             ˿µϣ2024227գ

24.02.23-26ûи
24.02.27, ӡΪһѧˡ
24.02.27, ӡ˹Ļƽʱ
24.02.27, ӡڿй½̨ġԤݡ
24.02.27, ӡݵΪʲô˵Ԥ̨ս
24.02.27, ӡǡûСĹ𣿡
24.02.27, Ƶӻ¼־߷ӡ־
24.02.27, Ƶ̸ʳʲôóԵģ
24.02.27, Ƶӿգʽټʵĺ
24.02.27, йѧԺойɢԴ콾ѧΪٱ
24.02.27, ҽζػʲô
24.02.27, һѧ棬ȨĿ
24.02.27, ɡϵйҽƴʿط(18351911)
24.02.27, غϼ4812024.2.1-5

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ϴ̸˹ƽʱӿֳһͨšȫšٿȫʽѧߣ
֮ȻУҲСѧϵǰмھڰٿ
ȫʽ˹ٷҡܡŶ¡¡͢»ѷֻ
ְٿȫʽڸʺռĹΪѧơ
úˣоȡǰصĳɹǼѧĽڶ
ȥˡѧ˺ܴĹףҪĹ׶ʱ
ģҪľռĹ

ҲпȥܲѧŵǼðαӣйࡣĦкƳ
һˡߵޡҲ֪ʲôʲôÿ
ʲôȵ㣬ϾдһƪƪۣƺԸⶼָƣʵ
װǰν¶ˣŻƭĦ˴´
ˡ

ҪΪһܲѧˣȻҪ˵Ĵͱ
ʶȽǿĶϾգҲǿ˾
ǵģûҪ˵ֻ˵ġ
УҪкŬӦͨŬҲԼΪһ
ѧأ

һӢĶҪǿɿġḻϢڶӢ
дģӢǹԡѧԡӢĶĺܶණ
ĶܶǲɿģϢԣһؾӢĵĶ
һҪǿǺŬġǰ̸ѧӢ̸Ӣ
ķ˵дյľǡõҲ


ڶҪáҪ˽ĳĳѧƣӦϵͳѧ
ƵĻ֪ʶҪ˵ܶ˲л֪ʶйһЩڡרԼ
Ļ֪ʶաѧ㣬
ѧĻ֪ʶҲûϵͳաҶνӦϵͳѧһϵı
̲ģǺظὨ飬ΪҪϵͳĳĳѧƵĻ
֪ʶѧƽ̲ĵȷõ;

ĳһѧƱȽİǰûнӴôӦѧƽ̲ģ
Ӧôѧ̲ѧ磬йҪ˽ʷΪӦ
ѧʷ̲ѧԼġѧ֮ǰҿ
ܶʷ飬һȥĹͼݣԪһ
еʷ̲ģ֮ŷ֣ԼܶĶ֪
Ľ̲һô֪ܺʶܶ࣬Һ˼÷
йĽ̲ĲһйĽ̲Ķܱܵû˼

Ľ̲Ҳһȱ㣬ΪܺӡˢҲرһ
ǼʮԪһԪǽ̲°ɰͻúܱˣر
飬͸һǰϲͼȥԴĽ̲ģڿԴ
ѷѷҲܱܶ࣬ˣǸ˷ѾͿԼռ
˺̲ܶģرѧĽ̲ġ̲һôǻʱʹ
ʮꡢʮǰĽ̲ģ󲿷ݶȷģ̲ʺϿġ

Ҫپǿ˺ܶģһͷ
βĺ٣Ҳֵô澫顣󲿷ֵ
ͷβһҳһҳطһĿʮеؿȥĸطú˼
ؿȻ·ԣҶһӡܾǾмطдñ
˼һмֵĿҲЩطΪܶ鶼Ϊ
ƪܶûбҪݡÿ鶼Ҫûôʱ䣬
ֻͨķʽܾضܶ顣ңҶ鲻ϰдд
ʱôɹͲˡддͨǾطдúܺã
ҲԺͷٿԺĻٻͷȥ𣿼ǲġ
дд˷ʱ䡣ҿ͸ûһոµġ

ģҪԹ㷺ҪֻЩʱֵġ顣ܶ೩ҵ
Ľһꡢûɶ˿ˡҲֻʲô鶼
ҲҪ֪ܶʶرµ֪ʶ鱾ûеģԳ˿飬
ҪġֽڿֽҲӦø涼ҽǰֽʵıֽ
硶ŦԼʱǴͷһֱβ涼Ĺڴ¡ʱ
¡طšҵ桢桢桢ѧ桢۰棬ź͹
ҲΪӹҲѧٵĶֻ治ΪҶʵ
ڲȤҲΪʲôôϲ

һЩҪٿڵý£󲿷ǲֵÿġ
Ȧȥ΢Źں£ʱΪڴһûʲ
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죬϶һЩϢֵ˷ʱȥ

壬Ҫ࿴˵ô˵Ҳ˾ڸЦԼÿ
ôģдһƪ£ᳫ࿴˵⵱ȻԶԵģ
Ϊ˵д㶫ҿġ֪ٶˣϿԺ
ԲơǷԵģЩϲ԰Լʶ㣬Լʲô
ϿɹûҲҪɹģЩֻаͰˮûм
ˮ˼֪ûˮϿóôҿͰˮģЩһ
ֻһ飬͸ϿдƼġ

ǹ㷺ĶΪ԰ڣΪ֪ģΪ˻
ϵ㡣һҲҪΪǿʶ֪ʶʵö
ˣͲЩνĴʦרҡѧߵĵˣһ֪Ƕǲѧ
װϲſڿӡ

2023.12.11.¼
2024.1.14.

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                        ˹Ļƽʱ

                      ӡ

ڡû˹ˣ̸˹йһ
ʱܶ˶Դһ֪ϣ˹ֲ֢˹ǳ
УܶƲ˹˹֣ΪһĲֵܶͨ
ôΪ졢ѧߡҲôΪĦпе˹ֺǼ
˵ڽ̷ӣŽ̾ʲô¶ɡСѧߡʿ֣ǰ
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ĻѧġʱڱΪ˹ĻƽʱӹԪ750갢˹
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˹ĵڶ꣬ҲǹԪ751꣬˹Ƴ˹
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ʱĻѧķҪ档һǷ룬һ
ϣ˹ͨһϵԼռͥ۹Ҫϣ
ӮҲҪսƷҪ顣֯˺ܶѧ߰
ǷɰͲ˹ʱķҾ͸һ֪ģ
֮Ҳ൱ڵǡӰǡǷ˴Ĺϣ
в練Ѿʧˡʱǻͳεĺڰ
ͣӹϣΪа˵ʧˣִӰ
˹﷭´磬ɴոˡûа
ⳡ˶ûкոˡ

˷룬˹ѧҲԭѧоڷĹзֹϣ
ѧҡѧߵĹ۵⣬ֵȶоϼԸ
µķ֡

ʱ˹˷ǳѧߣЩѧһص㣺ͨš
ܳѧǿģʲôоҲǳࡣдµ
˹µöࡣڽٿЩ˹ѧߣǲҲȫ
ˣΪ˵˶ô࣬дô顣ʵʱдһ
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ôͨšȫŵѧߵУôһкʲľ
ʲôоģҪĹϵͳĹѧоϵͳĹѧ
ԱΪѧ֮оӰ쵽ЩоѧĿѧң
ݸ˹ţ١ѿܵӰ졣

һѧ߽άɭɣҲʲôоҪĹǽѧ
ҽѧдһҽѧٿȫ顶ҽ䡷Ĵ硣
17֮ǰҽ䡷ŷ޺ܳʱھǱ׼ҽѧ̲ģ԰άɭ
ΪǼϣ׺͸֮ΰҽҽҽ

һѧ߽ͼҲʲôоҪ֮һѧ
ĽܵģͣΪģʹڲ⣬˸Ľ
һµģͣͼ˫֡ڸͼ
˫ֵģͣ˻ɸͼܵͼӰ졣ͼ
Ӱǳ˵ʱȷĹ۲죬ƶ˵ʱȷ
ȫ磬йԪġػҲǸͼġ
ΪͼҪĹǴѧѧǺˣ
ǰѧоߣһѧơͼƽѧ
ѧϵͳодרѧ˱һѧƣ
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һѧ߽лܣҲʲôоҪһϵͳ
одˡѧⱾģҲںܳʱ
ڴѧı׼̲ġǰѾһѧѧƼѧϣŷ´
ģܴ˴ѧôѧӴ˸ѧһΪѧһ
ѧƣ֮ʲľǹѧ֮Ǵ֮
ͼѧ֮ôġ֮ȫ˹֡

˹ĻƽʱŰ˹˹ǱɹŴ
ġɹŵʱһ󺹽أ˰͸͸ﱣ
סͶˣɹžǣ˹һ﷢ȫұɱܶѧҲ
ɱˡɹžɱˣѰ͸ĸָĽͼݡҽԺ
ȫջ١ʧǰ͸ǻ۹൱ڹͼݣҲٵˡ
ǻ۹鱾ƤƤɹʿƤ
Ьӵ͸һܴĺӣ׸˹ӣʮ
ӵһţ˿ӣҺˮīˮȾ
ˡҺҸղᵽͼһطͶɹţܵأ
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˹ĻƽʱӴ˾ͽˡ˹500ʱȫ
ĵطĻģʱİڵӢһǿѧԡ
ѧԡĦǸʱ˿϶Ҳܵ͸
ȥҲǻ۹ֻӺͼʶ˼һ

2023.12.09¼
2024.01.12.

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             ڿй½̨ġԤݡ

                       ӡ

ڿǽڵýԼܶ˶ǳ˷ܣԺ½
̨Ԥݡرһʼܵ˶ƭΪڿһӾͱ
ſˣЩ˾͸˷ˡ

ʵ½̨ڿǺܲһģܰΪԤݡ
ҪȽսվй½ĽǶȼƣҲơ

˵һ˵½ߵơ

һǵԭڿտأ͵
̹ˡװ׳һֳȥڿסǣ̨й½
һϿй½̨Ҫ纣սѶҪöࡣ

ڶ̨ľڿľҪǿڿ2014֮ǰ
һ֧ȽĲӶûСʱڿͶıɡ
зչԼľµıҪһֱ2014ڿ˸׶Ȩ
վɱռǣڿķֶ
ʹڿбҪչһ֧ȽǿľӡҲǸʱ
ʼڿʵľԮϾֻ8ʱ䡣

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½ҪԱֹ½ԣ̨弸ʮһֱһ֧൱Ӵ
ʽӡǰ̨˶Ҫıۣ2018Ժˣ
۸ĳļǣʹЩ۵̨ҲҪμĸ¾ѵԣ
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̨ҪڿҸΪȽʮ̨һֱ
Ƚÿվ˵̨ս280ܡڿĿվ
ǳֻ60ܷɻ̨ͷ̨庣Ҳ4
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ŵңйĲӴ1979ԽԺûдˡ80
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ͷеԣѾ40ʱйľ١ʿûϹսû
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ģһ̴̨֧Ȼǳڿ֧
֣һڵϣһΪ˶ƶŵҪûԮ
ڿǣ̨ԮΪ̨ǰѣС̨
ϵӷϹ涨ھԮ̨塣һ̨⵽й½Ĺ
δػɱ룬̨Ԯȿ϶ҪȶڿԮȴ
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壬ڿԶûлֻ֮ܲȡأû
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ĴΧغǡǡй˿ĵϺ㽭
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ܵ

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ڿȣһǣڿԼĹҽԮ
ȥǣ̨һúԶԮֻͨ
ϻ߿нȥһй½̨ΧͿжԮ

ڶ̨С36000ƽ½ȥӺ׾
̨ռˡڿܴ60ƽ̨ˣҪ
ռ죬ҪѶ80-90ȫȥпܡֻʮĲ
ȥֻܼд򼸸Уռ˵ġ

½̨壬Ĺʷ첻ڿô
ڱϾҶ̨йһ֣ܶһΪ½̨
ԤڿһһȨҡ

ģйϵľõλҪȶ߶ˣйGDPŵڶ
ŵ12йܶҵó׹ϵǳܣǺܶҵĵһ󾭼ó
׻顣ҪƲйͱȽ鷳ƲöڶƲô
Ҿûܳеġʵ϶ԶƲûͷҪѶ
ƲǲԴʯ͡ȻƲãϾ
ΪĲ40%Դǣģŷ
ԴӦͳˡṩԭͺȻҪƲй
෽涼ԴƲöһģԺܶҡرŷ޹Ҳһ
µġ

壬й½̨壬ʿһڿʿܵ䣬
ΪԱĹңĪٶҸʿ˵Ҫڿ
²ʿ˵ˣΪϰģ֪ԱˡԶ
ʿʿܵ䣬ܶ˻Ͷܣ̹ҲҪˣ
к̹ܶˡװ׳ɼ

ǣǴ½̨壬ʿܸ߰ôϴԡ
һ˵Ҫո̨塢ͳһҵܶ˻ǳ˷ܣͲøϿȥ
ʿܸߡҹ֧ҲܴҲһ
δڿڷԵǿҡ

ԣܰѶڿй½̨ԤݣΪߵĲ
ܴ󡣵ǣͨζڿǿԶڴ½̨ѣ
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һҪǿôסһҵصֿĻ
ôǿһǺܵģûô˳ڿǿˣ־ڱ
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Ҳͳ죬ͻᱻռ졢ݡǳϵǣڿԽ
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ڶ˹ŭƲûǳȫ桢ԡڴ
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ƲáϵǣһʿҲƲöҪ
վȨʿеĴйȨŻˣΪ
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ʶ·пܱϵܾܿŵòĥ
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綼õġ

2022.3.1.¼
2024.1.13.

(XYS20240227)

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              ݵΪʲô˵Ԥ̨ս

                    ӡ

2020ѡʱ̨ܶˡִ֧ա԰ݵǣΪջ
йǿӲݵǻʱ˵ȫǶε֪
йĹʶɫʡֵ
йǿӲձһˣһôͿ
ܺô򽻵ݵ̨ԺйȻȴҪǿӲö࣬йս
Ĵ֮ͿԿ

йսˣΪ¡һԺ
йһֱĶ̨ߣл񹲺͹һ
йԭֵһйߡһǰݵڽ̨ʱ˵
й½̨壬¸Ԥ˺ܴķ粨

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һйԭݣһֻһйڶл񹲺͹
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һй߸ʲôͬأһйǽֻϵģ
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Ϥһ1972ϺҪʶ̨庣
ϿΪֻһй̨йһ֡ڶ1979
Ҫл񹲺͹ǴйΨһϷ
1982817ǩģԽС817Ҫ
ȡƽ̨⣬ͬⱣ֤𲽼ٶ̨
ۡΪʲôôһأΪ1979֮Ϊ
˱̨壬ͨˡ̨ϵҪ̨ṩ
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Ӧ𲽼ۡ

ǩϹ֮ʾ𲽼۵ǰй
Ҫƽ̨⣬йвͿۡ
Ϊ̨ģˡ̨֤ûޡ
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Ժͨ˾飬꡶̨ϵ͡̨֤
Ļʯ൱ڰѡ֤ΪһʽļȻǸ
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йԡ̨ϵ͡֤һֱ̨ܲϵ
͡֤ΥϹûзЧġܿЦ
УߵġҪġΨһзЧľą̇̄ϵǹ
ͨͳǩзЧġڶҪǡ֤Ȼ
һʽķģûзЧǹͨϿɵģ
׹Ҳ֧֡ȻзЧҲһ
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Ʒûл죬־бҪҲԲϡֻ
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һй⽻ߣйһйԭʲôһأ
ȻֻһйĲͬǹ̨Ȩλ϶йһ
йԭΪ̨йһ֣һй߲ôΪ
о̨Ĺ̨ߵı˵úȷΪ̨
Ȩλûж̨йһ֣Ҳ̨Ƕģ̨
Ȩôδһйߣйһй
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ݵ˵̨ս¸Ԥ̨սѾô
˵ˡݵǣȴ˵ݵ˵죬ʾĲ˼
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أǺȷʽڱֵ

ÿһΰݵ˵Ժ󣬶ȥʰ׹ԺǶ˵
һй߲䣬̨Ҳûиı䡣Ϊ
ڳݵǵĻݵ˵ˣҪԱ壬⵱ȻҲܿ
Ц׹ǰݵǡһ׹ĹԱ߹ԺԱôܱͳ
ȨҪ׹ԱģͳģⲻǺܿЦ
⽻ͳģͳ˵㡣ݵ˵úҪѭһ
йߣǲй½ռ̨壬ⲻìܣûиı
й⽻ߡ

⽻ͳ˵㣬ҪҪԤҪҪҲͳһ
仰ΪͳǾӵ˾ҪȨȻܷ涨
սɹǴӶ³ſʼͳѾҵһƿ
³ųʾûоͬ⣬˵ǲսȥִ
ʾȥάƽͳսȥԽϺ
ĹҶִйʾȥġԺݵҪ̨壬Ҳ
Ҫͬ⣬Ҳ˵㡣

᲻̨սʵҲһµ⡣ǰ
֪֪й½Ĵ̨壬ôܿҪɱԤ
Ҳй½һֱҴ̨һԭ򣬷ĻʹˣΪһս
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9յΪǶеĵӡ˵ǣ೷˸
ģPraticͬһء

ѧ2023224յĳָPratic
20171111յƪ´ڹ㷺ظǶһЩ
˵ǣˣα༭ͳ̲ٶԱбġPratic
ͬһ塣

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PraticһǡС202419գϣֻ
ԾٱߣԼһΪPhillip F. Giannopoulosǰѧ
һҽƱӪҽܼڿ༭ûеõ
ĻӦ

ָظѧ̰թ漰оݵα죬ұ
ʹԭЩݣӶԭ𺦡

ˣȻϲ˿ѧΪгƣѧ
ơĺͲʹݡⲿԴͼ񲢽ΪԼ
ݡ

ݳ30ҳ˲Ϣ

Giannopoulos2015Praticָ»մѧʿѧλ
ʿѧλʱPraticίԱκԱԼⲿ˾֪
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20203£PubpeerվɺPratic͸λǰѧ
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2023꣬GiannopoulosͨʦʩָȻĸͳ̳
µύͷ֪顱ûͬݱ

2023꣬ѧͬеķPraticλǰѧԭʼݼ
Ľ˷ǳϸ飬ڶλǰѧݵԼΪǡ

Praticƣֱ2023꣬λǰѧδκ˱
κεǡ2023֮ǰλǰѧδ֪Praticͬʹø
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УPraticԼ̰۶ʵ˺
ѧ͵λ𡢸Լ˫ʹࡣо
5Ԫϣ֧ʦѡúϢ

ƺƫ˽࣬ʦĿϷݡ

Ȼ¼һ棺PubPeerվϱָص36ƪУֻ14
ƪGiannopoulos4ƪصֻƪʦ˶


Schneider̲סڲʣ21ƪأ2ƪ
GiannopoulosûвĳأPraticʵҴг
Ա

οף

https://pubpeer.com/search?q=pratico
https://forbetterscience.com/2022/08/31/research-misconduct-theory-pratico/
https://forbetterscience.com/2020/10/22/the-pratfalls-of-domenico-pratico/
https://www.inquirer.com/health/temple-university-research-domenico-pratico-accused-misconduct-20240118.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01813-2
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01814-1
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-023-01973-9
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-023-03283-1
https://forbetterscience.com/2024/01/26/schneider-shorts-26-1-2024-personal-humiliation-mental-anguish-and-suffering/

(XYS20240227)

˿(www.xys.org)(xinyusi.us)(groups.google.com/group/xinyusi)

ϵй
ҽƴʿط(18351911)*

ߣ

ڽӴײо,ʿһ
עȺ,Ϊֹѧγо䷶:һ1960
/(/Ӧ)ʷ,ʿνй,ܵ
ڵĹų,϶ע19кڸرĽ̰,Լ
ʱڵäĿ¼;1970ĸйԼִоģʽ,
ʿй,϶עʿͨй
ѧѧУҽԺ,ƶйִ;
ĿĻо䷶,϶עʿθı䴫̲,עÿѧ
ڽ,йĵжеĻӦ͵Ȼ,ӽһ
оĽǶ,о䷶в,ƶ϶עʿ
ֿ,ԼйطͨĻеı,ע
йطͨڵӦԺͻƶйʷԡ

ĵĻ,ͨڶԴʿǷų͹,йǷֻ
Ϊʿƽִչĵܻ?ܵȷ,ʿͼĻ̽,
ʱͳελйײʶ̬Iг֮;,
ʿŮͬݡλ,йطϰҲ̫಻;ټϴ
ʿΪֵһ,ѻƬóסƽԼǿڽͬ,
һЩڵĵƺͿ⡣Ȼ,й᲻ֻй,ͨ
;ճֻشΡĻ¼,ҲʳסСβ׵顣
һЩʷ̬Ĳ,൱һʿԼϵй
(Left Heart in China),뿪й,һֱǣ
ءȻ,һ, 19Ҷ20ͳŷٷչʱ,һ
,ʱɵĽͨʹܶഫʿִйٻ̽,,
ݻع֮,ͯʶ,ĸİͲӦ,
ȹഺ껪й֮顣,Գ֮,Щʿ
йֻܵų򹥻,ʹĸӦ,Ҳ˾й
ų͵Լغڡ

ܶഫʿԼƴĹ¢,оڻҽƴ
ʿҽƴʿֻ,ֻΪһЩѧ߲õĸ,
Ӧ19°Ҷʿгġmedical missionaryһʡ1830
,һҽƴʿ(PeterParker)(Elijah Coleman 
Bridgman)˹ͬ֯ˡйҽᡱ(MedicalMissionary Society in 
Chi-na),ƽβˡΪ׷Ŀ(Heal the sickis ourmotto),
־Żڻ̵һ·򡣢1861,ɽϺȵش
ҽӢ׶ػκ(W illiam Lockhart),ڻ20Ļ¼
Ŀǡйҽƴʿ(The Medical Missionary in Chi-na)1887,
ڻҽƴʿϺ,йҽƴ̻ᡱ
(China Medical Missionary Association,ļơҽᡱ),桶ҽ
ᱨ(The China Medical Missionary Journal,1907Ϊ
The China Medical Journal),νϵһڡͽϴҽ
̿18858µִ֥(̨)ҽƴʿֵ(Robert Coltman)
д:ʱڻ¹ɷΪ:ʦҽƺͽ(clerical medical 
and educational)ʦָЩֽ̻̻ԼѲزĴ
ʿ;ʿָЩ̻ѧУ,ڡѧͻ
Ĵʿ,ҽƴʿЩְҵҽұʶ,һ
֯רҵʷȺ塣

ҽƴʿʿ,Ƹڽо۽ճ
ʷĲϡΪһ¹,顢ѧУ,
ҽƴʿͨиֱӽӴͽ20ͳ,ڱʿҽ
ԺľְҵΪ:ѧ14%,24%,ʿ13%,ҵ(÷졢֯
ľ)11%,ԱְԱǮ̻10%,Ͷ7%,Һͽʦ4%,
Ա4%ھ,ֻ֧ͭ,5%ľ֧
ӥ,εĲ˶Ϊ²ƶ;һ, 19ر
ķɧ,ܶҽƴʿƷʽֱ,г
ʬʺʹ걾,йطᾪ,ʱҽΪ
ߵĻͻ,ʹʿڲҲΪҽƴ̱ȴ
ڵɧ,Թҽƻ˴ҵ11ΪʱӴƵ,
׷ͻһ,оܸճԺͲݸԡ

,ͨκᶼڱһȺ,ٶԼΪ
ּ,20ŷʷѧй½˼ʷ,Ϊͨ
ڶ,¸, ųʱʷչ,չһ
ѱ֤֮ЧоѰĺͽϲͳν׼ֳ
ĸʱ,Щʸ־ڡ¶ϡײ㡱͡ڸо,
ЩܹͨϽбȶԺϸ,Ϻõ˼
ڼعиӵ,´ɹǽľо12ͬ,
Ϊ˴ҽƴʿЩԵйͨڵʷӰ,
Ҳ϶˿Ϊһϵֳ,ҽƴʿڡйԱ
(TheChineseRepository, 18321851)־(TheChineseRe-corder, 
1868)ҽᱨĹ,ԼǸռǡ
šǡ¼ʹǡΪϵĽǶ,Щܲҽƴ
ʿǵҿκͱ,ĿչʾǵĴҽɾͺҵ,ϸڼ֤
ʵ,Ϊоʱ䡢ص,ʹܹ׵ػصʷ
,ͨǷɢճͱȶ,еЩ,Щ
ʷ򲻾ȴЩ¼ߵݺӰ

һİѡĽ

19Ҷ20ͳ,ŷԽм͵
ҽƴʿй֮ǰ,йѴƫ⡣18603µִϺ,
ɽ·ҽԺ(ChineseHospital)ӢҽƴʿŸ
(James Henderson),ոƫƧɽ, 16֮ǰ֪ϻӡ
й,ڰҽѧ(Edinburgh MedicalMissionary Society)
ۻ,˽⵽йƶ,ͨҽѧڰй
13ʵ,ʱйҽƴʿ,֮ܶǰõʦѻ˹
Ȱ1882ִӢҽƴʿ˾ͽ,ҽѧԺٱҵʱԼȥ
ҽ̵Ĵָ,ʼ:ΪʲôҪȥй?
вķչǰ14ʷѧMary Brown BullockĻ˵:
ʱ,̫ƽζҪȥһ֮,Ļ󡢱,
ͽ,ȥĶ,Ǹӵ,ϵĴ񵽸˷¸
,󲿷Խ15

ִй֮ʱ,ҽƴʿĸİͲʵ,Ļ֮,
йѻƬó׺Ĵ߮ڽķŭ,Լɴ˼һ
ϵз˶1844102,۳˴ݵӢʿʷ˹(George 
Smith)д:ʻ齭ں,Χǻˡһͽм,
,ڴһδĿ˻úƷżݵ
ʹʵ,һǵͷлһǳͿֻӵĸоǶ
̹ǰ,һǴǰûȫʶġִʱ,
˶δ,ӡǵʿʱֹٰݽ,
ݰӦصĵ¹淶ӢӦе,Լ˵ĶԹ
ĽйᷴкЩǧ,ͼƷѧڽ
Զˡ16

ȷ,˺İ,ҽƴʿܵ
ɧź͹1875ִﺺڵ(JohnKennethMackenzie):
ִʱ,˶˼ӡڽֵϳʥʹСʱ
(Ǳһ,ǻʥ˺ӵ),ĳ𾴵ĵ
нĵ̡һȥ,,Ц,˵
,Ȼ˵һЩԵԴǡ17,Ǽÿ˶бΪ
ӡ,֮ڸΧ۵ľֵд,ɽ
,;ĳسʱ,Ǹߺš,ˡ,˷ܿӿ
ˡСջ齺,סҲΧ֮,ֽܿ챻ͱ,
˫۾ע,ֵ˵ʱĸоͺΪ԰ﱻ͵Ķ
18֮Ӧ,ܶҽƴʿִһ֮,Ҳⷿ鷳

18431011,ҽƴʿ(Daniel JMacgown)ǰ
է,ط,Ҳû˶Ӣ,ֹͲ,ҵһ
Сջʱҹ䡣Բͨ,ֺټ,ջϰ̬
Ӳ䵭,ǿʱڴˡļ,еʱ䶼Ѱ
,һ,ʹ˸ɴ෵ɽ,ڴ˵شҽݵͷ19

Ȼ,Ϊβҽ,ƺܵõڵĽɺͰ
¿Ҳ֮ⷿʱ,һλ˵Ҫҽ,
ڳһԺ,޳ʹá,ҽݿʼ,ͨ
С,»˾޴,ڶ֮æòɿ,
˺,ҽԺ˽1500ˡ20⻹Ǹ, 1850
ִ︣ݵӢҽƴʿΤ(W illiamWelton),ҲΪѰҳⷿݶ
Խ,ž,òҵһܹʱ,֮Ϊס
һЩͳɹɼг֮,ҽҩ֮
,Ҳûκδ³Եԡ,ΤٰᵽһϺ
ס,ϲʿܵýʿӼǰݷ21
18601870,Լ(John Glasgow Kerr)ڹԲҽԺΪ,
½23,ͬҲû̫ҽƴ
ʿȦеһ仰,ԸΪ,ǽ֮Ϊ
Сá22

ҽƴʿǻкིܶ,طͨڶҽƻи
Ͽɺͽɡ1851,Ӣҽƴʿ(BenjaminHobson)ڹݿ
ݰҽ,üеط̫С,̫ࡣ1854һķ,
⵽Χǿҷ,ֽ,ٸѺ,ɷ
֮űͷšȻ,185610,뿪,ҽԺòʱر,
ǰҷԽݳھ,Ѿ˽˺,ʱԸ
ҽԺķݼҾߡشµκд:ʱʱ
ɧ,һЩͼպ͵ٺŵҽԺ,ھǲֹһֹ,
ŵҪҽԺؽٻĺš23,Ҳ
崫ҽʱ,⵽Χ,òðĶ,
Զһżٻ˼ҵĴʱ,һλںҽԺƹ
˵Ӵʱ,Ǵ絽,δ,ꤡ,
˵:һķʳ,̴ļѼ,ֱһٷʢϯ24
ͬ, 1881ִ̫ԭ쳵(RHaroldASchofield)һЩ֮,
ЩǰΪӡĵ,ʱЩƷ,缦Ҷ㡢
ơѡƻϡۡ׵,ʾ⡣쳵ռΪж
д:Щŷ˿Ȼ΢,֤˻˶ҽ
Ĵм25

йطͨѺõһ,һЩҽƴʿ
֮,ҽ,ĳɼ,γɶйµ֪˾
ͽд:ӢյִϺʱ,һλйҽ˵:,
ҸһҸ,ԶҪκий,ֻһССҩ衣
,˾ͽִ촴ҽԺ,ڽ,ܿʶһ
˳ط,ֻͼһָԣ,ӡΪ
,һ,ʱͻ,Ѱ֮,һƶй̴
Լļ,ǽꡣ߽⻧˼Һ,һæ׼ˮ,
һΪסªòд˾ͽǸ,˵:֪й
,һ׼ЩҶΪ,˾ͽд:Ļʵ,
Ǹ,ǵдһܵǻͽ,ҲסҽԺ,
δ˵,,ֻҪ,Ը⾡Ϊ
ṩ26

йһ,˺ð¡ĴЩͬЧ
ҽƴʿй֮ĺܶ鷳,ԭİˡ
,Ϊ䴫ʿµĻų;뵱ͨϤ֮
,ȻΪӦÿԺദ໥յѡü
ں崫ҽ龰,ȵ,ȻΧ
֮˽̸,˷׷׾ۼ,ǿʼҽȵٴʱ,
˫Ϥ,ǻһȲ,ϲˮͼ27ͬ, 1905
ִϳɳҽݵҽƴʿ(EdwardHHome)Ҳ
´ҽ,ϲسɳ,Сջ,˳
Щơͨ,ùϵȲ衢˺׷,ڶ
,׼ʳ޷ʱ,ȴؾ˵:,,ǵĴ
ѡֱƴĸо,ʹڳɳס,Ҹоһ
ˡд:ʱ,ЩصŮŮǸоİ
,Ϊǵھѡһ,Ϊ˺͵,
Ϊͬ,ͬ28

Խĸж

ճĽǶ,ڻҽƴʿڹںõö,
ҲЩڹ桢ռǡźͻ¼д̸ϵй
һҪԭ1890мҡ(GlobeTrotters)־
ڻʿݳޡų,ڽͽձ鲻,һЩ̻
ڻʿľͬʱ,ڻʿҿ(CWMa-teer)Ҳ׫
ʿסƯӡƵݼ١,вΪȻʵ:
ʽ,봫ʿͼ˹ڼ˼,ѵì?29,
䲻˵еҽƴʿݳ,ɱйԽ
ͷ⡣

Ǹŷ,ƶֻ൱,ҽƴʿ
²ƫԶ,ˮ׼Ҳֻ±ʳݶѡ,Ÿ
ոһͨũͥײź,ĸ״һ˼ά,
ΪûǮġͯһĸϻص,
ʣµһʳ,ʲôԾȥ˯,ڶҲֻһм,
һˮͿʼȻ,ҽѧԺҵ˳ҵԺ,ڵʱŷ
ܻнϺõŸӰѧҵ,ӵһ
Ƹ,нˮΪÿ700Ÿڻҽƴʿ,
ʱֻܴӲȡ80ҵн30,ǵ,ҽƴʿй
ʵŷĲӦò̫,ŷı
ŷ,ʱֻй͸ܹӶ,йҽƴʿͥ
Ӷڶ,ŷ۾Ȳ,˹ݳ޵
һҽƴʿǵı:йṩʳ,ʦÿ4Ԫ,
23Ԫ,˵ķü,ֲŷӶһ˵н
ˮ31

ܵʱй˵Ӷʵ,ҲֻǸԻ²ܹӶڶˡ
ʵ,ڻҽƴʿͥӶ,ʦɨ͡ˡ
ţ,ŮͺŲǵ:йûŷ洦
ꡢϴµꡢȼϵꡢµꡢƷͰٻ̵;Ҳûͻŷ,
ھԶĵض,̷,ÿ볤ʱּۻ,
ֻɵصĳʦӦʦҪָĳ,ɱţ⡢
ͷ,ҪӾＳˮ,,Ѹڿ,ȥ,й
ţ,ûţ̳,ҽƴʿҪţ,ֻԼţ,
ҪӶţ֮ˡйĳҲûйͨ,ҽƴʿȥ,
ᱻΪҽˮƽ̫,һᱻΪܻ˲ҵ,Ҫ¿˽
ǰҡԼ¿,ҪӶ¿֮ˡ֮йûʾ,Ҳ
ŵ32

ֻΪ,Ӷڶڵʱйӵнϸλ
ǵǰӵ,ʾų͵ȼ߹һλʿд:йԱں
ܵ,Ա໥ܲɷ,ǰݷô
ʿĹԱ,λ;ߴʿ,ʽʽ¿
ǰ,ڴﴩֲ·,ԱǶܵ33 1900
꿯ڡ־һƪ³:й֮,ʿ,
ųԽ,Խݻ,Խܻй𾴡Ϊ˺ϲ,
Ǳӵлס㹻Ӷ,йǰӡ
ʿΪİ˵Ĺϵʹ֮ڹ,Ǽ䲻ǵġ,
Ͽ,ҽƴʿճڵصһˮƽ,ǹʹͽ
ڼ34

й˵ӡҺϺ,ҽƴʿвֻǵõһ
ļͥ,һ޷ýǮЩײ֮˵ľĺͺǻ,
ճӰĴ˾ͽд:й˲ʽ
ҵļ(Glencoe or Invergarry),й˵Ʒ,ҳϡ
ֱѺ,κ,ְʱ,ǻũĽո
ɸָ,ͥ벻¡ļͥŮӶɷ
ǹٸ,ʳѻƬʧȥ,Ҳ⡣һ,λŮ
ӶСŮȾ,˾ͽȻΪ˱ʾл,˾ͽŮӶ,һ
ɾ28,˾ͽĺһһˡȥܾ֮,˾ͽ
Ȼ,д,ҵѡ35

֮,ڻҽƴʿ㻹Եطͨڶҽ
илΪȽ,ŷ̻ľȼҽԺ,˵õ
лϵ̻ۡ,ٶҽעм֮顣ľ,ŷ
̻᲻ڻҽƴʿÿγǧĻ,Ȼ
̵൱ޡ, 18481849ڹݽݰҽ,
ǧ,ȴ˽ϴ1855ҽԺȱ,д
:ҽѱ֤ǺܺõĴ̴ƻ,ڴõƵڶԻ
ж֮,ʵȴ,һЩ˱ʾȷĸл;л⡢
Į,ΪƼӦ񡱡36 1860,Ϻ
ŸҲд,ҽݾѸ,ǹ嵽ʲô,Բ
ȷʼ:й˶һǷ֪жŸĻش:
ͨ,ǲж,ʾлֻǸˡ37,19ͺܳ
һʱ,ڻҽƴʿڲ۵һ:й֪ж?

Զ,йӻҽƻΪƾ,,ֻǶֱӾ
λߵҽ˱ʾл1838ǰĹ,ӢʼҺʦFitch 
TaylorĿһλй״űκ۲Ů,򲮼ݿͷл,Χ
վ˻˻ߺŷ,ĸл,ݾȻ֪롱381850
,κҲд:й෽涼,ǳȺҽƴ
ʿۿ,ĵؽҽѧ,ָζ
ҽľغ͸м֮顱39ͬ,ŸռҲд:ܶ뿪ҽԺ
ϵ,Ϻ,һʺáһλۿŸ
ʱ,ͻȻһЩιй¹ʾл40˾ͽ1880
ļظΪ,йʶлڼʱ,ʱֵò
ɫ,ظм,ʾҲʵʡ˾ͽ;յԲ
Ұζ,һԼϲժӡһλɹк첲Ѿһ
ű,Ƶõת,ĸ˸߲ҵشźӻؼˡ
һ֮,кȫ˴һͷĸţʾлɴ,˾ͽܽ:30
ҽ,ڷҽԺ֮,ԶӢԺҽԺ
ġ41

ҽƴʿеο,Ȼֻͨ,ܶ˶
ǵĴû̫෴С1881,Ӣҽƴʿ쳵ڱΪ̳ͻ
Ϊҵɽ̫ԭĽϲʱ,ͨȤ,˻;ֻʿ
ʾ,ͨվ,ߺ:ҽס?г
ǿӡ42˾ͽҲ,ɷҽԺ,µĲԸ
,ǳΪʲôֵڽһ뿪,
˵ʧ,һЩ֮ûκιϵİˡʱ,ǻ
Щ,ѯְԱҩʦԱǻΧǰ
̵ҽ,ϵ۵Ĺ¡˾ͽ˵:Կ϶,һ
صͻĴ󲿷ǡ,Ү֮ƴ,
Զġ43,̵ͨʮ44,ֻ
Ǵ,,ְݺͽ,ȷҽƴʿóһж:
,˶Ի̼ȿ,ʵϱȻ̸ɶڲɱ̬ȸ
ݡ45

ҽƴʿ,شͻ¼֮ʱ,൱һҽƴ
ʿõ˵طֺͨڵðվ1900,
Ľ,˾ͽ֮ռ,ʽƽ˽ܵʢ,ֹ
ܿ,˾ͽյױĻظ

ݻظдʽĮʮ,ǰѺˡ,һ
λűĹԱǰ,ߴ˾ͽ뿪졣˾ͽ˵,
ʱ͢·ɱ¾ڻ˵,Ըִ,ֲΥּ,
ɷнµдظ,˾ͽʶ̬,뿪졣ͬ
ǵİ,˾ͽĳվ,һȥĳ,ǰţ
ׯʱ,ʢ˾ͽûӳ,ǲڳⱱһƬСһλ
ҽԺܹƵķ,ȱʳ,صشʳ,Ƭ
һ졣¸֮,˾ͽд:ʱ,˭֪һ˽ɥ
46

ʱ1902,ιԸٵĻѧӱ
ǰ, 614(ʮ)ִ,عԱڶڴ
齡ռд:һ,ڼ,ɮ˱
ʿ,뾳,ʿֱɮ,δ󴴡47ͬһʱڰ,е
ٽӵ͢ɱˡʥּ,ʱ,ʿװԶ;
ӽ̻᷿,õطַֹ,ȥ,Ʋ,Ϊ,
ö͢䲼ּ֮,ʿȻ,밲ҵʡ48
1911414,ɳ׷糱,ܿݻһ
ɱ¼峿ҽԺĺɧΧȰϿ뿪,ʱ
ѰΧ,һֻöҽԺԱһͨڼ˿
ź,ϳ嵽,ӴץԼӵ·,شٺӴ
йӵ·,ǰٵϡȻȫƽʱһ,ú͵šС,
ںڰеȴɧҵĽΪ,мд:ҹ,ֵһƬ
,й֪ͥǶ˵ǶôΣաһ
תƵӢִʱ,ȼ30,غӢִ˾Ҳ⵽
ͷա

3֮,̬ŵƽϢ,صҽԺ,ҽԺ˿
ھӸ,ɧʱ嵽ҽԺſ,˹Ķ˵˵ķݺͲƲ,һЩ
ڳǰȥ,׼ŻաͻȻվ,:Ͽס,ҽ
Ժ,ǰκǹ,뿪!49

پȫΧһʱ,19°ҶƵ
̰ɧ,ڸع,󽨽áӤ,
ط,صڳн϶Ļҽҵ
̡Ȼ,ɧӿ֮ʱ,ֵ߳ؽŭ
йɺ,˺ʩ,ҽƴʿҽԺ
⡣Զ,ҽƴʿҵ,ʶбƴͽɵľ
֮ʱĹ,ѻƬսڷǵĿ,ǵʱ
ҵĵ,Ȼ1835꿪ۿҽԺ,Լ1859Լ(John G
Kerr)ؿĲҽԺ,ʮ䲢δܶĻǿҲڵκ
50ͬ,֮ʱĺìܺͶԿΪҵĵ,ں
̵ͼͽȴûйҽԺ,ҽƴʿΪڶҽԺʾ
ӭľ֤,⼤ʱ,Ȼᵷ˵Ķ,
ıҲ᲻׵صи˵ĲƲһ511920
,֪ʶӢײз۰,رһЩ¼,Ѳ
Դ19Ͷˡ˵Ļ־,ǸΪ۹
ȡιĶ,Ȼ,ҽƴʿȴܵطͨڵĺǻ
,1905꿪ʼְ̻ҽԺҽƴʿ(Harry BTaylor)
:ئҰ֮,ƺƴķԵ۹ʾ,
λϺѧõؽйĶ,ѧջٰͬҽԺ
ʩ,⵽ڵķ,˵:ǲ,Щ
ܶ,ûͬҽԺô?52

ҽԺԴΪò˵ͨ

ʿԶй,ҪĿڴ,ѶͶ򴫽
ҵ,緭ӡˢַԵġʥá̻ѧУ,ҽݡ
ڴ֮ܵĸ̻,ת֮,һֻܵõά
ַ,ҩҽġά޷Ĵ󲿷־,Ҫҽƴʿ
һ֮Чİ취,Ǻܶഫʿҽ̧ųķ,Ϊⲿֲ
˶ǼҲĹԱ͸̡1892ִɶļôҽƴʿ
(DrOmarLeslieKilborn)Ϊ,ĳ800,ӶӵĻѡ
Ǯȥʱ,ͨȸһдȷļ,гҽĿ
,֧ЩܰˡʳѻƬɱ
Ļ,Ҫ1ǧġд:ҽԺ,ܸҪ˶ึ
ıҽƷ,ȻԼĸл,ʵϸ߰ҽƷ
ĸ,ȻƵ˸лǡ53

й˺پ֧ܽҽƷ,ҽƴʿĶж
д:й˸ʱˬ,˸еԾܺܶ˿ȥ׾,
Ҫ֧ʳѴû,ṩʳʾ⡣ʱ,ҽԺҲ
װ˺,֮ݽҽԺ,ڹԱĽ,
ڿܵķΧڡ54һЩ֧ҽƷõƶ,ҽƴʿ
۲쵽,Χ˻Ѷܿҡ,õҽԺչһ
ҪסԺƵ̱ؤ,ڻû֧ҽƷ,ҽԺʱ򾭷Ѻ
ҲΪ,ԱߵĲ˵˴,Ǯʹλ̱ؤõơ55
ҲƹһλҾƶĲ,ھӲ֧200ĵƷ,һ
ӵķá56˾ͽҲд:ȥƶ֮,ҽԺ
֧ʳѡһ,һ,˵ǰסԺʱǷġ˾ͽ
֪,Ϊ˳һ,λ˷ؼ֮ǰ,ڷһµ
˵뷨ܼ,˵:ѾΪҽ,ұ볥Լ
Ļʳ!57

ʿҽԺľѻйطĿ˾ͽڽܳ
ĹԱ,ȡճѵķʽ,ȴһҪ֪ҽԺҪʽ
,ӲĽǶ,һʮЧ,յľԶԶӦ
ĳƷá58ЩľϷԡƹһλ
еĲˡԻΪ,˵ҮʱԴǼ,Ҷ,
ҽԺȴʮֿһ;ҽԺ500;һ,
ι۲,˵,ԸҽԺ500,ôԼҲ500
÷ǳ,һҽԺõ1000ӵľ,ִһλ
ιҽԺ,ҲȰҽԺ300˺,˻ҽԺ500
ӡ59Ȼ,ҽԺĲֻǸ,ͨڡ1896Ϧ֮ҹ,
׶ػҽԺһȺ˱ΧŻ¯ྐྵ,Ա߷һͭ,ҽƴʿ
ΪǮϷ,ʵ:ЩǮʲôõ?˱ǻش:
ʮ˸ҽԺľڳSmithҽд:!60

طĴƾ,ٴʿҽԺҽõơ
1835Ĺۿҽ,1860귢չӵ50Ŵλ,ÿԼܽ2
ˡ1860,ҽԺյܼ1944Ԫ,˾1599Ԫ,˾345Ԫ,
Լռ216%611866괴ϺͬҽԺ,ǵصһλ˸
1888,Ժʩаϡ״ܡ׵񡢳
1121890,ԺԺĺ(HWBoone)֮,ڡ⡢
ݡۿҽʦҩʦ1,ʿ,֮,֮ȫ,Ϊʱ
ҽҽԺ֮ڴ˺ķչ,˹Ա̺ÿ궼ҽԺ
֧ҽҵ62ͬһʱڵϺɽ·ҽԺ(Shan TungRoadHospital)
60Ŵλ,1860,ҽԺÿβ˳300ˡ1870ǰ,Ų
˵,ҽԺѳֽϴ,Ϻ͢һξ430,
ʾҪ,԰ļ,ҽԺ»ܾ,
Ϊǵ˳ΪҽԺҪ,ͨڽҽԺΪ
ƻ,ӰҲʧ»ϣܹ:ҽԺ
,ʹԼҩ,չʾǵƼ63

շѺй,ռʱڻ̻ҽԺܾѵĶ
? 1919,ʱ³ҽѧԺԺķ(Harold Balme)148̻ҽԺľ
Դе,õͳ:ҽԺõ50%й˳е,ȥ
Աнˮ,20%ҽԺгеȫճάַáķĽй
ͨΪҽԺ,Աҽѧҵĸм֮顣64پ1920
̻̽ĵ: 19021920,һ㴫̻ѵ24%Ϊй
ͽ,̻ѵ46%Ϊй˾,ҽҩҵһﵽ65%
֮,ҽҩҵй˵ľ65,˾ͽܽ:й˵
( liberality)Ҹ,Ǿ˽άҽԺҽѧԺĴ
ַá66֮,ҽƴʿҲΪйú
ͨĲˡ183511,ݴۿҽԺ,ֱ1855е
פ⽻Ա,20ʱ,53,ÿƽӴ50
,ΪҽԺĳɹеԺ,֪⻹ڻ˻ƹ
бֳ¸ҡòһ,׼ΪһŮԻг,
ȽܵΣո˻ߵɷ򡣻ߵɷѯʺͬ
,һС,ȡɹòݸеԾ,ߵɷ
µؽľŮʱ,ȴ޾ɫرʾͬ,е
߻ûз¡,λŮ߲ʹ,ʾ
лΪж,д:ĽӮڳ˵ľ,֤
֤йڶʱ,ž˵Ŀ67

186212,Ϻɽ·ҽԺĺŸύҽԺȱҲ
д:ÿﲡԼ100200֮,ЩҪ15
չ,й˶ŷҽѧβ,Ůԡ˺͵
졣,ڹȥһ,˶ڽĽ,û
̫ԥ,ҽԺֵĹҲ˺ܴת,Ϊ鲡
λҽԺĻߵʬ,ǲûбֳкйҽ
忴,ҲйõĲ,дȥʮ
,׼ѾĽ¡Ϊﶼ
ڴʿҽѧ6818939,ݵŮҽFearnҲд:
ĸҽԺ֮,һܱũĲ׼˴ҽԺ,;صص
ѯ,ɮŻǵ,ӡὫ˵۾ͭ,Ƴɰ,
ʹһЩŵ;λðն,Ƽ󷵻ؼ硣
,λ˴һ,еҲûȥ69

ڴҽԺ֮,Ϊҽ׶ɧ,ҽƴʿ
Ѳ֢,ӶʹøشʿҽԺĲʼ͡7020ͳ,
ҽ,ҵﾹûһ,ԭҽһŲ
Ѳ֢һ,һλмԴҶ׵кʱ,ҽݻû
ѵĻʿ,Ҳûƴ༲ľ顣ӵĲֶ,ҽ
е,ŷͷȰͻؼҡͬǵһ⺢и
,ܻҽ˵ҥ,Ӷڵɧ˵:
Ȼ֪ҽְǷȲ,òȰ,ͻؼҡ⺢
ܿ첻,ھΡһ,һλ˿ŧĺͯ͵ҽԺ,
ļҳధ,ӦԡʱȫȾ,Сʱ
ҽԺ̽,йֶشٺٷ󱣻Ӧ,
ʿǺܿϵ,ҽԺøڡҽԺ˹ľ,ͯʬͻؼҡ
ʱ,ͯĸϸ˿ľ,˹ľļǮ,ȻʲôҲû˵,
ҽԺ,ͷ,˵:лл,!治Ϊȥӹ
˰Ĺľд:Ӵ֮,ûеҽԺʡ71

й˶ҽƴʿĽɺϿ,ʹҽƴʿеʵ
Ϊְҵҽֵ1876,ںڵҽԺסԺ1137,
33λŮ,ﲡ11858ˡڸĸ׵,д:ҽԺǰʢ,
һ칲150ﲡ,ڶֽӴ94λˡܶಡԺ,
һ20λͬһСĲˡҽԺ42Ųס,һЩ˲
ò˯ڵذ,ҽԺڸ´ΪҽƴʺԼĸ,ܹΪ
ṩҽƷ,е졣ڸ,д:Ҷر
ϲ,ɹһЩ֮,ҷǳ֡Դ?ΪҽԺ
չĽѧ:Һܸ˴½ҵ,ĿǰͶ١
ӦͨߵȽЩѧнӴ,Ӱǡϵĳ̶ֳ
ʹκ,ǽҴʱ䡣ѧѧڿơ
ƵȸֿĿһ˽,ζұ벻ͣѧϰȻҲеõ
˻ر:ƾ,ҴĹлÿ֡72

20ͳ,йٷʼƶѧϰȳ,طַ׷״
ҽƻ,ҽƴʿΪҽѧߺͿ,ܵط
߲Ƴ硣ͬʱ,ҽƴʿйҽרҲʼո¶ͷ,
𹫹,ҵϸе㡣1926,ȥ
ҽԺԺְ֮,ҽԺĹȨƽո쵼зίԱ,
1927뿪ɳ뿪֮ʱ,ܵҵĻ,ѧȼ˱,
վ,ʡҲ˴,(American-founded 
institutions)ίٴ,ʳɳʱ,ܸ˵ؿз
ܴı仯,бýྻ,ҽԺʡġ߷
һ,μϢĺ,еĸ첲ϴšࡱı,
һλ12ҵѧͯվ,һ鹫,˶д塢
ҡıе,ѧв˳Ϊʱй
мᡪеĵʡν,еĵʡ,Ҳе
ΪϺҽѧԺڡ˵:Ѿõջ񡣡73

ġᡡ

йͨڶԴʿų͵ִ,ǡƬ͹ǿ,
Ҳڵʱŷʶ̬,йĻȵضΪ̱ءäĿ
,ʹһЩطԡԵżȻ¼Ⱦ,۷ŴΪʱй
ıԡʵ,ҽƴʿйǸ,ִŷ
Ҳͬľ1890,ҽƴʿڡҽᱨ
׫ĳй˵(anti-foreignism)κᶼܳ߼ٶ
һйӢĴ,ͬҲ⵽ڵĵƺ
74ʵҲȷʵˡڵʱӢۿڳеĴ,ˮֻ
۵йʿ,űʱ˼ЦΪβ(pigtail)ķ,Ҳܵ
İ󾭳һȺӢͯ,кšˡй,
Ǯɡ751885ִ֥ֵڷѳѧ,õвٻ˿
ϴµ,ӡ,Щ˳С,ʽװ,Լеķ,
ÿ첻֪ƣڹ,Լɫ,ܵؾ
ĳЦ76,ǸͬĻӴ,İˡ˵Ļ
;ܾضձ,йС

ĴҽƴʿǶԱɺƴĽ,Ҫ
Ǹʱ֮ڶ౩ͻ¼,ԼҽƴʿΪ
ڻɺͿ־,ƽҽѧŬ,ϣɶҽƴʿ
ҽѧڽй߸ͽƬ,ԹһΪע/
֮˫ճ,ܹǡԱĻԵоʽ
ֵд:й˶ҽƴʿķʽҪȶһ㴫ʿ,
ʦ޷õĳɾ͡77жҽƴʿ洦
ɼ,ȻΪֹео,صͼйעֻҽƴʿ
ɹƳƫڶಡܵймĵһ¡
Щ±ǶһߵĹڴʿܡȺ(persecution)
Ļͻ,ԼйäĿ⡢֪,ܵҽƴʿ
ִӰʷ֮,֮˳Ϊҫ۵ʷ,й
ͨڵӦԺͻƶ,ȻûáϾ, 19ҽƴ
ʿ㼣鼰,ΨйΪɹķչ78ӱ
,йطͨΪʷݻṩĳֻҪ,
¼:,йһ߶׻,ǲΪ
ڽĻܾͬųҽƴʿ1838,ݵڹ
ݳġлҽѧᡱ(TheMedicalMissionarySociety in China)Ϳ
һ,˵:˾,βһû,
ǳȺۿҽԺ,ȫε̬Ƚҩ,ҽ
İ»ÿ,ϵر˶ҽľ͸м֮顱79Ϊ
Աȵ, 1841,ܲڻҽ̵͹,һЩʿҽҲ
˺ҽԮЭ(The EdinburghAssociation forSendingMedicalAid 
toForeign Countries)18431128,ûΪҽƴ̻
(EdinburghMedicalMissionary Society),Ӣѧҽѧ,Ա㽫
ޡжǵȵء,ЩҺ͵ҽƴ̴
ĸ˻,޷йͬרҵЭᡢרҵ
˰̻ҽԺ80ڻҽƴʿȽձӡȵ,ҵ˵:
ǰձǿҵ,еҽƴʿȷҽת򴫽;
ֳ;ӿҽԺۼڳкսҪ,ҽƴʿֻ
½Ѳҽ,ӡȵطڽݵȼʮɭ,ҽƴʿ
û̫֮ءй,һҽ,̾ͻѻ
ҽ,ҲõʱڻҽƴʿǾ̾,Ȼҽȫ
Ǹİ,Ȼ,Ƕô˼顱81

,йỹвʩڵĻͳ,ƺʩ֮ܵͨڸ߶
,Ӷʹҽƴʿ׵õɺƴӢʿʷ˹ιϺͬ
ʱһλڽ12к,ԱߵһС
9Աʱ֮¹ײġЩʵĹײĿСͬá,
63826390,ҲǸÿʩ׵Ŀ,еطʩ֮
ʿӤ,ÿԼ200ŮӤͨǵ˽ŮӤ
ſƳС,Ȼҡһ´ŵ,֮,
̽ŮӤ,ר貸ʷ˹ʹд:ƻй
иӡΪ̵һ,йΪһ̹˼
ԡ2000,йһֱڸ״̬,Ͽ
´Ƶһ,һǰǻɻϡ82ͬʱ,Ӣ
ҽƴʿκҲιͬʩҽ,Իеʩҽȼû
ӡ̡83ΪһԴԶĻͳ,ҽƴʿҽԺ
Ϊʩ,˼ɺ޵ڽ̻1876,ԪҲд:Ϻ
βʩҩ,,з,ӽ̶ой˴
ͬʸԪڵüԺϢ֡ţ֡Ӥܾ,
ἰʼҽ,β,˿,㡱84ͬ, 
1916޶ġ־,Ҳ˾ͽ󴴰ʢʩҽԺй˴ķ
ҽԺʩҽԺС85

,һЩδܹҽƴʿƵͨ,֮Ҳ֮ദ,
,Դ֮,ܻڵײڸա,
û̫ദȨĻĵĹ֪ʶӢĽźͽǡ,
һЩҽƴʿִһ֮ⷿ鷳,֢᲻ͨ
Ϊ,ǵֺĻӢֹ1880ĩ,ɽ()ʿ
,:ͨʿ֮,귿׼ס,ˮ׼,Ǿ׼˽
ͬ˵լΥԼ,һ,լ,ݲ;ʳ,
о;˵,뺺ۡ86ɴ˷Ĺٸͷʼ,
188711,DavidsonҽǰĴ̨شҽ,ܵƽ
,ܿ⵽˿ķᡣ,120,Davidsonҽյ
̨Ĺ,Ƹ˾,ͨ̿ڰ֮ط跿,뾭ط
ٵ׼,Davidsonⷿûоٸͬ,뾡뿪˷ᵽٸ
ճˡ᰸,Բٳ,Գ֮87ʹ, 1892ڻ
崫ҽMcFarlaneд:˲ͨ̿ڰĻĻ
,ͨڽ̻ж,ҽƴʿܹܵ˵Ļ
ӭ88

ͨҲдʷ,йطͨڲִֻԷչб
ܻ,Ƕҽƴʿƴͽ,ӦΪǸʱ⽻,
ԼͬĻΪźľ߰Եһʷչ19͵й
ӡ,ҽƴʿʶ̬Ӱ,й
ͨڳƫ,ҲΪޱԽϡȻ,ʱй
ͨڵĴ,Լز¶޻,䲻
һĻ߶,ʵʱĻ,ܹԽĻ
߽,Ӱ쵽һЩҽƴʿйʶͶĻķʡ
˾ͽ:һϰԼԻ˵ĵһӡ,óȫ෴
Ľ,ڻм䲢ʼܺ˽֮,𽥸ıԼ뷨,
ᷢǺͻʵ֮89  19224,˾ͽݷո
,ӯ໶͵ĳ档֮,Ӧոʷ
ʱ,˴ִϺܵ黶ӭͿĸµķн֮ʱ,
ĸＸû,μӻĿ150֮ࡣ˾ͽ
ӵĻ˵:ĸеÿһ춼˾ͽΪԼһ
ˡ90, 20ͳִﺺ,й30Ӣʿ
(Harold Burgoyne Rattenbury)Ϊд:ʱӢΪ
,Ӣ˵ͨǲ֪ϻбͱĻ,ۿ
ù,ӢĴͨ,Ҫѧϰκ,ʹһӢΪԼ,
岻Ӣ˵ķʽ˼,ôضڤ粻
й뵱ͨڵĽ,ʹҲ֪س䵱С
Ӣн,йͨжȹ˰ΰйΰӢ
䰮Ĺ硣91

*д,ࡢҶڡڵ,200611
24̨ԺʷоĻоȺб,õ
ߵһЩͽ;Ͷġʷо֮,ֵõר,
ݴ˽˴޸,ڴһʾлΨеĴ©,߸

ٲμPaulACohen,China and Christianity: theMissionaryMovement 
and the Growth ofChinese Antiforeignism, 18601870(HarvardUniversity 
Press, 1963); Jerome Chen,China and the West: Society and Culture, 
18151937( Indiana University Press,1979); John KFairbank, Edited 
and with an Introduction,TheMissionary Enterprise in China and 
America(Harvard University Press,Second printing, 1981); SuzanneW 
ilson Barnettand JohnKingFairbank (eds),Christianity in China: 
EarlyProtestantMissionaryWrit-ings(HarvardUniversity Press, 1985);ʵ
ǿй𷴽̵ԭ: 18601874,̨,Ժʷо1985档
ʱй½оӴʿΪֳ塢۹,עʿ
˵Ĺϵ,ǿйڵķ,μ˳ʿ
й,Ϻ1981;ʱйķ˶,
1985档

ڴ,μJonathan Spence,ToChangeChina: WesternAdvisers in 
China, 16201960(Boston: Little, Brown and Co,1969),뱾Ϊɭ
˹,ܵ¿롶ıй,顤֪1990档

Pyan Dunch,Beyond Cultural Imperialism: Cultural Theory, 
Christian Missions, and Global Modernity,History and TheoryVo.l 41, 
No. 3, October2002, pp301325

ܴԳ,ѧEdward VGulick1970Ĺڲݵ
оר,ҽƴʿͬڵʱͷȲաסĴӡ
ϰס˵ĵڻȺ(˼ľˡ⽻),
ѧϰ,й˻ճ,ˡֵ,ڻ
۵ܺõ֤Edward VGulick,PeterParker and TheOpening 
ofChina(HarvardUniversity Press, 1973), p2071990ǰִ
º,й½Ҳв,ѧ߼ΪҶ廯
(self-orientalization),μArifDirlik,ChineseHistory and the 
Question ofOrientalism,HistoryandTheory, Vol35, No4, (1996), pp
107108

ӢŮҽƴʿӢ(SallyWolfe)Ĵ19154,
Ӣִй,ں˹հŮҽԺ(JubileeWomensHospital 
atWesleyanMission)ҽڽ30ʱ,ճҽƾ֮,
3й¶,֮ˡ뿪й֮,йͬһ,
дӢŮҽʿ,,ڡμ
JaneWright,SheLeftHerHeart in China: The Story ofDrSallyWolfe, 
MedicalMissionary19151951(CloverhillPress, Groomsport,CoDown, 1999), 
pp17

1870,ɽ̵ӢʿĦ̫(TimothyRichard),
ռжμ˵طİ, 1871,̽ʱ,
õһλ60̫̫ڻ;캮ضûпɹס޵ķ,
׼Ϲҹʱ,һλԼůķø;ڼ,
뾭һӿļĺǰһׯʱ,Ҳõڵİ
д:ʶͼһ˶ɺ,пѾӵˡЩ
ظжʮİˡҸ,ǵ,Ҳ֪
θлźáĦ̫,á:ʮꡪ
Ħ̫ڻ¼,2005,242527753ҳ

Ⱥڡ조ˡҽͻµĿռ(18321985)
(йѧ2006)еġҽʿ,ҽѧʿ;̨
Ժʷо̸19Ӣҽѧڽйչ,ʹáҽƴ
ʿ(ʮͺӢҽѧй財ĵо,оԺ
ʷо743, 20039;ĵ¾:й
˵ϰߺ,оԺʷо763, 2005
9);Լߕڡѧȷ:Ե꡴ȫͨΪ
ġ(ʷо20086,80ҳ)Ҳʹˡҽѧʿĸ

ࡰMedicalMissionary Society,The ChineseRepository, fromMay 
1838 toApril1839, Canton, 1839, p38

RobertColtman, Jr,The Chinese, TheirPresentand Future: Medical, 
Political, and Social(Philadelphia and London, FADavisPublisher, 
1891), pp172174

WGLennox,Peking, SomeVitalStatistics, Based on 
theHistories of4, 000 Chinese Families,TheChinaMedicalMission-ary 
Journal, July 1919, pp325327

11ҥνʿиȡ̥,,Լ˵
,ȵȡμTheMedicalMis-sionary and theAnti-Foreign 
Riots in China,TheChinaMedicalMissionaryJournal, No2, June 1893, p
45ҽƴʿطìܺͳͻ,μȺ조ˡ
ҽͻµĿռ(18321985),184ҳ;롶εҽ
Ĳˡҽҽϵʱڵת䡷,̨塶
ʷѧ141, 20033;ʡ塢ꡪʮ
ҽѧй(δ)

12  1954,йѧԺо֯һйʷС,
йʷοϵռͱ빤19564,
ƽܽ꾭ʱ,̸˽йᾭʷϵһЩĵ,
ͨķ,۹վϼ
,Լͳν׼ƫĹٷμƽ༭й
ʷοϹĳܽᡷ,ࡶƽļ,йѧ
1996,1324ҳ, 1980ӡѧзչġо
(Subaltern Studies),Ҳδֳ߼ϲ֪ʶӢļиԭײ
ķ۷˼,μGyan Prakash,Subaltern Studies as 
PostcolonialCriticism,AmericanHistory Review, Vol99, No
5,December1994, pp14751490

13  JamesHenderson,Memorials ofJamesHenderson(London: JamesNisbet 
and Co, 1883), pp1011, 6061, 174.

14  Dugald Christie,Thirty Years in Moukden, 18831913: Being the 
Experiences and Recollections ofDugald Christie(London:Constable and 
Company Ltd, 1914), p21908,ӿƿ˴ѧ(CorkUniversity)
ҽѧԺҵӢѡǰйҽʱ,ĸΪṫɽͽ,ȴ
Ůѡ񡣾ʱЭ,ӢӦҪ30֮ǰ
30,1915,Ըйμ
JaneWright,SheLeftHerHeart in China: TheStory ofDrSallyWolfe, 
MedicalMissionary19151951, pp79.

15 Mary Brown Bullock,AnAmericanTransplant: 
TheRockefellerFoundation&Peking UnionMedicalCollege(Berkeley: 
University of California Press, 1980), p2

16μRevGeorge Smith, MAANarrative ofan Exploratory Visit 
toEach oftheConsularCities ofChina, and to the Islands ofHongKong 
andChusan, inBehalfofTheChurchMissionarySociety, inThe Years1844, 1845, 
1846(London: Seeley, Burnside& Seeley,1847), pp27

17 Mary Isabella Bryson,JohnKennethMackenzie: MedicalMissionary 
toChina(London: Hodderand Stoughton, 1891), pp118119

18 RobertColtman, Jr,The Chinese, TheirPresentand Future: Medical, 
Political, and Social, p42

19 JRGoddard,Historical Sketch of the Eastern China Mission 
(Baptist Missionary Union),The Chinese Records, September1897, pp
409410

20 JRGoddard,HistoricalSketch of the Eastern ChinaMission 
(BaptistMissionaryUnion),TheChineseRecords, September 1897, pp409
410

21 W illiam Lockhart,TheMedicalMissionary in China, A Narrative 
ofTwenty Years Experience(London: Hurst and Blackett,1861), p217

22 Cadbury and Jones,Lancet, p163,ת
SaraWaitstillTucker,The CantonHospital andMedicine in Nineteenth 
CenturyChina 18351900(IndianaUniversity, PhD, Dissertation, 1983), 
p152

23 μW illiam Lockhart,TheMedicalMissionary in China, ANarrative 
ofTwenty YearsExperience, pp183, 195196

24  Mary Isabella Bryson,JohnKennethMackenzie: MedicalMissionary 
to China, pp7778

25 ڱ˳Ϊӡľ,쳵д:һ,һλзβ
ʿг,ԼŮˣ,,̶
,:ְ,ˡAlfredTaylorSchofield,Memorials ofR
HaroldASchofield(Late ofChina InlandMission)FirstMedicalMissionary 
to Shan-Si, China(London: Hodder& Stoughton, 1898), p42, 183

26 Dugald Christie,Thirty Years inMoukden, 18831913: Being 
theExperiences and Recollections ofDugald Christie, p56

27  Mary Isabella Bryson,JohnKennethMackenzie: MedicalMissionary 
to China, pp6566.

28  EdwardHHome,DoctorsEastandDoctorsWest: An American Physician
sLife in China(NewYork: W.W. Norton& Compa-ny, inc, 1946), pp225, 99
106

29  CWMateer,Money inMissionaryWork,The ChineseRecorder, 
January 1900, p17

30  JamesHenderson,Memorials ofJamnsHenderson, pp1417.,˾
ͽոɽHighlandһũͥʱȥ, 11ʱĸ
ȥ1877,ڽ밮ѧҽѧԺ֮ǰ,һ޲˾
3ѧͽ,нֱ101520,ʱǴ8ֱ7㡣
Iza InglisChristie,DugaldChristie ofManchuria: 
PioneerandMedicalMissionary: the Story ofa Lifewith a Propose(London: J. 
Clarke& Company, Ltd, 1932), pp1318

31  Iza InglisChristie,Dugald Christie ofManchuria: Pioneerand 
Medical Missionary: theStory ofa Lifewith aPropose, pp3839

32  Elliott IOsgood,BreakingDown ChineseWalls: from a Doctors 
Viewpoint(FlemingHRevellCompany 1908), p59

33  GilbertReid,The Difficulties of Intercourse between 
ChristianMissionaries and ChineseOfficials,The ChineseRecorder, 
May1906, p210

34 Julian Ralph,WomenwhoMakeTrouble: MissionaryMethodsMustChange 
inChina,TheChineseRecorder, November1900, p561

35 Iza Inglis Christie, Dugald Christie of Manchuria: Pioneerand 
Medical Missionary: the Story ofa Lifewith a Purpose, pp2425, 153
152Ȼ,Ҳ˱Թȱ,Ϊò,ѱ
˾ͽΪ:йǳձġ͡,Ӣ˵
squeezing,,뽻йصÿ˶跨׬ȡ,
ϵ¶һڵġ͡ΪϷ,漰թ򲻹ƽ⵹
һЩν̹ҵ˾Ĳ߻թпɱ֮ҵ,й
ҲʼѧЩˡDugald Christie,Thirty Years inMoukden,1883
1913: Being the Experiencesand Recollec-tions of Dugald Christie, pp
5657

36 GHChoa,HealThe Sick: Was TheirMotto, The Protestant 
Medical Missionaries in China(Hong Kong: The ChineseUni-versity of 
Hong Kong, 1990), p61

37 James Henderson,Memorials of James Henderson, p139

38  Edward VGulick,Peter Parkerand The Opening of China, pp52
53

39  W illiam Lockhart,TheMedicalMissionary in China, ANarrative 
ofTwenty YearsExperience, p134

40  JamesHenderson,Memorials ofJamesHenderson, pp294295

41  ˾ͽ󻹼:һλǿʶĸ,طԻ̡
˺ܶҽ,ûЧ,˾ͽΪʾл,
λ̴,Ҷ͵Dugald Christie,Thirty Years 
inMoukden, 18831913: Being theExperiences and Recollections ofDugald 
Christie, pp5455, 4647

42  Alfred Taylor Schofield, Memorials of RHarold A
Schofield(Late of China Inland Mission)First Medical Missionary to 
Shan-Si,China, p172

43  Iza Inglis Christie, Dugald Christie of Manchuria: Pioneerand 
Medical Missionary: theStory ofa Lifewith a Purpose, pp4849;
ҲһЩԱ,סԺڼԻ̲Ȥ,ʾܳΪͽ,
Ϊ⽫ְμMary Isa-bella Bryson, John Kenneth Mackenzie: 
Medical Missionary to China, p356

44  1927ͳ,йԼ250300ҽܹϴĽͽ,
4 /5ͽ,ͽ1 /5μGHChoa,Heal the Sick: 
WasTheirMotto, TheProtestantMedicalMissionaries in China, p189; JF
Fairbank(ed),Mis-sionaryEnterprise in China andAmerica, 1974, p1

45  Iza Inglis Christie, Dugald Christie of Manchuria: Pioneerand 
Medical Missionary: the Story ofa Lifewith a Purpose, pp12;
1930, DrWGLennox˵ʱй120̻ҽԺ,ֲɵ
ػʦֲ֡,ÿλʦҪ74ŴλĴ̡˶
̵̬ȴ󲿷ǡء( respectful)ɡ( receptive)Ը
(willing to listen)󲿷ָȤ(mostly interested),ٵ
˱ʾܸȤ,ֻһ˹ȻԡתGHChoa,Heal the Sick: 
Was Their Motto, The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China, pp114
115

46  ˾ͽ󻹼ҽԺһλҩʦֻʳߵ:·һ
Ⱥʿ,һ˴,˵ڷҽԺ¡ҩʦΪ
,,ʿΧ,λϳʿ˵:㲻ʶ,ҽԺ
,ʱǶҺܺáԱߵһλ˵,ϱ֤ܵκ
Dugald Christie,Thirty Years inMoukden, 18831913: Be-ing 
theExperiences and Recollections ofDugald Christie, pp. 55, 136139

47  ѧ:ռǡ,Ϻӡ1936,51ҳ

48  ﱦu:ɽ®ռǡϲ,Ϻż1983,303ҳ

49 EdwardHHome,DoctorsEastandDoctorsWest: An American Physician
sLife in China, pp138139

50 SaraWaitstillTucker,The CantonHospitalandMedicine inNineteenth 
CenturyChina, 18351900, p11

51 TheMedicalMissionary and theAnti-Foreign Riots in China,The 
ChinaMedicalMissionary Journal, June 1893, p115

52  Harry BTaylor,MyCupRunneth Over(AmblerPa: Trinity Press, 
1968), pp. 137138

53 OLKilborn,Self-Support in Mission Hospitals,The 
ChinaMedical Missionary Journal, January1901, pp9394;Medical 
Mission Work in China,The ChineseRecorder, April1901, p187

54 OLKilborn,Self-Support inMissionHospitals,The 
ChinaMedicalMissionary Journal, January 1901, pp9394

55 Mary Isabella Bryson,JohnKennethMackenzie: MedicalMissionary to 
China, p132

56 μOLKilborn,Self-Support inMissionHospitals,The 
ChinaMedicalMissionary Journal, January 1901, pp9394

57 μDugald Christie,Thirty Years in Moukden, 18831913: Being 
the Experiences and Recollections ofDugald Christie,pp5455

58 Iza Inglis Christie, Dugald Christie of Manchuria: Pioneerand 
Medical Missionary: the Story ofa Lifewith a Propose, pp5758

59 Mary Isabella Bryson,JohnKennethMackenzie: MedicalMissionary to 
China, p402

60 DrGPSmith,London Mission Hospita,l Tientsin, The 
China Medical Missionary Journal, March 1896, p63

61 Sara Waitstill Tucker, The Canton Hospitaland Medicine in 
Nineteenth Century China: 18351900, pp135136

62 MedicalMission Work at Shangha,i American Episcopal Church 
Mission,The China MedicalMissionary Journal, January1901, p24

63 Kerrie LMacpherson,AWilderness ofMarshes: theOrigins 
ofPublicHealth in Shanghai, 18431893(HongKong: OxfordNew York, 
OxfordUniversity Press, 1987), pp158159

64 Harold Balme,China and Modern Medicine: AStudy in Medical 
Missionary Development(United Council for Missionary Education 
EdinburghHouse, a Eaton gate, S, WI, 1921), pp188189

65 μйҵͳ(19011920),лίί
:л:йҵͳ19011920ϲ,йѧԺ
о1985ӡ,90ҳ

66 Dugald Christie,Thirty Years in Moukden, 18831913: Being the 
Experiences and Recollections ofDugald Christie, pp231,281

67 Edward VGulick,PeterParkerandTheOpening ofChina, pp53, 165


68 μJamesHenderson,Memorials ofJamnsHenderson, pp101102, 82
83

69 AnneWalterFearn,MyDays ofStrength: AnAmericanWomanDoctor
sForty Years in China(NewYork and London: Harper&BrothersPublishers, 
1939), p33

70 ǰݵҽԺڴ20ʱ,Ƶ53,
Ƶİϡ׽ʯ޲ôȡμEdward V
Gulick,PeterParkerandTheOpening ofChina, p163

71 EdwardHHome,DoctorsEastandDoctorsWest: An American Physician
sLife in China, pp62, 8788

72 Mary Isabella Bryson,JohnKennethMackenzie: MedicalMissionary 
toChina, pp121125, 192, 234; 1880ִɽ,֮˺
ʱ,ұȾȥ쳵,˵δѡҵ,ȥ
һֵġμAlfred TaylorSchofield,Memorials ofR
HaroldASchofield(Late ofChina InlandMission)FirstMedicalMissionary 
to Shan-Si, China, p243

73 EdwardHHome,DoctorsEastandDoctorsWest: An American Physician
sLife in China, pp2021, 275

74TheMedicalMissionary and theAnti-Foreign Riots in China,The 
ChinaMedicalMissionary Journa, June 1893, p110

75 Harold B Rattenbury,China, MyChina(London, FMuller ltd, 
1944), p10

76 RobertColtman, Jr,The Chinese, TheirPresentand Future: Medical, 
Political, and Social, p1

77 RobertColtman, Jr,The Chinese, TheirPresentand Future: Medical, 
Political, and Social, pp172174

78йĸ̲Ἰҽƴʿ,1890,Ӣ
ϻ(English PresbyterianMission)ڻϾͿ8ҽԺ,ڻ31
ʿ, 11ҽƴʿ18999µͳ,ڻԴʿ1177,Ů
Դʿ1723,ҽƴʿ164,Ůҽƴʿ60ˡ1923,
ȫ̻ҽԺ53%Ĳ, 48%ҽййҽ61%ʿ
32%ҽѧԺ58%ڻ̻ᡣOLKilborn,MedicalMissionWork 
in China,TheChi-neseRecorder, Apri,l 1901, p190; GHChoa,Heal 
the Sick: Was TheirMotto, The ProtestantMedicalMissionaries in 
China,p112

79MedicalMissionary Society,ChineseRepository, Vol, 
fromMay 1838 toApril1839, Canton, 1839, p38

80 Ziadat, AdelA,Western Medicine in Palestine, 18601940: The 
Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society and Its Hospita, lCa-nadian 
Bulletin of Medical History, Vol10(1993), pp269279; RevWM
Ridde,l Ny-Keng Phu,Medical Work of theHak-KaBranch of the English 
Presbyterian Mission,The China Medical Missionary Journal, 
September1891, p214

81 GBlodget,TheChurchs Duty in Relation to Medical Missions, 
etc,The China Medical Missionary Journa, VolV, No3, 
September1891, pp146147

82μRevGeorge Smith, MAANarrative ofan Exploratory Visit 
toEach oftheConsularCities ofChina, and to the Islands of HongKong and 
Chusan, in Behalfofthe ChurchMissionarySociety, in the Years1844, 1845, 
1846, pp156157, 199

83 W illiam Lockhart,TheMedicalMissionary in China, ANarrative 
ofTwenty YearsExperience, pp2326

84Ԫ:á,Ӽǡ,Ϻż1989,11ҳ

85־14(1916), 1917Ǧӡ,34ҳ

86̽(ʮ, 188926),
̨,Ժʷо:̰5(1),Ժʷо
1974,442ҳ

87 RJDavidson,Letter to the Editor,ChineseRecorder, Apri,l 
1889, pp184185

88 Sewell SMc Farlane,A Country Medical Mission,The China 
Medical Missionary Journal, March 1892, pp12

89 Dugald Christie,Thirty Years inMoukden, 18831913, Being 
theExperiences and Recollections ofDugald Christie, p62

90 1926,˾ͽӷصӢ,ڰʱ,ڰѧ
Լ70йѧ,˾ͽ뷨ȡϵ,ԸŸ,ʹ
ѧܹӦո1931ꡰšһˡ±,ڰѧѧ
ĶѧȻʧȥ˶,˾ͽʰЩѧɹѹ,
Ǵ׶õ,ʹܹѧҵμIza Inglis 
Christie, Dugald Christie of Manchuria: Pioneerand Medical Missionary: 
the Story ofa Lifewith a Purpose, pp218219

91 Harold B Rattenbury,China, MyChina, pp78

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@fangshimin

Feb 2
25͵ݳֵ֧ÿ˹߿߷ԺָֻΨһ
ݹ͵ݳݳûǩ͵ѳѵ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753640979666792841?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 2
52%Ĵ֧ߺ41%İݵ֧߶֧ɺݺҡ
Щҡô죿ٸһңַ֧Ϸ͵
Ϸ͵Ϊɰܻˣ
Ϊˣֿ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753657708182732834?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 2
һƬã1ӹ35.3ʧҵ24µ4%
߼۸ָ3.4%ƽʱн4.5%Ʊָٴ¸ߡݵǳ
ʷϵһƴȴûεͳ͵ôԭˡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753662451588252005?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 2
5ǰ˾ɼµβ¥ڱͿѻƷ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753670161922679080?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 2
ʿӡ䣬ڽ13ᣬס37000ˡȥ
iPhone13%ӡװģԤƻӱ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753689056687567267?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 3
ȥй¼ڼ䣬йɳ˼ˮͼӰڸ
ۣ۸¼йû64%ˮ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753693019877089547?s=20



@fangshimin
ݵȥЪƱذܾûа˵֧֣
ǺӮЪΪֺǣݵԼֳ̫߽
áռ˹̹˷زֳ̫ô࣬ôĸˣʵ
ûйϵƲûá͸¶˵Ҫϰ˹̹Ϊ
ֲȡ˵֧֡
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753651604648247425?s=20

Tom Reed ???? ??????
@TomReed13279766

Feb 2
̨ʵˡЩ˺ܶǴֻۣǴ˵ְ֧
ǡǶLGBTΪʹޡ


@fangshimin

Feb 3
ߣ̶֪



amazonhelipad
@amazonhelipad

Feb 3
ǸϲGOPJohnsonⲻ׼˷ֻаݵܷ
Quote
unusual_whales
@unusual_whales

Feb 3
JUST IN: Speaker Mike Johnson has changed his decision and said that 
the US House will now vote on an standalone $17.6 billion Israel aid 
package without any Ukraine aid


@fangshimin

Feb 3
ǸϲGOPΪиGOPݵʲô֧
֣˼ɱҲ֧֣Ϊѱ˵֧뵱Ȼϣ
Ъ


@fangshimin

Feb 3
ԭ⽻ǳԡǴܶʼġȥŶӵܶͰ
ʾͳûд
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753873091682525637?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 3
֥Ӹ硢ɼŦԼʢ١ɽɽѳǡͶ
Ħ𡢵ɡͼʿ١ܡ˹ء
˹ʥǸ硢˳ǡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753882213299728636?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 3
عLֻǵѧУô˶ϴѧУϴѧѧ
ӣЩô˹عLѧعLϲӹš˰θ
Լ㶫ϴѧѧúⷽǴˡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753888493783384523?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 3
־Ҫȥ̨Ͷ߱˺һΥԴ̨֤ѡ
ִǷäѡִǳ棬ִŲԡʱ
־ñѡִ
https://youtu.be/h5_CclEsAto



@fangshimin

Feb 3
ôñ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753912931472101455?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 3
ձۣ˵۾ӵص϶ʥս֮Ҳ
˵̫˾۾ӵ̫֮ŦԼʱ˵
ʨӣʾ䣬ۡҲŵȾëë棬ʨҪ䣬ֻ
ܷŻյ֡ϣƽжΪʲôʨҪ䣿
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753955265366601870?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 3
ӿּ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753963772975493451?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 3
˾ڻҩϣԪתϵΪʲô
أû𣬶վڷѧҥĨڡ
ˡ˾ϻԼǰԵˡ¡˾ϵġ

https://open.substack.com/pub/fangshimin/p/a34?r=2y2z33&utm_medium=ios
&utm_campaign=post



@fangshimin

Feb 3
Ұ(California poppy)ѫ¾(treasure flower)
ز(Cretan weed)ྥݶ(wart-stem ceanothus)
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753979109645115863?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 3
ϰϯģϰϯѡǣŻ磬ͳ14ˣ
ǳƾҲˡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753990374044192785?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 3
־ǲǡй񡱣ͼƬ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754000897464836604?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 3
פʹҲȥչ֡һΪй˲ϲΡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754013683926380970?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 2
ƭӹȻҩήθ׻θڲ㣬ûʳе
άB12뵰ʷ룬ҲûʳеB12άƼB12Ƿ
ģʹήθҲաήθ׻Ӧÿڷͨά
B12ƼƼġθȡЧ͵B12Ƽ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753560169324396786?s=20


Chuck F
@nomadfang

Feb 2
ήθ׻߲ЧB12ԭǃȱԼӴB12
˷


@fangshimin

Feb 3
ήθײŻᵼȱһήθײȱ
ӣΪθڲ㵼ûB12ϵĵס



@fangshimin

Feb 3
˵кãĹͣΪԤµͳ
óġ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754024505578840551?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 3
мûȥɽɽԭŴŹŷǵ$9.75Ժÿ$0.50
ʥǸĿɶǰҪչŷ$12002ѣϼ
һȡŷѵĴšлϼֻͷѣʲôöû
Уûй·ѡŷѣѳͣ·ͣҲʡˣֵͣ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1753899014200897616?s=20

Ӱ
@wwwuuujjjiii

Feb 3
ǰbay bridge5ڶ7ӽ50%ֶͨͣ
ִƿ0.74ǵ1.49һɱ50%
ȴûǶ


@fangshimin

Feb 3
ôġЩճñռ֧Сʹ50%һ
͵ֹȥˡ


Է
@bob55566

Feb 4
ܱмշѹ·


@fangshimin

Feb 4
Բշ·ߡ


@fangshimin

Feb 3
йڵ¹ӡױͨпζйʳƷ·
Ҫ顣
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754043109854580912?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 4
ڹȥ8꣬ȻڴһȥվͲӰ̼ŷţ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754220669838176709?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 4
ݳѾ˰1.24Ԫ10ǷȥɼŦԼ֥
Ӹ硢ʢ١ѳǡ̡ΪϷۿ͸ң
ɱߣǮ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754227350777258055?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 4
һӷ籩ҪϮϼݣų5춼꣬Ҳټ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754236502463443261?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 4
ڱԱϸڣ3000ԪܷΪйҵش
ס
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754239578159174113?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 4
Ұ׳(beetle spurge)ټ(Coulters lyre pod)
Ȳ(California copper leaf)ɳĮʯ㶹(desert rock pea)
ʥǸɳĮ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754362301048815774?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 4
ȥɳĮϿȣһʱȥԭľҲһ
ԴԳƬزʢһߵñǰԶҲֻϿȵһС
֡ǴɳĮֲĵط
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754379204454719619?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 4

Լʮǰ˵йɵļʱ⵽ͬ
ĹĴý֤ʵȷ14йۡ
Ѽ鱨С˵˫ؼķĹ£
ͨΪû֪ķǲҲ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754390073335046258?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 4
ˡžȿԡΣյĺˮҪš
Ԥɽ250ף彵130-180ףɺķ130-180ף
ʥǸ罵60ס֪˹԰Ƿš
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754396797320167858?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 4
˹˵Ƿ񲻽˰ȴָܸ򷿣ŵ·ǡ
˵ŷǷͶƱʶˮƽͺͨһֻ
ҥעȨвý˰ĺ£˰ֲ
ʲôݡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754234188331667608?s=20

trician
@cs_lllzz

Feb 4
ûssnһ㶼ֽ𣬽ʲô˰


@fangshimin

Feb 4
û籣ű˰ţֽҲ뽻˰ʲôţģ
äϰ͵˰©˰ץͺá



@fangshimin

Feb 4
̨ǻйսҲ˵Ҳ˽ᵽ
֪ǣ˹һйԭ򣬼ᶨط̨
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754404920298750109?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
˵ٴεͳҪйڵĲƷӹ˰60%Ҫ
һͨ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754415606835913111?s=20


@fangshimin
Щ̨ƭӣCDCڿϷģ͸Һ̨ƭ˵ġ߶硱
CDCϿɡϿɡй½Щƭ˵¹緢ĵڿα
ڿ߶ˣǲҲ˹ʳϣֻҪͬ⼴ɣ
ͨỳ٣ڸߵڿһ
CDCϿɣҪFDA׼ȻCDCר׼ſԵģ
޹ء
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754594655176622464?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
йԺԺʿһֱᳫҽѧջҪ׬Ǯġ
θȡB12ųܹήθףʵһƭ˵ļҩ
ӽҼ٣ƭԺʿ
https://youtu.be/nLI8fyrFRbY


@fangshimin

Feb 4
˾ֱ˺ˡķڹֵԼ60Ԫ150Ԫ
14귿˰ӽ4ԪΪCondoҵѺܸߣǶļһ
4000Ԫ14ҵ5ԪˣҪԼ7ԪͶ
˰3Ԫ˰ֻʣ15ԪСͶʲ̫㡣
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754237844690997596?s=20


Wugao
@Wugao17

Feb 4
ȥˣһ٣


@fangshimin

Feb 5
⣬Zillowһ$2500



@fangshimin

Feb 5
νϷϷѳǹǶϷӡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754613578282549365?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 5
ɼĽ104ףм¼10һ졣ƽ
ࡣųƣ⽫ǼϷԵһ¼ݴ
ͣ磬˱µݳ״̬֪˰ǷҪƳ١
ȫůԽԽƵԺÿһΣɷ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754621375762043192?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
ϰ˵߰δδΪϷۣȷǷ̣Ԯ
˹̹乤Ʒչȡ˵Ҹĸһ
Űݵǿѡ̨Ĵ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754639727100346436?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
΢˺Ŷڡ֪״ҥҲҽ¶ڵļ٣
֪Ǵһӵ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754670810542035361?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 5
йƽƵĸĸƼ˲ŵ˷ǳĹס
ױֻϲ·ߵĹҪöࡣ¡
˭
https://open.substack.com/pub/fangshimin/p/2d3?r=2y2z33&utm_medium=ios
&utm_campaign=post



@fangshimin

Feb 5

2024𾴵100ҵų̂磬аͰͣ61ͻ˶
731.ƻ2.΢3. ѷ4. ϣΤ5. JPĦ6.
ж࣬7.8.ͨ9.ֶ꣬10.Ӣΰ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754654435442348508?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
ֻ5050֮ǰĸ˳ŵġ



@fangshimin

Feb 5
־Գ̨𣬻Ҫó225Ԫձõʦ
ձʦôˣǮʦͲţֻ
Ҫܺ޴ķ˿ͼɡԡ߷ӡС
ӡ2000ԪŶ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754629999343370518?s=20


Cordwalter
@Cordwalter49861

Feb 5
Replying to 
@fangshimin
ձʦԼ700ԪңǴ󲿷ֶ300ҵ
ͨʦʦܴﵽǧڣ225Ԫ뵽һ
ʦġ


@fangshimin
ձʦЭϻ"ʦƤ"2018ʦƽΪ2143Ԫ
Ȼ־޴˿ձͨʦֻ2Ԫô
޴Ҳ־ķ˿



@fangshimin

Feb 5
˶̬ļͰ״ơ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754704719619240339?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
˾ǰװֻڽЩαʷġѧɹڲװ
ˣɴΪЩѧķվ̨ǵԣΪͷ
ʷǵֵزš̫˵θڡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754721296422932949?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
ǰ־Ҫõġ̫ʦ͵
Ҫ200Ԫձõʦĳձ͵ձ־ֲ
Ϻϣʦ٣ϲʦͽķ
˿˸˷ܣ׷״ͣ޴
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754733583661670704?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
־ʥõɱˡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754739931552133495?s=20


@fangshimin

Feb 5
ܺǴͼƬ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754743530361336031?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
ڴɳĮҰɭ(Anderson thorn bush)ϸҶľ
(narrow leaf silver bush)ɳĮ̲(desert tobacco)Ҷ̫(heart 
leaf sun cup)
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754711755979477146?s=20


tigerwu
@poloxpaul

Feb 5
һ£ʱ100׵ĽˮɳĮӰ󲻴


@fangshimin

Feb 5
ɳĮΪˮ˱ɸɺ


mqcczsy
@mqcczsy

Feb 5
ǲ̫
https://x.com/mqcczsy/status/1754721557006733754?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5




@fangshimin

Feb 5
ըϮݣɽɽٳÿСʱ160곬200ס
պðʥǸƹȥˡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754751257087258636?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
ɫгڳɳص뺣ˮҪԴڵصĹ˹
ڵصʵȻҲ͸ˡôȾ˼ɳˮˮüɳ
ʺסҲɫеļƻ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754761882853048348?s=20



@fangshimin

Feb 5
ѷôоģȥйˡ
https://x.com/fangshimin/status/1754775654762262973?s=20

(XYS20240227)

˿(www.xys.org)(xinyusi.us)(groups.google.com/group/xinyusi)
