             ˿µϣ2023115գ

23.01.12-14.ûи
23.01.15, ˿20231º
ʫһƽ֮
Ѷ˿վʮ
ţܭӶʮꡢ鱣
˿¶ѩҾǰʫξۣǳģʫ򹤷
ǬеʷһƪССº⽨
͡ʣӾĹ£ʮʮһ



ԡԡԡ¡ԡԡ˿ԡԡԡ
Σţסԣȣңţģӣ

İڣ
һž´

˿ΪĻۺϿѧʷءѧơ
յȷĿǰĸ̶Ŀţʡۣ˿
¶ʫ衢ɢġС˵Ǭʷܡ֪ʶСƷ
͡͡˻רѡÿʮճ棬ڳ
ר

ҳʰ棺󣮣硡
ڰ棺󣶣
ޡλ
Уӣѧ˾壮


ʫ졡֮

һƽ֮졡һƽ

ţ  һԾǴ
  Ѷƻ۳Ũ
ܭ  ҽ빹
Ӷʮꡡ  ḻҵ
鱣֡
  Ҫʱ
˿¶  Ż̺̾
  Ѿ
ѩҾǰʫ  ˺׵ĳغͻϼ
ξۣǳģʫ
򹤷ޡ  ˪ѩٵļ
  Ұʱ
Ǭ  ü
  O@Ħ
еʷ
һƪ  һֻؿ
ССº⽨𣿡  ոµѿ
  Ŵϴˢµ
͡  Ѫ 
  һ
̡ʣӾĹ¡  ö
ʮʮһ  ҿĵĻ

  (2012-8-24д2022-10-27)

Ѷסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

˿վʮ

һй180ȴת䣬ӡϷءΪȫߴʩ
󣬴ԺʿйԺԺʿ20221216ˣ2021
121ˣ2020123ˣ2019122ˣ2018122ˡ

йȨйݣرǸѧɽ
ҽԺȾĺŶӷϺ׿ָȾ80%ʼն
֢״4%աֻ0.065%ת֢ԶУΪйȫ
ṩѧݡ

ӽ¶̨ġ߶硱ƭ˵ģ̨ģ
ΪԵòأ֢Σ֢ˮ

ġ ѧҷչоԺBiMBAѧԺԺ´ֱҵڡ
Ǵѧ䲩ʿѧλİ䷢ŷ޴ѧƭ˵Ұѧ

塢ʿѧҹ(Iso Kern)¶йѧ㽭ѧ
ĺļе3İ鼮Եѧ

ѧ̽ɯסȿŶѾ16Ĺ
2000ƪģойߡ

ߡδѧ󽱿ѧίԱᣬͤ˳ɹ
õδѧ󽱡δѧ󽱿ѧίԱϯίԱװƣ
Ӧ

ˡѧŮٴΡȻعڿоѸȥ
˹ٴѧְҽѧѧԺԺԺ

š ѧڼ׶ҽƴѧУŮǡѧš
ʱĸʵҲܲͬĿ⣬ƪģ˳Ү
³ѧѧȽѧרҵ

ʮԳƲѧңŴѧҡѧҡ
ѧҡѧңЩ󶼴ﵽˮƽ

ţסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

                           

                            ܭ  

ǼҷͣҼססǰŵĽ淿

ǵðʱ쾮ˣĸ׺ض˵
ȥĻʲôʲôҳ
ŵʱֺĺѡڽͷ̯һխʯ·
ԣȫǵͰƽһЩС꣬ͽϡʯ·
µһ˼ңѰҵ⣬û˿ӡ
Ǻһƺ󣬾óһֽҪëʻʮ֡
Ҳ֪Ϊʲôμĸ׵ָͷŵλãֶ
һһļҲ滭֡º
ǼٲžƱŻġ

ر˯ƤǧأһƬԺüǿ۾ֻ
͵ƵĻͷǰѽģͷϻ˴ĵƻƹֻԼ
ӴһƬ巿ΧʲôӣܾɭɭģЩ¡

֪ʲôʱ뿪ǻ˼ҵģֻǵõʱ
ıϣڽߡһһߵģһֻ˯ȥ
ʲôʱ̵ϴģһҲˡ

ֱҳԺ󣬲ŪҹֽϻǸһһķ
ԭڼǰҼһũأдµǻ˻
ھתʱǰļʵڰȥֻд
һ׻ˡкȥǩֻѺһؼ


һ죬ϵĵ̩ӻ̣꣬ٺ˿ҵʱƣ
ӦʱҲҲȥˡؼʱ˯ţмһ£Ƿ
ϣŽӱߡ

һСӻ꣬Щ̡ˮ̡оֽԭ˿ũߵ
ʮֻ˵ʱʹϼѧ⣬ֱɼҡԼ
꣬ס˶ʮꡣı٣ĻеǴӴϡ̩
ģҲеǴʯׯϵġ˻ȥˣ׬
ӬͷСֻǿά±

еģҼʱѾʮˣǸúܼʲô
ǿͿһЦΧھӸǢѺáˣҼ
ܾľá˽ĻҵĸäеĶ
ʮТʮФʮĽ֪ʶǴġŮ
̣ԸȽûСϲǣرá

Ҵ𣬾ʳݼꡣʱǿսĽʱڣα
ݵ㣬ľݵ㣬ηսʹϵľûȫͣͣ
СҲ޷άֻ֣ûصŻƸϼˣһؼԺ
Ҳûм

һλغʴȵĳߣһֱҵļҷǳϣ
СȥһлȻǲܵ£ȥѾ
ʮʮˡ


                ɣӶʮ

                          

ӽʮʮǰǸСӣȴѱҸߣ
ԶҴ֪ʶҲҸḻǴˣװĶӣտ֣

ÿһ죬ܻпʱ̫졣ǰһ̻ǸĶճ
ҵĺޣһͳһϲеĳˡǲתʱ⣬
Ҳʴȵظ䣬һܰ

ʮǰĽ죬һ壬һ촺ⰻȻģ޺
硣۷۵㱻ǰҸĸо޷ݡ
̥ëδѵգȫ磬ҵĺӣһһ
ʼͰְһһз֮áʱ
ȥ20꣬ǸƤͰ͵ë޳ͦεĴС飬
ÿһƽʱⶼϲ֡ж

һȥ׶԰겻ὲڽſڣ
߽ȥܶຢ۴ޣȫ̰ʦߣȴ
ת⣬˫һգգسҡסᣬӻ֡ʱң
ͬҷŲ㡣

ıʵΣӵĹҲ뿪ĸĹ̡
ÿһεĿںǳɳڸĸ𽻼ӡ׶԰
һУʱǣ߳ţһһ㣺Ҫʦ
ͬѧҪѺã緹ҪԸɾУͣڼҵĳڣһС·ȴƳԶ
복ֻһˣҷſ㣬ھӵĺ棬һһͷ
ؿңֱУҿ㱳Сһһߵ߽ᣬɬ
У뿪һ̧̣ͷڿλϸŴֱֱؿң
ˮҲûסµ

ٺСѧУֱѧÿһεķֱĿͣ㻶Ľ
ͲͷıӰңҲϣ㳢Զټ֤
ϲᡣ

ӣ㳤Ĺиܶྪϲʱһ飬
һ裬ĸ׽ڵһֹ

ȥ£㿪ʼڹѧһѧһÿܴʮСʱ
͹ʣȴûһ֡ǶЦѵȢϱʥ
ʱ㼸ͿеĴΪְ㻹è
ʮװУռʥµĿռ䣬Ҳůǵѡʥ
Ϊ㣬رǼңΪ㣬˸İж㣬ʵ
ϵ۸ǵõ

ӣ⣬ŬθУУԽԽ죬Ϊ
㽾

ʮĽ죬㣬ʵ᲻㳤᲻뿪
ף㳤ˣĸҪֻ֡Լܷ꣬
Żӯ軹㣬ԶϢĸ塣ˣ
ѿˣܵѹֲסˣˣְһֱ㳤ĵط
㣬ԸߣԸǿĺܡ

ɣƾԾǰϣҪż
ĲӣǰУʮտ֣



鱡

ڵƻɺĽ䣬ơΨһĵڵƹƫɫϴ
Ƭİҡܿůͣȴ壬ԵʣMǵ
СľưɣҹĻٺûмλˡ

̨վһλٵˣͷף۾ñӣҲڶ
ԺȾơΪΪ˱ȽϺ棬
졣˵ййϺ˵
Ҽڻƺ볤֮䣬ڻްĿл˸ִƺӣ
˸֮ԴĽǶȿΪڻһֻţ
йҼû˵ƺӣûмǸļ


ǲǾưɵϰ塣˵ǣܾҾư
ʮһˡ˵һ죬еľưɶţ
ӪҵΪ룬ΪЩҪһƵǴ
һݿ֡

Һܸпȥ˾ɥʹࡪʱ
ɢƵļѡ˵ı룬ܶ˹ö⣬и
ʱһܴһϯ˵

ҺˣΪĿˣҶ˵һżҹ
ʱɢеľףղ·ưɣй⣬ͽˡ˵꣬
ҾƱΪůĵĻҺȵһƵӡȵɫơ
ƣƼҵģʱдĿζʱŨ㣬
ϲ

˵ֺܺȻҲҡ֡˵ֶѡģ
ʵ˵ƣʺϴҺȾʱ˼ܶưɶֶ
ƷƵҪԣŵֲ̫̫졣ңưɵĳƬʽ
֣ǵΨһһʽƬֵľưɡ˵ţ
̨Զˡҿ̨ϵĳƬǾ޴ĺڽƬת
šתţƺڽһϵĹ¡

˵á

޷ǶôܰĳҺܿͻʧ
ҺеľƺֵһƼһǳɫơƣ˵
ƴһ˿۵ζ͸ղǱγɶԱȡ

ſڰ̨ϣⱭƷڵӣںɫĿУϼĹ
ԡЩ¸ҵǰ̵شӱջƣ·һĽ꣬
ҵʱҲǵģҾưйõĻ䣬־ͬ
ϵһ𣬴һֿ̽ĵãףѧɹЩ֪͹
ͬľٱѵõ¡һѸʻ
ͬĳУеĿеĿƺӡ

ơƵϨ𣬴ҵ˼ٳʲô˵ưҪˡ
ҺܳȻһֱҹʮ֡һһܣԼһλ
ˣ⾫׼ξֻҶһ߮УҼңġ

ʱʲô

-Ƥ˵

ұҲҵ֣ûҪMǵʮʵ
ڷҲûз֣˵Ҳδܼס

ټ֣-Ƥ

ټ֣

лһУʱֻͷһ䡣վڰ̨棬
ҵ˵ͷҲڸлҡ

ҴīɫĴ³ţڸ˺ɫ֮ڽī̵ҹ

202212ա21գMǼ

˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

Ҿǰ

ѩ  

ǽϵͣĳʱ
߲ǽ֪ǰ
ʱҺѸ

ȥʱҺܻ


Ҿǰ
Ⱥ

һÿӰ
˪ɽ
û۾
ֻʣŨü


      

һ¶˻
ڴ
ľ
һ


Ķ˳
紵ɽ
һص


     Ȱ糿

Ȱ糿
ᱻһײ

ɱɽ
Żε
γһ֧
մȾ¶ˮʻһҡҷ
ݶн
··ĵط
ʢϢ



Ⱦ
ؼ
ճÿװڱ
ڵһЩ
ͬȰ糿


     μ


Ȼ󽥽
͸
Ȼ
־ɫ
ɫ
ȾȾ
ε״
ΪȾɫ
Ⱦɫ

ܶܶ
Щѭ
²͸
ʹ߻ͷ·
λͷ
ȴҲ·
ֻ·Ӱ

·ӰƮڷ
ʱʱģ
λ
ջ


     ҹҹĹ

Ǳʳ


йʲô
ҹ綼ҹĹ

ҹǳ
ͷǻĵл
߹ͷҡ
Ĭɽ
仨ȥЩ

ҹǻҵ
ƹµҹ
ҹǻҵ
ҹ
ҹǻҵ
ɫҹص

ҹ
һ۳һټ
йʲô
ҹ綼ҹĹ


      ˮ

ˮڵĺʲô
Ҫ
غӹ۲
¶ĺʯ
һһƥʪ
ӱмѾ
Ҷܲ
дĺˮ

ӵȻХŹȥ
ӵһɽ
»Ϊɳ
Щɳ紵ˮ
εĲˮ羵
ӳ̵
һһ
ֿһЩ
ҹʱ
̵˱ҹ


      ΰݳ

ʯͷ
Ҹôݳ
ˮ
Ҹô۳ɺ

Ҹôڴɭ
˼
Ҹô

йʱĲ׺
ҵнĲ׺
֪һ
ΰݳ
Ҹݳ
Ҳֻ
ݳ


      ɵĻҰ

Ұ
кҹͰݶ
дﶬĸ
ЩױЩ
Ҳ

ҰǺõط
Ϊʲô
ЩĬůĻɵĻ
Ұ
һҵĿҶһ
˵

Ұ
ʺϴ¹
ЩĬůĻɵĻ
ûз
ͿһҵĿҶһһ
Ұϵ¹


     

г
ʹ뿪
޳
ʹҹ

ҽ
Ѫ
һڻ

˶ʻŵõҡҷ
˶γ
˶ŶѺ
˶·ŵִ黳


ǳģʫ

ξۡ

˷ɫһȸ
ڼļž
ʼյĵﳩ
һЩɫһ

µİ
յٹͷ
һ粻ڶ
ͿĨĻɫഺ

õŵɫ
յļ㷢
ǳʱڣеĹâ
Ϊտһ


     ɫ

ɫʡҹ
͸һɻ
ֻں
ͼȫ۵

ˮϣһβԾ
˺еͯ
ߵĲݴһЩ«έ
һſ

¹䵽ĵط
йӰ鸧
ɻ
һֻ۷䣬;


      ˼

ĳƽഺ
£Ĵ
һ͵ķ磬ӭ
Ʈһоʫ

ʺ
һƻ㣬֪һ
ƮĴ
˳ŷķ

ޣʼз
˵չ
£ɫʱ
κɬ˶ͷ


      ͼ

񡣻涷
۷׽յĻ
һ˿磬㷢ḧ
ׯڵѿչ

ȸ߽С֦
ڵһ
ɳƵıʱ
𣬻ƻ豻ͿȾ

ܣ˷
һǻڰʱ
ʱڣĵĻ֦
һֻҵ˻ؼҵĹ;


       峿

أһ̽Դ
ĳڶ
̾ڴϵĲã
Ϊ峿ļž㿪ͥ

ѼȺɽ
ľĹ⣬͸ɽ
һʯɿ
һֻ񣬴շɹ

סɽ
һĶ黳
ſǽͷһֻè
һľ


       ĵ

⣬
ڵ԰ʢ
һĵͬʿ
ڻǺӵľڴͻΧ


ɫ㡣֦ͷ
һ¶е
ҹڣͬ
һͬ۷©

׳ͥԺĽ
û֪ڵ
Я򻨶䣬
дһʢͼ


      

һյĶ
ڿеŷ
̳Ϣ
һ磬ҧѪ

ͬһˮī
̾Ұ
գڲãĴ
ʧһ˿

۷Ż¶
ǻڻƻƣ
ݵԹ˸·
һ꣬ʪ˼


      ̦

þɽ֡Ƭ
ͻԻ
ʼĽ·
ǿɫ

ռ̨ףŬ
ʾӵǽ
ȡˮֵӪ
ģ


Լĵ
ңУսе
£ػҵƻ


      

һ磬ʱ䴵
ſеľհ
һı
ֻǳһƬκ

Ϊյɫ
¾
һ
д

һˮ
ĸ質
ڿҡڵķ
һѿפ


򹤷



ȱЦݣҲڻơһŴ۾ȴС
һߵšֺġˣȱȤĳơ
ôһƵˣġеġǻʱʱ
ԼǲˣͶ̥ʱǲǸĸΪԴ˳

Ȣ˸ͬĬԡЦԼͬŮţ
١29꣬171ѧҵϲ֯ë£֯Ҳ
֯ļʵˡܾ֯ë£֯˾Ͳ

ⷿĳϰ࣬Ч滹ǯһ㣬ֻ
ܷḻΪѾʮˣܶ೧ӣÿһζѧ֪ܶʶ
ǣûһѣΪϲͱ죬ҲûԸ
Ȥ˵ʱֵе顣

죬߳ţŴãܼ߳סլһ죬ơ
ȥϰʱҪ·һֽͤҲûеӻ
ûеԣΪҪЩΪЩýѧκ֪ʶ

һʱĻɫ滹Щۼĺۼڽϣһ
Ҳۡе֣΢е㲻гҡΣԼҲо
һ㣬ÿϽֶܲʡ˶ڼžڴϣ
ʲôҲ룬Լȳȸסɸ׵Ӱ൱ģˣڼ
ΪһģƺԲССĺۼ

ӶԼҲûе飬ԼҲÿգͦ
ˡϲĬԼĹӣʱ˵
ҹĴͷ΢пŻʵԼͻһ
ɧģ·ǵϷʽʱͻһ§ס壬
ץȡĳַǵóȥʳ

ʱϾͻһֵġİģƽʱԿı顣
λʾţʱֱرϣ磬ˣ
һ˷ܵĻøСһͷĺڷȻüëҲǺɫģ
۾ĺɫӦӼһС촽Ȼغޣ§ס
ʱѪɫڽܵƹԵúʡ

ôȢģȥһ̳һ̣ϡǼ
̾ڲг·һֱߣþϰıؾ֮ء
һ·Сӣװġϴͷġٻġ̾Ƶģң
ɢꡣ

һƻ裬̡߽꣬˸·Աƺ
ɫ·ڹ̨ϵ㡣ߵűߵСǶ
£ЪһȻһֻװСԲ˰ɫҬ˿
λԱһۣһۣʱ˶ʮꡣ

ʱϵۼ¼ǵ̸

ʲô֣

ҽ֣⡣

أ

ҽ١

á

á

õҵһκ濾ģóô

ƽһɡ

Ƕ⼸̨ʣȻûˡ۾ϳԼĶ
󣬶ʵ˺һӾԼһ顣
ֵξżɵġʱԼϰʱ·ߵ
һ··ǹˮԼִ﹤Ĵſڡ˿
߽˳䡣

Ŵ󳵼䣬һά޳䣬һ칫¥
ǶģֱΪӹ䣬ѹ䣬Ƴ䣬װ䳵䣬װ
䡣ڳӹǯҪǸϡ

ѧʱѧѧ֪ʶҵ
һúϵļѧУѧ꣬ڱһҽϸɻ
ʱɵ繤ʱӹȫԿڣңûʲô¶ѧô˼
꣬ʹǹȥغ

ߵʱԼĸסܵ˵һЩٱĻֵܶ
ûʲôĻ˵ױҲǸˣ˹š˼ƺ˵
Ҳʮˣ͵߻ɣûʲô£سϵһ
ˡȻ󣬵ڶ죬ˣ˸Сİų˵ʱ
ʱ˵ĺɫпˣǹĹʶˡ

˲ܶ࣬ҲͶʮˣԵúܿտ󲿷ֶũģ
ʵùõģҲ¶ûһੲݣ˵һ
Ȥġÿ˶Լ񣬶æһڻת
ˮߣĳⲿᵽмӹе˿
Ĵĥÿ˶Լļӹ豸ˮߵĴʹɢŸι״


ǺȣˬԼǯ̨ǰǸ巢
⼣ӣظץһóȻ
ˮϡ뿪ӣתߵߵĲϷ׼ϡĹ
ܽţһߵĹ˶һظɻΪǼƼƣ˭Ҳûʱĥ󹤡

Ǹ۾ݸ߸ˮתȦӣ·תȦӵġ
۾ܴ͹ͻţǸȽۣʵʲô̫
ʱһ¶һ־ȵı飬Ȼʵ۹⳯
ŴɨӼӣȻ£Ȧӣرϰߣе
ġ

Ϻ죬ϺܿͱɳƷÿɵĹ
ߵģˣ벻ǰǿϣͭϣ
Ҳżһ㡣ĲƷҪڶǣһ굽ͷģ
ܺá

˽ڡ°󣬴꿨·̡ܵ˽ȥ
һ˿ҲûУ˴վŵ٣ѵ¶һǳЦ߹
û˵ֻ۾˵

סг·棬¥Ƕûʲôģǣҹð

ҲסǶһ¥ߵ䡣

пǶҲǡ

Ҳ֪˭ô˵ˣ·ͬʱ˵һǣС
ʱ˿ֻͣóˣ߻ؼȥһ·ϣȻ
ֻȸһһںӿߵĹľﴩ󣬿ȥôɡɡϲ
áģһûӰˡ

˷ݿ͡ԪģƽʱԪԸɾˣúܱ͹
Ҳˡгܱߵƻҹеĵ·ͷӿ
߳͹ݴţȻ޴ȥƼһҵǰ˴̨߽ȥ
ʱֵƶЦΧ۵˺ܶࡣ

վԶԶؿԻͷٵ̵İɫƹ⡣ô˼
ۣӦǶߣǣԼĽȴ뿪̨Լסȥ
·һ߿бߡԼζã⣬ȥϴ
衣

ϴ裬صڴϡӴڵƶԿǰһ¹ʪ
ܵߵϸֻҹߴߴΧǽǽȥ
Լ˽ڣ˽ʣú˼¥ϱ
ϴϴˢˢ⣬ΧǽûбˡʱһŮ˵ƤЬ
ǰ¹һ߹ȥˡŲ롣

ӾôһؽϵƽعȥˣȻʶˣ
üĿˣˣ°ˣԵ˿ʼ׼أ
ƯһжӺȥĺƯʱ
˥ˡ

ھ˵һصķޡ˵ÿ죬ܰҹǵ
û˵ųҲˡ

ûʲô֡һФŮ˶һֵŮ˵
Ҵû˲ӵģôǲ㿴ңҿ㣬࿴
᣿˼

Ů˵˼˵ϲҲ˼ġ

۾ҲСɷųһĽĹ⡣

Ҳٳţ˶°˳ģҿŮŪ
ϲڴϣŮҲڿ죬ϲ֯ë£֯˾
֪ôģ˺ӡ

кӣŲɡ

ôᣬǽʲô

û˭ܻش𡣼ʹشˣ˭ںأ

ǰǿ쿴Ҳʵģʵֶ
˼㱵ξεάʵؼԣʵʵ
ΧǽĹͷ׵ǽƤ

Ǭסססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

еʷ



һƪ Ե

ڿʼĹϣѧʷ֮ǰǱһȥϣѧ
γɵĺ͵ΪǺṩһι̵ı
⡣

е֪ʶƾճ֣Ƕƾʶͺ
ľ۶

ҲͬĵΪѧڹϣҲ⣬
ƾջżȻĳ֣ļᣬضĵĻ
ͨףŵԳ֡

Ʒ˵ġԵ𡱸νйʱС

˼ķʽԵʣżȻȥ̽
ɵԭ

磬ѧʡ

ôΪʲôȫڶʱϣ
˻ʹԵķѧչȫǽĿ
ѧأ

̵һЩȽҪʷʱߡ

һνĹϣֳ׶Σ

һԪǰ3500ǰԴԿصϵŵ˹Minoan 
Civilization

Ԫǰ1700ǰϣ뵺ϲMycenaean Greece

Ԫǰ500ҵĹŵϣ(Classic Antiguity)

ǹϣôڽʷԴѧм˵ұ
֣ͬ

һϣ+ն+

ϣ+ϣ+ ֳ֮ΪH20Hellenic , Hebrew , Oriental

˿Կ϶ǣǲһ˵ϣĶǽ
ĸԴ

ǽȫ򻯽Ӱ緶Χ㣬Ӱ̶Ҳǿ


Ҫʶǽ羿ôһ£Ǿͱ
Թϣ̽֡

ϣ˵ݵԪǰ30͵ŵ˹

һ˵Ի͵ĹϣʵҪָԪǰ600
Ԫǰ300̶̵꣬300Ĺŵϣʱڡ

ոסͼ˹µʱ

׷ݣϣ˵ֺ͹ŵϣĸԴʵܵ
ǵĺںЩѧ˵ģǴӽڱսڿ
˹ĿɵǨĹӡŷ˵Ӱ졣

ʱڿʼĹϣкΧն
˹˹ȵȣǴӡŷֻ֡

仰˵ϣ˺ǵв˹ˣϺĻϣʵΪ
ֵܡ

߼ӡŷ˵һ֧Ǻһˡ

Ⱥ˺ɱӡȣΪӡȵͳν׼ţ˱ӡ
Ҳӡŷķ֧

Ħ᱾˾ˡ

ĦϣҲѪԵĻϵĹϵ

ӡŷ˵ʱġĹ¡һ˵ģ
ͱסѾ˽3000ꡣ

һֱ˵3000ǰ3000ǰΪȷʵǺҪһʷڵ㡣

ڴԼ3200ǰͭʱڣĳڣһȫ
Եľ

ǰᵽЩĹԺ㿪ʼį

ֱٹ˼꣬ԼڹԪǰ6ǰһոµʱ㿪ʼ

˹ŵϣŷ޵ʷҲʼ

Ҫȥһ²ᣬҳǧ
ٶǰǸűʱڵʱܱߵĻ
֪ʶԲһŰֽ

Ѿźüӵǧʷϲáΰ
Ļ

統ʱĹŰ򡢹Ų˹źǶŷḻ
زĹѧϰȡͱȽϡ

ϣѧİٺȦʱⲿ

˵ЩʷΪϣĳ־ŵ

һܱԣڱ˴˵Ľ⡣

ɾͽܱߵŴ˶֪ʶۡ

ƾЩԽΪʲôѧϣϾ
˼ܱߵҲһչǧ𣿲ҲǸԼ
һϵ

ôΪʲô˱塢ɡԡЩƫƫϣأ

йһϻ˵ģһˮһˡҪ˵ϣ
ĵԵˡ

̯ͼϣЩĳǰŵ䡢˹ʹױ
˹Ϳ˹ڵİͶɰ뵺ϲһɽꡢٺ
żһЩСƽԭҲʯĵش

Ͷɰ뵺ĵѹɽվտأ
ɸһĳǰÿǰֶǣʱٺΧĹϣ
Ȧж300ǰ

ĵԵ;ˣϣѻνһͳȨ
Ϊͳεĳɱߡ

һƽγɴһͳİ޺ӵͻĴضǳͬ

ϣЩǰ˸γɶ֮⣬Ҳͬ
˴˼ȻҲˣҲԵûϸϵĴ
ϵÿǰ֮Ĺϵƽȵġ˭Ҳûа취˭

ʱÿǰǣʱǧ˾γһǰ˿ĳ
ŵڶʢʱڣҲͲ15ˣټŮԺūʱŵ˿
Ҳᳬ45

С񣬼ϲĵòϣĿɸȻͷǳϡȱ
ǰʳϵԸ㡣

ʳӦţǾֻ͸ӦֵĲƷ͸
ҵóףȡ뷢չĻˡ

ٺȻ׵ĺۻǡþͺܷγͨ˴ĺҵ
硣

ŰٺкذҲȻγ˹ϣǰصľû

һԱ֮ǣˣϣעǴ½ũ
ĺҵ

ҵóʲôأ

ڵʱĹϣνġкѡ魣


ѱȻʺԶóףȴƳѾơ

ҲͬեͣЩڵʱǼֵǳߵݳƷ

˵ʱϣĸѾƺͣΪǴ
ֲﾹȻ15  20

ټϣ˼ոֹ߳ղƷ͹˹ϣƷ
ơ

Ӱٺ岼ĵ죬ٵСϸذĳУǵ
ۿڣϣ˵ĺó׺

ڸۿڳеĹϣ˴СͻӴĲͬ
ټϳھ̣ǵ˼άӻԾҰҲӿ̬Ϊš

ҵУΪȷóܹͨ裬̼ұ˴
֮γɱͲ̫ߡ

Ҷã޷ˡ

ôβȷͬǰȺ֮ó׵ʱ򶼻ὲأ

ҪγһЧϵǾνġԼ񡱡ϣ
ʵǱ˲ٵľ顣

ֻеҶԼʱòγɣҲܲ˶
ó

ȻҪγԼôǩԼ˫־ͱƽȵġ

˵ΪǷǩԵȵó׺ͬ

ȻҶ֮ͬ˴˶ƽȵģǾ˻Ȩ˼룬ͳ
߸֮䵱ȻҲӦǶԵȵġ

ν쵼ҲֻѡĴǳǰÿһ档

龳£ڴ½ũϵġȨڡ޴
ΪҪ̸ڣôÿһǰŷoͬ˭أ
޷һĶԻƽ̨

ҪԻͱԡ˻񻰡

˹ϣһǸ߶ȵ׻ص
ϣǷϡ

ľıʡ

Ժ˵ϣ˴ˡ

Ϊڷǰֵƽȣ˾ɺϡ

Ҳˣϣÿǰ֮Ҷ˴˳Ҳˣ
ڳǰķǰƽȵġ

ҶɵͬȥһԼԼ

˱ԡΡԼεĳڹϣ
ĵԵλ¾ͳˡ

ʺѧ˵¾ֻ߱ʣһȼҩ
ˡ

                     ڶƪ Ǹʲô

һƪ͸ܰٺĵԵκĻ˹ϣ
ѧֵı

ᵽ˱ԡΡΣЩغѧĳΪ
εԷڹϣĩ©һѧأǱ
Ͼⲿѹ

ڵһϣսʽһٶǰҲǴԼԪǰ6ʱ
ڽ찮ٺܱߵĹϣǰ͸ܵԶǿĲ˹۹ѹ


Բ˹۹ͷޣƽԭԶɣΪļٸϣ
ǰʱͲò˴˷϶ŽԶս

Ϊʲôϣǰ֮Ը˴Կ˹ѡ
ΪǿĲ˹۹أ

Ͼ벨˹۹νУһʼԷ̬Ҳƣ
Ҳ̫ҪϣǰƳԵĽ

ǣ浽һ⣬Ǿֵ֮ϵìܡ

ԶĲ˹һֵ۹ʶ̬Ѧ˹Щʵ۶
ԳĴˣϰɵϣпͳκūռ
ĳҰޡ

͹ɡΡֵ۵Ĺϣֱˮݡ

£ֵͬ۵ĹϣǰȻҲͻѡŽ
ˣͬԿ˹

ǣŽ˵ףʵʲȴںܶϰԵģ
ϣÿһǰԼ

ŵŵȡ˹ʹа߯˹¶аޡƥ˹

Ĳ͵˹ϣǰ֮䣬˺ǿҶȴ
ûкܺõĶԻƽ̨

ȷ

ոгһѤõĲʺ磬ףʺ羿ʲôΪʲô֣

⣬ϰٸǰǸԵġ¡Ҳͻ
ԼڲʺֵԭĽ͡

ոսϷһ֮¼ǰԼԳ
͡˵ֶһ

Ӹ˵ЭδʼۺìѾһᣬȵĺ
޷չ

ôȻеġ¡ˣʱҾҪҳһ׿
˴˹ͨĶԻƽ̨Ȼǡ¡ĶԻƽ̨ˡ

̸ֻұ˴֮йپǶʶֻ
չԻ

Դˣйѧҳһܴ˵

¾ǸԵ񻰷һߣ̸ֻһ飬ͬͬ
õͷ­˾ͻˣͬ⣬ԡ

˵ǽʵ߼

ʵԵĶʲô˵кܶ࣬ҪһǶ
˽ʲôԣ

νԡ࿪ʼԼȥʶȻͽȻ硣

ʶȻĹУҪδ֪͡񻰡һ
ݵЭ

ٸֱӵӣѾܹɳ򣬲׼ȷ
ǵĹ̫̽׼ȷؽԭĿصϡ

һеʵ֣ҪǶգԴ۵ѧʽ
㣬Ծ׼ֱκһжҪ
ΡءĽ룬ԡ

͸ԼʶܹѧĹɣ
Ծ׼ģĿԵЩɣʵ֤ǵʶݵ
Ƿʵġ

Ϊʲô˵ԲǡѧĻͬʱǡѧĻ

ʶԣҲԴӷʶ

νġԡǲʵ߼Υѧġֻо
񻰡硢۹۵㣬ԡ

˵ҸобҪҪرǿһ㡣̸ֻҪ
һ˵ԣ͸оһȷԡ

ֻҪ˵ԡʹȷ

ȻʵϣֻһЩ硰ǡ񡱡桱α֮
ʵжϡ

ȴ޷ȫӦơáӦáӦáһ
ֵжϵ⡣

˵ǰںˡᡢСֵ۷
ʱǾͲܰΨһ롣

ǰ涨˵ģֻһһбα
Ĺߡ

ôԳѧͿѧĻΪѧķչʲôأ

һע⵽ˣһֱѧѧ̸ġ

ڿѧѧǺѧͬʱأһ飬
ԳһĻ⡣

Ƚϳ˵ǣѧѧбϴ˹Ͱͼһϵ
չģ͸ѧ֤ķۡ

ȽΪѧѧǲֵܡһƪʼ
ѧĵһѧɡѧɡʱ򣬻ر۵Դ

ȽϹؼ֪ʶǣǿѧѧǶǽԵ
ϡ

Ե̬ȻһԵԣǸ߶ȵ׻

ŴʷУ߶׻ҿҪһ
ĹϣһԴԺй

ȻиԵϵͳЩʵϲδĳΪ
εĶΪһַȨȶΪȺ
еһִڡ

ƫԵŴİšأ
͵ŷޣڽ̵Ĳµļ壻ڽ̷ͥ˼ʥս
ڽΪĸѹȿԷѪȵʲô̶ȣʷ֤

ΪԽʵ߼Աһֻ̬ȡ

ǿѧ⡰˭ȥ
ÿһߵʶʼڡɡ

˵ѧ꣬ôɾԵꡣ

ֻҪһ㹻ȼһյƣľѺȻ
ĻȥһзԵĶ

ô˼ĽҲһȥ񻰵еĲȻҲ
γ׻

ϹŴϣ׻ֱȹŴйףйŴỹҪ
ں;Ȩάϵȶ㲻ܻڣ㲻ܻɻʵۣ㲻
ܻɺܶʽļֵۣҾТ㩡ǵȵȡ

ܻɺսǾΥҪȥһеְԡ

ˣй˴ʱйһ˿Կɵλֹ
һ˿ģǿ֮Ϊѧһͷйھ󲿷ʱ򣬶
Ǵ巨ƶ¾ԱĻ

ϣȴǡǡ෴Ϊ亣ԣǳ˱ʱʱ˼ǰ
֮ͼֵ۷ĲͬͬʱҲлӴ൱ʱŴ
͸ۺЭΡ

͹Ǿмֵ۶Ԫľ棬Ҫǰע
ķ֮ġ¡ѡþǿԵġ¡
⡣

˵Ѿ°ѧһЩҪܵòˡ

ʵҵĿǰΪ̸ֹģҲֻѧֵġҪ

ѧǿѧǶȫؽ֮Իֵԭ
ȫףл̫ʷżȻԡ

ѧںҲһʼͶָҲ
ڲϵս졣

һµ⡰ԡ˵̸ֻһϵ
ԡʵκεжУֻǱ˴˳̶Ȳһѣ
ϣѧԵҪǷǳġ

˵ԣѧҲòᵽѧԵлһؼ
ʣǾǶԡռ𰸡ֹߵʡ

ÿһ֮ҪȥӺ𰸣
ɵ⡣

ѧͿѧʣνġռ׷ݡԭ

Ȼੲݵ׷ʺǲܲʵЧģѧͿ
ѧ޷ͣһ᲻ϵȥһд𰸡

ѧͿѧռ׷ݴӱϿǡǹȡ򡱵ģ
֪𰸣ռ֪ʶΪȡֶΡ

̬ȱڷ棬Ŀѧ᲻ϵȥ̽滹
ʲô̽

ٱѧ΢ͬҲֹ̽ҵԵķ
ӣȻԭӡӡӡˡǰӣȵȣֹ׷
ȥ

׷ȥʲôô͸ǵˡ

ΪʲôϸĶ˵ѧͿѧֻڹϣδ


ϤĹŴй˵

Ϊʲô˵йŴûпѧֻӦü

Ϊʲô˵йŴûѧֻ㾭֮ʵʵļ

Ϊʲô˵йŴûϸϵѧֻһЩѧ˼룿

ЩⶼԹᵽһشǾйŴȻҲ
йԹǷǳʵʺʵõ塣

˵һ֪ʶֻҪþͺˣαȥţǼҪȥ˽
֪ʶͼԭΪʲôҪȥҳԭԭһֱ׷
ȥأ

ǿ̫ʵˡ

𣿡ܵ𣿡׬Ǯ𣿡кô𣿡

ֱǣһĻ˻Ǻϰ⡣

֪ܰʶɻȡĳֹġֶΡǡԵġѧ
֪ʶĻȡɡĿġ

ǹŴйԺ͹Ŵϣ֮Ĳ𣬹ϣԸΪ
⡣

پٸܺӣͺñȽ˳Ϸ

ŴйԣܹЧʵشϷλߵ
͹ˡйϷϷΪӮҡ

ŴϣԣҪȥ⹹ϷײԴ룬Ҫ
ȥҳ˭ڱ룿룿Ϊʲô룿ΪʲôΪʲôҪ롣ϣҵ
Ҫ֪Ϸôһ¡

Ӱ͵۹¾̵رѧֻɺ׷
һеʡҪ֪ȻҪȥ֪ʲôС֪ǰ
ᵽġռ׷ݡ

ΪѧͿѧԭʼǡǹԡģôȻʺ
չͺܿˡ

Ҫݵ˼λҪԪ˼Ĵ̼
ҪԣҪǮС

ʷѧͿѧķչͬһط
ʺǷչǾͻתơ

ѧڵĿѧӹԪǰ6ͳѿСϸתƵ
ϲٵŵ䡢ɽۡ

Ż̳Ϊ۹Ḷ́˼ܵǯƣѧѧת
Ƶ˵ʱ˼ΪɵİȻ14ոʱŷޣ
˺ţٵ˵Ŀѧ

һǧĸ׶ѧͿѧֻի̽Ȥ
һ˵оΪ˷ĿĶڵģ
ʵȴԸ컻أǽ࿴ִ

ںܶӡпƼķչǱг£ֱʮ
ҵſʼת

ַչҪǼзʵԸǿġƼǡѧ


ܽһ£һҪ̽⣺

һܹϣԣ߳ɵߡѧ
ѧĳ֣ʵһ󱻴Ľ˵ϣ
Ϊ㡣

ϸ˵ΰ˼ҵ˼붼Ա
ѧѧһϵڵĶ塣

ϵѧһ㶼漰ζѧۡʶۡѧռ
׷ݵȵȿ⡣

Ҫָܹʶȥʶ
ʵſвҪصĽҲһܰ

µԶѧͼʣ3+3=6⼰ձ
˶ɾ鵽ġ

һƪʼһʽܹϣѧеĵһѧɡѧɡ
ѧδ¶ġ

                        ƪ ѧĵһվ

ѧɡǹϣĵһѧѧɣǰƪʷ
ἰģĹϣѧǷӽСϸǣ׵
ܵ˹۹޴ѹǰߵش

һ˵ѧɣҾϸ֮ȱ

ԶѾ˾żʮ๫Ը
ȴʱ䰲ŲϣͻһθԵ̤㣬ֻھƵĴ
Գ棬̾

ѧɵĴǴġѧ̩֮˹¼
͸ĺѧ֪ʶ׼ԤһʴķԤȾ˵ʱ
ܱ߽սҡ

ԣԪǰ585528գһյʴͻȻ١

Ż˵ʱСϸǵĿӸս
Ĵ˫ΪŭǱʴ·ǩͣսЭ飬
˳30ս

ǹԪǰ585528һ죬ҲΪѧʼһ졣

̩˹Ծǧٶǰ侳ڰǵ
ʱкܱߵʱѾǧʷĹŴ
İͱ׺͹Ű

ѧϰΰеĴ֪ʶҲֵԭͬһ
ȻڲͬǰϵȻᱻȫͬĽ
͡

Ȼͬһ飬ôô಻ͬԭأȻǻġ

ĶԪҰȻ˼γкܴϵ

̩˹ԾʱйʱڵĿӺӵԼʮ꣬˵
ʷϵһѧҲΪ

Ϊ̩˹ǡѧ롰ѧĹ棬ֹ۵ԭж

һ˵ѧĲ֡

̩˹ǵһܾȻת˿Ը֪Ȼ
еġˮ֮Դˡ͸ԡʶ
ȻĿˡ

񻰽ȻתԽȻǡ
ȻѧĺҪء

ڶ˵ѧĲ֡

Ȼ˵̩˹֪ʶԤʴ㣬ŰͱҲõ
͸۲ǳоͼһΪ365죬͸۲Ȼ
׼Ԥ⵽Ӱ魵ճɡ

ֻ͸Ӱӣüκѧķʽһǧ
ûĽʵʸ߶ȣЩ¼̺ſѧ˼άԭ

񻰽ͣ͸Ժ߼ܾ׼ĵó߶ȷϡ
ʵԤ⡣

ԼѾ˿ѧ˼άС۲Ȼ˵ٵ
졢ۡʵ̵ĳΡ

̩˹ĳ֣ǰѶȻĽȨӸ߾ڰƥ˹ѩɽ
ȡתƵ˵У˵ľͳʶ
Ҳ֮Ϊѧ֮

ΪѧҪǾ۽γȻıԴϣһѧ
Ҳ֮ΪȻѧҡ

Ϊ˷ܣȰѡѧɡȽϹؼļλʦͽдԵ
һ£

̩˹ Thales 
ǿ Anaximander
ǿ Anaximenes
ǿAnaxagoras*ѧɣӰ켫

򵥵ǣ̩˹ĺ棬һȺǡˡ

̩˹ġѧɡصһԪۣͼȻ統е
һԪڹԴ

磬̩˹ΪȻıԴǡˮ

ѧѰǿ£Ҳʷ۵λ
Ϊˮ̫ˣıԴôľ壬ӦǸһ
Ԫؽʡ

ǿνʡҲޱ߼ʡǽʵͱ
Դ֮һֶΪıԴ

ŰǿµѧѣǿΪ No No Noʲ
ôɡ̫ˡ

ǿıԴӦǡǽ̫ˮ̫
Ʈİ֮ġǲıԴ

ٺһλҲ԰ǵѧҰǿȻ
ҲܵһɵӰ죬ȻıԴӦһֽС֪ԡNousĶ
ƺ˷˵ġʶ

λǿǵһλȻѧŵˣҲǵһ
˵ᷢ⣬¹ⲻ̫ⷴˡŵ仹
ո׶ȻѧȤ

ǿԿϣѧչһԵʣǾ
Ǳ֤˼룬ѧܻƽʦѧ˵ǾΪʦ̵Ļͳ
˵ǡս

ͶӦһƪ˵ĹؼʣԵĻ
ȶйͳձäĿšĻкܴ

ˣ벻Ҫ׷Ϊʲô˵Щѧ֮Ĺϵǡʦ
ѡ

֮ǰѾ͹ϣ˵ϵйŴũ᲻ͬû
ôǿҵľӣʦӽ׼

ϣеԱĻҲͬڹϣ˵ʦʱ
ʦʱҲѡˡͬ˹ϵ

ոסͼ˹µҪýı׼Ƕ
ͬڵʱĹϣֵ ֹϵһĸ
Ϊ

˵ءѧɡЩȻѧҡ

òͬԪȻ˼·ԵĴΨɫʡ

ǵġˮʡ
һ󡱵һһ硣

Ҳֵ֮һλѧңӿϡ

ӿǿѧΨ۵ʼ棬ԭۡʱҲͬ
ԭӣAtomֲٷָ໥ײ
ġ硱͡硱ǽѧԭͣ

ԭǧٶǰĹϣѳ͡

ңԶĶʱӡȵΰĦһٶɽ
۱ڹԪǰ326ӡȱһϣʱ

ϣ˼ѧͬšۡţԵ
˼ķһļϡ

ǹϣ˼д۱գγ˺ġϣ̡
ǼӵӰ쵽ɷ̡͡˷̡һЩ۵ں

˵ԪأҲͲòйġѧ˵

Ϊϣ֡ȻѧʹԼͬʱйŴġѧ˵
ʵǺܲһġ

ѧ˵ġС˵һֽڡ硱е񣬶
ʵָ硱еĽľˮЩʡ

͵ˡѧ˵ȻơȻѧʵϴȤ
˵һ֡ѧ

磬ôˮܹˮѵˮ

кܶԲϾĹ۲죬ڸҲ
͵ͨ˳

۷չõ֮ϡҹǳ
ѧۣҽѧۣҪģӲеĸ֮ϡ

ΪľΪƢΪΪΪˮ
ȻֻΪǵɫ

Щ˵ҽѧѧϸ˵壬Ҳ޷֤ʵο˵Ҫ
ҲԲֹС塱֡

йѧ˵ǽھпɸ֪Ԫϣ˵
ԡ˵һִġ롱ۡ

ʵѧɵ۵Ҳ֡롱ɷݣȴܹγ
ѧԭҪǰᵽ˼洫ͳʦѧ˵ѧ
ɺƷǰƽ

γ˾ͽĻƣһֿԾʵչѧʡ

йۣԴγ֮գѾԤΪ˲ȥɵ
ʥͳǻۣΪǴͳܱɣֱ죬
˽֮ͬڽһ㡣

ˣȱ˼棬ȱƵĻԣյʼ
ûγһѧͿѧ

ȤƼһйѧҳ¼ӳġӰ
ǧѧΪεϣΪĶ

ѧҾͼ鵽ˣҼܽἸҪ㡣

һѧڡһԪۡ˼룬ǵ˼άǰıԴ
һʣáһͳϡࡱ

ǹעģǹġʡ

Ȼѧ˼СۡҲ˵˵ûа취
֤ʵԼ˵㡣

(δ)


                 º⽨

                        СС

ͽӹǰܵձͬʷС˵Ҷºӵۿ˵
ΰ룬ʹȥҲʱʱܿº
⽨ºࡱ˼˵㣬
ʲôƹ۵㡣һƪºƭ
йˡδǸºоˡʮ״һº幬
ϷʼٸߣȾĻꣻ۸ʷ̻ʵۣ
̫ƽºгġ塢߶ϰжࣻ
֪ʶӣߡѹȣˡȨš
ʮֵ۸ࡣǰҲһЩû浵
ƪӣҶºӵĵãº⽨
һʺŰɡע˵ʷѧԡ⽨ᡱĶҺ
˵ͬĲô˵

峯ʵǶºӵҪƷۡӺʵۡ͡Ǭ
¡ʵۡ飬ڵӾ硶Ӻġͷ
ûǰֻеĵӰ棬ԱȡҪԡǬ¡ʵۡǰ
ǡüǵõĲҲõһЩĿǷº⽨
۵㣬ֻҪܹ֤ûСǬ¡Ҳվס
ˡ



ǰᵽƪ¸ºгġʮ״˳ͷ߼
һĪҲó˵


ʵֻҪ˵һ֤ºӲδ峯Ϊ
̫˵ˣǬ¡ʵۡڶʮһ, ͨĻ˵
Ǭ¡ͷɱ̫ࡱ²ǷɱЩˡʮ
˵Ǭ¡ġɾ͡ɱ˺ܶˣڵ
ɱĳ̶ȡ

Ȼ䷺ĻֻҪϸеᵽӺĹ
ǮΪдʫҢ굹̨׷ְؼ꣬Ӻʵ
ٸдʫʵǺٹԱǶӺ
ˡֿ̳ҶǮҴţطÿȥ鿴һҾǼ
ʮꡣȻ裬Ǯ㱣סҲûʲô̷֡
۱ʩӸ̷˾ûôˣивἰ󰸾У
ׯ͢а췽ɽʮ󣬡
պŭּֽˡټӦмǧˣĿİ
Ӻɵ̳鰸½ʫͥʫ
永䶯¡𾪳ҰŰӺ
ʮԡ¼䲼ѧΪɼӳ
ȡ֡۷ߵĴú̷¾ǣû鵽̷ϸ
ڣնסٶЩ¶ǡĿ
á

С˵ͬʷֲ϶ΪдĿãǿº
Ǭ¡һٶ¼ûСϾ
д峯ʷЩ֪ºӱµ峯Ǹ
żȻģձ顢ϵͳԵģ䴦Լ̣˵ġ
˵ºӺ

ǵʱԶ»ıڶºӱ£Ǭ¡ʵ
һֵ̣飬ڡĿȫ顷ıжԸʷ
伮Ĵ۸ĺƻǬ¡߼ǰʷз̰ҳڵģ
ҪȫĹǰ׷ݣ̤ﱾطģϼȮƫ
ģҪĹʵڻرܲˣɾġòȺ̳
Ҳѣʷ顮̤ĵǧףνӯͥݡ
ţ䶰ȫĹǺεȺƴḶ́˵űͿѻ۸ʷ
ѧ߻οĿȫ顷ܲã

ɾĻģʡͼɷþ֣ԺԱ
飬ֹΪͳͳ٣ᵽġӦĿ
֮ʮͰʮ֣ʱν֪صʫԬö֮ϧ
ʮĿǺϡĹ±ĸ塢ī衢ʫʣд
廪ԳһĲʣҪϽЩԸοһѻյ
յɸָСĵҡֻΪǮǫ֮
ġΪļдϵȡ

ûд˼伲

ַһ䣬ٿᵽġ̫ƽºг
߶ߣϰжࡱ⼸Ƿ

¥ΡΪ⽨İٿȫ飬ҿ¥Ρ
ºϤġǬ¡ʵۡҪȫٿƵöࡣ
ⲿС˵Ƿʷ̶жҲȥܣֻݿһ
Ǭ¡ʵۡ󱾽֣ӺĩɽһСջ
ͼƳ𣬵Ǭ¡ʮĳܭ°ؼڽϳձֹʱ
Ǭ¡ºдһϵзḻʷЩ
ϰ˽Ϻӱƹ󡢴򡢹̨֮ߵ֮Զ
˳͢塢ٳʿ𡢹̰ҵֺ̾ڵмٸ
п̻ӡ̵ľмʮ

ȿϰյɣǰȥֻǬ¡ʮ꣬ھ
˿ӺʮŬ峯ѾӳһƬ̯ӹòˣ
ݡƽȡ̨֣ҡӺٶ
ȫѾûдҪ򡣼ӺȨкøĸ
ʩҲЧǬ¡ֵһȶĽɽԣĹͳ
ԼеȨ߱˸ǰö࣬Ѿʢˡǿ
һ¶ºôдʢ֮°ġ

Ǭ¡ĵܵܺȥ̰ʼʱطĪ˵Ǹ
طຮģǳе¡ůһʳϲȥٴ
˵ںͷءٿɽ̫ԭ죬궳ˡˡ
һɽʡôأҲòȥ˵֣Ƿ꣬Ҳ
ⲻжġǬ¡½ϣݿ֮һص֮ء
˴ѩ٨Ӻ͵ʱСٵؾðѩ˽γΣû
Զһʬ·УģŶʮͷءԱߵ
˾ռߣˣҼöˣٹȥʱˣһ
ϡ棡ͬݡͬѩ죬ݸû§С椵ٺȾơ
ԻԿϾжǣ

ĸѾˣĸһ棬˵˴ƶ񤵽ԣӱϡ
Ӹൽɽɽ϶ǡ궳ˣǷҲⲻˣ
öˡ

ͫ|ɽ鰸ѵ⵱عԱͷ̰ŰŪ
ԹڣһǮͷɽһ˾𣡡

ºһ֦Ůס΢еǬ¡ʵϾҶ·꣬
Ǭ¡ʣһҪÿüǮѩ䣬
ǿȺծţ¿ʲôɫʲô
ζծѸųȥǮղľĸң
Ϊ˽һȥɣ

ǰ˵ĻǡپͿɣܶҢְ
;ߵսľӹáˮŰࡢ̰
ǻһ¹ˮׯھգʮ
³ϡաϡʳеĵطʮһƬĺ󣬴ԫ
ڲ̻ʮ˶Թ´춼
С˵ɽпģ˼Ů޵﹩
ʳõģ֮ëҵ̾岻ӹݵ;
޷Ǻ㽭ϰպɽֱԸĵط
صġֻļڼʹĺҢһǰ
ɲǧƷ·ϵĳҡɫò԰סܭҲŻ
ϻѻҶʹů̿¯ԣһһ
ĵ

Ǳһ̫ƽʢնж
˻ٱɱڿƼ¡ᱣȱʧʱͨ˺
˾ʮޡдǬ¡ʮ괫컨ȫֱӱ
ʮɥǬ¡ʵ߰Ͳѩ۵ӡϣ
ִʶõˣʲô̫ƽʢȻָº
ûи߶ϰжࡱ鲻档

ʵ۲ΰߴȫ

ºӵһҪǡ⽨ʵۺ֪ʶӡҲ
ࡣȷʵԿӺǬʵ۵ġ񡱡۲Ŵԡ
ڸľҵд˲ֶߵĲʣ⽨ʵӦûӹŰᣬ
Ӧô󸹱Ȳ֣Ӧúɫ̰ӣܴ絽
󳼹伲أ

ҪһͦѵģºȷʵдЩݣܷܲϰɡǣ
˸蹦̵дд˺ฺܶĶȴӸд˵

һԻݳޣӺݳд񲻶࣬ӺԷܼ򵥣ý
ӳ˶ж¡ǾǬ¡ΪɣǬ¡½ϣº
дһΣѲҪ·ŽйѾ򡣸عԱӭΪ
ľĲš̰աԬöʡӱϾ
һ·ȫûƽʵҵƽ羵ʵҪӵݵݡ
˺еŶޣ˵ޣʵǲӸߺùۣҪǮ
ܭпˣҪǮġȻ˺Ѳ
ʹãǻʩͶ롣кܶӻһʩϣ
ؾʱ˵ġй࣬Աʤ°С񡭡ʮ
޴йѲһûߡ

ѲѣлдԲ԰裬̺ƴ󣬺ʾڣ
֧زɰϣԱѪչ黹ǴС
䡱Բ԰˺ͫ|ֻС󡣳Բ԰ге±
ɽׯͬʱľȰ˵ɽׯҲȥ߰˵Ҫٲ
긴һȥ͢жټҵ׶䲻ģǴĻ
ϵҶºδصīʵӸϸдԿɿߣ
׸ֵڻǮϵĺᡣ

ԻҡʮŮӺʮĸǬ¡жʮ߸һ
ŮôຢӵģȨǮŮˣʵ۹Ϊӵĺ
ȻиŮˡȻԶڹõɫ
̰Ȳ㡣翵ĵʮطĸװ㣬Ǵ󳼳Ů
ѡʵۺͳŮˣݶʤ֮䡣УʥүȢùá
Ǿˡ̫طiͿ֣˽ͨҲסڿӺǬ
żȻӺ˽Ůͬͬĸĵܵʮ
ʶ_ŮѣֱӺ󹬡֪ԼŮ
ѵܵܵŮѾͿİΪǬ¡ϻʵû
͡ǰͷˡϷӺɽϼº߱ˡĳСķ
͡Ҳ˽顣ɧԼСӸϱĶ¶Ӹ
߲ݶԡֹԼġʮ˸Ǭ¡Ķʮ
Ҳ岻Ǭ¡Լĺ˵ֵҲմǵġ
סҵܸҰɣҡڶºӱȷɵġ

Իб飬˻ʵ۾ͲͨˣλȨ
ҪĶЩݡЩǯƣŤȱӢ
翵ҲѡӰ˵ͷŴܴЩʧܣʮ
Ϊˡ޸ӡֵܵĳ̶ȡӺճɹһ
ֵǶȺ꣬󰢸ȦȦȦ˾ʮȦ
֮֮ʮ类ȦʮİȦӺ
λͺܴıʿ˼ԼļƲ߶³
ӺóϵȣλҹڡӺλʱ
ȻֻӣԲòɱһԱ֤ܹ˳λ

ֵ֮ˣвλȹ̵˸һҲŹ
Ǭ¡׿ڶһ֦˵췴һһˣ͵
ôҲǳХɽֽٹʸٵġסٱ
ȫԩЩԻȨκʵвġ紫˵еġ
̫ӡҲ¾ӿʼ̫ӾĻһʱʱ
֣͢ӵĲھƿƽλ
ϡӺǬ¡̫ӡҹ˹һ
һһɱһӲɡǬ¡׵ܵܺҲԴ˲ΪȻ
㣬Ҳ׽ĸ̫ˡ˳ʮ꣬ʮһ꣬Ӻ
ʮꡣ̫ӻҲһٶˣҲˡɣʲô
ϣǳ͢ļɻ䡣һɻ䡱ɱºӲδβ


һЩĸд˵˻ʵۣԡҲɣ
Լ˵Ҳܳ۸Ѳؾ·ϣǬ¡Լ
û˵ס̫ഫּ⣬Ȼο̫
άԼġա˵̫ࡣкüٳһ
ˡ

С˵дǬ¡λĲԽʥ׳أ꣬ʮһѷ
λϡʮʵۺȻջԸ׽ȨʵҲ
ܭȰ²Ž˼죬֮ʵʵۣϾ
ʽ˻Ȩӣԣס˵ߡ

ʵҲˣҲ㣬ɫҡôϲĹηǡٸ
㹣ºЩ涼дûСΪ߻䡱ȺһЩ
׳ΰߴȫѧǿ̫ˡ

˵Ǭ¡λʮ꣬ǮʥӸ
˰ԺΪΪ˲֤⳹ҹˡʷ塷
ġڱ͡ȫĽ11ȫǿˮˣΪ˲ϣû
˻ԸͷβҴͳƣñС⡱667
ʮ·⡱˰Ⱦر꺵֡ʮ
ݣС⡱709ְĳʽ
ҲǷʮرֶîѲҽ㣬ֱ
ɽطʮ֮ɳֱ˳µĸ͸ɽ
ǵȶʮ͸ַYݣСá53
롰⡱ơ11Уǧദᵽ֡⸳˰Ǯº
ҲᵽЩ£ǶǬ¡ʵ۵дȷʷΪ
֤蹦̵°ɣͬһϵġȻֺ
¹˻˵˭˰˭𣿿аɣҲ֪

ٳʲô

⽨ͳν׼˵иٳºдٳ
ġȿ

Ǭ¡ʵԼ֪ܶٳ˹߼ӹԱðı֣аʱ
Ա̰ᱩΪΪ⡢еթ˼
ĻεƤ͹Ǯֶοɳţˮк޿ײ롱
ȱзȱİ취ȱпȱ͡

߹ô۹ٳģ͢񣺡ٳϰ
󳼼ֱԣǷãٳǡ󳼸㣺
ٳϣ޹ٲ̰²лߡɽ참ղͫ|̰
ŰŪԹڡƣ߹ʮ˾ţ
ʮһ㲻ˣ涯һһɲã嵽ˮ㣬
񣬹Ҳûˡͳѫ޹ܭ֮
Σʮۣûа취Ĺǰ˵һ
壬ǣ̡

²Աôʶٳģ٨ӰٱҤŮ
۹ٳĳ̳һɫ˵ٽĿͳѫ߿˵
⣨Ի¸ֽٳ֮أֻҺôҪ
òһ£Աֻš߻ߺţעû鵽źŵ
˼Ĳ£ܸԻ¸ɱйأѲٳ
ڰ

Щʵۺ͹ٳڲۣζٳϵͳԲڶ
ӵУûκһԵʱٳĳ޺ͺô
һ

ЩϵۣлмԱ̰թĴѰӺ
ŵɽȫʡԱ´ͨβգɹƭ
ӺʵۡǬ¡ȫʡԱֵ永һǧ
ټһСԱ޲Ⱦָôأ
һξͲθｭʡ̰ԱһʮԱδֻ̰ʮ
Ĳʮ֮һ󽫾ڳɶٹټͣһϾûһ
ΥԱ

ЩԡϵͳԵĹԱΥȣֱޱҪ
ƫиֵһᣬǾй˶֪ĺͫ|ºӶԺͫ|̰ϸ
дƪ࣬㹻һǺͫ|ֳ˰ְܼ񣬴ӿⷿ
ֵ鱦װԼСֽŮܼҳ֮˵
ǮҲЩˣҴһ£һʮ򡪡
ˣ̰̰һɽѲ̩Ļ¸ʮ
ȫµĴԲ԰񸮡ʡһСĿ
ǰĵǧ򣬳ɱʵĶú̵Ŀϣת͸
ϡôһ̰پڻʵߣһگһʥּ
Ҫγ̰Ȼһһβ鲻ٺ
̷⽨

̰ٳ⣺˸£ʮ˵Ĳʹһ
˾ͰˣһʹһٸʼݣԶƫƧĵطԸȥ
ΣЩβû٣үǼٺһӺүּ
һһʡǵԢѡѾ˹ˣ

еʱĹٳĻҲзӳϾӭݹԱġ¼
һ֦˵ٳϵ˼һ֪Ҫ˶Ѫ
λҰģԾɴСңеŶʵؿС
ҡʱмҸôд

ԭǵһҿջƵС·ӣԵɺȥӣܵǮ
һС٣ҷԴ˵̨˰ٳӡһ
ʮβɣʮΪʱСָϣأ߼
λصȫ£



Բ

··ͨ

ʶŶ

С

Χƽ

԰ڷ

·

ܵڳ

ϿͳоƲ


ѹ

ͷᵽƪ˵ºӡѹȡһھ̸̸

峯ʵֵˣȻ͸߹һȣȨġ
ۡᵽȨȦأȦĵȻǺ˵ءָЧ
᷽ʽʵ۶ȥֹȻͬ麺ˣ
ΪȦìӰͳΣѵ顶Ȧҹ˵
㡣

ȨиһݣעзݻԺܶ
ֺ£мũָ͢ġõĵءҪת
ǮԺֻ֣ݲݴţϻƹʯתơ
ë϶ϣǺ˰ЩˡӦǡ
ѹȡɣ

ΪͳεҪʵ۵ȻҪƽȵ̬Ǭ¡˵
֮ȻأҪû˵ĻҪУǬ¡ʵۼ
λҹ͹źܵܺ˵⣬ڶǡһˡ
ѪѪһƼϰʵ뷨
ڸ־ֱӡѹвټǬ¡ʮ
»˵ˣǶֱסһһо٣ֻ˵
ᵽĵӡ

һǡƹƽ硱͢ŹѹΪ壻Ǵ
Сۣ֮ȺĴζԽ𴨲˲ˡǲ֮ڲìܣҲ
δطҪΪ˳͢Ȩ棬Ĵδ
ƽ˺ܶǮ˺ܶˣǶԻռΪ½زȡ
˶ѹЩ峯衣ºӺѹȡ




ǰᵽĵݳޡҡб飬ٳ̰ãˮ
⣬ºӻд˵ʱһЩ

Ǭ¡һ˴ʮͣͬʱϵطһЩ£
ͷѧϣ˶ʼս̻̽˼
ϵѧĳɹʼӰ쵽ĸ档ϣҵҲʼ
ͺҶЩͨó׵;ŷ֮⣬԰峯
ĵطӰ죬һǷѻƬӢӡȹ˾Ǭ¡λʱѾ
һٶꡣ

ºеǬ¡ѾܿЩӰļ󣬱Ǭ¡ܵܺ
ڵҡԱ͸ѾʳѻƬҽҶʿͷ
͹ԱӱʹиӱݣĿɶ칤
ùҩűĽ˪ʹҲٷ
ͻʿó̳йϣڹרΪó̷
ʮСϸʼʱѿйҲ
ó⣬ԺӪ˿֯Ĳһ
ӻӢ֯ԽԽ󣬸ɴ󶨾ӷɱ
˳ơιĲӡƫͨżĲѩ
׷ҲйҵͷԣɽӸڵأɣ
Ͼʦ֧ʮܻ֯ôÿ궼Ҫ
һٶңľר޴ֻôʼԲ԰שʯж
٣שʯϳĳɲɣ

ȻԻʵΪ峯ͳν׼ؿ֮峣֮
⼸ѳӱԽԽˡ㡢ͨװɵ躻֮ߵĻ
٨˵Ҳʷ顣ʮĽѧʮо٣ɧã׾
ã¾ϵãһĿ͸ֻ︳
˰ϸŷްͣӱǴ϶˵·
л𳵣һִⶼǰûеģû׽Ͳ
ġ룬ʥûͲôС׻ӴӺ
ºˮƵʹмܰѳֵԨΣм»
أûҶ˵ɹ˼ұȸ˭Ĳݳţ࣬˱ȵ
ׯԺϵضиŭ壬˭ţͷҵö˭Ǹˡ˭
̺Ŵ֯ࡣү㣩ϻظ˵Ӣ˱˭Ļ࣬
ֳ࣬ɲǶ·˭ǰ·Ѱ˼ǧ
ٹ֡

ȻǬ¡˵漼ɣƴ·ʲôô
ӱҲϡɡ״ԪҲ˵򷨹һǿ֮
¾죬֮ĺ׼̳˵ǮС£л
ЩװӣʲôôЦֹ
߾ÿЦ߶ºԼҲ̲סֱۣЩۣ
ǽ֮ȻЦʱ˵棬Ҳ
ı֮ԡ

Щ˵ºӡֵ۸ࡱ




ٴᵽǵᴩʼյһؼʣҲǶԶº
еķ档ȿһЩдǬ¡ԿӺ˵
Ρҹ롣ŵᵽӺȵλʮ꣬
ٸΡȻ˵ԼǼÿĸ£ÿ
ӣ˯ʱڳ¶Իʵ۵۸ţ˵
ǺεӣʥѧԨǿɣǾγءһҲ
ʥڡ򰾣ǧŵûһϣ

ʵ۵ڸǣڵ鷿󳼺ͺľ󳼶֮
Ǭ¡㡢ȫżṵ̂壬Ϊ߹ܽ֡
ܡ汸ͳѫǾҵޱȣϳ·ϡͳѫĶӡ
ܭ޹˾ḻǻֵ䣬档
̰ٺͫ|ҲˡӢŶôŬôҵôǸ㲻
أ

ٳõɱ̰ٶûãʵڸŬȻ
жǬ¡ǧ֮۵׳ģͽۺĹⲻƽң
Զƹٳܻ۵˻©˷Ҳѹ
Ǭ¡ʮ꣬ѲͬǬ¡ʮ֮ǰж
㳯֮𡱡ڡǬ¡ʵۡĺ벿ҿһƮҡҡ
ҡ׹ĵ۹ϵͳڲѾ޽⡣

ԣҶһ衣

³ѸǶҪַ족ҴӡǬ¡ʵַۡǵģ
֮峣ûãͼûáûá۲Ŵûáս
ûá»Ƕ£ѻƬҪڻҪϰջ
Ҫ췴һ˸Ƕȵõʾ

ʵۣԲ۹ڷ𡢽
ƣҵĽҲˣʵǵƵ裬㳪
׳Ȼվ裬ⲻٶĴ峯ҲǴʼʿʼ
ǧʱ衣Ǵᷢչɡ

Ǭ¡󣬺ʷǶ֪졢⡢̷ᡢͬΡͳ
мһ峯һһǬ¡һٶ꣬йķ⽨
ڽˡ

ȻĽȻʷǰģҲ֪
ʱػˡ᷺Ϲỹꡣ۵Ļʵû
ˣҪ贩װƺ»ʵۡ

ôºӵ׸˭

ѧƷĸ̣Чö߶Щͬ͡
ϲ羴塢еĻ[1]ͩ³ڵ
Уö߲еȻǿӺǬ¡Ҳ
Ǹ͸񣬲òĺ󹬼ǴϵµĸԱ
Լ˵ȣΪ߸ܲдЩʱͶĸ顣

Ǭ¡ʵۡеһࡱǲѩۣйγѩ
츳ĲɡΡƷʸ߽ࡢۣͬͷİ
ĽͰس϶ֵЩǵдЩ
ѶˣԱҡˣͨͶߡЩ֮˸ѩ
һҲȾʾ˻СչԸ񡢸еƷʣ顢
ȡдκЩǵĳۻᣬÿζЩ˾
ʱǳԴ֮Щڣĸо
һǺڰ졢ڸѹֳĵӰʱͻȻֵ졢Ұ
΢ҡҷĻͰֵˮȾͷġСҵһ
ڶ꡶Ǭ¡ʵۡȫ˵ֻ漰ѩ۵ļдܵ
ů͸ж

һºӸ̵ĶɯޱͶƷΪĽ𴨲Ⱥ壬
¸ǻۡ鱼šʵ档볯͢ΪеģΪȺ
࿹˰۲ӣʤʤǿǵĶ֣峯
Ź츴⼸޴̡塢𱨣ȫΪ
д

⣬Ů佫ƶ˶Ҳ
ŮԽɫöܸоºЩʱ
ע˸顣

ºӸ˭һھҵĴ𰸡

20231£

[1] ҸΪеĻҲܿɰ

͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

ӾĹ

 ʮʮһ

̡ʡ

ʮ˹ʵ

1969격ʿҵʱķص˳·ѧԺ
ΪڵĸסϲĸΪǣߴţԼʱȥݼ
Ϊķڡ

Ŀİ칫ңȥ׼еʵ顣
һ֮ºµǸʲô㲻ѧ
ʲôԵĵط̸ȥɣûȤֻ㬶ˡ

15æѲؽʵİ˹ҲӦѧ
ԺһΣõĻӭѺýӴ

˹֪û˻ԸƵӾʵ飬ᵱ
һżݲȵϸ1975õ׿Ϻֱ
1982ŷʵѾǿ͸ʵʮ֮
󡣺жûصᱻȵĸޡ

CHSHһ˹ĵķʽԼ
ĽʵơڿʵУԭȼͨ伸ͬʱ
ŻĹӡɹѧϵͳֱͨ
ƫƬ̬ͬһ˫̥ڹԴҾ𣬷ֱ
վԽѯʡ

ÿβʱߵƫƬȹ̶õԤ跽
Ҫѯ˫̥ǷʱѾ˫̥ĳַʽ֪
ǽҪʵ⣬ȫлụͨЭ𰸡

Ϊ׿ܣ˹ÿصװŲͬԤ跽
ƫƬڵִ֮ǰȾһӦٶȷǳĿأ
·ϵĵһʱùȥһƫƬ֮ͨǰ
ܡ֪ȥһƫƬǸͨʱ˴Ѿ
ԶҼ̱ƫƬʱʹԹֶҲҲ
㹻ʱЭס

һ򵥵ñư-ŬպǸսС
Ȧ˼ѣԴ֮á

Ϊо˹ҲûжòЧİĴѼ
˵豸ԽظԼʹùƫƬ
ʱΪṩѯ޸еӢ

˹ò׵õһʽȫһ̨ǿļ
ΪԭԴǸǰѾڿʵĸĽ
ĵԣҪܲɼĿڰ˹
ʵмӾɡⲻʵЧʣҲǿ
ȺͿɿԡ

19827£ġۿ챨ʽ
Ƥʿǰǰ͵õ˵˹ŵͨ˹ʵ
ڶž׵ĿԺ󣬾йӶԵΪѾ֤ʵȫһ£
ȻΥűĲʽ

簮˹̹ģѧȷȷʵʵشйȰĳá
˲ʱЭľ֮ңӵΪȫܹٵ
ơʵ󳹵Υ˴ͳľϵ˹̹Ŀ
пѧ߼ܹڵĻʯ

1979ǸԾĻСɢˡ濨
˫յɹΪСƽأܼ
ǵѧ;ѧ½ҵǸΪ
Լƺͳƻʾ֭

Ȼ޷ǸʵֳͨѶ롣

ںղ֮ǰСԱǾѾָݱʾĳʵ
ֳͨѶĿܷʽɹǻһ߸˼롢ı
ͻơһȡ鱨Լɫɫ˽ҵ
һʼרĳ򡣿ʵѾ֤Ӿ
ʵڣеĳϵʵͨѶƺָտɴ

ǳԶŹ֮һΪ̮ĳһض
̬ϣʱŵһŻ˲ʱؽ֮Ե
̬£ˡĳǻǿŹӲ
ͻȻ̮Ϊ£ǿ֪ңԶĵһŹһ̾
ĲϢĵȫҪʱ䣬Խ˹١

ȻҪӲͻȻ̮ҲֻͨʵʩͬĲ
ʹңԶĵһŹӲûбŹڱʱҲᷢ
̮ʾϻ¡ˣֻǿӲͻȻ̮
ȷԶӾϢҲܻԼڱصĲ

Ͱ˹ܹ֤֮ʵӾĴڣΪǡ߸ϡ
Ĺ۲ߣͬʱŹڲͬصĲʽȻȽǵĽ


ֻһŹڵصĹ۲߽Լ޷ԶϢͱص̮
ǱԷĲԱͨȷķʽȻº
ǵĽ̬޷ֱԶϢ
ȻĹֻͨͨ绰籨һ๤߽Уһ޷
ԽٵѰͨѶʽ

ʵҵĺ˹ʦأPhilippe Eberhard1978귢
ģϵͳ֤߼ƿҲǻСĳͣͬ
²бѵͷԣǵͷµһˮѧķǾ
ԲûΥۣͨѶȻǳ롣

ղػǲġǸùƫԲƫ̬ͬ
ϢļѾԤӡķʽ㡣Ĳõľ
Ѿɹƿ˰طֵľޡҲʱԶڴ˰
ѧҼϣGianCarlo GhirardiҲһⷢȤϸ
ղصĺҳһ©뵱ʱƵͬղ
غ˾ĹӵĹ֮

벨ƬԲƫתһۡḶ́˹ΤĵŲ
ЯĽǶݸ˰벨Ƭɼ
ɵĹһӵǶ΢޷벨Ƭȷ
ѧĲȷԭ벨ƬҪܾ߱̽⵽һ
ǶȡȻİ벨Ƭܱӻκ
ƶˣղصʵѹ޷Ӧ΢еĹӡ

197911£ϺĺᣨAlberto RiminiΤ
Tullio WeberҲʽղص롣ܽУ
˵˴Ϊ곬ͨѶɣҪ
ֹһνִ

ղû١ڤ˼벻һ;һĽ
ơ

20󣬼ѾΪʵгð˹̹
ܼԭʵһķŴͬʱ
ͬһ̬Ĺӣγȫɡcoherentһļ
ںղؿְճ򽻵ĸӡܹһŹ
ӡݡܽ벨Ƭ̽ⵥһǶ⡣

°УղزֱƫƬ벨ƬĹӣǽ
ŹĹǻΪԭӡһģһĹӡ
γɺ۵ļȴֶԭһģһͬһ̬
Ҫ⡣ǡǡ෴㹻Ĺӿͬʱжֲ
ԽȷֳݣֱƫƬͰ벨Ƭƫ̬

ƫƬֹϺµͬ벨ƬҲֹ
ͬ˵ǿŹӴĵ̬ĲԼ
ߵĲ֮ǰû̮༴ңԶĶԷδвûϢ

ƫƬֹϣûµġʱ벨ƬȻᱨ
ȡ˵ǿŵĹڼǰѾ
ϵı̬ΪԶľͬѾƫƬǱߵ
Ӳ̮Ϊ£Źӵϡ

֮ƫƬֹϡµͬ벨Ƭֹ
ģ˵ңԶĶԷʹ˰벨ƬǱߵĹӽ
̬

㣬ղرڲҪԷͨºԱȽ
ȫ֪һߵĲΡǱߵ˷ֱƫƬ벨ƬΪ
01ı빤ߣͿһʵõϢ
ݹûκʱӳ٣ʵ˳ͨѶ

ղ˷ܵذΪ⡱FLASHǡһ
ŴĳͨӢдһΣύʼչע
ѧ־ѭԤӡͬйΪ͡

198110£ЯӦйѧԺйƼѧйʽ
ѧǰǰɭˡ̷йһѧר
ҵٴáйҵѾ췭ظı仯ڸĸ￪֮İٷϴ
ˡʱڡ

ڱϺϷһϵѧݣʮй
ѧҽִѧǰءȻҲؽԼġʽ
桱͡ӳѡ񡱼顣

й롰ѧĴ족ǸķᡢЩ
ڱӵѧֲͬҲӭǵ֮άɡ
աάء˹ŵĲиƶ£EPRӾʽЩ
ʼ볣µ֮ڻյĿγ̺͸ѧϵ
ҡԽԽѧҿʼʶеȷиԵĻ
⡣

ڼѧԺͬ¸ǶѾΪֻӵĿ˽ṹӮ
1969ŵǸҲʼһ̷ˮ׫Ŀߣʣ
չʵѧﱻ֮ãȫΪһ
ѧϴԡ

ΪѡһʱƤʿ;ͬӳȤ

˹ʵʱûʮǰֻʯ
ʽ

󹦸ɺ󣬰˹ɽɽʶȼ١󾭳﷫
ڼݵ̸ѧҲҵۺղصĳʵ顣
ȻţҲ벻粵ɡ

˹徻ûܹáѾΪԼʵΪһʱѧ
ǣϵյصĽѧ룬ڵļѧԺ

Ѿþɳڽ̨İ˹岻Ųæ٩٩̸
һƪģƺڲ֪֮¶Ƶ˱
ĲʽȻλȴ޷жǸֵĽǷ˵ѧ
鷳ΪˣдһƲ֪Ƶۡ˵ţ˹
ͶӰչʾǸĪĻȻʾ߱


̨µĽֱ꣬ԼЦ֮Ÿ֮Цѡ

󣬷밢˹ȥۡǼİ
̸רҳԼԭ壬֤ʵ˹õȷ
ʵԭ˹רȥű֮⡣

Ȼһ족ĽɫѧóĻԾ
ļ㣬Ⱥ·ֺͷͼȷЭ򻯼Ĳ衣
ڰʱԲķ˿ûȤðл
ͬСڻ͸޹ֺʱҲûܵõ


ԼƱʽĹϵ֮󣬷԰˹ʵ˸Ϊ
̵ʶǸѧĻʶ뾭ű
ԵĲ֮ͬһԽĺ蹵ԴˣҲҳһص
ӽǡ


ʮһȰ̬

εһְĿζѧ1920һͳġ
ɭMessenger LecturesŸܳѧУ
˼롣ߴΪѧǣѧֻż¶
档ѧ١±Ĭ롤̳Ͻܿѧ
չ1945ʱйѧߺʣHu ShihҲϵ̨


1964̨꣬46꣬δһŻе
ŵҲѾΪԽѧĹ֪ڼѧԺ
μ¼༭ġѧ塷ճ治ãڳΪ̲ġ
ҲʼƵڵӽĿ¶棬ΪռͿѧ֪ʶ

ڿζѧڴÿһСʱؽ߳ݽڹ
ѧص㡣Ӣ㲥̨ȫ¼񣬽ɹΪĵƬݽ
ҲԡɵΪ飬һʱ

ֱʱѧŻΪ
һÿΣΪҿԷĵûĶѧô
Ц

ȻΪԼҲѧֻǷǡ
ԵķרҵͨѧӴⲿʱܻ᲻ϵطʣô
ܻӡôܼǲΪʲôǾͲͬ
ʱȷλúٶȣǾѧ˼飬Ϊ޷ճľ
ȡԷ˵ֻһϰ

40ǰոշֲȷԭ꺣ɭҲ԰˹̹һ
ͬıԹѧԽܣֻΪ޷ȶ
ڿζȰһĴѧҪͼѧӦ
øɣԼϤĸȵķʽĳ
һȫµۣ΢۵̬ǻġͿᵽ
ͬһ֮

ʵҲһ졢㡱ʽҸ棬ֻڲԶּ㣬
ֻרҵļΪѧңԼȴֻôʫ黭
ѧ㡢⡣ʵ귢·Ϥ
ľѧѧӵ˶пܵľ˶
ΪȨصܺ͡ǸֲΪѧһ˼·ҲΪģ⡢
ṩһʵ;

ӵ綯ѧĳɹţڿζݽļ
˵ᶨĿ֮⡣

˹1984ѧԺʱѾ20ǰڿζ̨
üɫķ1970ӦɽɽƤʿǾٰ
ְѧ罻ۻᣬһѧ⡣ӽҲڸı䡣

㡱һֱǷȤڡѧѧǸյо
ʱڣܹԸָѧԭӵټ
У˶ļ֯ɡ
ˮ߰ɱʽļ㲽衣

ִӼ1970ļٷչҲ˷ע⡣ʡ
ѧԺļڸ׵½Edward Fredkinһüģ
ķͨ׵½ıʱ䷴ݶԳƵġ߼šFredkin gate
ȡúܴɹվǷ㷽ֻģ⾭磬
粢ȫá

1981꣬ڼѧԺһμⱨ档
һӱʣͨüģ

á0͡1ļܹɵ߼
ޣģеһЩԡоٵʵǱ
ѷֵܣдΥʽĳΪ
Ϊ޷ԾѧΪݵļֱģ⡣

ͬ˹е֧֧ᣬҿ϶һ
ѧγ⡣Ϊ޷ģʵȻǳ
ǡֹۣûʱֹǰž
һص룺ܷܲһʽļһѧ
еļԴֱģ⡢ӵ磿

Ӽĸɴ˳Ұ

1982꣬²ӭ90աҲ80١Ϊ
ѧһʼ˶ߡ꣬ѧŷһϵл
飬ܽᡢѧ½չӾͱʽҲٱرܣ
Ϊܶеʽ⡣ΪյƼˣWojciech Zurek
˹William WoottersҲЩд󣬴۽硣

ÿ˹ѧʱ˺˹Ѿо
տѧϲŵһνӴЩ̳̺ӡûݣ
ʶѧĿϾӵļ㱳ŸΪḻĻݡ
Ѳɷ˵ѡȡⷽѧλ⡣

ʱѾʼı䡣˺˹ֱ19791980òʿѧλû
ΪǴµо鷳ڼѧԺ격ʿ
Ȼùʵҵʽְλ˹ʷƾõķ˹ѧԺν̡
Ϊѧһרҡ

1982꣬ΪĵĻǺղǸͨѶʵơ

ղصFLASHĻûʽԤӡѾ㷺Ϊ
ϻ¾۵Ż⡣˺ղԼ߸Ƥʿû
ѧŴڳͨѶĿܡԴӰ˹̹1905
۾ʵʼ飬ҵѳΪ20͵ִѧΪ졢и
ɻۡ

ڰ˹̹ۡԼЧӦ˶ܹϵ
Ǹ漣꣬ʿרеġרҡ޾
ר롣Ϊ˽ʡʱ˽ֻҪڡperpetual 
motionʽķܻ᲻˼ǹСѧɸģ
Բֲ

80ԼҲ߱ͬĵλѧ־
ȽղصĽɫе˹Asher Peresġ
˽ۣƪĿ϶ǴģΪΥۡںղ
ύǿѧĶר롣˹˼ʱ䣬ûҳ
ڣòšѧ鷢Լôʱ
Ҳ©ƪ۴ӦþзֵҲ
ѧҽһ˼ҳ⣬ܴлøмֵ³ɹ

Ѿҳղԭʼëļһλߡյĺ
ֺܷһ˼Ｘڵ˼ҳе⡣
ظļϲݲдһ̵־跢ƪʵ
ġ

ѧյһһƪʴӣֻúղ
ģȻµ߶ᡣǶʱղصԤӡѦ̵
èԼֻ״̬ѧԽԽȤ

ڼѧԺִķҲԺղʵ
ߡڲμһϵл϶뾭;гΪѵ˹
һ˼⡣ǲòղʵеÿһ
ϸµطѰκοΥɵ˿಻֮ҹ
ҵ֢ڡ

ղFLASHʵĹؼ֮ü⹲ǻΪӡ
һŹӸƳɰŴͬһ̬ĹӡΪķŴһ
Ѿ֪û⡣ʵеļŴֻǺ۳߶ȵĹ
ǵһĹӡʵļҲֻһ

ҪƵġԭֻһŹӣѧʱָֻԤʹ
ķŴòԤ⡣絽һƫ̬Ĺӣ
״̬ͬʱҲϺƫ̬ɵĵ̬50%
ܡһŹӽ뼤⹲ǻļȴղ
һĹϣһ¡ƫĽͬ
ӼĹ50%ȫϵĹɣҲ50%Ŀ
ȫµĹӡ

ǣĹһƫƬƫʱʾĽ
ԶϢֻǳڱصһҲ˵ղص
һȫ޷ﵽĳͨѶĿģ

Ȼ֮˺˹дġѧԭһ
Ӧã˷ղصʵƺûʲôֵûж룬
ľߺʵļ͸ôעġ־һ
ѧĿֻոҲ³һӾ
صġȻͬʱҲͬǷԤӡ

ϣտԤӡæ绰壬޸ĺ
ͶʢġȻ־֪λձҵõС
һش·֣ӦùΪ֪Ϊ˸ΪעĿջһ
ĿһӲɿ¡

19828£˺˹ǰջս޸ĵͽȻ
־̶ºšȻ硣ʱղԼ
ûʽ

˺˹ʱ֪Ǽĵһں󣬺ѧ
Ͽ˹Dennis DieksҲġ챨ύġͬ
֡

Ͽѧ־շ˺ղĺ
ףдʦڿˡ˹͵Ͽ˹ƪĺ󣬼
ϲʶֻἰֵʵ̫ڵģ
ûʶаصشֵΣΤ׫дġ
ķʱѾˡ˹͵Ͽ˹һꡣ

ΪյԶͻǵĿ̬ɸơһ·ֱ
ɿ¡no-cloning theoremѧУһȺ
ֳϵķ֣ԶԶԽղصǸʵơ⼸ƪĵ
ǶǸԵĽǶ֤һʵĽۣѧԿɵԵ
ȻȫκӾķǾʵֳͨѶĿԡ
ѧеĳùȻȣȴûƻ֮ĺг

ҲȪ֮£˹̹һ

νҲΰҲΡ̬ĿɵԴѦֻèļֻ
ɾӾȴҲɵԶֹ̬ĸƣ֤䲻Υ
ۣԴ˷ղصƤʿʵֳͨѶΡ̬
ӾԵùȡ

ղ˹ҲһûνΪһƪ
Ŀ̵ơȻԸƪĵԣɹشٳһ
µشͻơ

ղFLASHĺ󲻾ôȥļԱְרչ
СͥһʵȼΪ1985꣬ڳԼ
Ůʵڣѧ֮⡷óɹⱾղ
ѧʱŵĲͬڹͣа֮ࡣ籾ڹֻ֮һ

ǡѧ֮ʮ֮ĵ鼮Ȼò˥
Ĵͷղ̳ˡȹ⻹죺ѧеĳ©
ʶѧعܽͲ
СƤʱľо̽ݴǵĿϱɼһߡ

1983꣬պ༭ġӺͲۡ档ڻ
սѧγڼռⷽ澭֮ͣкܻӭ
Ȼ˰˹̹Ͳ˹ɭEPRԼǵ
ӦġæгǰѲƪĵҳ˳ӡˣȴȻܾҲû
ע⵽ʱĶѲĲĹ۵۾ݣ߲ϰ
ѭʹ˳Ҳ˿졣

󣬱Ķһγʽо̲С




ڱ༭
Уԣ
󡡸壺ƽ̫Ӧҡ硢ꡢʡ
֧֣塢٣졢
ϵˣӣsmfang@yahoo.com
Ͷַeditors@xys.orgxinyusi@yahoo.com
У˿磨New Threads Chinese Cultural Society
ʿţɣӣӣΡ
Ȩ˿У°ȨУת뱾ϵ
桡http://www.xys.org
http://newxys4.com
˿վµϣxinyusi@googlegroups.com

