿵴塢ֺ۰Ƶˡ

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н֮ڷר¡Ϊͱڡ
Ȼ³Ѹ£ƵġǿҵйӸԡӸԵ
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ӵġġδصõ͡ñڡź֮塱ˡ
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Ȼĸж֪ʶּ˵ķǡ塢ڰ׵ߵȺ
ףҡĸ֪ʶӵǷ³Ѹ֪ģֻ
벻ôءпᣬڼȨ֯ͶħĲ߶£ɱġ
ĮľĶ֪ʶӺ͸ߣġ̱Ⱥ

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顣ǹҲ⡣ʱι˵ıֺ;״̬

ǽҲƾɣмʯͷǹ߿ѣ
ֻмڹƺ㡣

ǴԼҲϢˣī롣ϸЩˣȴûԼѧ
档

ƴǶ߽أ˳һ֣һߡ
ҲҲƽ̶ż۵ӣȻǵҲ
ĻɫֵϸճĻƳ

ģˣҪī롣

ڴǰУƶ⣬ҲûʲôҪ
ϢҲѾ˵ģȻұϰˣǻܹˣ
ر𣬿˭ֻʣһʳҲûʲôҡ
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У֮һֱ໥ĥ衢ӺľĮŤƶ
бȻ淨򡣡Ϊ˳񣬸Ϊйƽĳ̬

״̬ƴ֪ʶأ֪ʶΪԳ
һʵһ˽ġ˫ر׼뷨Ȼ뷨ʱҲ
ڣڿ͹ϣ֪ʶҲȫʵԼ֪ʶ
ƻȡһЩ桢õĳλһͼܿһЩ档

Ȼ֪ʶһЩϵıϵԽҲ
˸ҡȻľҲڻ۳ޡߺޣ
һлɳˣͻᱨԵġλߡʵУȨ
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ġλߡڴ²Ҳǡ

֪ʶӱȽ⣬ǿȨŴʿ
ͲұҪݣ类ٷĿšʥĴ֪
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ȻҲֵðЩ¸λʧȥֵ֧֪ʶӵɳͲ̤ͨ
ֲԼ걻̤ϡ

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ĸʱƽҲ֪ʶӸҡֵͬ飬еһ
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ҲƽȣԴǱЩ³ľ͹ΪáרѹȺ
ϴŤЩҲװͿ֪ʶӡ

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ģǲпͳߵĲпԽԽ˿ɰ˿
ȻӦͬǱģȥȶ˺³Ѹǿ
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˼׶ҪȴΪס

³ѸˣȻһֱйӸԡ֪ƽڵĶĳЩǶ
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ģֿĸжİĸһЩȺ֪ʶҲˣ
ȺĲͶѧҵǰϣ幩ҽѧоĿѧ
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йͬҪ֪ʶӣҪīӡԭŸ䡢
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ӣ˻̫١õԶԶӰûޡ

Ȼйĵ֡ѧѭĸרͳεѹ˼
ѧӣ֪ʶΡڹŴԼҡĸ
ʱڣй֪ʶȻǰ޷ķḻԴ绥
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Դձƽڣܶ߼֪ʶȨ󸻺ȡࡱ
ھųϵĹˡǻżܲתΪ桢һֲת
Ϊʵͬľ硢ãȻЩü浫Ҳ
ʹࣩЩƽûеĻϡģҲе
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Դ;϶١ҲӦ÷
ҳϺͶȰȻھĶˣһӣҲ
ԷǵĹڦӦ÷λߡǱ͡λߡ
üǧָ׸Ϊţ

֪ʶΪ񸶳̵ɣΪӵ֪ʶ˼룬
ΪùҺ硢ϵһжΪġΪ
Ϊ̫ƽÿ֪ʶԳΪ֪ʶӺӦ縺ʹ
ǱƽڶһЩ֪ʶһЩ˼룬ΪҫչʾԽУҲӦ
ýԼḻľ˽Լһ˻߽֪ʶӣ
Ӧþڡݼʵնһ֪ʶ˼Ҫ
ǡáͺ硰ڡѧ
ʷΪ˽֪ʶҲӦþ
֮Щʲô˼ֵʵɾͣΪ
һƣ̸Ҳǰ˳

ʷϵīӺͬǣڽһƽ˾
ﾡõᡣԭûгɹҺͷ˼غΪ
ʷĻī˼δʧҵһЩ˼񱾡ڼҲ
ī˼ϣȻи죩20ͳǿ׸šĻ˶
Уī˼ֱἰ³Ѹļֵī˼Ϊơ
³Ѹƪй־ŷġǹӦŶīӵ¾

³Ѹǹйīӻعڲ鹹
īӡеġ䡷һڡīǶ֮ûз
룬ǼǸսƵԡǰѹȡ񳯲Ϧ
ͼġ氮ǹ롣ǧ³ѸڸܺС
֡ũҵ߿ʱҲڳҰ˷ڦ
źֹΪź屼ߺšһڣԷٸá
ƶ⡢Ȯйʱں²ż汸ػ顢
ܽȼü֮ıԶǵ֪ʶӡ

īӡ³ѸɼΪĸ֣塢ƽĺƽ
˵ĺƽǧʷȥˣй綼δʵ
֡ϿѵѾǧǰһǰõĶ
ƽԶ־ʿܶĽҪ̳īӡ
³Ѹ־ȿɰֿһЩĺǶЩ
ҸЩѡ


Ұ˥ô

Ĳ⡤

ڳе˶԰԰ĻУź׷ͯ
յߺ˳ĲҩŽͨıݺ˽ҳռл
߽塢԰ʫĻҲˣ׷ͯոδ˥
ҩҲȲҽơȻˣϵȴʼδ
ɽؾûгϵɣ廨ŵĶǷСࡱ
أ

˥ʱ޿̲Ĺ̡ʹԵᣬҲͨ
۲쳤ζ²ˡ࣬ĳҲ˥ϡʮ
꣬ʮ꣬èʳ˶½˯ҪԶ
Χʱ䡣ɴ˼ˣǿ׵Ϊжﶼ˥ϡʵ
ôҪش⣬ҪпķʽҰ˥ϡ

˥һۺϵḶ́˶³´лֳȶά
ȡҰͨı仯ӳ˥ϣsenescenceΪ
ֻҪ֪ͿԻã˶³´лָҪΪ
ȷĹ۲⡣ʱ˥Ͼͷˡ̬ѧе˥
ָܷ棬Ⱥ֣仯

һʱĸԸõۼʣ1ȥۼ
ֵõʡı仯̬ѧкպ
survivorship curveֻҪиߵֵͻ½
һӶ½ߣ½ķȷӦʣ׼ȷ
˵ǣߵб˲ʱʣPearl1928Ϊ
߿ɷΪ͡Iں½ֱ
ڴ½IIߺIII
ߣߵǷд½Ḷ́СԼ
㶨б½Ұ

ȻIIߺIIIߵҰʲ
ӶӢѧLack1943о֧
άȶ½Jonesȣ2014˸ʲ
İࡢࣩһƺãҰгŲ
˥ϵİ༰˥ϿԴڲϰߣǿ
ͨʦȻʵֲ˥ϡע⣬Ĳ˥ϲ࣬
ȺʲʵҲǺջģ˿
һԶ

Ұ˥ϵ֣̽ǻ̬ѧе۵㣬Pearl1928
Ŀǰ̬ѧ̿ı䡣Ұ˥ϵ˼
̬ѧ̿飬һ飨벻ˣǷ
дġ߰Ļ˥֮աһ
ͼһѧҺͺŸʱ͵źӰʮĲɣѧ
Ϊ꣬Ÿȴޱ仯

ҰĲ˥ôһ蹵༰ĶҰ
ָôҰﲻ˥ϵĹ۵㣬һֱɡBotkinMiller1974
ͨۼ㣬óʲʱ1000ֻŸ1ֻܻ170
ꡣѻ־Ÿӽ30ֻ35꣨Դŷ໷
־ģhttps://euring.org/Ԥʵʹ۲ھ޴Ĳ졣
սѧ˵ȻѡڱкЧʲߣϻ
ЧԣЧָкᵼڵ
ӡ

ΪۺʵʵĹ۲ⲻĿǰĽֹ֣۵㶼ΪҰ
˥ϵģ˥ֻһּ1ҰоС
šϸĶףᷢ۵վסŵġʹҶLack
1943оҲǧڶ˥ϵ
о2Ϊµintrinsic aging-related mortality
磬µextrinsic aging-related mortality
磬ʳֻµʲŻΪ
۵ڽ⣬ֻǽ⸴ӻܽȻֿô
±вʳ3Ӳ񡱣ѡ
ĺҰ˥ϵо

ҰǷ˥ϣ仯⣬XiaMiller2022
ϿչоҪʣҪ֪Ұ
֪ġҰǸǿȵļ⣬֪Ұ
䡣ͨǣ磬־ࣩĹ۲⣬
õ۲reported lifespanøһα¼ʱ䡣
ͨù۲ʵʡв
ǵҰ˥ϡĹؼ

۲ʵֻһα¼ʱ䣬
δ֪ġ˶ǿĶ磬ࡢࡢ𣩣ɢ
о򣬴Ӷٱ¼ɢͨʱӳӡ
͵¸ĸԽ϶̵ʱڱ¼ֻĸԽϳ
ʱ䱻¼ΪĹ۲϶̣߹ʱʡֻ
нϳĹ۲ᵼ¸ε½ܵ
Ӱ죬Ӷױȷ㹲ͬõ»ڹ۲
Ұʱᱻȵ͹رֳ
½

ǵĹ۵ΪҰʲ仯½
ܿһּּù۲ʵָҰ
͹ˣ͹ȵľȷҪһо
ҲŶӽڷܶĿꡣ

Ҫοף
Botkin, D. B.,	& Miller, R. S. (1974).	Mortality rates and 
survival of birds. American Naturalist, 108, 181-192.
Jones, O. R., et al. (2014). Diversity of ageing across the tree 
of life. Nature, 505, 169-173.
Lack, D. (1943a). The age of the blackbird. British Birds, 36, 
166-175.
Lack, D. (1943b). The age of some more British birds. British Birds, 
36, 193-197, 214-221.
Pearl, R. (1928). The rate of living. Knopf.
Xia, C., & Miller, A. P.	(2022). An explanation for negligible 
senescence in animals. Ecology and Evolution, 12, e8970.

͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

ӾĹ£ئߡئˣ

̡ʡ

ئߣ

պͷָӽɽĺӲǺֱܿ
μ뱸սйصоĿԤٵķ籩ߴٷ
ĽѧλԶУȴҲûǿе಻㡣ά
ɺͻûоʽޱʿѧλ

ǶȫͶԭӵ̡պάרעںȼϵƱ
¿ŵ˹Ī˹طֱ1945սǲŵ
ʰҵ½ǰĳɹǵĵһƪķ꡶ִ
ۡز60յרϣûΪԺ

ӵһĵ籨֪ͨøŵս
뿪ʿƾߵоԺѡȻʿ
Ȼܵɴв

ںɭѦ̺͵˵ͻ֮ǰֹĲԭ
ȽʾĲͬѰ벣һίԱӡ
ְɭһ֮³ɹ˰佱
Խϰֱɭ1944ȥʧ

ûȥ콱ߵоԺΪǵĵһŵ
ףڶףУ˹̹ļ˷̹
ġʮµػζһĻоһλϹָ
ԼΪ̳ˡŲ֪Ҳǰ˹̹רŸ˹¸Ħ籨
Ϊ

ϣк˹ٵһΪٰơƻᡣ

1946꣬˹ٴѧΪףУ200ٰһϵѧά
ڶαһ̽֡δⰲѾУѵķΪ
ܡṩĸȴΪʧλżѾ
ǰѽڣоʵ˼𻨡

Ȼݽƽƽֻ÷Լسƴ
ڻػԾաĲߣվҪ㡣

֮󣬷ڶⲽǰѯһֱ⣺
˵ƪʱǷ֪ν
ġȡʵһֱӵȹϵΪȣҲֻһ
𣿡ת߿ˡ뵱һԼ˼·ûȤ

ȺƼ˹Ī˹Ϊжһ޶ǡԼ
еĻǡĬõһ°Ҳһ˿ڵ¡
ͷ˾۲ıڵսȨԸʲô
ʱҵرۡʱҲ編ƣȴ޷ܷʽ
ֱʡ棬ʶһֱûкøСҲǸ޷
ˡ

άҲͬСеķȴǡڶˣֻ
Feynman is a second Dirac, only this time human.

Ǵ󹦸ɣ׼ػƽʱΪ
ǱؽȵǣԼڵĿζѧ



ڰѦûٱսΪûв
жȨ෴ҵϣֲ˼
ӰݡϣºСŮϵر任µˡã
Ϊ˺ֻŮеѦ
в㡣ԼûкӵİһտɷĹѪ

ڶȴֻùè絽
һϵнѧѾ죬Դ΢۵ԭӡӽṹ
ȻЩϳġʲô
What is LifeΪòϢĳ飬ִѧĵԶ
Ӱ졣

˰Ѱ˹̹ȴڡС״̬ɴ¹вǰ
˹̹ʱһĺƽѰһЭľ
СΪͬ鹲ɣ֮⣬ֻżΪṩһ
ѯֻڸߵоԺеһͳһۣ
ʵ缸˹̹ģеҲѧ
ֵָԵĺʱдǾ޽е⡣

ʱû֪֮İ˹̹ʵҲȼļ顣
Щз֮С16ĿϿޣMargarita
 Konenkovaص¹ϵֱսʱϿ޻Ȼ
Ͽ޵ɷܼңߵоԺΪ
˹̹ͷ񡣣һֱڼҲûܲԵ
ͺ󣬰˹̹ĻƻΪϿޱ鱻ֲŹľȴ
ڿϿ޺ܿһŴ̽ԭӵļ

ŴѦ̺Ͱ˹̹ȻŽܵͨϵھ
Ͳɫͳۡۡ²ⲨѦڽ40ѧ
һֱŰ˹̹ĲڸEPRӵġȴ˺
ʺѦʱҲһͷͳһۣݰ˹̹Ψһ֪Ľɫ
еѦ鰮˹̹ɴҲᵽǵ
ڰֵĴʱ⡣˹̹ӦԼٻ֡

˹̹ϸѦͨоչֻǵŬ
֤·ֻͨи̾³ͷѦ
ţƵƵΪѳµӣҪͷͬʱǫر
ʾ˹̹ȡʨӣԼڸѰһЩСӡ

ڣս19471£ѦڴʱʨǸ
ףڰҿѧԺݽѾɹؽŰ
˹̹30Ĵ⡣̣رƪ빵رǡԼġѦ
̵ʷͻƣȾ޾尮˹̹Ȩʵĳ
Խ

ڹýϣ˹ֻ̹˼򵥵͵ĻӦָѦ̵·
˽ѵĹϵ񻯣׼ҪϷͥ߶Էԣ
ֻȰ˵ա˹̹Ѧ̽͡Ǹţ
жϵ



194761գ20λ¹ڳѧŦԼļϡմ
μӿСѧһϾɵĴͳȥڷ
ǵжעĿǺ󲻾ãһĦи
ѧҺ𾯵ƣһ·ͿͳɿԵһҲ͹ݡ
ΪЩṩ˷ʢʳ

͹ϰĶӺ;ٱ˶̫ƽսϷۡԭӵûü
ĻյܵܣǰϰӺ;ٵľʹǽЩ
صĿѧΪˣԷرм֮⡣

ѧҵλսﵽ߷壬뽮ƴɱľһӢ
Ĺ⻷ԭӵ֮⣬Ƶ״ͨѶ豸ҲӮʤĹؼ
ؽʽͶѧиȽ֡

ϵѧ˼ȴϡǸոսս
¼ʰ𳾷ġʼǡʱеϣ˽ⱻս
оµĽչ

ڷͺֶɵλںϿлص
һҶȼùס£ΪĻ顣Ѿﱸһ
ⳡϡάģʽΪ˼һͬͬס
һĻ⡣

ʵֻʽάơά
1933۹ͣˣ1948ָһֱȴ
ûյķ⡣˵ûűĹ崫ͳȻҲٰ
Ů׵ʢ硱ǵ34Ļⶨûа˹̹
û˶ѷԪϣûпն١ֻȣIsidor
 Isaac Rabiһŵߡ

βֵĿĬʱ53ꡣΪ
ߵоԺʾͽ롣϶50긻ǿһ
СıǷ30ꡣڲԶδ֮лλŵ
ߣһѧ

˿ĬǶڳΪ񡣶֮ȴнһ
˳ŷޣ롤ŵء˹Ʒ̩աױ˵ȡҲ
ѧһӰΪϣյߣΪ¯
ô˲룬һԾΪƼ

43꣬ѾΪԭӵµİ±Ĭ֡żɽ
ȱµʵչ

ΪԭӺڴųеġ˴Źnuclear magnetic 
resonanceոջ1944ŵѾθױǴѧϵ
ΡйѧؾĿϣǸױǴ
ѧͬѧһѧŷѧڼ䣬Ⱥʦĩơ
ҡսͣƸһͬ״о˲ţ
սзչ΢תΪоǰδеľȲԭ
Ĺס

ΪӴеСžأmagnetic moment
ЧӦڹ֡ԺɭоЧӦʼ֪
ʵڻ͸¶ڸױǵͬ¿ʩPolykarp Kusch
ֵӵĴžرԤֵ΢һ㡣ţҲǸױǵķ
Willis Lambֹԭӹ׾ϸṹҲϲӦ
е߷ѡ

ʩķֱֵġӷžء͡ķλƣLamb shift
һα¶˵ӵ綯ѧȱݡ֮ǰǸƯֻڼ
л󣬵ȫ֮óʵ
·ֱдűֵڸǵʵ󣬱
ԵǸܵӰ졣1955꣬ʩķŵ

ȡʵֵΪлصϵĶս
Ǿһ𷴸и㣬ȴ޹Ҳչ
ʾǶص·֣㷺档ûܿǸħ
ʽ

Ǳڻ󷵼ҵĻҳƵķλƵ;ã
ͬ䡢ҲǹŵĹѧʩ¸Julian SchwingerҲȡ˳ɹ
ǰЩֵϲʽĵɣ¶Ϊ
ʵֵɡеʧʣļ
׼ȷ˵ӷžغķλơķʽ
renormalization

±Ĭź顣̶̾ŸºڱϦݵɽ
ؾۡΣǻ˲ˡάɵµͻơ

ʩ¸һʱϸؽƵ̡һһķ
ϵسںڰϣĿϾȴҲİ˸Сʱ
ڵó˷ϸױǴѧĵӷžغķλƽ

Ͻ̨һѾƣ۲ڱʾ·Ҳ
ܵóͬĽֻҪʮʱ䡣ںڰдĲǹʽ
һϵпͨʽͼͼŵӡߵ·ͻײ
գȴûгûвտѧӵ·
ʱ˶ĵӣȻ

֮мȴ÷ڵͼֻǲ֪Ƶ췽ҹ
̷̩տŵӷһָΥԭ
ΪɭĲȷԭͷ˵ȷ켣Ĵڣܻ
·ҵġЩȨÿ˶һԭ
ɣһΥšͻһѧ⣬
÷ɾҴҽԼĽ⣬ֻʩ
ͬصóӦеĽֻۣ޷ԵɡΪԼĵʦ
ɣûгΪѧȳ

һŦԼٶʱƲȻʡӢζ
ѧʦӱصоɭFreeman DysonΪǡԾտѧ
ͨʩ¸񷱸߼Ϧദ˺ߵ˼·֤
Ȼͬ㷨ȫȼۣǡ30ǰѧ벨֮֡

λ֮ǰ±Ĭյһձšĳһ
Shinichiro TomonagaҲѾҵ;
꺣ɭ͵ձѧʱһܹȫ
ѧɭڵѧսʱҴҸϻձս
Һսļ໷ԷİȻձ
ȫΪֻ֪е֪ѧҵĶ±Ĭ
ϵ

ɭҲ˳֤˳һɵķʩ¸񡢷ķȫġ
˸Էͬһ۵Ĳͬʽ֮ͬ
1955ŵ

Ƕ̶УŵʮԳ׽±
Ĭ漴ӵ綯ѧѾ󹦸ɣлصʼһϵлҲ
ʹսŷĿٷϴ˵ʱ̣Щ鼰ɾͱ־
ѾԽʷƾõŷޣȡѧȵλ

ķλǹм侫ϸĽṹҪڰ֮һľϲ
ӵ綯ѧҲͬȷֵʱʼѧ
ȷԭԻⲻ׼ԭΪһٳΪʵʼ
ȷȷĿѧ

1949꣬ʿ˽ͺð͡ʿѾǰ
ȥӸ˹̹ĩơɭ
Ѧ̡˵˵ĳŬʩ¸񡢷һɡɭ
ＯɣΪ໥õۡ

꣬ʩ¸ͷʮһɭһ
籾ʿ¡е˽ɫѧҹؼ֮ǰȡ
˵ĳɾ͡ɭĽõġͼFeynman 
diagramϸѧ壬ܿȡʩ¸ķƵΪ
ӵ綯ѧĻԡ



ڸߵоԺʱ˳ȥμӻġԶսѾ
Ϊĳ͡һΣΪ˹̹194970׼ڸߵ
Ժר׫дάǳ۵Ļ䣨ҲΪǳ۵Դ
ΨһϵͳԼ¼ֻǲһ֮ԣ

Ѧжϵ֮ʣ˹̹ٻرܲս
µĹʶԭӵһֲƶ֪ʶ
ʹáɴҲָ˹ȥ顣ȻȻ޷˵˹̹ܸ
ڹͣһĪչطְ˹̹20ǰһĹִ

ĵҲӽ˰ٵԼ۵
ʹΪǸڵɵ򵥴ֱȫ
Сĵظյѧɭôسªһ
Ϊȷġ

ƽ1950ĳɹѧһ裬
ϵ٤Ī׶ءǴͬĵ·ͷӱ
ȷϵͳʷҲظͬزҪ˼Ӧڹѧ
ĻͰ˹̹Ѧ̵ľֻһɵ꣬Ϊǡ

ֻлصϵһ˻Ϊ⡣


ئˣ±Ĭĸ籾 

ͬһԭӺѱĻƺԭӵʵֲֹۡ
ıԱ̩ձʾǻһģƴḶ́ܰ
תΪһ͹󣬲ڲι˹Ī˹ʱò̩
͹ľĺʵǻǰұΪ޴Ĺ

ȻǲǺͺһ˵̩յĹ͡̩
պѧҸΪȵȴǣٹ̵ġԡǻû
֮İ±Ĭ

ĹĶ溣ɭͬ±Ĭһѧңȫû
жԭӵҪʵ鹤Ҳ߱쵼Ŷӵľ
顣ԶԶ纣ɭѾӵеһѧӢҲ
Զңα൱ɿпԱ

һжûټƻܸ˸޷˹Leslie Groves
ȴ۶ߵ϶±Ĭһܶȫֵţ֯
顢ʿ˼룬ЩͷɡרҵѧҸ߱
ʡ

±ĬȻ޷˹Ϻڶ̶ڽڰ
ԭӵΪʵǰ˵ڶս

Ϊ˵õᣬ±ĬҲһ˴ۡڽܰȫ
ʱָԼѧķDavid BohmԱܻǸΣյ
ɫ



±Ĭ1904ŦԼеĸ֮ҡӵ¹̫
ˣ´½ҳΪڷ֯Ʒĸ̡ĸҳǾס
ԢУղкܶ±ĬС䣬ү
үӰϲռʯҲಡøĸ˲ġר
ҵԶҰ

ڶԿʯȤͰã±Ĭϴѧʱѡǻѧרҵ
ѧУΪԣԼ˴ѧѧԼѧγ̣
ͬʱϵشʫʡС˵ˣֻʱ
ҵ

󣬰±Ĭź⣬Ľĵʵҡŵѧ¬
ɪû㹻ѵ֮⡣ݺʵҹ
ķɭȴܿ죬ƶĶԸȱﱩ¶ţ
Ҳ塢̶ڶʵиĲأPatrick 
BlackettļʺͲ±ĬһݹѧԼƻ÷ڲ
صϡҺãûСӮ1948ŵ

֪Ϣæĸĸһð±Ĭڱˣֻ
ơΪо֢ò뿪ʵҺڽ
רоһƬءܿڷƪĺ뿪
͢Ͷ

1927ĸֻ͢СĲӵʱ
ѧĻۼһǵͬˣȻؽ
Ÿּ㡣ѾϰӰİ±Ĭֳһ档
ᡢйڻԾƵƵԴģԼĿڳԡͬ
˲òдҪá±Ĭϵż


ͬദĵ±ĬϧΪһԶĺ
ѡ˶԰±ĬŪʫҲ䷳ԻҲ֪ô
ͬʱ¿ѧдʫڿѧϣҪÿ˶ܶԽ֪
·֡ʫϣȴҪûܶĻȥһЩ˶׵
顣

Ȼ±Ĭ츳۵ļԽԽӦ֡
оӹʱˡ-±Ĭơ㷽ӰԶ
ҲԴ˳ɾͻ˲ʿѧλ

һ׷˹дͨ±Ĭʴϻ۵ȱ
Լ˴δйʹࡣĸ͢Ѿ±Ĭڵ̱ã
Իָˡ

լʺİ׷˹ؼǰڸ͢ڵķԣ
ġʱʼݣӲнɽ󡣵һ±
Ĭȥ籾ʱ׷˹زȥֹ
Ƽ±Ĭȥʿдֻܡͷ
ꡣ

Ȼں±ĬĸԣԴ̣Լ̱
ķȫŵµӡ±ĬҲָȷ
˷еѡѧǰΪ޷ЧӦ
ҪĵСԱ֮ɲ׼ȥдС
˵



̶̼±ĬʮƪӰģɼ׿Ȼûȥ
籾Ľ̻壬ڲ׷˹ءѵҲѾ
ȫ籾ѧɡҲѵִǸʥءڲоġʿ¡
У±ĬĿڳԵ̨ࣨ¶ڸ͢ѧϰΪ
±ĬҲĿڳԣ

Ȼ±ĬΪѧ׷ǡĲõͬʱ˼
ѧԺͼݴѧУƸ롣ݵѧУһһ಻
ǺԶѧУ԰ｲΣҪѧ

ͬĻյȸ籾ʵһ±Ĭֲ
оĻԻͺ֡Լĸ籾ڱݵĲ

Ѿӵ˶ѷļѧԺʱѧ
Ĳë֮ءѧɹİ±Ĭŷ޵½չѧ̳̲
ӱ̺Լѧףһġ

Ϊڵİ±ĬҲɢŶصĸ޳ݣһ˿
ͷԶһСñżҾԣʱѧǰݷڽ
ɽڵĸߵ͹ݡֻ;ԺЩھʱѧС
лϲʽɣܵѧӵһ°ɣ
˵Ľٴ죬Ϊģµ塣еѧ
ѧУ֮䴩󣬲ϵΡ

ķ1941׷ʱ±ĬѾڲ
һġķʦ׻׻̻壺±Ĭ
ʹߡ



ķҲ̫ˡ1917һͨͥ±Ĭ
ͯƶ¶жȹĸ׻о񼲲ʱʱ׵Ĳ
ķֻöԼ顣ڿƻС˵ҵӱʵ԰Ҳϲ
ѧԿѧһϲͨĸ˵صıϦѧԺҵ
ĳɼѧԺ¼ȡΪо

Ĺѧ롣˰±ĬĿκ׷
ʦϣɴתѧ˲

ʱĲǰ±Ĭĸ籾Ÿָ壬
ŵ֯ǾԵĻ
صĴѧˡ±ĬȺ˼ԾѧȻسΪеĻ
ӡڶɴȺ̫˵ߣķҲǩΪɴĹ
ڲμ˼λеζ˵

ķã±ĬΪټƻĸˣʱָ
ѧķò浼ʦѧĿγ̡ȻҲϣ
ԭӵĶ飬⵽ܾûʵŷ޻в
Ϊ̫ˣЩɴ⼯Ӫǰȫ֪Լ
ѾӰĵʦ

1943꣬ķԭӺˣӣԭӺɢļ㣬׼д
벩ʿѧλϣоֶԭӵƴа̱
Ϊ»ܡķȻߣȴʸӴһݡȲܴҲ
дġڰ±ĬΪһ֤Դֱ
ʿѧλ



ս󣬰±ĬΪӢѧн
˹̹˹ٵĸߵоԺټƻбֳǷܣƸ
ԺܹһĿѧٴ漣

ҲھΣ±ĬķΪõѧƼڵ˹ٴ
ѧսڲĻ˲ķʾ֧֡1946꣬ķ
˹ٴѧƸΪڡ󣬻ҲĲķлص


ķûвǸϵļۡʩ¸񡢷ӵѧ
ûȤҲһԵϸڡΪĵ
ѧĻ⡣˹٣һ꿪ѧΣ԰±Ĭ
ĽΪϵͳѧ߼׼Լ̿顣

Ϊ±Ĭ籾ıҵķѾΪͽ
籾ڹ͡ԭһжֻڲɭ˵ķ̸У
ȱһϵͳĲϣԼĽֲ̲㣬һͳѧ˼롣

Ϊˣķ൱ƪ롤ŵĲۣר̽˰
˹̹ɭ˹ͬľ⡣ҳһǵļ
ֱͬ۵汾

˹̹ƪEPRмŴӹݳĹӻ
ߴӺԭзĵӡΪǿʼʱǳӽͬһ̬
ֿ֮ʹнԶҲŻԡһŵλ
ٶȣͻ˲ʱظıһ״̬

ķڶս֮ʱѧѾϤ˵ķ
ӸڷŹֵͼУӺķӻᾭسɶԳ֡
ûǻһŹӣǰһµķͼʾ߸ɴ
еӵġա֡

һԵӡͻȻ֣Ȼᴦͬһ̬С
ͬʱǸԵҲӦñ˴෴ΪԱ֤Ƕغ㡣

ӵǹŵ˹غױ˵ķ֡Ϊ䷴ӵҲ
ȫͬԡȻȺͰ˹̹ķ΢ӵһ
ĳӸͬھתƵתݵ
תȻΪֱͼתʱ˳ʱ롢ʱ
ķ򡣵Ҳͬͬ״̬䡰תᡱָ
Ϻ¡ƾղĵӡӶУһϣһ
϶ᳯ¡

Ȼǵӻӣǳʱģ
Ϻ̬ĵ̬УѦ̵èһֻ
£˲ӵϡԶǿӾͻͬ
ʱ̮Զµı̬

ķļEPRĳûбʵĲֻͬ
پλáٶ֮Ϻμķ״
̬ͼΪӡһèǵ
ı־ôڽֻèǻʱͬʱѾ
ţɲǼ䡰ɱԶߵһֻè



սĽûдεºƽܿΪӢΪ
ǿĶӪսʱ

ԺίԱᡱעʼڹ
ڹڵ͸Ӱ죬ԼܵڼеԺΪ
ҺҲʼעƼ±ĬĲķ׵
塣

1949525գյƱĲķϯίԱĹ֤ʼǷ
ǹԱ֪ʲôǹԱʱķһԮܷ
ܾش

ܷбȨȨBill of 
Rightsʮ֮һڹΪʱɰȨ
Ȩǿȹ񽻴ܶԼĵϢƾһзķȨ
شԱЩ⣬ԾܾԼѡ

ں󣬰±ĬҲԼȥǹͬ·ˣ
ָһЩѧڲڼаķ

º829գը˵һԭӵ硣ר
Ƽҵʵ϶ܹԼƳԭӵûϵ
һĵѸ٣ܲԭӵĻѾй¶

101գл񹲺͹Ӫ19506£
սӪսϱӾƵĶ񻯡꣬
ƻΪݺܵļʹ˼ʹǿʼ˴ģ
ץ˶νġ塱ʱڡJoseph McCarthy
βõĲԱԷΪʵʩȺΪ
Ϊǳ˶ΪԱԺ֤鲢ûֱӹ
ϵ

124գķͻȻ⵽ԡӹᡱߡ
˹ٴѧ漴ȡڿʸȻǻӶ֧ͬʣ
ȴֹ̤У԰

19512£ȻȡеĲķοؿдġۡ
һµĺһʱ޽Уȫ桢ϵͳͳ
ڹͽѧĴдѧԼԼ
Ҳǳ͡һĿ̱Ŀǣķдֿףء

ãķֽӵһĵ绰Ͳﴫ˹̹ǲϵĵ¹
˹̹Ѿݶ˲ķ飬Լ̸һ̸




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Уԣ
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